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DICTIONARY OF CHRONOLOGY: 

0E ' ^AJ^lf^ 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 



REGISTER, 



PROM THE BIRTH OF CHRIST TO THE PRESENT TIME, 



% 3m (BMtioit, 

ENLARGED, REVISED, AND IMPROVED. 



NEW YORK: 
I). APPLETON AND COMPANY, 

3,46 & 348 BROADWAY. 
1854. 






67266 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



The sale of several extensive Editions of this Chronology 
inducing the Editor to believe that a new one, brought down 
to the present time, would be acceptable to the public, he has 
been at some pains, by a revision and copious enlargement of the 
contents, to render it more correct, and better adapted for the 
purpose of reference. To effect these objects, he has availed 
himself of the assistance of a literary friend, and hopes that the 
result of their labours will be found a useful and comprehensive 
guide, when information is required connected with Chronology. 

Being at the same time fully aware that in a work compiled 
like the present, from various sources, errors must frequently 
occur, the Editor, whilst for such errors he solicits the indulgence 
of the public, will feel highly indebted for any corrections or 
suggestions that may be forwarded to him, of which he will 
gladly avail himself in future editions. 



85, Queen Street, 
Cheapside, 1853. 



DICTIONARY OF CHRONOLOGY. 



ABB 



ABD 



Aba, king of Hungary, crowned 
1041. 

Abbas L, called the Great, shah 
of Persia, died 1627. Abbas II., 
1641. Abbas III, 1732. 

Abbeys founded in the third cen- 
tury : one at Phaim, in Upper 
Egypt, 305; the first in France, 
360; in England, 560; at Monte 
Cassino, Naples (the richest in the 
world), 529. Pillaged by William 
the Conqueror, 1069 ; compelled by 
the same prince to alter their te- 
nures, 1070; 100 suppressed by 
order of council, 1414, 2 Henry V. ; 
dissolved by Henry VII., 1540. — 
Number suppressed in England and 
Wales — 1643 monasteries, 90 col- 
leges, 2374 churches and free cha- 
pels, and 110 hospitals. The reve- 
nues of 193 dissolved at this time, 
reached £2,653,000. Totally sup- 
pressed through the realm, 31 Hen. 
VII., 1539 ; suppressed in Germany, 
1785 ; and in France, 1790. 

Abbesfleet, isle of Thanet, 
Saxons arrive at, 449. 

Abbots, their number reduced in 
parliament to twenty-five, 20 Rich- 
ard II., 1396; those of Reading, 
Glastonbury, and St. John's, Col 
Chester, hanged and quartered, for 
denying the king's supremacy, and 
not surrendering their abbeys, 1529. 

Abbot, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, killed his gamekeeper, Jan. 30, 
1621. 



Abdalia, the father of Mahomet, 
a camel-driver, 575; the caliph of 
the Saracens, Abdalla II., who 
branded all Jews and Christians in 
the hand, on taking Jerusalem, 
781. 

Abdaliah, caliph of Bagdad, the 
son of Haroun-al-Raschid, the great 
patron of learning, 833. 

Abdalbahman I. founded the 
Moorish empire in Spain, 750. 

Abdication of Baliol, king of 
Scotland, 1306 ; of Otho of Hun- 
gary, 1309; of Eric IV., king of 
Denmark, 1439; of Eric XIII. of 
Sweden, 1441 ; of the emperor 
Charles V., 1556 ; of Christina of 
Sweden, 1654 ; of Casimir of Po- 
land, 1669; of James II. of Eng- 
land, 1688; of Frederic Augustus 
H. of Poland, 1704 ; of Philip V. 
of Spain, 1724 ; of Victor, king of 
Sardinia, 1730 ; of Charles, king of 
Naples, 1759 ; of Stanislaus of Po- 
land, 1795; of Victor of Sardinia, 
1802; of Francis H. of Germany, 
becoming emperor of Austria alone, 
1804; of Charles IV. of Spain, in 
favour of his son, 1808; of Joseph 
Bonaparte of Naples, to become 
king of Spain, 1808; the same, of 
the crown of Spain, 1808 ; of Louis 
Bonaparte, king of Holland, 1810 ; 
of Jerome Bonaparte, king of West- 
phalia, 1813; of Napoleon, emperor 
of France, 1814 ; of Emanuel, king 
of Sardinia, 1821 ; of Don Pedro of 



AB J 



ACA 



Portugal, 1826; of Charles X. of 
France, 1830; of Pedro of Brazil, 
1831 ; of Don Miguel of Portugal, 
flying the kingdom, 1834 ; of Wil- 
liam I. of Holland, 1840 ; of Chris- 
tina of Spain, 1840; of Louis 
Philippe of France, 1848 ; of Louis 
Charles of Bavaria, 1848 ; of Fer- 
dinand of Austria, 1848 ; of Charles 
Albert of Sardinia, 1849. 

Abdul- Ahmed, sultan of Turkey, 
1774. 

Abdul-Megid, sultan of Turkey, 
1850. 

Abel, king of Denmark, killed 
his brother Eric, 1250. 

Abelard and Heloise, their 
amour, 1118; he died, 1142; she, 
1163. 

Aberconway, castle of, built by 
Edward I., 1204 ; suspension bridge 
constructed at, 1824. 

Abercromby Robinson and 
Waterloo transports, lost at the 
Cape of Good Hope, with 189 souls, 
1842. 

Abercrombie, Gen. Sir Ralph, 
wounded in Egypt at the battle of 
Canopus; died, March 28, 1801. 

Aberdare Railway opened, 1846. 

Aberdeen, Scotland, bishopric 
of, founded in the twelfth century ; 
university of, 1494; Gothic bridge 
constructed at, 1283 ; King's col- 
lege, 1500; Marischal college, 1593; 
bishopric discontinued, 1689 ; popu- 
lation, 63,288. 

. Abergavenny East Indiamanlost 
on Portland Bill, with 300 souls, 
Feb. 6, 1805. 

Aberrations of the fixed stars 
discovered by Dr. Bradley, 1727. 

Abhorrers, a court party in 
England in the reign of Charles II., 
supporters of passive obedience, in 
opposition to the Addressers, 1680. 

Abingdon, Berks., founded 517 ; 
the abbey of, built 941. 

Abjuration Oath refused by 
many Scotch ministers, 1716. 

Abjuration, Oath of, against 
popery, first required, 25 Charles II. 
1672; against the Pope and the 
Pretender, by 13 William III., 
1701. 



Abney Park Cemetery, London, 
opened May 20, 1840. 

Abo, treaty of, 1743; university 
founded, 1640. 

Aboukir, castle and bay ; near the 
former was fought a battle between 
the French and Turks, 1799; the 
battle of the Nile in, Aug. 1, 1798 ; 
on shore, the battle of Canopus, 
March 21, 1801, in which General 
Abercrombie fell ; the castle surren- 
dered to the British, March 18, 1801. 

Abraham, Era of, so called 
from the patriarch : it was used by 
Eusebius in 313, and began 2016 
years before Christ. 

Abrahamites, a religious sect, 
suppressed by a patriarch of An- 
tioch ; it reappeared between 800 
and 900, but was annihilated for 
worshipping images. 

Absentee-Tax, levied in Ireland 
on the profits, fees, emoluments, 
and pensions of absentees, 1715 ; it 
ceased in 1753. 

Abstinence of Gilbert Jackson, 
-of Carse Grange, Scotland, who 
lived three years without food, 
1719; Anne Moore of Tutbury, 
Staffordshire, lived twenty months 
without food, 1808. 

Abstinents, a mild sect of reli- 
gionists, who appeared in France 
and Spain about the year 300, and 
repudiated wine, flesh meat, and 
marriage. 

Abu-bekr, the successor of Ma- 
homet, 624. 

Acacia brought from North 
America, 1640. 

Academy, from Academia, a 
grove near Athens, where Plato 
taught philosophy, a. c. 378 ; hence 
the name. 

Academy of Florence, 1272, belles 
lettres; 1582, della crusca; 1807, 
antiquities. Academy of Pisa, 1339. 
Academy of Milan ; 1380, architec- 
ture ; 1719, sciences. Academy of 
Parma, 1550. Academy of Faenza, 
1612. Academy of Naples ; 1560, 
mathematics; 1675, sciences ; 1755, 
Herculaneum. Academy of Padua ; 
1610, poetry ; 1792, sciences. Aca- 
demy of Perugia ; 1561, the Insen- 



AC A 



ACT 



sati; 1574, the Filingiti, the Exe- 
cutrici, Scossi, and the arts and 
sciences. Academy of Rome ; 1611, 
the Umoristi ; 1625, the Fantascici ; 
1658, the Infecondi ; 1665, of paint- 
ing; 1690, the Arcadi; 1752, the 
English. Academy of Verona; 
1543, music; 1780, sciences. Aca- 
demy of Paris ; 1391, of painting ; 
1543, of music ; 1635, the French ; 
1663, of medals ; 1671, of architec- 
ture; 1731, of surgeiy; 1751, the 
military ; 1796, of natural philoso- 
phy: to these may be added, the 
Sorbonne, established 1256. Aca- 
demy of Ar-cona, 1624. Academy 
of Brescia, 1626. Academy of me- 
dicine, Palermo, 1645. Academy, 
military, of Toulon, 1682. Aca- 
demy of Nismes, 1682. Academy 
of Bologna; 1687, ecclesiastical; 
1690, mathematical; 1712, sciences 
and arts. Academy of Berlin ; 

1700, Royal Society; 1703, of 
princes ; 1799, of architecture. 
Academy of Lyons ; 1700, sciences ; 

1758, physic and mathematics join- 
ed. Academy of Mantua, called 
the Vigilanti ; 1704, sciences. Aca- 
demy, 1713, Royal Spanish; 1751, 
military. Academy of Venice; 

1701, medical. Academy of Vien- 
na ; 1705, arts ; 1783, surgery ; 
1810, oriental. Academy of Gene- 
va; 1715, medical. Academy of 
Lisbon; 1720, history; 1779, sci- 
ences. Academy of Marseilles ; 
1726, belles lettres. Academy of 
Cortona, 1726, sciences. Academy 
of Madrid; 1730, history; 1753, 
painting and the arts. Academy of 
Upsal ; 1720, sciences. Academy of 
Brescia ; 1726, the Erranti. Aca- 
demy of Woolwich ; 1741, military. 
Academy of- Stockholm; 1741, 
sciences; 1753, belles lettres ; 1781, 
agriculture. Academy of Philadel- 
phia; 1 749, arts and sciences. Aca- 
demy of Genoa; 1751, painting; 
1783, sciences. Academy of War- 
saw; 1741, languages, history, belles 
lettres. Academy of Copenhagen; 
1742, art. Academy of Caen ; 1750, 
belles lettres. Academy of Turin ; 

1759, sciences; 1778, arts. Aca- 



demy of Erfurt, 1754. Academy of 
Munich ; 1759, arts and sciences. 
Academy of Dublin; 1749, arts; 
1786, sciences. Academy of Lon- 
don ; 1768, painting and sculpture ; 
of literature, 1823. Academy of 
Haarlem ; 1760, sciences. Academy 
of Manheim ; 1775, sculpture. Aca- 
demy of Turkey; 1775, military. 
Academy of Massachusetts ; 1780, 
arts an d sciences. Academy of New 
York; 1814, literature and philoso- 
phy. Academy, Hibernian; 1821, 
arts. 

Acamapitzin, king of the Atzecs, 
reigned from 1352 to 1389. 

Acapulco, a Spanish galleon so 
named, laden with the precious me- 
tals, taken by Lord Anson, in 1743. 

Achaxzie, battle of, between the 
Russians and Turks, Aug. 24, 1828. 

Achilles, a statue so named, set 
up in Hyde Park, to the honour of 
the Duke of Wellington, 1822. 

Achmet III., sultan of Turkey, 
1735 ; he encouraged the art of 
printing. 

Ackbak, sultan of Hindostan, 
1555. 

Acke, commonly called St. Jean 
dAcre, taken by Richard I. of Eng- 
land, 1192, on the 12th of July, 
after a siege of two years, and the 
loss of 6 archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 
earls, 500 barons, and 300,000 men. 
Retaken by the Saracens in 1192, 
when 60,000 Christians perished. 
Attacked by Napoleon Bonaparte, 
in March, 1798, and successfully 
defended by Sir Sidney Smith. It 
was seized by Ibrahim Pacha in 
1832; and in the Syrian war of 
1840, was bombarded and stormed 
by the seamen and marines of the 
British fleet, with great loss to the 
Egyptians, Nov. 3, 1840. 

Acs, battle of, between the Aus- 
trians and Hungarians, July 2, 1849. 

Acton Buknel, parliament held 
at, Oct. 1284. 

Active Indiaman lost in Margate 
roads, 1803. 

Acts of Parliament first pro- 
mulgated in the 16 John, 121,*. 
The number passed annually, from 



ADM 



ADM 



1840 to 1850, was on the average 
112. Act making the Irish par- 
liament octennial, 1768. 

Acts of the Apostles, supposed 
to be written by one of the evan- 
gelists, in the year 63 or 64. 

Adalbert, preaching Christianity 
in Prussia, murdered by the Pagans, 
1010. 

Adamites, a sect that arose in 
130, and met naked, in imitation of 
Adam before the fall ; Prodicus was 
their leader. The sect was a second 
time renewed at Antwerp, in the 
thirteenth century, under a leader 
called Tandeme; it was again re- 
vived in Poland, in the fifteenth 
century. 

Adams, John, the second pre- 
sident of the United States of North 
America, March 4, 1797. 

Adams, John Quincy, the sixth 
individual who held the office of 
president of the United States; 
elected March 4, 1825. 

Addington administration suc- 
ceeded that of Mr. Pitt, March 1801 , 
and terminated 1804. 

Adelais, queen of Henry I. of 
England, daughter of the Earl of 
Louvaine, married 1129. 

Adelaide, queen of William IV. 
of England, and sister of the Duke 
of Saxe-Meiningen,' married July 
11, 1818; died Dec. 2, 1849. 

Adelard, grandson of Charles 
Martel, and cousin of Charlemagne, 
founded the Abbey of New Corbie 
for the education of missionaries, 
820. 

Adelphi Buildings, Strand, 
erected by the brothers Adam, 
1770. 

Adhad-Edoulet, emperor of 
Persia, 937. He became master of 
Bagdad, and greatly adorned it ; he 
died in 982. 

Administrations since the revo- 
lution of 1688:. — .Lords Somers, 
Godolphin, and Danby, &c, 1689; 
Earl of Sunderland, 1695; Mon- 
tagu, Earl of Halifax, Earl of Pem- 
broke, &c, 1697. In Queen Anne's 
reign — Lord Godolphin, Robert 
Harley, Lord Pembroke, and Duke 



of Buckingham, &c, 1702; the 
Duke of Marlborough, &c, 1705; 
the Earl of Godolphin, Lord Cow- 
per, and the Dukes of Marlborough 
and Newcastle, &c, 1707 ; Robert 
Harley, Earl of Oxford, 1710 ; Earl 
of Rochester, Lord Dartmouth, and 
H. St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, 
1710; the Duke of Shrewsbury, 
1714; — in the reign of George I., 
Lord Cowper, the Duke of Shrews- 
bury, the Marquis of Wharton, &c, 
1714; Robt. Walpole, 1715; James 
Earl Stanhope, 1717; Charles, Earl 
of Sunderland, 1718; Sir Robert 
Walpole, 1721 ; — under George H., 
Lords Carteret, Wilmington, and 
Bath, Mr. Sandys, &c, 1742 ; Hon. 
Henry Pelham, Earl of Harrington, 
Duke of Newcastle, &c, commonly 
called the Broad Bottom adminis- 
tration, 1744 ; Mr. Pelham, Earl of 
Chesterfield, Duke of Bedford, &c, 
1746; Duke of Newcastle, Sir T. 
Robinson, Henry Fox, Lord Anson, 
1754; the Duke of Devonshire, 
William Pitt, Earl Temple, Hon. 
H. B. Legge, 1756 ; Duke of New- 
castle, William Pitt, Mr. Legge, 
Earl Temple, Earl of Holdernesse, 
Mr. Eox, 1757; — reign of George 
III., Earl of Bute, Earl of Egremont, 
Duke of Bedford, Hon. George 
Grenville, Sir F. Duckwood, Mr. 
Fox, George Grenville, Earl of Ha- 
lifax, Earl of Sandwich, Duke of 
Bedford, 1763; Marquis of Rock- 
ingham, Duke of Grafton, Earl of 
Shelburne, 1765 ; Earl of Chatham, 
Duke of Grafton, Hon. C. Townsend, 
Earl of Northington, Lord Shel- 
burne, 1766; Duke of Grafton, 
Lord North, Earl of Chatham, Lord 
Weymouth, Lord Halifax, Earl 
Gower, 1767; Lord North, Lords 
Halifax, Weymouth, Sandwich, Sir 
E. Hawke, Marquis Granby, 1770; 
Marquis of Rockingham, Lord J. 
Cavendish, Lord Camden. Lord 
Shelburne, C. J. Fox, Duke of Rich- 
mond, T. Townsend, Edmund Burke, 
1782; Earl of Shelburne, William 
Pitt, Lord Camden, Duke of Rich- 
mond, Duke of Grafton, Lord Gran- 
tham, T. Townsend, 1782; Duke 



ADM 



ADM 



of Portland, Lord North, Mr. Fox, 
&c, forming the Coalition ministry, 
1783; William Pitt, Lord Gower, 
Lords Sidney, Carmarthen, Thurlow, 
Mr. W. W. Grenville, Henry Dun- 
das, Lord Mulgrave, Duke of Rich- 
mond, &c, 1783; William Pitt, 
Lord Camden, Marquis of Stafford, 
Lord Hawkeshury, &c, 1786; Wil- 
liam Pitt, Lord Grenville, Duke of 
Leeds, Lord Camden, &c., 1790 ; 
William Pitt, Lord Grenville, Earl 
of Chatham, Lord Loughborough, 
1793; William Pitt, Duke of Port- 
land, Lord Grenville, H. Dundas, 
1795; William Pitt, the Earl of 
Westmoreland, Earl of Chatham, 
Lord Grenville, &c, 1798; Henry 
Addington, Duke of Portland, Lords 
Hawkeshury, Hobart, Eldon, 1801 ; 
William Pitt, Lord Melville, G. 
Canning, Lords Harrowhy, West- 
moreland, the Duke of Portland, 
Mr. Dundas, &c., 1804; Lord Gren- 
ville, Henry Petty, Earl Spencer, 
William Windham, Charles Fox, 
Lord Erskine, and Charles Grey, &c, 
1806 ; Duke of Portland, G. Can- 
ning, Lord Hawkeshury, Earl Cam- 
den, Spencer Perceval, 1807; Duke 
of Portland, Earl Bathurst, Lord 
Castlereagh, Lord G. Gower, 1808; 
Spencer Perceval, Earls Camden, 
Liverpool, and Westmoreland, Mar- 
quis Wellesley, Lord Palmerston, 
Richard Eyder, &c, 1809. 

The Regency of the Prince of 
Wales : — Spencer Percival, Earl of 
Liverpool, 1812; Earls of Liverpool, 
Bathurst, Sidmouth, Harrowhy, 
Lord Castlereagh, Nicholas Van- 
sittart, &c, 1812. Reign of George 
IV., the same: — George Canning, 
"Viscount Goderich, LordLyndhurst, 
Sturges Bourne, &c, 1827 ; Viscount 
Goderich, Duke of Portland, William 
Huskisson, J. C. Herries, &c, 1827; 
Duke of Wellington, Robert Peel, 
Earl of Dudley, Viscount Melville, 
Earl of Aberdeen, Messrs. Goulburn, 
Herries, Grant, &c, 1828 ; Duke of 
Wellington, Earl of Aberdeen, Sir 
G. Murray, Lord Lowther, Sir H. 
Hardinge,Lords Dudley andPalmer- 



ston, with Grant and Huskisson, 
went out May 30, 1828. 

Reign of Wm. IV. : — Earl Grey, 
Lords Althorpe, Melbourne, Gode- 
rich, and Palmerston, Marquis of 
Lansdowne, Lords Holland and 
Auckland, Sir J. Graham, &c, 1830 ; 
May 9, 1832, Earl Grey resigned, 
but resumed office May 18, 1832; 
Lords Melbourne, Palmerston, Al- 
thorpe, John Russell, Howick, and 
Duncannon, Sir J. C. Hobhouse, 
Messrs. S. Rice and P. Thompson, 
&c, 1834; July 14, the Duke of 
Wellington took office until the ar- 
rival of Sir Robert Peel from Italy, 
November, 1834; Sir Robert Peel, 
the Duke of Wellington, Lords 
Lyndhurst, Aberdeen, Rosslyn, 
Wharncliffe, Ellenborough, Sir G. 
Murray, Messrs. Baring, Herries, 
Goulburn, &c, 1834; Lord Mel- 
bourne and his brother ministers 
returned to office April 18, 1835 ; 
Lord Melbourne's ministry resigned 
May 7, 1839 ; Sir R. Peel failing 
to form an administration on terms 
agreeable to the crown, Lord Mel- 
bourne resumed office May 10, 1839 ; 
Sir R. Peel, the Duke of Wellington, 
the Earls of Aberdeen, Ripon, and 
Haddington, Lord Stanley, and Mr. 
Goulburn, August 30, 1841; Lord 
JohnRusselhMarquis of Lansdowne, 
Lords Minto, Palmerston, Morpeth, 
and Grey, Sir George Grey, Sir 
Charles Wood, Mr. Labouchere, Sir 
J. Hobhouse, July 3, 1846; the 
Earls of Derby, Malmesbury, Mr. 
D'Israeli, Mr. Walpole, Sir. J. 
Pakington, &c, April, 1852, resigned 
on the rejection of their budget, 
December 25; Earl of Aberdeen, 
Lord J. Russell, Lord Palmerston, 
Mr. Gladstone, Sir William Moles- 
worth, Sir James Graham, Dec. 28, 
1852. 

Admiral, a title first instituted in 
England about 1300, before which 
the sovereigns commanded their own 
navies. The title of Admiral of the 
English seas was first given to 
William de Layburn in 1297, by 
Edward I. That of Lord High 



ADR 



6 



AER 



Admiral was given first in 1385, by 
Richard II. The office was executed 
by a commission from 1708 to 1827, 
when it was conferred on the Duke 
of Clarence, who resigned it in 1828, 
in which year it returned to a com- 
mission. There was once a Lord 
High Admiral in Scotland, discon- 
tinued in 1703. James Butler was 
made Lord High Admiral of Ireland 
by Henry VIIL, in May 1534. 

Admiralty Court, instituted 1357, 
by Edward III. An appeal from 
the decision of this court permitted 
to the privy council by statutes 
1830, 1831. Admiralty revenue, 
£40,000 in 1604; £50,000 in 1609. 

Adolphus, emperor of Germany, 
elevated to the imperial throne in 
1292; slain, 1298. 

Adolphus, count of Cleves, in- 
stituted the Order of Fools in 1380. 

Adolphus Frederick II. , king 
of Sweden, born, 1710; mounted the 
throne in 1751 ; died, 1771. 

Adolphus, Gustavus, of Sweden, 
killed in battle atLutzen, Nov., 1632. 

Adrian, the Roman emperor, 
born 76; visited England 116, and 
built the wall called after him be- 
tween England and Scotland, eight 
miles long and twelve feet high, 121. 

Adrian's Mole at Rome, con- 
structed 120. 

Adrian I., a pope, born at Rome, 
raised to the Chair, 772. Adrian 
II. made pope, 867. Adrian III. 
raised in 872, lived only a year in 
office. Adrian IV., an Englishman, 
born at Langley, died 1159. There 
were two other popes of the same 
name it 1276, 1522. 

Adrian IV. permitted Henry II. 
of England to invade Ireland, on 
making every family there pay pence 
to the Holy See. 

Adrianople, battle of, by which 
Constantine won the empire, 323; 
taken by Amurath, the Turkish 
sultan, from the Greeks, 1360. The 
seat of the Ottoman empire removed 
thence to Constantinople, 1453. 
Mahomet II. born here, 1430. Taken 
by the Russians, 1829, but restored 
at the close of the war in 1830. 



Adriatic Sea wedded by the 
Doge upon Ascension-day, a cere- 
mony instituted 1173; omitted the 
first time for centuries, 1797. 

Adulteration of Wine, John 
Jacob Ehrni beheaded for this 
practice at Eslingen, 1698. One 
Blumenthal prosecuted for, in Eng- 
land, in 1842. 

Adulteration oe Wine, prohibi- 
tion of, at Nuremberg, 1409; in 
Swabia, Eranconia, and Alsace, 
1487; at Worms, 1495; atFreyberg, 
1498; at Augsburg, 1500, 1548; 
Holland and Zealand, 1327; Brus- 
sels, 1384; Paris, 1371 and 1696. 

Adultery, from 457 to 828, during 
the Saxon heptarchy, punished by 
cutting off the hair, whipping the 
woman naked through the streets, 
without distinction of rank, on the 
demand of the husband. Ears and 
nose cut off under Canute, 1031. 
Made capital, 1650, according to 
report, but there is no record of a 
case. In New England, made capital, 
even if the man were unmarried; 
and several suffered for it in 1662. 

Advent, instituted by the Council 
of Tours in the sixth century, in- 
cluding two Sundays, the first is 
always that nearest to St. Andrew's 
day. 

Adventurers, Merchant, or Lon- 
don merchants, translated into Eng- 
land by Edward III. from Brabant, 
where the duke originated such 
bodies in 1296. Queen Elizabeth 
made them a corporation in 1564. 

Adventure Bay, Van Dieman's 
Land, so named by Captain Fur- 
neaux, who visited it in 1778, called 
so from his vessel. 

Advertisements in newspapers 
first became general, as now used, 
in the beginning of the eighteenth 
century. The duty on them re- 
duced to Is. 6d. in England, and Is. 
in Ireland, in 1833. 

Advocate, The King's, an office 
instituted at the beginning of the 
year 1597, to prosecute certain 
crimes at his own instance. 

Aeronautics, invented in France 
by the brothers Montgolfier, in 1782. 



A G A 



AGI 



JElfric Society, established in 
England, 1842. 

-ZElian, a Greek historian, born 
at Prameste in Italy, 160. He was 
surnamed the honey-tongue, from 
the sweetness of his Greek style. 

jEmilianus, the Roman emperor, 
ruled, 253. 

-ZEolian Harp, said to have been 
invented by Kircher, 1653. 

Afghanistan, battle in, Nov. 2, 
1840. 

Affinity, degrees of, in marriage, 
first set forth by authority in Eng- 
land, 1563. All marriages within 
the forbidden degrees declared void 
by statute, 1835. 

Affirmation of the Quakers in 
lieu of an oath admitted partially, 
1702; altered Dec. 13, 1721; re- 
ceived in all cases, 1829 ; sufficient 
for members of parliament, Feb. 14, 
1833. 

Africa conquered by Belisarius, 
553 ; by the Mahometan Arabs or 
Moors, 637 ; expedition to, by 
steam, 1841, ascended the Niger to 
Egga, 320 miles from the sea, Sept. 
28 ; relinquished, owing to disease 
and the loss of many lives ; reached 
Fernando Po on return, Oct. 17. 

African Association at Exeter, 
obtained a charter from queen Eli- 
zabeth, 1588. 

African Company, a charter gran- 
ted to one, in 1618 ; a third, in 1631 ; 
a fourth, in 1662, by Charles II. ; 
and a fifth by letters patent, in 1672 ; 
remodelled in 1695; trade settled, 
1698. It would appear that the go- 
vernment of Charles II. owed this 
company £11,686,800, and their 
divided capital was£10, 780,000. The 
rights were vested in the present 
company, by 23 Geo. H., 1749. 

African Institution founded in 
1807 for the civilisation of Africa, 
which established schools at Sierra 
Leone, and founded a promising 
colony there. 

Agapemone and Agapemonians, 
a sect that gives itself up to brotherly 
love, and a fancied communion with 
God. The disciples live in a species 
of community, and no harm appears 



to result from the indulgence of this 
new fancy in creed. One establish- 
ment, situated near Bridgewater, in 
Somerset, was first brought before 
the public notice in consequence of 
Chancery proceedings in May, 1850. 

Agaric, an excrescence of the oak, 
first used as a styptic, 1750. 

Agatha, St., monastery of, built 
in 1131, near Richmond, Yorkshire. 

Agathan, Pope, 678. 

Age, or Ages, terms of a century 
in duration, divided, under the un- 
certainty of the chronology of the 
darker times, into periods, as there 
is no certain chronology until the 
foundation of the Persian empire, 
536 years before Christ. In this de- 
ficient state of knowledge, many di- 
vide the time between the creation 
and birth of Christ into " six ages," 
which should be eras, for which the 
laxity of the term will permit ages to 
be used. The first age was 1650 years, 
from the creation to the deluge ; the 
second from the deluge to Abraham's 
entering Canaan, or 426 years, ter- 
minating in 2082; the third was 
from Abraham to Moses quitting 
Egypt, 430 years, ending a.m. 2513; 
the fourth from the leaving Egypt 
to the building of the temple by 
Solomon, 479 years, ending a.m. 
2992 ; the fifth age from the build- 
ing of the temple to the destruction 
of Jerusalem, 434 years, ending 3416; 
the sixth age from the Babylonish 
captivity to the birth of Christ, 584 
years, ending a.m. 4000, or 4004 
before the vulgar reckoning. 

Age, or Being of Age ; the ma- 
jority of Edward VI. was fixed at 
eighteen years, by Henry VHL, his 
father, in 1547. 

Agelnoth, an Anglo-Saxon pre- 
late, who refused to crown Harold, 
king of England, on the death of 
Canute, in 1035. 

Agincourt, battle of, between the 
French and English, the last under 
Henry V. ; 10,000 were killed, and 
14,000 made prisoners ; 3 dukes, an 
archbishop, a marshal, 13 earls, 92 
barons, and 1500 knights,, were 
among the slain; and 2 dukes of 



AGY 



8 



ALB 



the blood royal, 7000 barons, knights, 
and gentlemen were made prisoners, 
with private men more numerous 
than the British army, Oct. 25, 1415. 

Agnacobites, a sect that first ap- 
peared in 701. 

Agnus Dei, first read in the Ca- 
tholic litany, 687; consecration of, 
1566. 

Agouin, Island of, discovered by 
Tristan Nunez, 1444. 

Agra, Fobtress of, in India, 
captured by the English from the 
Mahrattas, Oct. 17, 1803. 

Agricola, the Roman general, 
born 37, died 86; he commanded 
the army in England, and erected a 
rampart and chain of forts between 
the Clyde and Forth to keep out 
the northern barbarians ; circum- 
navigated Great Britain, 85; poi- 
soned by Domitian, 86. 

Agricultural Labourers, in 
England, 1831, 1,055,982; and in 
Ireland, 1,131,715, to 34,250,000 
acres, and 14,000,000 respectively. 

Agricultural Produce of Eng- 
land.. — 13,667,000 acres in tillage; 
13,332,000 in grass ; average rent, 
27s. 2d. ; of wheat produce, 26| bu- 
shels per acre ; of labour, 9s. 6d. per 
week. Rental of England, 1842, 
£37,795,905. 

Agricultural Societies institu- 
ted in Scotland, 1723; in Ireland, 
1747; in England, at Bath, 1777; 
Highland, of Scotland, 1793; the 
London Board of Agriculture, 1793. 

Agrippa, or Herod L, king of 
Judea, bom three years before 
Christ, died a.d. 44; Agrippa, or 
Herod II., died a.d. 100. 

Agrippa Cornelius, asserted to 
be a magician in France and Ger- 
many, born at Cologne, 1486, died 
at Grenoble, 1535. 

Agrippina, murder of, by Nero, 
59. 

Agynnians, a sect that appeared 
about the year 694, alleging that 
God forbade the eating flesh meat, 
founding their doctrine on the first 
book of Genesis. This sect was 
revived at Manchester and other 
English towns in 1814. 



Ailesbury conquered by the West 
Saxons, in 571. Here, too, was 
buried St. Osyth, in 600. It was 
incorporated by charter, 1553. 

Air, the pressure of, discovered 
by Torricelli, 1645 ; found to vary 
with the height of its column in 
pressure, by Pascal, 1647 ; air-gun 
invented by Guter of Nuremberg, 
1656; air-pump invented by Gue- 
ricke of Magdeburg, in 1650, and 
improved by Boyle, 1657 ; the air- 
pipe invented by Sutton, a London 
brewer, about 1756; air-chamber 
applied to fire-engines, by Leupold, 
in 1720. 

Aire, a town of France, taken, 
with all its magazines, by Sir Row- 
land Hill, March 2, 1814. 

Aix, university of, re-established, 
1603. 

Arx la Chapelle, founded 795 ; 
treaty of, between France and Spain, 
concluded May 2, 1668. A second 
between England, France, Hol- 
land, Hungary, Spain, and Ge- 
noa, confirming the treaties of 
Westphalia, Nimiguen, Ryswick, 
Utrecht, Baden, the Triple Alli- 
ance, the Quadruple Alliance, and 
that of Vienna, Oct. 7, 1748. A 
congress of the sovereigns of Aus- 
tria, Russia, and Prussia, with the 
ministers of France and England, 
was held here, Oct. 9, 1818; and 
the sum due from France to the 
allies settled at 265,000,000 francs. 

Akerman, treaty of, 1826, be- 
tween Russia and Turkey. 

Alabama made a western state 
of North America, 1819. 

Alans, The, extirpated by the 
Goths, 417. 

Alaric and Visigoths settle in 
Portugal, 472. 

Alaric, the Goth, captures Rome, 
410. 

Alba Julia, Transylvania, Uni- 
versity of, founded, 1629. 

Alba, a city of Italy, founded 
1152, a.c., afterwards incorporated 
with the Roman dominions. 

Alban, St., an English saint, 
martyred at Verulam by decapita- 
tion, 286, June 23. 



ALB 



9 



ALD 



Alban's, St., anciently Verulam, 
so called after the saint of that 
name ; it was incorporated by Ed- 
ward VI., 1552. 

Alban's, St., monastery of, found- 
ed hy Offa, king of the Mercians, 
in 793. 

Alban's, St., battle of, between 
the houses of York and Lancaster, 
in which Hi chard, duke of York, 
vanquished Henry IV., the latter 
losing 5000 men, May 22, 1455. 
The second battle between the Earl 
of Warwick and the Yorkists, and 
Margaret of Anjou and the Lan- 
castrians, when the Yorkists were 
defeated, Eeb. 2, 1461. The third 
battle between the Earl of Warwick 
and Edward IV., April 14, 1471, in 
which the Earl was slain. 

Albany, battle of, between the 
English and Americans, 1777, Aug. 
16. 

Albert of Austria elected em- 
peror of Germany, 1298; succeeds 
to the throne of Hungary, 1437. 

Albertus Magnus, the great ma- 
thematician; flourished 1237, died 
1280. 

Albigenses, a sect which origi- 
nated in 1160, at Albigeois, in 
Languedoc and Toulouse. They 
opposed the corruptions of the 
Catholic religion, and the popes 
persecuting them, by means of 
Simon de Montfort, with horrible 
cruelties, they resisted, and defeated 
the Count of Toulouse, with the 
loss of 17,000 of their enemies. 

Alb in, the name given to Eng- 
land by its Roman invaders, who 
held it 400 years, abandoning the 
island in 428, and 473 years from 
the invasion by Julius Cassar. 

Albinus declared emperor in Bri- 
tain, 190. 

Albion, New, in California, on the 
west side of North America, so 
named by Sir Francis Drake, who 
first took possession of it, 1578. 

Alboin, king of the Lombards, 
invaded Italy, 568. 

Albuera, battle of, between the 
French and English in Spain, 
181L 



Albuquerque, Alfonso de, the 
Portuguese viceroy of India, died 
1515, the conqueror of the East. 

Alcantara order of knighthood 
instituted, 1160. 

Alcantara, bridge of, built in 
Portugal, 98. 

Alchymy, a pretended branch of 
chemistry for turning metals into 
gold, licensed in England, 1476. 
Dr. Price of Guildford, pretending 
to the same art, and being required 
to prove his skill before some mem- 
bers of the Royal Society, took poi- 
son to avoid it, and died, 1783. 

Alcoran, the divine book, as pre- 
tended, of the Mahometans, and the 
standard of the Arabic language. 
It was composed by Mahomet about 
the year 610 : the prophet was said 
to have had assistants in the labour. 

Alcuinus, Alcuin, or Albinus 
Flaccus, the friend of Charlemagne, 
and scholar of the venerable Bede. 
He founded the university of Paris, 
was born at York, 732, and died 
at Tours, 804. 

Aldermen, governors of pro- 
vinces, 882; became magistrates of 
towns, in London, temp. Henry III. , 
appointed, 1242, to the number of 
twenty -six; in Dublin, twenty- 
four, 1323, chosen for life, 17 
Richard II., 1394; present mode 
of election in London established, 
11 George I., 1725 ; made justices 
of the peace, 15 George II., 1741. 

Alderney, Race of, the French 
escape through it after their de- 
feat at the battle of La Hogue, 
1692; Henry, son of Henry I. of 
England, and many of the young 
nobility, lost in a storm here, 1119. 
The Victory, of 110 guns and 1100 
men, lost here with all the crew, and 
Sir John Belcher, the admiral, Oct. 
8, 1744. 

Aldersgate, London, built 1616 ; 
taken down, and sold for £91, 10s., 
April, 1761. 

Alderton Moor, battle of, in the 
English civil war, 1643. 

Aldgate, London, built 1608; 
taken down, and sold for £177, 10s., 
April, 1760. 



ALE 



10 



ALG 



Alcock, Mr., and Mr. Colclough, 
fought a duel ; the latter killed, 
and the former lost his reason, June 
21, 1807. 

Ale Booths set up in England, 
728, licensed 1551. Ale is men- 
tioned in the laws of Ina, king of 
Wessex, and the sale was subse- 
quently regulated ; alehouses licen- 
sed in 1621; excise duty on, 13 
Charles II., 1660. 

Alemanni, or Germans, so called 
from being a mixture of races. 
They were defeated by Caracalla, 
214, and ultimately subdued by the 
Franks. 

Alencon, duke of, proposed mar- 
riage to queen Elizabeth, who re- 
fused, 1573 ; returned home, 1582. 

Alert, Dublin packet, lost with 
all on board, March 26, 1803. 

Alessandria, battle of, between 
the Erench, under Moreau, and 
allied Russian and Austrian armies, 
under Suwarrow, when Moreau was 
defeated, losing 4000 men, May 17, 
1799; taken by the French after the 
battle of Marengo, June 14, 1800. 

Alexander Severus, a Roman 
emperor, assassinated, 235. 

Alexander I., emperor of all the 
Russias, died, 1825. 

Alexander I., surnamed the 
Fierce, king of Scotland, 1107. 

Alexander III., pope, 1178 ; died, 
1181. The kings of France and 
England held his stirrups. 

Alexander VI., one of the popes, 
an infamous character, father of 
Csesar Borgia, and of Lucretia ; 
born at Valencia, 1430 ; died, 1503. 

Alexander Newskoi, order of 
knighthood, in Russia instituted, 
1700. 

Alexander, king of Scotland, 
subdued Northumberland, 1216. 

Alexandrian Era, a period dating 
from the death of Alexander the 
Great ; it is used in Abyssinia. The 
day of the birth of Christ answers 
to 5777 of this computation, in 
reckoning the age of the world. 
Alexander died, Nov. 12, a.c. 323. 

Alexandria in Egypt, built by 
Alexander the Great; the walls, 



six miles in compass, were taken 
by Cassar 47 years before Christ, 
and the library and MSS. of the 
Ptolemies destroyed ; the citizens 
massacred by Antoninus, 213; taken 
by the Caliph Omar in 642, and the 
library of 700,000 volumes destroy- 
ed; taken by the French, under 
Bonaparte, in 1798, July 5 ; cap- 
tured by the English in 1801. 

Alexandria, battle of, between 
the English and French; General 
Abercromby mortally wounded, 
after gaining the victory over Gen- 
eral Menou, March 21, 1801; the 
city taken again by the English 
under General Frazer, March 21, 
1807. 

Alexis, Czar of Russia, called 
the father of his country, 1645. 

Alexius Angolus put out the 
eyes of his brother, Isaac II., and 
ascended the throne of the East, 
1195. 

Alexius II., Comnenus, ascended 
the throne of the East, 1180, under 
the regency of his mother. 

Alexius III., called the Tyrant, 
deposed at Constantinople, and his 
eyes put out, 1193. 

Alford, battle of, July 2, 1645, 
between Generals Baillie and Mon- 
trose. 

Aleonsus, of Portugal, defeated 
five Moorish kings, and was pro- 
claimed sovereign by his army, 
1139. 

Alfred, son of Ethelred II., his 
eyes put out by Earl Godwin, and, 
with 600 followers, slain at Guild- 
ford, 1036. 

Alfred the Great defeated 300 
Danish pirates, with ten galleys, on 
the coast of Dorset, 897. Alfred 
the Great born, 849; ascended the 
throne, 872 ; died, October 28, 904. 

Algarve, in Portugal, taken from 
the Moors by Sancho I., 1189. 

Algebra brought into Spain by 
the Saracens, in the year 900; and 
into Italy, by Leonardo of Pisa, 
about 1202. The first writer no- 
ticed to have used it was Stifalius, 
at Nuremberg, in 1544. Symbols 
for quantities were introduced by 



ALI 



11 



ALL 



Vieta, in 1590. The use made of 
it by Newton, being the basis of his 
fluxions, dates from 1668. 

Algesiras entered by the Moors 
in 713 ; recovered from them, 1344; 
an engagement off this place with a 
French squadron moored under the 
batteries, unsuccessful on the part of 
the English ; but on coming out, two 
ships of Spain, of 112 guns each, 
and one of 74, were taken or de- 
stroyed by Admiral Saumarez, 
July 12, 1801. 

Algiers invaded by the emperor 
Charles V. unsuccessfully, 1541 ; 
reduced by Admiral Blake, 1653, 
and forced to a peace with Eng- 
land; the French repulsed before 
it in 1688 and 1761; and the 
Spaniards also, in 1773, 1783, and 
1784; attacked and bombarded by 
Lord Exmouth, Aug. 27, 1816; 
Christian slavery abolished for ever. 
The French attacked it by land, 
after a severe conflict, July 5, 1830 ; 
and in 1834 they announced 
their intention of holding it per- 
manently. They entered Marcarra 
in 1836 ; attacked and took Con- 
stantina in 1837 ; and after a pro- 
longed contest with Abd-el-kader, 
the Moorish chief, he was beaten, 
and surrendered in Dec, 1847, on 
condition of his personal freedom. 
This condition was violated by 
Louis Philippe, and he was kept 
a close prisoner in France until 
Sept., 1852, when Louis Napoleon, 
the president of the French nation, 
released him, and redeemed the 
national honour. 

Ali sect of Mahometans, so 
called from this chief, the son-in-law 
of Mahomet, 642. He was assassi- 
nated in 660. 

Ali Bey, a Mameluke chief, seized 
the government of Egypt in 1773. 
He was a Caucasian adventurer. 

Alicante, taken by the French, 
December 3, 1709. 

Alice Hackney, dug up at St. 
Mary-at-Hill Church, after being 
buried 175 years, her skin entire, 
and joints pliable, 1494. 

Alice Pierce, mistress of Edward 



III., banished, and her estate con- 
fiscated, October 13, 1377, under 
Richard II. The sentence reversed 
Nov. 12, 1383, by parliament. 

Ali Pacha of Albania, a native 
of Tripolini, born 1744, and slain 
by the agents of the Turkish go- 
vernment, Feb. 5, 1822. 

Alien Priories, seized by the 
crown in 1337. 

Aliens, watched narrowly by the 
government up to 1377 ; juries to try 
them to be half foreigners conceded 
to them, 1430; not allowed to trade 
by retail, 1483 ; in Jan., 1793, new 
measure enacted against them, called 
an alien bill ; act passed to register 
them, 1795 ; bill of 1793 repealed, 
and a new one passed, 1816 ; an act 
passed to abolish the privilege of 
their naturalization by holding 
stock, which they before enjoyed in 
Scotland, June, 1820 ; a new regis- 
tration act, 7 Geo. IV., 1826; this 
last act repealed, and a new act 
passed, 6 William IV., 1836. 

Aliwal, battle of, between the 
Sikhs and English, Jan. 28, 1846. 
The loss of the Sikhs was estimated at 
6000 killed, wounded, and drowned 
in the Sutlej. 

Allegiance Oath, first established 
in 1605 ; another by the Convention 
parliament, 1689. 

Allen, John, archbishop of Dub- 
lin, murdered in Lord Offaly's re- 
bellion, 1534. 

Alleyn, Edward, an English 
actor in the reign of Queen Eliza- 
beth and James I. Keeper of the 
royal bear-garden. He left a sum 
of money to found a college at Dul- 
wich, where he is buried. He was 
born in London in 1566, and died 
1626. 

Alliance, called also the "Holy," 
entered into by the unconstitu- 
tional governments of Europe, Sep. 
26, 1815. 

All Saints, or All HalloAvs, in- 
stituted by the Romish Church, 
625. It was retained in the English 
church, temp. Henry VIII., on the 
Reformation. 

All Souls' College, Oxford, 



ALN 



12 



ALT 



founded by Henry Chicheley, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, 1437. 

All Souls, festival of, instituted, 
1604. 

All- Spice, introduced into Eng- 
land from Carolina, 1726. 

Ally Cawn, raised to the rank of 
Nabob by Col. Clive, June 23, 1765. 

Almagro Diego, a Spanish ad- 
venturer, strangled by his rival 
Pizarro, in 1538, at the age of 75. 

Almamon, the Saracen king, 
passed a decree for measuring a 
degree of meridian near Babylon, 
817. 

Almanacs, supposed of Saxon 
origin. The first compiled in Eng- 
land was at Oxford, in 1380, called 
John Somers' Calendar. One was 
published at Lambeth, in 1460. 
The first printed almanac appeared 
at Bada, in Poland, 1470, and the 
first printed in England, 1497, by 
Kichard Pynson. Tybault's prog- 
nostications, in 1553, and Lilly's 
ephemeris, in 1644. The celebrated 
nautical almanac was begun in 
1767. The company of stationers 
claimed an exclusive right to publish 
almanacs until 1790, and now are 
supposed to sell a million per annum. 
The stamp duty was abolished in 
August, 1834. An almanac ap- 
peared for the first time at Constan- 
tinople in 1806. 

ALMANza, battle of, in Spain, 
April 14, 1707, in which the English 
were defeated by the French and 
Spaniards, owing to the flight of 
their Portuguese allies at the first 
onset. 

Almarante, a Swedish order of 
knighthood, instituted 1653. 

Almeida, battle of, between the 
British and Spanish armies under 
Wellington, and the Erench under 
Marshal'Massena, who was defeated, 
August 5, 1811, compelling the lat- 
ter to evacuate Portugal. 

Almora, in the East Indies, taken 
by assault by the English, April 
25, 1815. 

Alney, combat of, between Ed- 
mund Ironside and Canute the Great, 
in sight of the hostile armies, in 



which Canute was wounded, 1016 
In 1017, the following year, Edmund 
being murdered at Oxford, Canute 
became lord of the whole kingdom. 
Alnwick Castle, Northumber- 
land, founded 1147, the seat of the 
Percies. 

Alpaca Wool imported — 1850, 
1,235,641 lbs. ; 1851, 1,331,339 lbs. 
Alphabet, the letters of which 
compose the words of a language. 
Atholes, the son of Menes, is said 
to have first used hieroglyphics, 
2124 years before Christ. Josephus 
attributes them to Seth, fabulously. 
The Greeks attribute the bringing of 
letters into Greece to Cadmus, 1493, 
a.c, fifteen in number being the 
Phoenician alphabet. Palamedes of 
Argos added four more, 1224, a.c ; 
and Simonides four more, 489, a.c 
Who introduced the epsilon or E is 
unknown. Until 399 years before 
Christ, the Greek alphabet consisted 
of sixteen letters. The Ionic of 
twenty-four was then introduced. 

Alphonso X., king of Castile, so 
eminent as an astronomer and philo- 
sopher, expended 400,000 crowns 
upon the celebrated tables named 
from himself. He was born in 1203, 
and died 1234. 

Alphonso III., called the great 
king of Leon and Asturias, died at 
Zamora in 912, aged 64. 

Altars, in profane history, were 
reared first to Jupiter by Cecrops, 
who instituted marriage, 1556, a.c 
Altars in Christian churches were 
first used in imitation of the Jews 
and Heathens, by Pope Sextus I., 
and consecrated by Pope Sylvester. 
The first was reared in England, in 
634. The altar was discontinued at 
the Reformation, and the communion 
or sacramental table restored as it 
was originally. Laud, among other 
devices to revive the papal worship, 
removed the table from the body of 
the church, and restored to it the 
name of altar, temp. Charles I. 

Altivia, Spain, battle of, June 
25, 1838. 

Altorf University, founded, 
1581. 



AMB 



13 



AME 



Alt-Radstadt, peace of, between 
Charles VII. of Sweden and the 
king of Poland. Signed Sept. 24, 
1706. 

Alva, Ferdinand Alvarez Toledo, 
duke of, and general of the imperial 
armies, horn in 1503, died in Jan., 
1582. In 1567, when sent to reduce 
the Low Countries, he showed him- 
self a monster of cruelty. 

Alvaradi, a Spaniard, sent out to 
circumnavigate the globe in 1537, 
but was not successful in completing 
the circuit. 

Altjm, discovered at Rocha, in 
Syria, 1300 ; found in Tuscany, 1460 ; 
perfected in England, 1608; dis- 
covered in Ireland, 1757 ; in Angle- 
sey, in 1790. One of the earliest 
alum-works was at Volterra, near 
Pisa, 1458. 

Amadeus, the Great, the defender 
of Khodes, died 1323. 

Amadeus IX., count of Savoy, 
called the Happy, died 1472, noted 
for his beneficent character. 

Amaryllis Formosissima, brought 
from South America, 1593. 

Amazons, river and country of, 
discovered by Orellana, 1580. 

Ambassadors, when first sent un- 
known; appointed by the czar of 
Russia to England, in 1556; from 
Turkey, 1606; one from Portugal 
imprisoned for debt, 1653; quarrel 
for precedency, Sept. 30, 1661 ; one 
from Russia, 1709; law passed to 
protect their persons, 8 Anne, 1709 ; 
the protection limited, 1773; two 
convicted of arresting the servant 
of an ambassador, imprisoned and 
fined, May 12, 1780 ; the first sent 
from. India to France and Europe, 
from Tippoo Saib, 1778 4 the first 
received in England from the United 
States of America, John Adams, 
presented to George III., June 2, 
1785; the first from England to 
America, Mr. Hammond, 1791. 

Amberley Castle, Sussex, built, 
1374. 

Ambersbury Nunnery, founded 
976. 

Amboyna, seized by the Dutch, 
and massacre of the English, Feb. 



17, 1623; by the English, Feb. 16, 
1796; restored by the treaty ot 
Amiens, 1802; again taken by the 
English, Feb. 17, 1810; restored, 
1814. 

Ambrosius, crowned king of the 
Britons, the supposed erector of 
Stonehenge, called also Aurelius 
and Aurelianus, crowned king of 
the Britons, 465; died, 508. 

Ameers of Sinde, India, sub- 
dued Feb. 17, 1848. 

Amelia, Princess, daughter of 
George III., died Nov. 2, 1810. 

Amelia Island, the American 
president justified the aggression of 
the American troops upon, Feb. 17, 
1818. 

America, North and South, dis- 
covered by Columbus in 1492, on 
the 11th of Oct., coming in sight 
of St. Salvador; the south coast 
was made more fully known by 
Americus Vespucius in 1498, and 
named after him America. The 
coast of the present United States, 
or North America, by Sebastian 
Cabot, and his son, John Cabot, in 
1497 ; Newfoundland, the first Eng- 
lish colony, was settled in 1498; 
Florida, discovered by John Cabot, 
ceded to Spain by England in 1783 ; 
Louisiana, discovered by the Span- 
iards, 1541, was settled by the French 
in 1718, but the eastern part, from 
the Mississippi, was ceded to Eng- 
land in 1763 ; Virginia was settled 
by Lord de la Warr, 1609; New 
England, by the PlymouthCompany, 
1614; New York, by the Dutch, 
1614 ; New Plymouth, by a body of 
dissenters who fled from the Church 
of England tyranny, 1620; Nova 
Scotia, by Sir W. Alexander and 
the Scotch, 1622; Delaware, by 
Swedes and Dutch, 1627; Massa- 
chusetts, by Sir H. Eoswell, 1627; 
Maryland, by Lord Baltimore ; Con- 
necticut, granted to Lord Warwick, 
1630; the settling of, 1635; Ehode 
Island, by Soger Williams, 1635; 
New Jersey, by Lord Berkeley, 1644 ; 
the English seized New York, 1664 ; 
Carolina, by the English, 1669; 
Pennsylvania, by Wm. Penn, the 



AME 



14 



AMP 



quaker, 1682; Georgia, by General 
Oglethorpe, 1732; Kentucky, by Col. 
Boon, 1754 ; Canada, begun by the 
French as a settlement, 1534 ; Que- 
bec built, 1608; conquered by the 
English,, 1759; stamp act passed in 
England, March 22, 1765 ; obnoxious 
duties on tea, paper, painted glass, 
June, 1767 ; the tea cargoes thrown 
overboard at Boston, Nov., 1773; 
the Boston port bill passed, shutting 
up the port until satisfaction was 
made to the East India Company 
for the tea destroyed, March 25, 
1774 ; the first general congress held 
at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774; the 
revolution and war commenced at 
Lexington, April 19, 1775; the 
Colonies agreed to unite and con- 
federate, May 20, 1775 ; Washington 
appointed commander-in-chief of 
the Americans, June 16, 1775; 
thirteen colonies declare themselves 
independent, July 4, 1776 ; inde- 
pendence of the Colonies acknow- 
ledged in Erance, and ambassadors 
received there, March 21, 1778; 
American independence acknow- 
ledged in Holland, April 19, 1782 ; 
by England, provisionally, Nov, 
30, 1782; definitive treaty signed at 
Paris, Sept. 3, 1783 ; by the English 
Parliament, Nov. 30, 1783; ratified 
by the American Congress, Jan. 4, 
1784 ; John Adams received as am- 
bassador at St. James', June 2, 
1785; the first English ambassador 
sent to United States, 1791. Spanish 
Colonies in North America, includ- 
ing Old and New Mexico, were 
connected by packet vessels with the 
old country in 1564. Peru was 
subdued by Francis Pizarro in 1530, 
and unheard of barbarities practised 
on the people and incas. The trade 
was opened between America and 
Old Spain by the Straits of Magel- 
lan, in place of Manilla, in 1774. 
Numerous viceroys appointed, 1776. 
Spanish America asserted its free- 
dom successfully in July, 1814; 
wars ensued, but the country was 
freed, Oct. 30, 1823, and received 
consuls from England and France, 
1830. 



Amebica, United States paper 
currency, established in May 15, 
1775 ; war declared against Eng- 
land, July 18, 1812; Peace with 
England, Dec. 24, 1814. 

America (United States), British 
exports to, 1849, £11,971,028; 
1852, £14,292,976. 

Amebica, west coast, explored 
by Captain Cook, 1773, and by 
Captain Colnett, 1789. The Duke 
of Clarence, afterwards William IV., 
the only prince of the blood-royal 
that ever landed on that continent, 
1781. 

American Railways, open 1852, 
13,315 miles; 12,029 contracted for; 
total, 25,344 miles. Of these — 
2501 were opened in 1852 ; at 
work, Jan. 1, 1852, 10,814 miles; 
in 1848, only 5565 miles were open, 
at a cost of £6000 per mile ; pro- 
fits, 1\ per cent. 

Amebican imports, 1801, value 
of, £23,200,731 ; 1848, £32,291,443. 

Amebican exports of home pro- 
duce, 1848, £27,688,358; foreign 
do., £4,402,565. Total exports, 
£32,090,923. 

Amebican Company, the Russian, 
established, 1785. 

Amebican Philosophical Society 
instituted, Jan. 2, 1762. 

Amebican Congress removed from 
Philadelphia to Washington, 1801. 

Amebican loyalists relieved, 1785. 

Amebicus Vespucius, or Amerigo 
Vespucci, discoverer of part of the 
American continent, born at Flo- 
rence, March 9, 1451 ; reached 
America, 1499; died at Seville, 1516. 

Amethysts discovered at Kerry, 
in Ireland, 1755. 

Amicable Society, Sergeants' Inn, 
chartered 1706 ; May 1, 1821. 

Amiens, the preliminary treaty of, 
between England, Holland, France, 
and Spain, signed, Oct. 1, 1801, and 
definitive treaty, March 27, 1802. 

Amphion frigate blown up at Ply- 
mouth, when two hundred and fifty 
persons perished, 1796. 

Amphitbite, a convict ship, 
wrecked on Boulogne sands, with 
103 female convicts, 12 children, 



ANC 



15 



ANG 



and a crew of 16 persons, all ex- 
cept three drowned, Aug. 30, 1833. 

Ampli, battle of, between the 
Greeks and Turks, in which the 
former were victors, 1821. 

Amsterdam commenced being 
built, 1203 ; the exchange built, 
1634; and stadthouse, 1648, costing 
3,000,000 of guilders, and standing 
upon 13,659 piles. Surrendered to 
the king of Prussia, 1787 ; taken by 
the French, without resistance, June 
18, 1795; restored to the ancient 
government, November, 1813. 

Amurath I., sultan of Turkey, in- 
stitutor of the Janisaries, 1362. 
Amurath IV. strangled his father 
and four brothers, 1624. 

Anabaptists, a sect so called, 
which appeared about 1525 at 
Munster, in Germany, named from 
the double baptism that followed 
their doctrines, rather than their 
anti-catholic tenets. They took up 
arms to vindicate what they called 
gospelliberty. Munsterwas stormed, 
and they were all put to the sword. 
The baptists of England have been 
so misnamed by the ignorant, as, 
from their confession of faith of 
1689, they only differ from other 
protestants in practising adult bap- 
tism. 

Anagram, a transposition of letters 
in any word forming another, first 
practised by the French in the 
reign of Charles IV., 1560. 

Anastatius I., emperor of the 
east, proscribes the works of Origen, 
398. Anastatius II., canonized 496. 

Anathema, the first brought into 
the church, 387. 

Anatomy, the first plates of, de- 
signed by Vesalius about 1538; 
Harvey's discoveries in, 1616 ; the 
anatomy of plants discovered, 1680. 

Anatomy, laws to. regulate, 
enacted, 1540 ; new statute respect- 
ing, 3 William IV., 1832. 

Anchors first forged in England, 
578. 

Anchorets, order of, instituted 
1255. 

Ancona made a free port, April, 
1832. 



Andover Theological Seminary, 
Massachusetts, established 1808. 

Andre, Major, taken as a spy, 
Sept. 23, 1780 ; executed Oct. 2, in 
the same year. His remains re- 
moved to England, and interred in 
Westminster Abbey, Aug. 10, 1821. 

Andreanossy Isles, discovered 
1760, between Asia and America. 

Andrew, St., crucified, Nov. 30, 
69, at Patrae, in Achaia. The fes- 
tival was instituted, 359. 

Andrew, St., Scotch order of 
knighthood of, institutedby Achaius, 
809; revived by king James V., 
1540. Order revived in Russia, 
1698. 

Andrew's, St., Scotch University 
of, founded by Bishop Wardlaw, 
1411. 

Andronicus I., emperor of the 
east, assasinated in 1185. 

Anello, Thomas, otherwise Mas- 
saniello, the fisherman of Naples, 
who, by a revolution, obtained the 
supreme power, there born, 1623, 
and assasinated, 1666. 

Anemometer, invented to ascer- 
tain the force of the wind, in 1709, 
by Wolfius. 

Angelic Knights of St. George, 
instituted in Greece, 456. 

Angelici, order of, instituted by 
Angelus Comnenus, emperor of the 
East, 1191. 

Angelica, an order of nuns 
founded at Milan, by Louisa Torrelli, 
1534. 

Angels, in commerce, an old 
gold coin of the value of 6s. 8d., 
temp. Henry VI., and at 10s., temp. 
Elizabeth, 1562, weighing 4 dwts. 

Angelot, or Half Angel, gold 
coin, struck at Paris by the English 
king, Henry VI., in 1431. 

Angelites, a religious sect, first 
noticed in 494. 

Angerstein Gallery purchased 
by the executors of Mr. Angerstein, 
in Jan., 1822, for £60,000; the ex- 
hibition of which was opened to the 
public in Pall-Mall, in May, 1824; 
they were afterwards removed to 
the place styled a national gallery, 
at Charing Cross. 



ANI 



16 



ANN 



Anglesey, Isle of, subdued by 
the Romans, 78; by the English, 
1282 : Beaumaris castle built to 
overawe it, by Edward L, 1295. 

Anglia, kingdom of East, found- 
ed by Uffa in 575, and terminated 
792. 

Anglo-Saxons first land in 449. 

Angola, in Africa, settled by the 
Portuguese in 1482. 

Angola and Gambia, exports to, 
1844, £200,000. 

Angoumais, conquered from the 
English in 1372. 

Angba, the capital of Terceira, 
built 1533. 

Angbia, a pirate, on the coast of 
Malabar, in the East Indies, taken 
by Admiral "Watson, 13th Feb., 
1756. 

Anguilla first colonized by Eng- 
land, 1650. 

Anhalt, or Anholt, island of, 
taken by the English in the last 
war ; they were attacked by 4000 
Danes, who were repulsed by the 
garrison of 150 men, March 14, 
1811. 

Anhalt, house of, in Germany, 
originated in the sixth century. In 
1586, the principality was divided 
among the five sons of Joachim 
Ernest. 

Animalcule discovered by Leu- 
wenhoeck in the semen of animals, 
1677. 

Animal Magnetism; it first ap- 
peared in Germany, and came to 
France in 1778, and to England, 
1787, where it duped many persons. 
It was first called Mesmerism, from 
Anton Mesmer, who promulgated 
it, 1734. A note of £100 offered in 
Dublin, to any clairvoyante of mes- 
merism who would tell its number, 
date, whence issued, and signature, 
as lodged in a particular bank, Jan. 
7, 1846 : it was never claimed. 

Animals, bill to prevent cruelty 
to, called Martin's bill, 3 George 
IV., 1822; also 7 & 8 George IV., 
June, 1827 ; 5 & 6 William IV., Sep. 
1825; statute for Ireland, 1 Vict., 
July, 1837. 

Anjab, fortress of, in Cutch, 



East Indies, taken by the English, 
Feb. 14, 1816; and again trans- 
ferred to the Rajah of Cutch in 
1819. 

Anjou, or Beauge, battle of, be- 
tween the French and English, in 
which the latter were defeated, with 
the loss of the Duke of Clarence 
and 1500 men, April 3, 1421. 

Anjou, university of, founded 
1349. 

Ankerstbom, John James, assas- 
sinated the king of Sweden, 1792. 

Anna Ivanowna, empress of 
Russia, born 1693, died 1740. 

Anna Comnena, of Constantino- 
ple, daughter of the emperor Alex- 
ius, author of the Alexiad, 1148. 

Annates, or Fibst Fbuits, im- 
posed by Antonius, bishop of Ephe- 
sus, but condemned by the council, 
400 ; pope Clement V. imposed them 
upon England, 1306. 

Annapolis, Nova Scotia, settled 
by the French, 1604. 

Anne of Bohemia, queen of Rich- 
ard II. of England, married 1382, 
died 1395. 

Anne, daughter of Richard, Earl 
of Warwick, and queen of Richard 
III., died, supposed to be poisoned, 
1485. 

Anne Boleyn, daughter of Sir 
Thomas Boleyn, married to Henry 
VIII. of England, 1532 ; beheaded, 
1536 ; the mother of Queen Eliza- 
beth. 

Anne of Cleves, married to Henry 
VIII. of England, Jan. 6, 1540; 
divorced, July 10, 1540 ; died, 1557. 

Anne, queen of James I. of Eng- 
land, daughter of Frederick II. of 
Denmark, married, Aug., 1582 ; 
died, 1619. 

Anne, wife of James II., second 
daughter of Hyde, Earl of Claren- 
don, married, Sept., 1660; died in 
1671, before her husband ascended 
the throne of England. 

Anne, daughter of James II. and 
queen of England, married in 1683, 
George, prince of Denmark; as- 
cended the throne, March 8, 1702, 
and died Aug. 1, 1714. 

Anne of Austria, queen of Louis 



ANS 



17 



ANT 



XIII. of France, and regent during 
the minority of Louis XIV., mar- 
ried, 1615 ; died, 1666. 

Anno Bom, island of, discovered 
by the Portuguese, in the Bight of 
Biafra, 1473. 

Annual Register, by Dodsley, 
first published, June, 1759; the new 
Annual Register, 1781 ; the Edin- 
burgh, 1808; the Annual Asiatic, 
1799; the Baptist Annual, 1797; 
the Historical and Political, 1770 ; 
and the Imperial and County, 1810. 

Annuities, or Pensions, first 
granted in 1512; twenty pounds 
being given to a lady for services 
done, and £6 13s. 4d., to a gen- 
tleman : double the last sum deem- 
ed sufficient to support a gentleman 
in studying the law, in 1554; four- 
teen per cent allowed the govern- 
ment, by act of parliament, temp. 
William and Mary, 1691-3, to bor- 
row a million sterling upon. 

Annunciade of St. Michael, order 
of, instituted at Mantua, 1618. 

Annunciation of the Virgin 
Mary, observed, 350. 

Annunciation, order of, instituted 
in Savoy, 1362. 

Anointing of kings first used in 
England at the coronation of Alfred 
the Great; in Scotland, on that of 
Edgar, 1098: the religious anoint- 
ing, called extreme unction in the 
Roman church, begun as supposed 
about 550. 

Anacletus, St., martyred, 78. 

Anselm, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, excommunicated the married 
clergy 1830. 

Ansgab, St., who introduced 
Christianity into Sweden and Den- 
mark, born, 800 ; died, 865. 

Anson, Lord, the circumnaviga- 
tor, presented the details of his 
voyage to the Royal Society, June 
30, 1748; born, 1697; died, 1762. 

Anson, ship of war, wrecked on 
the Loebar, near the Lizard, in 
Mounts Bay, when the captain, 
Lydyard, and most of the crew 
perished, Jan. 7, 1808. 

Anspach ceded by the Margrave 
to the king of Prussia, 1791. 



Antarctic land discovered, Jan. 
9, 1840, no less than 1700 miles in 
extent, from east to west. 

Antequara conquered from the 
Moors by the Spaniards, 1410. 

Antesus, Pope, martyred, 235. 

Anthems first composed by 
Hilary, bishop of Portier, and 
others, about 350; introduced into 
the church, 386; introduced into 
the reformed churches, temp. Eliza- 
beth, 1565. 

Anthology, the Greek, first 
printed at Florence, 1494, edited 
by Lascaris: by Bland and Meri- 
vale, 1806, 1813, and 1833. 

Anthony, St., the first institutor 
of monastic life, born in Upper 
Egypt, 251; died, 356. Order of, 
founded in France, 1095. 

Anthropophagist women of 
Milan, broken on the wheel, and 
burned, for killing children, salting, 
and eating them, 1519. 

Antigua, island of, discovered by 
Columbus, 1493 ; colonized by Eng- 
land, 1632 ; granted by Charles II. 
to Lord Willoughby, 1666 ; slavery 
abolished in 1832 ; export of sugar, 
from 1849, 188,986 cwts. ; mo- 
lasses, 90,003 cwts.; rum, 42,764 
gallons. 

Antinomian Doctrine first ap- 
plied as a charge against John 
Agricola, in 1538, by Luther. 

Antioch, built by Seleucus 301 
a.c. ; burned, and 100,000 citizens 
slain by the Jews, 145 a.c The 
era of, places the creation 5492 
years before Christ; the city of, 
taken by the Crusaders, 1098; by 
Sultan Bibars, 1269; by Ibrahim 
Pacha, 1832. 

Antipodes first taught by Plato, 
368 a.c ; the archbishop of Mentz 
denounced a bishop as a heretic 
for maintaining their existence, 
741. 

Antiquaries' Society, first found- 
ed, 1572 ; dissolved by James I. ; 
failure to re-form, 1617; society 
constituted anew, 1707, and 1717; 
minutes kept, 1718 ; met in Gray's 
Inn, 1727; in 1728, met at the 
Mitre Tavern, Fleet street; in 1750, 



ANT 



18 



APO 



removed to a house in Chancery 
lane, and petitioned for a charter of 
incorporation ; a charter given, 
dated, 1751 ; two secretaries ap- 
pointed, 1754 ; in 1781, the society- 
removed to Somerset house, holding 
its first meeting there in that year. 
Antiquarian Society of Edin- 
burgh, instituted 18th Dec, 1780; 
at Newcastle, 1812. 

Antoign, battle of, between the 
French and allies, seeking to re- 
place the Bourbons, 1792: 4500 
Austrians and Prussians were kill- 
ed, and 3500 taken prisoners, with 
all the artillery and baggage, and 
600 emigrants shut up in Longwy ; 
the French lost 900, killed and 
wounded. 

Antoinette, Marie, of Austria, 
queen of Louis XVI. ; born at 
Vienna, 1755; beheaded, 1793, at 
Paris. Her remains disinterred out 
of the cimetiere of the Madelaine, 
and laid in the church of St. Denis, 
Jan. 18, 1815. 

Antonine Column, erected at 
Rome about the year 161, to Mar- 
cus Aurelius Antoninus. The co- 
lumn of Antoninus Pius, during 
138, in their respective reigns. The 
former emperor died 180; the lat- 
ter, 161. 

Antonines, a religious sect that 
first appeared in 329. 

Antoninus' Wall, the third ram- 
part built to check the inroads of 
the northern barbarians into Eng- 
land, in 140, by Lollius Urbicus. 

Antonio, a claimant, unsuccess- 
fully, to the throne of Portugal, 
after the death of King Sebastian, 
with whom he was taken captive, 
1578. He died in obscurity in 
France, 1595. 

Antwerp, first mentioned in his- 
tory, 517; walled in, 1201 and 1514; 
the citadel erected by the Duke of 
Alba, 1568; the fine exchange built, 
1531 ; sacked, 1585 ; taken by the 
French, 1792, 1794; the Bourse 
erected, 1531 ; besieged by the Eng- 
lish, 1814 ; besieged by the French, 
taken, and restored to the Belgians, 
according to treaty, 1832. 



Aost, battle of, June 26, 1794. 

Apocalypse, supposed to be 
written by St. John, in the isle of 
Patmos, in 95. Some churches dis- 
owned it in the fourth century ; the 
sacred canon of the Laodicea coun- 
cil excluded it ; confirmed by that 
of Trent, 1545 ; rejected by Luther, 
Michaelis, and others ; its authority 
questioned from the time of Justin 
Martyr, who wrote, 137. 

Apocalyptic Knights, a secret 
society formed in favour of the 
Papal power, 1693. 

Apocrypha, received as canonical 
by the council of Trent, 1545. 

Apollo frigate, and forty sail of 
outward-bound Indiamen, lost on 
the coast of Portugal, with nume- 
rous lives, April 2, 1804. 

Apollo, temple of, at Daphnae, 
built 434 years before Christ ; burn- 
ed, 362. 

Apostasy, law enacted against, 
9 William III., 1697. 

Apostles' creed, instituted by 
Papal authority in the 11th cen- 
tury; retained in England at the 
Reformation, 1534. 

Apostolici, a sect that arose in 
the third century; the second 
founded by Sagarelli, who was 
burned alive at Parma, in 300. 

Apothecaries first mentioned in 
history, 1345 ; London company of, 
established and incorporated, 1617 ; 
Dublin company incorporated, 1791. 
Apothecaries exempted from serv- 
ing civil offices, 1702; their prac- 
tice better regulated, 1815; the 
king's own appointed, 1344 ; garden 
at Chelsea left to the company by 
Sir Hans Sloane, 1753. 

Apothecaries, licensed in France, 
1484 and 1514; their regulations 
renewed, 1611, 1624, 1638. First 
sanctioned in Germany, 1458, at 
Wirtemberg ; at Stutgardt, 1457 ; at 
Augsberg, 1445; at Baden, 1488; 
at Hanover, 1565 ; at Dresden, 1581 ; 
at Lubeck, 1547. 

Apothecaries' Company formed at 
Liverpool, 1837; hall erected, 1838. 

Apothecaries (Dublin), guild ofj 
incorporated 1745. 



AEB 



19 



AEC 



Apparitors first instituted, 1234. 

Appeal of murder, the last, Ash- 
ford v. Thornton, April 16, 1818 ; 
act to repeal the old law, in con- 
sequence, 59 George III., 1819. 

Appeals to the Pope, from Eng- 
land, made, 1138; forbidden, 1532. 

Appolinarians, the followers of 
a bishop of Laodicea, deposed for 
his opinions, 378. 

Appolonicon, a musical instru- 
ment of great power, exhibited in 
London, 1817. 

Appraisers of goods, early 
known in England; regulated by 
statute, 1282. 

Apprentices of London obliged 
to wear blue cloaks in summer, and 
blue gowns in winter, in 1558. Ap- 
prentice-tax enacted, 1802. 

Apricot trees, first planted in 
England, 1540, from Epirus. 

Aquatinta engraving discovered 
by Le Prince, 1723. 

Aqua Tofana, a poison discovered 
and used with deadly effect upon 
600 persons, by an Italian woman, 
in 1659. 

Aqueduct of Ellesmere, erected 
1805, Dec. 26. 

Aquileia stormed by Attila, in 
452. 

Aquitaine, made a principality, 
1362; annexed to the French 
crown, 1370; the title of Duke of 
Aquitaine taken by the English 
crown, on the conquest of the duchy 
by Henry V., 1418. 

Arabella Stuart loses her rea- 
son by her imprisonment in the 
Tower of London, and dies there, 
1615, aged 38. 

Arabians appear, under the name 
of Saracens, in 622, following Ma- 
homet. 

Arabici, a sect of materialists 
that sprung up in Arabia, 622. 

Arable land restrained, and pas- 
ture enforced, 1534. 

Aram, Eugene, executed, for a 
murder committed fourteen years 
before, in Yorkshire, 1759. 

Aranjuez, Spain, railway opened 
at, Dec. 12, 1850. 

Arbitration statutes, passed 9 



and 13 William III., and 3 and 4 
William IV., 1833. 

Arbutus tree brought to Eng- 
land, from the Levant, 1724. 

Arc, Joan of, born 1410 ; cruellv 
burned 1431. 

Arcades, or arched walks ; such 
are the Burlington arcade, London, 
opened March, 1829 ; the Lowther, 
in the Strand, opened 1837; the 
Royal arcade, in Dublin, opened 
1820, and burned 1837 ; and Exeter 
arcade. The best and finest in 
England is that of Covent Garden, 
vulgarly called a piazza or place 
(which is really the space outside 
the arcade), built by Inigo Jones, 
1630. 

Arcadius, emperor of Constan- 
tinople, succeeding Theodosius the 
Great, 395. 

Arch, a mode of building first 
used in England for foundations, 
1167. 

Arch, marble, at Cumberland 
Gate, modelled on that of Constan- 
tine, 1828, and set up first in St. 
James' Park ; removed in 1851. 

Archangel, the passage to, by 
sea, discovered by the English, 1553 ; 
the only seaport of Russia until 
St. Petersburgh was added, 1703; 
a dreadful fire at, by which 3000 
houses were destroyed, June, 1793 ; 
exports of, in 1827, £233,500 per 
annum, and in 1829, £562,000, in 
412 vessels. 

Archbishops, a dignity first 
known in the East in 320; one 
settled at Canterbury, by St. 
Austin, 596; St. Andrew's and 
Glasgow erected, 1470 and 1491. 
In Ireland, four constituted in 1151 ; 
of these, two have been reduced by 
statute 3 and 4 William IV., 1833. 

Archchamberlainship of the 
German empire conferred on the 
Elector of Brandenburgh, by a gold 
bull of Charles IV., 1356. 

Archdale, John, a Quaker, re- 
fusing to take the parliamentary 
oaths as M.P. for Chipping-Wy- 
combe, a new writ ordered to be 
issued, 1690. 

Archdeacons, sixty officers of the 



ARC 



20 



ARI 



church in England, and thirty-four 
in Ireland, 1075; an appeal from 
their court to the Consistorial per- 
mitted, 1532 ; the first appointed in 
England by Lanfranc, archbishop 
of Canterbury, 1075. 

Archery introduced into Eng- 
land before 440; revived in England 
by Kichard L, 1190; citizens or 
London formed corps of archers, 
and made a corporate body after- 
wards, 1538. 

Archers, 4000 surrounded the 
house of parliament, ready to de- 
stroy the king and members, 1397. 

Arcola, battle of, between Bona- 
parte and the Austrians under Gen. 
Alvinzy, Nov. 19, 1796; the van- 
quished Austrians lost 12 ; 000 men. 

Arcos, Spain, evacuated by the 
French, 28th August, 1812. 

Arcot, in India, taken 1751, by 
Colonel Clive, and retaken; sur- 
rendered to Colonel Coote, 1760; 
besieged by Hyder Ali, and the 
British defeated before it, Sept. 10, 
and Oct. 31, 1780. 

Arctic Expeditions : Sir Hugh 
Willoughby, May 20, 1553; Sir 
Martin Frobisher's attempt at find- 
ing a north-west passage to China, 
1576; Captain Davis's expedition, 
1585; Barantz's, 1594; Weymouth 
and Knight's, 1602; Hudson's last 
voyage, 1610 ; Sir Thomas Button's, 
1612; Baffin's, 1616; Fox's expe- 
dition, 1631; Middleton's, 1742; 
Moore and Smith's, 1746 ; Hearne's 
land expedition, 1 769 ; Commodore 
Phipps', 1773; Captain Cook, 1776; 
Makenzie's, 1789; Capt. Duncan's, 
1790; Vancouver, 1795; Lieuten- 
ant Kotzebue's, 1815; Capt. Buchan 
and Lieut. Franklin, 1818; Capt. 
Ross and Lieut. Parry, 1818 ; Lieuts. 
Parry and Liddon, 1819 ; return of, 
1820; Captains Parry and Lyon, 
1821 ; Captains Franklin and Lyon, 
by land, 1825; Captain Parry, in 
the Hecla, 1827, March 25, return 
Oct. 6; Captain Ross' return, after 
four years' absence, Oct. 18, 1833; 
Captain Back's arctic land expe- 
dition to the Polar Sea, return 
Sept. 8, 1835 ; Capt. Back sailed to 



Wager River, June 21, 1836 ; Sir 
John Franklin and Capt. Crozier 
sailed in the Erebus and Terror, 
May 24, 1845; not returning for 
7 years, various expeditions sent in 
pursuit, but unsuccessfully ; the last 
sailed in 1852; — one was com- 
manded by Sir J. Ross, who return- 
ed Nov., 1849 ; the Enterprize and 
Investigator sailed Jan. 10, 1850, 
and returned unsuccessfully; in 
1850, £20,000 was offered to any 
vessel that afforded them efficient 
assistance. 

Ardagh, a prelacy in Ireland, 
founded by St. Patrick, 454. 

Ardchattan priory, Scotland, 
founded 1230. 

Ardfert and Aghadoe, united 
Irish bishoprics, so made in the fifth 
century; united to Limerick in 
1667. 

Argand lamps introduced in Lon- 
don, 1785. 

Argentaria, battle of, fought in 
Alsace, between the Allemanni and 
the Romans, 373; the former de- 
feated, with the loss of 35,000 men. 

Argenteus Codex, or the Silver 
book of the Gothic gospels, first 
printed, 1665 ; at Stockholm, 1671 ; 
at Oxford, 1750 ; and at Weissenfels, 
1805. 

Argonauts of St. Nicholas, order 
of, instituted at Naples, 1382. 

Argos, Greece, taken from the 
Venetians, 1686 ; united to the pre- 
sent kingdom of Otho, Jan. 25, 
1833. 

Argyle, Marquis of, beheaded, 
May 27, 1661 ; Duke of, executed at 
Edinburgh, June 17, 1685. 

Argyle, bishopric of, founded 
1200; abolished 1688. 

Arians, the followers of Arius, 
who deny the divinity of Christ, 
arose, 315 ; condemned by the Coun- 
cil of Nice, 325 ; favoured by Con- 
stantine, 329; Servetus supported 
the doctrine, 1531. Arius died, 336; 
Servetus was burned, at Calvin's in- 
stigation, 1553. 

Arithmetic brought from Ara- 
bia to Europe, 991 ; the invention of 
decimals, by Regiomontanus, 1042. 



AEM 



21 



ARE 



Arklow, battle of, between the 
English and Irish, June 10, 1798; 
native gold discovered in the dis- 
trict of Arklow, Sept., 1795. 

Armada, called the Invincible, 
arrived in the Channel, July 19, 
1588; combated in the Channel 
from July 21 to July 27 ; returned 
to Spain with the loss of 5000 men, 
and seventeen ships on the coast of 
Ireland, and fifteen in different en- 
gagements. 

Armada, Spanish (so called), de- 
feated by the Dutch off Dunkirk, 
1630. 

Armagh, battle of, in Ireland, 
1318, against Edward Bruce; the 
city destroyed by the Danes, on 
Easter day, 852; see of, founded, 
444. 

Armed Neutrality, a confederacy 
of the northern powers against Eng- 
land, commenced by Russia, 1780 ; 
its objects defeated, 1781 ; renewed 
Dec. 16, 1800 ; dissolved after Nel- 
son's victory at Copenhagen, Dec. 
16, 1801. 

Armenia conquered by the Turks, 
1522. 

Armenian Era commenced, July 
9, 552 ; the ecclesiastical year, Aug. 
11. To reduce to present time, add 
551 years and 221 days, and in leap 
year subtract one day from March 1 
to Aug. 10. 

Arminian sect founded 1599, by 
James Arminius, of Holland, who 
died 1609 ; the doctrine condemned 
at the synod of Dort, 1609 ; taught, 
too, by Vorstius, the disciple of 
Arminius, 1611. 

Arminius Herman, the deliverer 
of Germany, a.c. 18; assassinated, 21 
a.d. 

Armorial Bearings originated 
in the banners of the knights crusa- 
ders, to distinguish nobles in battle, 
1100 ; became hereditary, 1192 ; vi- 
sits of heralds to families to sanction 
the legitimacy of their arms ceased, 
1609 ; nobles only bore arms at first ; 
then citizens, 1371; arms given 
since 1609, of no moment in con- 
sidering ancestry or gentle blood; 
taxed, 1798 and 1808. 



Armourers' Company, London, 
incorporated, 1423. 

Arms of England and France 
claimed and quartered by Edward 
III., 1330; discontinued at the Irish 
union, Jan. 1, 1801: crowns of Eng- 
land and Hanover separated, in 
1837 : the lions now in the arms 
were originally leopards, according 
to a record of 1252. 

Arms Bill for Ireland, Oct. 15, 
1831 ; a second passed, Aug. 22, 
1843, to register arms. 

Army, the first standing army 
maintained by France, under Charles 
VII., 1445 ; introduced into England 
by Charles I., 1638 ; opposed Richard 
Cromwell, 1659 ; disbanded, Nov. 24, 
1660 ; declared illegal, 1679 ; in last 
year of war, 1815, amounted to 
300,000 men, in England : the peace 
establishment of 1840, numbered 
1109 horse guards, 4850 foot guards, 
9524 cavalry, and 84,362 infantry. 

Arnheim, Guelderland, taken by 
the Prussian, Bulow, and the garri- 
son massacred, Nov. 30, 1813. 

Arnold, General, a traitor to his 
country, in the American war de- 
serted to the English, and died in 
London, 1801. 

Arnulf crowned emperor of Ger- 
many at Rome, 896. 

Arragon, kingdom of, separated 
from Navarre, 1035, under king Ra- 
meiro ; succeeded by Sancho, 1063 ; 
the last by Pedro, 1094; Alonzo, 
brother of Pedro, 1104; Rameiro 
II., 1134 ; Petronilla, daughter of 
Rameiro II., when Arragon and Ca- 
talonia were united. Alonzo II., 
1162; Pedro II. 1196; Jaime, 1213; 
Pedro III., 1276; Alonzo III., 1276; 
Jaime II., 1291 ; Alonzo IV., 1327; 
Pedro IV. 1387 ; Juan, 1395 ; Mar- 
tin, brother of Juan, 1412 ; Fernando, 
1416 ; Alonzo V., 1458 ; Juan II., 
1479 ; Fernando II., married Isa- 
bel of Castile, and united Arragon 
and Castile under one sceptre, 
1516. 

Arras, treaty of, between France 
and Burgundy, 1435; a second, when 
Burgundy and Artois were given to 
the Dauphin, 1482; taken by the 



ART 



22 



ASH 



French from the Spaniards, Aug., 
1654. 

Array for raising the militia first 
commissioned, 1422. 

Arrest for debt, peers and mem- 
bers of parliament protected ; also, 
clergymen performing divine service, 
1375 ; seamen privileged under £20, 
1756 ; vexatious arrests prevented, 
May 17, 1733 ; for less than £10 
forbidden, 1779 ; for less than £20, 
1827 ; for less than £20 on mesne 
process forbidden in Ireland, 1829 ; 
abolished altogether on mesne pro- 
cess, except it be shown that defend- 
ant intends leaving the country, 2 
Vict., Aug., 1838. 

Arsacid^, assassins, near Tyre, 
attacked by the Tartars, 1257, and 
cut off. (See Assassins.) 

Arson punished with death, con- 
tinued, 7 and 8 Geo. IV., 1827, July, 
1837. 

Arthur, king of Britain, born in 
Cornwall; first mentioned in his- 
tory, 467; defeated the Saxons, 
493 ; besieged York, 497 ; defeated 
the Saxons again, 504 ; again, near 
Bath, 511 ; assumed the purple, 528; 
wounded in battle, near Camelford, 
and died; buried at Glastonbury, 
535. 

Artichoke, first seen at Venice, 
1494 ; in England, temp. Hen. VIII. 

Articles of religion, six publish- 
ed, 1539 ; forty- two published with- 
out consent of parliament, 1552 ; 
reduced to thirty-nine, 1563 ; re- 
ceived the royal assent, and that 
of parliament, 1571 ; one hundred 
and four drawn up for Ireland by 
archbishop Usher, 1614 ; established, 
1634 ; on the union with England 
in 1801, the English articles were 
adopted. 

Artificers prohibited from going 
abroad, Dec. 6, 1738. 

Artillery invented by Schwartz, 
a German monk, 1330 ; used at Al- 
gesiras, by the Moors, 1341 ; at the 
battle of Crecy, by Edward III., 
1346 ; at the siege of Calais, 1347; 
first employed at sea by the Vene- 
tians, against the Genoese, 1377 ; 
cast in the county of Sussex, in Eng- 



land, 1543 ; made of brass, 1635 ; 
improved by Browne ; 1728. 

Artillery Company of London 
instituted, 1610, on the ground used 
for archery in 1498. 

Artists, society of Great Britain 
incorporated, Jan. 26, 1765 ; ex- 
hibited its paintings at Somerset 
House, 1783 ; removed to Trafalgar 
Square, 1838. 

Artists, society of British, insti- 
tuted, May 21, 1823 ; its first exhi- 
bition, April 19, 1824. 

Arts, society of, established, 1754; 
placed in the Adelphi, 1772. 

Arts and Sciences, New York, 
U. S., established, 1765. 

Arts, Royal Society of London, 
instituted, 1663. 

Aruba, a West India island, colo- 
nized by the Dutch, 1634. 

Arundel Castle, Sussex, built by 
the Saxons in 800 ; taken by Lord 
Hopton, 1644 ; retaken by Sir Wil- 
liam Waller. 

Arundelian marbles, containing 
the chronology of ancient history 
from a.c 1582, to 355, and said to 
have been engraved a.c, 264 : they 
consist of statues, busts, and inscrip- 
tions ; found in the Isle of Paros 
about 1610 ; purchased and given 
by Lord Arundel to the university 
of Oxford, 1627 ; the Greek charac- 
ters translated by Selden, 1628, by 
Prideaux, 1676. 

Asaph, St., a native of North 
Wales, lived about 590 ; built a 
church at, 560, rebuilt, 1402 ; cathe- 
dral, 1469, of Gothic order, 179 feet 
long, 68 broad ; choir rebuilt, 1780. 

Asbestos, cloth and paper made 
of it, a.d. 74; spun at Venice, 1500. 

Ascension-day first commemo- 
rated, 68 ; also called Holy Thurs- 
day. 

Ascension Island, exports to, and 
St. Helena— 1846, £28,309; 1848, 
£31,728; 1852, £30,555. 

Asclepiadorus, a British prince 
opposed to the Romans, crowned, 
220 ; slain, 260, in battle with the 
duke of Colchester. 

Ash Wednesday, or the first in 
Lent, instituted and ceremonized by 



ASS 



23 



ASS 



Popes Felix III., 487, and by Gre- 
gory the Great. 

Ashantees of Africa, first reach 
the European forts on the coast, 
1807 ; attack Cape Coast unsuccess- 
fully, 1816 ; make war on the Eng- 
lish, 1823, and Sir Charles Macarthy 
killed ; completely routed by the 
British, 1826. 

Ashby-de-la-Zouch Castle built, 
1399 ; dismantled, 1648. 

Ashdown Church, built by Canute 
the Great, on the spot where he had 
fought Edmund Ironside, 1020. 

Ashmole library given to the 
university of Oxford, by Elias Ash- 
mole, 1683 : he died at Lambeth, 
1692. 

Ashton, Thomas, of Hyde, Lan- 
cashire, improved the dwellings of 
the poor, 1837. 

Asia, British exports to — 1805, 
£2,904,584; 1825, £3,622,240; 
1845, £10,973,721; and in 1849, 
£10,931,302. 

Asiatic Society formed in Paris, 
1822; London, 1823; at Calcutta, 
1784; incorporated in England, 1824. 

Askew, Anne, burned for heresy, 
1546. 

Asparagus first produced in Eng- 
land, 1608. 

Asperne, battle of, between Na- 
poleon Bonaparte and the Archduke 
Charles, in which the former was 
temporarily repulsed, owing to the 
loss of a bridge, May 21, 1809: 
there were 20,000 men killed and 
wounded on both sides. 

Assam conquered by the East 
India Company, and annexed to 
their territory, 1825 : the tea plant 
discovered there, 1823 ; a superin- 
tendent of tea appointed in 1836 ; 
a company established in 1839 ; and 
a considerable quantity consumed 
in England, 1841. 

Assassins, an heretical tribe of 
Mahometans, settled in Persia, 1090 : 
they assassinated the Marquis of 
Montferret, 1192; Lewis of Bavaria, 
1213 ; the Khan of Tartary, 1254 ; 
conquered, 1257 ; and extirpated by 
the Tartars in 1272. 

Assassination plot against Wil- 



liam III. of England, discovered by 
Pendergrass, Eeb. 14, 1696. 

Assay of gold and silver establish- 
ed in England, 1354 ; regulated, 
1700 and 1705 ; assay masters ap- 
pointed at Sheffield and Birming- 
ham, 1773. 

Assaye, battle of, between the 
English under General Wellesley, 
and the Mahrattas, Sep. 23, 1803 : 
the latter were ten times the num- 
ber of the English. 

Asses, feast of, in France, held 
in honour of Balaam's ass, when 
the clergy walked in procession at 
Christmas, dressed to represent pro- 
phets ; it was suppressed before 1445. 

Assessed taxes date as early as 
991, according to some ; others, to 
Henry VIII., 1522; William III., 
1689 : by George III. they were 
much advanced, in 1797 and in 1801, 
and reduced in 1816, 1823, 1834. 

Assiento, a disgraceful contract 
between Spain and other powers, to 
furnish her dominions with negro 
slaves, begun in 1689 ; it was here 
vested in the South Sea Company, 
in 1713 : they were to furnish an- 
nually 4800 slaves to the Spanish 
colonies. The contract was given 
up to Spain in 1748. 

Assionats, a paper currency made 
to support the credit of the French 
republic, in April, 1790; a forgery 
of these in England, 1793, to send 
into France. 

Assize of bread and ale establish- 
ed in England, in 1202, by statute ; 
it was to be observed on pain of the 
pillory. This assize was abolished, 
and the sale of bread regulated, in 
1815. It was regulated by statutes 
in Ireland, passed in May, 1832, and 
1836. Bread was placed there on 
the same footing as in England, by 
1 Vict., 1838. 

Assize courts regulated by Mag- 
na Charta, 1215 ; at present, by the 
statute of Westminster, 13 Edward I. 
1284 ; no lord or other person to sit 
on the bench with justices of assizes, 
20 Bichard II., 1396. 

Association ship of Avar, with the 
Eagle, of Romney, wrecked on the 



AST 



24 



ATH 



Stilly Islands, and Sir Cloudsley 
Shovel, with all their crews, lost, 
Oct. 22, 1707. 

Assumption of the Virgin, festival 
of her being taken up into heaven, 
Aug. 15, a.d. 45, in her 75th year, 
instituted, 813. 

Astley, Philip, founded the 
equestrian amphitheatres of London 
and Paris : he was born in 1742, and 
died 1814 : his amphitheatre was 
destroyed by fire, Aug. 17, 1799, and 
the new one erected in its place, 
Sept. 2, 1803. 

Astley, Lord, defeated at Stow- 
on-the-Wold, 1646. 

Assurance Office, London and 
Royal, charter granted to, 1716. 

Assurances of vessels 43, under 
Claudius Caesar; regulations re- 
specting, in the Lex Oleron, general- 
ly known in Europe, 1194; first 
statute to prevent frauds, in 1601, 
or 43 Elizabeth. 

Astorga, in Spain, taken by the 
French, April 12, 1810; evacu- 
ated, June 12, 1811 ; capitulated to 
the Spaniards, Aug. 18, 1812. 

Astracan, taken from the Tar- 
tars by the Russians, 1554 ; made a 
province ot Asiatic Russia, 1580. 

Astronomical observations made 
in Babylon, a.c. 1234; the science 
brought into Europe by the Moors 
of Barbary, 1201 ; great discoveries 
in, made from 1680 to 1850 ; the 
Chinese knew it 1100 years before 
Christ ; the places and distances of 
planets discovered, a. d. 130, by 
Ptolemy. Alphonsine Tables com- 
posed, 1284 ; clocks first used, 1500 ; 
Copernican system, 1530 ; Tycho 
Brahe advances it, 1582 ; planetary- 
motions discovered by Kepler, 1619; 
discoveries of Galileo, 1632; Hor- 
rox discovers the transit of Venus, 
1639; aberration of the fixed stars 
discovered by Horrebrow, 1659; 
Helvelius mapped the moon's, 1670 ; 
the sun's motion on its axis proved 
by Halley, 1676; discoveries of 
Huygens, 1686; Newton's Princi- 
pia published, and the present 
system established, 1687; Flam- 
stead catalogues the stars, 1688; 



satellites of Saturn discovered by 
Cassini, 1701; celestial irregulari- 
ties explained by Lagrange ; Ura- 
nus and its satellites discovered by 
Herschel, 1781, March 13; Ceres, 
an asteroid, discovered by Piazzi, 
Jan. 1, 1801; La Place published 
his Mecanique Celeste, 1796; Pallas 
discovered by Dr. Olbers, March 
28, 1802; Juno, by Mr. Harding, 
Sep. 1, 1804; Vesta, by Dr. Olbers, 
1807. 

Astronomical Society of Lon- 
don founded, 1820. 

Astrology, Judicial, encouraged 
in France, by Catherine de Medicis, 
1533 ; Bede in England addicted to 
it, 700; Roger Bacon, 1260; Lord 
Burleigh and one Dee were noted in 
the reign of Elizabeth as astrologers ; 
Lilly consulted by Charles I. about 
his escape from Carisbrook, 1647. 

Asylums for debtors generally 
abolished in London, 1696 ; but that 
of the mint not wholly until the 
reign of George II. 

Asylum near Westminster bridge 
established, 1758. 

Atahualpa, the last of the Incas, 
and king of Quito, burned by the 
Spaniards, 1533. 

Athanasian creed, written about 
340; great controversies having 
arisen on the subject of the divinity 
of Christ, between 333 and 351 ; 
this creed asserted by some to be 
the work of an African bishop in 
the fifth century, and not of St. 
Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, 
who died 373. 

Athanagelde, captain of the 
Spanish Goths, defeated near Se- 
ville, 554. 

Athelstan knighted by Alfred 
the Great, 900— the first English 
knight ever made. 

Athelstan attacked the Danes 
and subdued them, 926; destroyed 
the castle of York, 927 ; beat Howel, 
king of Wales, in battle, 934. 

Athelm, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, crowned King Athelstan, 925. 

Athenjeum Club, of London, 
formed, 1824; the club-house erect- 
ed, 1829; Liverpool Athenaeum 



ATT 



25 



AUG 



opened, Jan. 1, 1799 ; the Manches- 
ter Athenaeum, Oct. 3, 1844. 

Athens, founded by Cecrops, 
1556, a.c. ; and taken hy Xerxes, 
430 years hefore Christ; fell into 
the hands of the Venetians, a.d. 
1204; was taken hy the Turks 
in 1687, and hecame the capital of 
a Turkish province ; it hecame the 
capital of renovated Greece, Jan. 1, 
1833, under king Otho I. 

Athole, Duke of, proclaimed 
king of the Isle of Man, July, 1736. 

Atkinson, Christopher, expelled 
from the House of Commons for 
perjurv, and set in the pillory, Oct. 
25, 1785. 

Atmosphere, weight of, discov- 
ered hy Galileo and Torricellius, 
1630 ; density hy Boyle ; its rela- 
tion to light and sound, hy Hooke, 
Newton, and Durham ; the compo- 
sition, hy others ; and refraction, 
hy Bradley, 1737. 

Atmospheric railway tried first, 
June 30, 1840; one successfully 
completed in Ireland, between Dal- 
key and Killiney, Sep., 1843. 

Attaguia, in Syria, destroyed hy 
an earthquake, May 5, 1796, when 
3000 persons perished. 

Attainder, acts of, passed 1644- 
5 ; of Lord Bussell, July 21, 1683 
(reversed, 1689) ; acts of, under 
James II., publicly burned, Oct. 2, 
1695; that of Lord Edward Fitz- 
gerald, July 1, 1819, who was im- 
plicated in acts of rebellion in Ire- 
land, but never tried, in 1798. 

Attainder, bill of, against the 
Scotch rebels, passed May 15, 1746. 

Atterbury, Francis, bishop of 
Rochester, sent to the tower, Aug. 
24, 1722; banished, May 17, 
1723; born, 1662; died, 1731, and 
interred in Westminster Abbey. 

Attila of the Huns, called the 
scourge of God, ravaged Europe in 
447, at the head of 500,000 Huns, 
penetrating the Roman empire ; he 
died on his nuptial night, oppressed 
with wine, about 453. 

Attorneys, the highest number 
permitted to be in Great Britain 
was 400 in the reign of Edward 



III.; taxed, 1785; number limited 
in Norfolk and Suffolk, and reduced 
from eighty to fourteen, 1 454, temp. 
Henry II. 

Attorney - General, the first, 
Wm. de Gisilham, 7 Edw. I., 1278. 

Attraction described by Coper- 
nicus, 1520 ; differently, by Kepler, 
1605; by Newton, as the power 
which restores lost motion drawing 
bodies towards each other, 1705. 

Auburn village, Wilts, 72 houses 
burned at, Sept. 12, 1760. 

Auction, sales by, the first in 
England in 1700, by governor 
Elisha Yale, of Fort St. George, in 
the East Indies ; tax laid on them, 
1779; duties thus laid repealed by 
8 Vict., c. 15, May 8, 1845; and a 
£10 license imposed in their place. 

Auckland, Wobum, and Juan- 
asburg, three villages of the Cape 
colony, burned by the Caffres, and 
70 of the inhabitants put to death, 
Dec. 25, 1850. 

Auction Mart, founded in 1813, 
in the city of London. 

Auerstadt, battle of, between 
the French and the Prussian armies, 
when Napoleon conquered, taking 
200 pieces of cannon, 30 standards, 
and 28,000 prisoners, Oct. 14, 1806. 

Augmentation of the revenue, 
a court erected, 1534, to secure the 
plunder of the monasteries for the 
crown, by Henry VIII. ; new, of 
poor livings office, 1704. 

Aughrim, Ireland, battle of, 
which decided the fate of James H. 
in Ireland, July 12, 1691. 

Augsburg Confession of the 
Faith, drawn up by Melancthon, 
and by him and Luther presented 
to the emperor Charles V., 1530. 

Augsburgh, battle of, between 
the French, under Moreau, and the 
Austrians, Aug. 29, 1795, and won 
by the former, when the cities of 
Augsburgh and Munich opened 
their gates to them. 

Augsburgh, treaty of, between 
Holland and the other European 
powers, for causing the treaties of 
Munster and Nimiguen to be re- 
pealed, 1686. 



AUS 



26 



AUT 



Augsburgh Council, for confirm- 
ing the celibacy of the priesthood, 
held, 952. 

Augpstin, St., the father of the 
Latin church, born in Numidia, a.d. 
354; died, Aug., 430; also the 
name of the first father of the Ro- 
man Catholic church who preached 
Christianity in England — sometimes 
called St. Austin, archbishop of 
Canterbury — landed in the Isle of 
Thanet, 596; died Aug. 23, 607. 

Augustine, St., abbey of, Can- 
terbury, built about 605. 

Augustus Caesar, emperor of 
Rome, born, a.c. 65; died, a.d. 14. 

Aulic Council, the sovereign 
court of Austria, established by 
Maximilian I., emperor of Ger- 
many, in 1506: it is divided into 
two courts, one of which is called 
the imperial chamber. 

Aurelian, the Roman emperor, 
assassinated, 275. 

Auriflamme, or Oriflamme, the 
holy banner mentioned so often in 
French history: it belonged to the 
abbey of St. Denis, being suspend- 
ed over the tomb of that saint in 
1140. Louis le Gros took it with 
him to battle ; and it appeared for 
the last time on the field of Agin- 
court, 1415, though some assert 
it re-appeared under Louis, 1465. 

Auricular confession first made 
use of, 1215. 

Auricula, imported into Eng- 
land from the Alps, 1509. 

Aurora Borealis, or Northern 
Lights, first seen, March, 1716, 
when they extended from Ireland as 
far as Russia ; many were terrified 
by them in 1765 ; electricity of, dis- 
covered at Jena in 1789. 

Aurora frigate never heard of 
after leaving the shore of England 
in 1771 ; many persons of note were 
on board, and among them was 
Falconer, the seaman poet. 

Aurum Fulminans invented, 1413. 

Austerlitz, battle of, in Moravia, 
fought Dec. 2, 1805, between the 
emperors of Russia and Austria, 
and Napoleon of France ; the killed 
and wounded on the side of the allies 



was 30,000, besides the capture of 
40 standards, 150 pieces of cannon, 
and thousands of prisoners: it led 
to the peace of Presburg. 

Australasia discovered by Van 
Dieman in 1521, and explored by 
subsequent navigators, colonized by 
England in 1789 ; and subsequently 
divided into west and south Aus- 
tralia, and Van Dieman's land, in 
1829, 1834, and 1842, by acts of the 
British legislature. 

Australia, exports to, in 1852, 
£2,807,356 ; wool, to the extent of 
22,969,711 lbs., imported from, in 
1848 ; imports of the colony, 1848, 
£702,956 ; exports of, £581,475 in 
value. 

Austria, taken from Hungary 
and annexed to Germany, 1040; 
made a duchy, 1156; forming a part 
of the empire of Germany, which 
was governed by the house of Haps- 
burg for 500 years, but the title 
was changed to that of emperor of 
Austria in 1806, on the formation 
of the confederation of the Rhine. 

Austria, emperor of, declared at 
the head of the Germanic confedera- 
tion formed in 1815. 

Austria, toleration of religion 
granted, and torture abolished in, 
1776. 

Austrian railways opened, 1850, 
920 miles. 

Austrian Netherlands invaded 
by France in April 28, 1792. 

Austrian Italy, exports from 
England to, 1852, value £812,942. 

Austrian reigning family, began 
in Germany, 1273. 

Auto da Fe, the public punish- 
ment of heretics, Jews, and others, 
not professing the Catholic religion ; 
established in 1203, since which 
100,000 persons have been sacrificed 
to its sentences. In 1787, twenty 
persons were burned at Goa in the 
East Indies, under the sentence of 
this infamous tribunal. 

Automaton figures, called also 
Androides. The first was a flying 
dove, reported to be made by 
Archytas, a.c 408. Friar Bacon 
made' a brazen head that could 



AVI 



27 



AZO 



speak, 1264. Vaucanson made an 
artificial duck, that eat, drank, and 
quacked, and also a flute-player, 
1738. 

Auxonne, bridge of, constructed 
by Margaret of Bavaria, 1405. 

Auzout, Adrien, a French as- 
tronomer, who died in 1691 or 1693, 
and who, with Picard, first applied 
the telescope to the mural quadrant. 

Avalanche, fall of one on the 
village of Kuerns, 1749, when, of a 
hundred persons, sixty were dug 
alive out of the snow ; another fell 
in 1806 ; in 1820, sixty-four persons 
were killed by one at Fettars ; and 
in the same year, eighty-four per- 
sons and four hundred head of cattle, 
in Obergestelan. The village of 
Briel covered with one, 1827. 

Avellino, a city of Naples, de- 
stroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 29, 
1732. 

Avenzoab, or Ebn Zoar, an 
Arabian physician, who died, 1169, 
aged 135 years. 

Average Wages in money of 
husbandry labour : — 

1687 ... 6s., bread cost 3d. 
1776... 8s. „ 6|d. 

1785... 8s. „ 6d. 

1792... 9s. „ 7d. 

1803 ... 10s. „ lOd. 

1811 ... 12s. „ 12d. 

1812 ... 15s. „ 15d. 
1843 ... 10s. „ 8d. 

Avignon, University of, founded 
1388; taken from the pope by France, 
1769; restored on the suppression 
of the Jesuits, 1773; claimed by the 
French national assembly, 1791 ; 
confirmed to France by the allied 
sovereigns, 1815. 

Avis, a Portuguese order of knight- 
hood, which was instituted 1147. 

Aversa, palace of, Naples, where 
Andreas of Hungary was strangled 
by conspirators, Sept. 8, 1345. 

Avienus, or Avianus, or Aniarsus 



Festus, about whom the learned 
have much disputation, whether he 
lived in 260 or 400, the author of 
the " Ora Maritima." 

Avranches, Cathedral of, having 
the stone where Henry II. did pen- 
ance for Becket's murder, 1172. 

Axminster, Sir R. Cholmondley 
killed at, in an action during the 
civil war, 1644. 

Ayachucho, battle of, in South 
America, Dec, 1824, in which the 
royalists were routed, with the loss 
of 1400 killed, 700 wounded, and 
their whole army prisoners. 

Ayamonte, Spain, conquered by 
the Moorish king of Grenada, 1406. 

Ayesha, the favourite wife of 
Mahomet, born, 610; died, 677. 

Aylesbury, taken by the Saxons, 
garrisoned for the parliament, 
1644, 1645; old house of grey friars 
at, founded in 1387; dilapidated in 
the civil war of Charles I. 

Aylesford, Kent, battle of, be- 
tween the Saxons and Britons, 455. 

Aygarth Bridge, Yorkshire, built, 
1539. 

Ayrshire, invaded by the Nor- 
wegians, who were driven to their 
vessels, 1263. 

Aylmouth Castle, Northumber- 
land, built, 559. 

Azof, in Russia, built by the 
Genoese, 1261 ; taken by Tamerlane, 
1392 ; possessed by Turkey, 1471 ; 
the fortifications demolished, 1739; 
ceded to Russia, 1774. 

Azores Islands, discovered by 
the Portuguese, 1439; settled, 1448. 
An earthquake in these islands for 
twelve days in 1591 ; another, 1557. 
A volcano destroyed the town of 
Ursulina, May, 1808; in 1811, a 
volcano appeared in the sea near 
St. Michaels, where the water was 
80 fathoms deep, and an island 
arose called Sabrina, which gradu- 
ally disappeared in Dec, 1812. 



BAC 



28 



BAG 



B 



Babb age's statement of difference 
of prices in 1812 and 1832 : thus— 
anvils costing 25s. in 1812, cost 
only 14s. in 1832 ; locks, 16s. at the 
former period, only 2s. 6d. at the 
latter, or 85 per cent, less ; trace 
chains of iron, 46s. 9|d. in 1812, 
were no more than 15s. in 1832; 
and so with other goods. 

Babbington, the noted pick- 
pocket, convicted and sentenced to 
transportation, Sept. 22, 1790. 

Babe, a dwarf kept by the King 
of Poland, only 33 inches high, 
aged 23; died 1764. 

Babeb, or Babottb, sultan of 
India, and founder of the Mogul 
dynasty, 1510; conquered Kana 
Sanka, 1527. 

Babeuf, Francis Noel, an active 
agent in the French revolution; en- 
tered into a conspiracy against the 
directory, and was executed, 1797. 

Babington, conspiracy of, formed 
on hehalf of Queen Mary against 
Elizabeth, and with thirteen others 
executed in 1686 ; he was a gentle- 
man of Derbyshire. 

Babylon, battle of, between Tho- 
mas Kouli Khan and the Turks ; 
he killed 20,000, obtaining a de- 
cisive victory, Nov. 28, 1734 ; again, 
May 29, 1835, when the Turks lost 
60,000 men. 

Bachelobs' tax, 1695; increased, 
1735, 3796; doubled on their ser- 
vants, 1785. 

Back, Captain, and his com- 
panions, reach Liverpool from their 
Arctic land expedition, Sept. 8, 
1835 ; sailed from Chatham in the 
Terror to explore the "Wager river, 
June 21, 1836 ; received the King's 
annual premium for Polar dis- 
coveries, 1835. 

Backbabba (Cumberland), pow- 
der mill near, exploded, and killed 
and wounded several persons, Aug. 
30, 1823. 

Backgammon, game of, invented 



1224 years before Christ, said also to 
have been invented in Wales before 
the year 1000, a.d. 

Bacon, Eoger, the learned friar 
and reputed magician, born 1214; 
died 1292. 

Bacon, Francis, Lord Yerulam, 
high chancellor of England; born, 
1561 ; committed to the Tower, 
1622; died, April 9, 1626. 

Badajos, siege of, by the Duke of 
Wellington, invested, March 11, 
1811; invested a second time, and 
stormed with enormous loss, April 
6, 1812. 

Baden, German house of, de- 
scended from Berthold L, Duke of 
Zahringen, who died 1074; and 
from Christopher, who united the 
branches of Hochberg and Baden, 
1527. 

Baden, treaty signed at, between 
the empire and France, Sept. 7, n.s., 
1714. 

Baden, territory of, made a grand 
duchy, and member of the Bhenish 
confederation, 1806 ; guaranteed by 
the allies in 1815. 

Baden, Bohemia, &c, and 
throughout Germany, extensive in- 
surrectionary movements, 1848. 

Badon Hill, near Bath, battle of, 
gained by the renowned Cornish 
king, Arthur, 511. 

Baffin's Bat, discovered by Wm. 
Baffin, 1616. 

Baggs, the notorious Major, fought 
eleven duels ; won £17,000 by 
throwing the dice fourteen mains in 
succession; fought the notorious 
duellist Fitzgerald, and wounded 
him ; went to India overland to play ; 
ruined more than forty persons ; 
died, 1792, aged 70. 

Bagguelet, Drummen, and John- 
son, found guilty of sedition at 
Chester, April 17," 1819. 

Bags, containing charges against 
the Queen, opened by a secret com- 
mittee, June 24, 1820. 



BAI 



29 



BAL 



Bagdad, built by Almansor, 762; 
and made the seat of the Saracenic 
empire, 1258. 

Bagnal, Lieut., mortally wounded 
in a duel, Oct. 7, 1812. 

Bagnolet, near Paris, a fossil 
palm-tree was discovered deep in 
the earth, 1809. 

Bahama Isles, discovered by 
Columbus, Oct. 11, 1492. Became 
known to the English, 1667, and 
seized from pirates for the crown of 
England, 1718. Hurricane at, Oct., 
1796, which did great damage. A 
storm and inundation at, July 22, 
1801. 

Bahama Islands taken by the 
Spaniards, July 13, 1782. 

Bahia, Brazil, revolution at, 
April 30, 1821. 

Bail, allowable by the ancient 
law for all crimes, murder excepted, 
by statute 3 Edward I. ; in cases of 
treason and certain felonies, 1274; 
subsequently regulated, 23 Henry 
VI., 2 Philip and Mary; where a 
magistrate refuses, a judge may bail. 

Bailey (or Old Bailey) Court, the 
court for the trial of criminals in 
Middlesex and London, where the 
sessions are held eight times a-year ; 
the house was built in 1773, en- 
larged 1808; in May, 1750, the 
judges, lord mayor, and alderman, 
and many of the spectators, caught 
the jail fever and died; the disease 
broke out again in 1772, and proved 
fatal to many; in front of this 
building, at the execution of the 
murderers of Mr. Steele, Eeb. 22, 
1807, twenty-eight persons were 
trampled to death, and many 
wounded ; the Old Bailey, the name 
of the street in which the court- 
house stands, is derived from the 
court-house itself, and on the north 
side is Newgate, begun in 1770, 
finished 1783. 

Baillie, Robert, of Jerviswood, 
Scotland, accused and tried in Edin- 
burgh, for being concerned in the 
plot of Lord Russell, and condemned 
and executed the same day, Dec. 24, 
1685. 

Bailiffs or Sheriffs, called shire- 



reeves before the conquest, appoint- 
ed for counties generally, 1079 ; in 
Dublin, 1308 ; name changed to 
sheriff, 1548: in some places the 
bailiff is still the name of the chief 
officer. 

Baize, manufacture of, introduced 
into England, at Colchester, 1660. 

Balambangen, the English driven 
from, Feb. 24, 1775, by the natives 
of the island of Sooloo. 

Balbec built, 144 ; destroyed ut- 
terly by an earthquake, Dec. 5, 1759. 

Balchen, Admiral, born 1669, 
lost in the Victory man-of-war, 
Oct., 1744. 

Baldock, bishop of Exeter, slain 
by the Londoners, 1320. 

Baldwin, emperor of Germany, 
died 1206. 

Baldwin I. elected emperor of the 
East, 1204. 

Baldwin II., with John of Bri- 
enne, associate emperors, 1228. 

Baliol College, Oxford, founded 
1268, by John Baliol, who died 1269. 

Baliol, king of Scotland, on being 
summoned, appeared and pleaded 
his own cause in Westminster HalL 
Oct., 1293. 

Balkan pass crossed by the Rus- 
sians, July 26, 1829 : they were 
commanded by General Diebitsch, 
and the passage was followed by the 
treaty of Adrianople, Sep. 14, 1829. 

Ball, Mr., received the gold me- 
dal of the Society of Arts, for cul- 
tivating rhubarb, 1790. 

Ballads generally ascribed to the 
Anglo-Saxons, about 695 ; the first 
to the authorship of Andhelme, 
who died 709. 

Ballast of the river Thames seized 
on by Charles I., 1636. 

Ballastebos retreated before the 
French troops, that had entered 
Spain to restore the despotism of 
Ferdinand VII., Aug. 30, 1823; 
Mina for some time contrived to 
baffle those forces, but was finally 
unsuccessful. 

Ballastebos, General, repulsed 
the French at Palma, in Spain, 
March 2, 1811. 

Ballets arose from the effeminate 



BAL 



30 



BAN 



taste of the Italians ; exhibited be- 
fore Henry VIII. and Francis L, at 
the field of the cloth of gold, 1520 ; 
they reached their perfection in 
Tuscany, and in the court of France, 
under Louis XIV., who himself took 
a part in them, 1664. 

Ballinahinch, battle of, Ireland, 
between the Irish and British troops, 
under Earl Moira, June 13, 1798 : 
the royal army suifered severely. 

Ballot, the secret, allowed by 
Louis Napoleon of France to be 
adopted on his election as head of 
the state, Dec. 1, 1851. 

Balloons, said to be first invented 
by a Jesuit, 1729, but effectively by 
the brothers Montgolfier, Aug. 27, 
1783. Pilatre de Rozier and M. 
Romain perished in attempting to 
pass from Boulogne to England, their 
balloon taking fire, June 14, 1785. 
Introduced into England by Lu- 
nardi, who ascended from Moor- 
fields, Sep. 15, 1784. Messrs. Blan- 
chard and Jeffries crossed from 
Dover to Calais, Jan. 7, 1785; used 
to reconnoitre at the battle of Fleu- 
rus, June 17, 1794. M. Garnarin 
rose to 4000 feet, and descended by 
a parachute, Sep. 21, 1802, near St. 
Pancras church. M. Gay Lussac 
ascended to 23,000 feet, Sep. 6, 1804. 
A Mr. Arnold ascended from St. 
George's Fields, and fell into the 
Thames : Major Money, into the 
sea, having ascended from Norwich, 
and was saved by a revenue cutter. 
Sadler, after many ascents, fell into 
the sea, near Holyhead, and was 
saved by a vessel, Oct. 9, 1812. Mad. 
Blanchard, in Paris, fell in conse- 
quence of the balloon taking fire, 
and was killed, July 6, 1819. Mr. 
Sadler, jun., was killed by a fall 
from a balloon, in 1825 ; a Mr. 
Cocking was killed by the collapsing 
of his parachute, July 24, 1837. The 
ascents have been numerous, and the 
accidents few. The most remark- 
able, perhaps, was that of the great 
Nassau balloon, which, in 18 hours, 
took three passengers to Wielburg, 
in the duchy of Nassau, from Vaux- 
hall Gardens, Nov. 7, 1836. Lieut. 



Gale, an Englishman, was killed by 
the people letting go the ropes of 
the balloon prematurely, at Bor- 
deaux : he was dashed to pieces, 
Sep. 18, 1850. 

Balmerino, Lord, beheaded on 
Tower Hill, Aug. 18, 1746. 

Balow, in Russia, nearly destroy- 
ed by fire, 1803, 458 houses being 
burned. 

Balsham, Hugh, founded Peter's 
house, Cambridge, 1286. 

Baltic Sea, elevation of the bot- 
tom of, observed, 1834. 

Baltic expedition, under Admi- 
rals Parker and Nelson, April 2, 
1801, when Nelson fought the battle 
of Copenhagen : a second, under 
Admiral Gambier and Lord Cath- 
cart, bombarded Copenhagen, and 
brought away the Danish fleet, July 
26, 1807. 

Baltimore, battle of, between the 
English and Americans, when the 
former, under General Ross, were 
repulsed with great loss, and their 
commander killed, Sept. 12, 1814. 

Baltimore, United States, found- 
ed, in 1729, by an act of the propri- 
etary government of Maryland ; 
nearly destroyed by fire, Dec. 4, 
1796. 

Baltimore House, Southampton 
Row, built, 1759. 

Bamborough Castle, Northum- 
berland, built 1558. 

Bambridge, the warden of the 
Fleet prison, punished for extor- 
tion, 1729. 

Bamfylde, Sir Charles, shot by 
one of his own servants, who com- 
mitted suicide immediately after- 
wards, April 23, 1823. 

Ban or banning, a denunciation 
against certain offenders in the reign 
of Henry III., in Westminster Hall, 
on May 3, 1253. Banning was used, 
too, by parish priests, as in case of 
theft, by cursing the stealer publicly. 
The dean cursed, in 1299, at St. 
Paul's Cross, all who searched for 
gold in the church of St. Martin-in- 
the-Fields. 

Banbury, battle of, between the 
west Saxons and Britons, 556 ; 



BAN 



31 



BAN 



castle erected at, 1125 ; a second 
battle, 1469, between Edward IV. 
and the Earl of Pembroke ; it sur- 
rendered, after the battle of Edgehill, 
to the king, 1642 ; twice besieged, 
1644 and 1646 ; church and tower 
at, fell down, Dec. 16, 1790. 

Banana Islands added to the ter- 
ritory of Sierra Leone, Eeb. 8, 1822. 

Banca, an island of the Indian 
Ocean, ceded to the East India Com- 
pany, 1812 ; made over to the king 
of the Netherlands, Dec. 2, 1816. 

Banca Tin, in 1849, 35,826 cwts. 
were imported, and 8940 exported. 

Bancroft's Hospital, Mile End, 
built 1735. 

Band of gentlemen pensioners in- 
stituted by Henry VIII., 1509. 

Band, an order of knighthood in- 
stituted in Spain, 1232. 

Banda Islands first visited, 1504 ; 
visited by the Portuguese, 1511 ; 
taken possession of by them, 1521 ; 
they supersede the Portuguese, 1608 ; 
Rohun Island made over to the Eng- 
lish, 1616 ; the Dutch concede to 
the English one-third of the trade, 
1619 ; captured by the English, 
1796 ; restored to the Dutch, 1801 ; 
taken again by the English, 1811 ; 
restored, 1816. 

Bandes Noires, a body of German 
foot soldiers which carried black en- 
signs, 1526 : the Erench regiment 
of Piedmont took the same name 
after the death of its colonel, Brisac; 
1569. 

Bandon Island founded by the 
Earl of Cork, 1610. 

Bandon, Ireland, numerous per- 
sons injured at the Catholic church, 
by an alarm that the gallery was 
falling, Dec. 25, 1815. 

Bands worn first by lawyers, 1615, 
under Judge Einck ; by the clergy, 
1652. 

Bangalore, East Indies, taken by 
Lord Cornwallis, 1791. 

Bangor Cathedral founded by St. 
Deiniol; destroyed by the Saxons, 
1071 ; rebuilt by monies from a synod 
at Westminster, 1102 ; the bishop 
taken prisoner by the king, while 
officiating, 1212 ; injured in the 



wars between the Welsh and Henry 
II., 1247 ; destroyed by fire, 1402 ; 
choir rebuilt between 1496 and 1 500, 
214 feet long, 60 wide, in Gothic- 
work ; tower and nave erected by 
Bishop Skiffington, 1532 ; its pro- 
perty alienated by Bishop Bulkely, 
1547, selling even the bells. 

Bangor or Benchor Abbey, Ire- 
land, founded by St. Comgall in 
the sixth century; Cormac, king of 
Leinster, died there, 567 ; restored 
by St. Malachy, 1120. 

Bangor College, United States of 
America, founded 1833. 

Bangorian controversy began, 
Mar. 31, 1717. 

Banham, near Launceston, Corn- 
wall, a sheriff's officer shot in at- 
tempting to enter a house, April 
13, 1814. 

Banishment of Ovid to Tomos, 9. 

Banishment of mathematicians 
and astronomers from Rome, 16. 

Banjarmassin, Borneo, garrisoned 
by the English, 1811 ; settlement 
made there, 1817. 

Bank of England projected by 
one Patterson ; incorporated for 
twelve years, 1694, in consideration 
of £1,200,000 lent to the state at 8 
per cent., and £4000 for manage- 
ment, that being its capital ; notes 
were under par down to 1745, having 
been at 20 per cent, discount at first ; 
bank bills paid in silver, July 2, 
1751-1752 ; government borrowed 
£1,400,000, at 3 per cent., 1745; 
bank post bills first issued, 1759 ; 
notes of £10 and £15 issued, Mar. 
31 ; cash payments discontinued, 
Feb. 25, 1797, and notes of £1 and 
£2 issued ; 5s. silver tokens issued, 
Jan., 1798, and value raised to 5s. 6d., 
1811 ; these were Spanish dollars, 
with the head of George III. stamp- 
ed on the neck of Charles IV. of 
Spain ; cash payments partially re- 
sumed, Sep. 22, 1817 ; the restric- 
tions ceased, 1821 ; on May 1, 1823, 
the current gold coin of the realm 
was demanded and paid ; May 22, 
1832 a committee of secresy was 
formed to inquire into the propriety 
of renewing the bank charter ; an 



BAN 



32 



BAN 



act passed for the renewal of the 
charter, Aug. 29, 1833 ; bank notes 
made a legal tender for sums above 
£5 after Aug. 1, 1834, and accounts 
of the state of the bullion and secu- 
rities were ordered to be published 
at stated periods. In 1694, the bank 
proprietors divided 8 per cent. ; in- 
creased to 9 the subsequent year ; 
from 1729, between 5£ and 9, for 
eighteen years; in 1747, interest 
fell to 5 per cent. ; in 1753, to 4J ; 
from 1767 to 1806, it increased to 
7 per cent ; from 1807 to 1822, to 
10 per cent.; in 1823, and subse- 
quent years, to 8 per cent. Besides 
this interest, 57J per cent, has been 
received upon the subscribed capital 
to 1852. The bank charter was 
extended five years, 1706, beyond 
the original period, in consideration 
of circulating exchequer bills to 
the government, to the extent of 
£1,500,000. The charter was re- 
newed thirteen times, viz. : — 1709 to 
1732, 1713 to 1742, 1742 to 1764, 
1764 to 1786, 1781 to 1812, 1800 to 
1833, 1833 to 1854. The total debt 
due to the bank from the govern- 
ment is £14,686,800, bearing 3 per 
cent, interest. The 5 per cents, re- 
duced to 4, March, 1822. The capital 
stock of the company is £11,642,400, 
on which the annual dividend is 
paid to the proprietors. The aug- 
mentation of the capital of the bank 
has been permitted from time to 
time, as parliament has seen fit, 
upon the renewal of the charter. 
The firm is styled, the Governor and 
Company of the Bank of England. 
The average amount of the public 
money in the hands of the bank, is 
about 5| or 6 millions. The profit 
of the bank (at 3 per cent., the rate 
at which the government pays for 
the capital borrowed of it, nearly 
£15,000,000 in amount), remune- 
rates the bank in its capacity of 
banker to the public service. From 
the report of the secret committee 
of 1797, to investigate the affairs of 
the bank, it appeared that, on the 
25th of Feb., there was a balance of 
£3,826,903, and on the 11th of Nov., 



a balance of £3,839,550 in favour of 
the company. These profits in- 
creased afterwards ; and, at Lady- 
day, 1807, they raised their divi- 
dend, as already seen, and their 
profits increased yet more. The 
buildings of the establishment, erect- 
ed in 1732, were enlarged, 1771, im- 
proved, 1796, and partly rebuilt, 
1824. 

Bank of England accounts pub- 
lished on the 1st day of Jan. 1853, 
comprising the liabilities and assets 
of the bank : 

Liabilities, 

Banking Department. 

Capital deposits, bills, £41,311,599 

Assets. 
Securities, notes, and ) « ., Q-. , _qq 

Liabilities. 
Notes issued £34,014,005 

Government debt £11,015,100 

Other securities 2,984,900 

Bullion, gold coin, &c. ...19,994,851 
silver 19,154 



£34,014,005 



Bank of Scotland incorporated by 
an act of the Scotch parliament, 
1695 ; a second, the Eoyal Bank of 
Scotland, by a royal charter, 1727 ; 
and a third, the British Union Com- 
pany, 1746. The Bank of Scotland 
has a capital which has reached 
£1,000,000. It established branches 
in 1696, and issued £1 notes in 1704. 
It early received deposits, and in 
1729 granted credits on cash ac- 
counts. This bank has a governor, 
deputy, and twenty-four directors. 
The Koyal Bank of Scotland has a 
capital of £2,000,000, and with the 
third, or Union Company's Bank, 
does business in the same way as the 
Bank of Scotland. Commercial 
Bank, 1810 ; National Bank, 1825. 

Bank of Ireland incorporated in 
1783, at St. Mary's Abbey; the char- 
ter renewed in 1791 ; the business 
removed to the old houses of par- 
liament, 1808; branch banks formed 
since 1828, 



BAN 



33 



BAN 



Bank Stock, 3 per cents., created 
1726 ; 3 per cent, consols, 1731 ; 3 
per cent, reduced, 1746; 3 per cent, 
ann., payable at the South Sea house, 
1751 ; 3| per cent, ann., 1758 ; long 
ann., 1761 ; 4 per cent, consols, 1762. 
Banks, Joint Stock, under a sta- 
tute, 47 George IV., 1826, multi- 
plied greatly ; their note circulation, 
Oct. 6, 1850, £2,577,234 in England, 
£3,139,114 in Scotland, £4,133,928 
in Ireland ; the total, with English 
privatebanks, £13,202,781, and with 
the Bank of England, £31,127,483. 
The circulation of the Bank of Eng- 
land, decennially, was as follows in 
the undermentioned years : — 

1778 £7,080,080 

1790 10,127,000 

1800 15,450,000 

1810 23,904,000 

1815 26,803,520 

1820 27,174,000 

1830 20,620,220 

1840 17,231,000 

1850 19,776,814 

The returns of the bank made 
weekly, to Jan. 1, 1853, already 
given. 

Banks of Savings suggested by 
Bentham, 1797 ; first at Tottenham, 
by Mrs. P. Wakefield, 1803 ; the first 
in Edinburgh, 1814 ; several in Eng- 
land, 1816. See Savings' Banks. 

Bank of Venice, established 1157; 
of Genoa, 1345 ; Amsterdam, 1609 ; 
Hamburgh, 1619; Rotterdam, 1635; 
Geneva, 1345 ; Barcelona, 1401 ; 
Stockholm, 1688 ; Copenhagen, 
1736; Berlin, 1765; Caisse d'Es- 
compte, France, 1776 ; Petersburgh, 
1786 ; E. Indies 1787 ; America 1791 ; 
branch banks of England, 1828. 

Bank, (the term,) comes from 
banco or bench, on which monies 
were exchanged, in the market- 
places. Among many arrangements, 
before banking took place in Eng- 
land, the merchants deposited their 
cash at the mint, in the Tower of 
London, for security. In the year 
1640, Charles I. carried off the mo- 
ney, and destroyed the security of 
the mint. Not wishing to be longer 
open to the royal plunderer, they 



placed their money, in 1645, with 
the Goldsmiths' Company, in Lom- 
bard Street, who were obliged to 
keep places of security for their own 
valuable goods. At home, those 
merchants and dealers were liable 
to be robbed by their apprentices, 
who found impunity and security 
with the army. The goldsmiths paid 
4d. per cent, per day for the monies 
thus lodged, and lent it out at higher 
interest. Thus they became the first 
London bankers. 

Banks, institution of, these were 
begun in Italy, by the Lombard 
Jews, in 808, some of whom came 
to England, and settled in Lombard 
Street, where so many banks yet 
remain. The country banks in Eng- 
land, in 1815, were 696, with 2164 
partners ; in the following year, 642, 
with 1979 partners. 

Bank and South Sea house agreed 
to a reduction of interest, Feb., 
1749-50. 

Bank of England attacked by 
Lord George Gordon's rioters, 1780. 

Bank of St. Petersburgh, esta- 
blished by the Empress Catharine, 
August 18, 1786. 

Bank, a fire broke out at, Oct. 
24, 1791. 

Bank Restriction Bill continued 
by law, 1803. 

Bank of Hanover, £400,000 in 
dollars removed to the Bank of 
England from, on the French inva- 
sion, May 29, 1806. 

Bank keys stolen from the Bank 
of England by an insane woman, 
tried at the Old Bailey and ac- 
quitted, Sept. 28, 1819. 

Bank, The, demands of govern- 
ment the ten millions it owed that 
body, May, 1819. 

Banks in Ireland, eleven stopped 
payment, June 21, 1820. 

Bank of England issued sove- 
reigns, May 8, 1821. 

Bank of England announced its 
intention of investing sums on 
mortgage and the security of funded 
stock, April, 1824. 

Bank Mill, Manchester, burned, 
£30,000 damage, Oct. 31, 1813. 



BAN 



34 



BAR 



Bank of England second report 
of committee upon the public ex- 
penditure, report made in 1831-2. 

Bankrupts in England, first laws 
regarding, 1543, 1560, 1602, 1706, 
1780, 1812, 1831, 1849. Act of con- 
solidation for Ireland, May, 1636 ; 
the Scotch acts date 1686, and 34 
George III. ; bankruptcy there is 
called sequestration; new court 
opened Jan. 11, 1832. It was enact- 
ed, that members of the House of 
Commons proving bankrupts, and 
not paying their debts in full, shall 
vacate their seats, 1812. The bank- 
rupts from 1700 to 1850, were as 
follows : — 

1700 38 1800 736 

1726 416 1810 2000 

1746 159 1815 2029 

1762 205 1820 1335 

1763 233 1826 2489 

1780 449 1830 1467 

1791 604 1840 1308 

1792 628 1845 1028 

1793... 1304 1850 1298 

In 1826, 59 banks with 144 part- 
ners, and 20 without, also 60 traders, 
per week, were in the Gazette. 
Bankruptcy Law amended, 1843. 
Banner, White, once borne in the 
English army ; that of the Danes, 
taken by Alfred, 879 ; that of St. 
Cuthbert made, 1346 ; entry of one, 
temp. Edward I., 1299 ; the cross of 
St. Patrick added to the English 
banner, 1800 ; St. Martin's cap and 
the orinamme, were the banners of 
France about 1100. 

Banneret, a dignity created in 
England, 1360 ; renewed by Henry 
VII., 1485 ; it was the last among 
the created, and the first of the 
second rank, being a knighthood 
conferred in the field or under the 
banner ; renewed by George III. in 
the person of Sir W. Erskine, 1764. 
Banns of Marriage, publication of, 
instituted, 1210; originally a feudal 
law, meaning a solemn proclamation 
of any thing ; first introduced into 
the Gallican church in relation to 
marriage rites. 

Bannockburn, battle of, between 
Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, and 



Edward II., of England, in which 
the latter was defeated, June 25, 
1314; the English lost 154 lords and 
knights, 700 gentlemen, and 10,000 
common men ; the Scotch, 4000. 

Banquet, a civic one given to 
George IV. at Edinburgh, in the 
hall of the Parliament House, Aug. 
24, 1822. 

Banqueting House, "Whitehall, 
built, 1607. 

Bantam, a city of Java, first visited 
by the Portuguese, in 1511; expelled 
by the Dutch, 1595 ; in 1602, the 
English established a factory at 
Bantam, under Captain Lancaster, 
1603, who, in 1619, divided the pep- 
per trade with the Dutch. Tbe 
Dutch then expelled the English. 
Bantam surrendered to the English, 
1811, and was restored to the Dutch 
in 1816, according to the treaty of 
1814. 

Bantry Bay, on the south-west 
coast of Ireland, where the Erench 
landed in 1796 ; an engagement 
there, in 1689, between the 
Erench fleet which brought over 
James II., and the English, under 
Admiral Herbert ; mutiny of the 
sqiiadron of Admiral Mitchell at, 
1801-2, seventeen mutineers con- 
demned to death. 

Bantry Bay, Ireland, seven 
Erench ships anchor in, 1796. 

Barabis, T. P., a Prussian, who 
was a Hebrew lexicographer before 
he was ten years old, a master of 
mathematics at twelve, and died in 
1740, at the age of nineteen. 

Barbadoes, the first British set- 
tlement in the West Indies, settled 
by a charter granted James Duke 
of Marlborough, 1605 ; a dreadful 
hurricane swept over the island, 
1780, when 4000 inhabitants per- 
ished ; great inundation at, Nov., 
1795 ; two great fires in May and 
Dec, 1796 ; dreadful devastation at, 
by a hurricane, Aug. 10, 1831, 

Barbadoes, thunder storm at, 
which killed several persons, Aug. 
15, 1850. 

Barbadoes petitioned the Crown, 
in consequence of the declining 



BAR 



35 



BAR 



state of the colony, April, 1731 ; 
the demand they made, to be al- 
lowed to export their produce to 
any country of Europe directly, 
without landing it first in England. 

Babbadoes, a shift of land re- 
moved and destroyed an entire 
plantation, Oct. 16, 1784. 

Babbadoes, a bishop of, con- 
secrated, 1842. 

Babbabini, Pope Urban VIII., 
the first pope who gave the Cardinals 
the title of Eminence, 1644. 

Barbaeossa, Aroodje, born in 
Mytilene, 1474 ; entered the service 
of Tunis, 1504 ; the scourge of the 
Genoese and Spaniards in the 
Mediterranean ; he was one of the 
boldest and most successful adven- 
turers that ever lived ■, killed fighting 
against the Spaniards, in 1518. 

Barbaeossa, Hayraddin, brother 
of Aroodje, succeeded his brother at 
Algiers, whom he outdid in auda- 
city — outstripped in success. He was 
admiral of Tunis, 1532 ; scoured 
the coast of Italy, 1534 ; in 1542, 
he ravaged Naples, and, being join- 
ed by the Erench, attacked and took 
Nice, burned part of the town, and 
carried off 5000 of the inhabitants ; 
more than 12,000 captives filled his 
galleys, of all ranks of persons. He 
returned to Constantinople, 1544, 
and died in the Black Sea, 1546. 

Babbebs' Hale, London, Monk- 
Avell Street, built, 1530. 

Babbebs incorporated, 1461, by 
Edward IV. in London ; united with 
surgeons, 32 Henry VII. ; dissoci- 
ated, 1744 ; the trade practised at 
Rome in the third century. 

Babbeb, Fletcher, and Sanders, 
tried for the forgery of a will ; Bar- 
ber generally supposed innocent ; 
sentenced to transportation, 1844. 

Babbon, the name of a family of 
printei-s, long famous ; John resided 
at Lyons, 1539 ; Hugh, at Limoges, 
1580; John Joseph, a descendant, 
at Paris, in 1704 ; Joseph, his bro- 
ther, 1723; Joseph Gerard, who 
took the oflfice of his uncle's widow, 
and produced the classics which 
bear his name, began 1748 — of 



these there is a complete set in the 
British Museum ; after his decease, 
his nephew took his business, and 
died in 1809. 

Babbuda, island of, first colonized 
by the English, 1628. 

Babcelona, yellow fever broke 
out at, and 300 persons died per dav, 
Oct. 19, 1821; the convent of St. 
Francis at, forcibly dissolved, Nov. 
5, 1822. 

Babcelona, built by Hamilcar 
Barcos, a. c. 235 ; Adolphus the 
Goth entered it, a. d. 411 ; it fell 
into the hands of the Mahometans, 
718 ; retaken by the Catalonians 
and Charlemagne ; in 827, taken by 
Abderhaman II. ; in 833, it fell 
into the hands of the Christians ; in 
852, it was betrayed to the Maho- 
metans by the Jews, and nearly all 
burned; in 984, stormed by the 
Mahometan chief Almanzor, and 
most of the inhabitants butchered ; 
it was saved by Borello, and go- 
verned by its counts until 1131 ; in 
1640, the inhabitants rose against 
Philip IV., and he besieged it un- 
successfully ; in 1706, taken by Lord 
Peterborough, for Austria; and 
afterwards by assault, by Marshal 
Berwick, in 1714. The mole was 
built in 1477; the Casa Real de 
Caridad, a charity, was established 
here 1802, for the destitute of both 
sexes. The French held the town 
in 1810. 

Babclay, Robert, founder of the 
quaker sect, born 1648, died 1690. 

Babclay, Captain, walked a thou- 
sand miles in a thousand successive 
hours, each mile within the hour : 
hundreds of thousands of pounds 
depended ; took place Jxily 10, 1809 ; 
forty-two days and nights, less eight 
hours. A lady was said to have 
ridden a thousand miles in a thou- 
sand hours, which she performed 
May 3, 1758. 

Babclay & Co.'s brewery destroy- 
ed by fire, in Southwark, May 22, 
1832. 

Bauds, in ancient times, poets or 
prophets, regarded with great vene- 
ration, traced from the earliest re- 



BAR 



36 



BAR 



cords, in the northern as well as the 
southern nations, among the Druids 
and the Welsh, as well as the Jews 
and Greeks. The hard was a do- 
mestic officer in Wales, 940; the 
bards of Wales were regulated by 
the King of Wales, ap Conan, 
1078. In Ireland, a harp is yet 
preserved that belonged to one of 
their wild race of king-bards, Brian 
Boiromhe, 1014. 

Bards of Wales, meeting of, or 
Eesteddfod, held at Brecon, Sept. 
25, 1822. 

Barfleur town reduced to ashes, 
888, by the pirate Hastings; Wil- 
liam, son of Henry I., embarked 
here, to meet his death by ship- 
wreck, 1120; taken by Edward III. 
of England, 1346. 

Barham, 74 guns, foundered off 
Corsica, July 20, 1811. 

Bari, Naples, plundered by the 
Saracens, 860 ; taken from them by 
the Emperor Louis, 870; taken by 
the Normans, 1070; retaken by 
Lotharus, 1137; and again by Roger 
of Sicily. The priory of St. Nicho- 
las at, built 1098 ; with a splendid 
monument to Bona Sforza, queen 
of Poland, 1557. 

Barilla, East Indies, insurrec- 
tion at, April 21, 1816. 

Barillon, the ambassador from 
France to Charles II.; arrived in 
England, Aug, 19, 1678, after the 
restoration. 

Baring, transport, wrecked off 
Berehaven, many lives lost, Oct. 10, 
1814. 

Bark, Peruvian, brought to 
Europe 1649; yellow, first used in 
England 1790; in 1832 and 1833, 
the quantity of 356,998 lbs. and 
253,767 lbs. was imported; intro- 
duced into practice in England by 
Sir Hans Sloane, 1700 ; in Erance, 
1680. 

Barking Alley, London, a house 
fell with 1000 people in it, by the 
Ship alehouse, at the execution of 
Lord Lovat, April 9, 1746; by 
which ten persons were killed on 
the spot, and numbers injured so 
that they lost their lives. 



Barking Abbey, founded 677, 
burned by the Danes 870; peti- 
tioned in 1377 to be excused from 
contributing an aid to the king, on 
account of the expenses of repairing 
Dagenham breach; in 1410, the 
revenue of the convent so impaired 
from this cause, that the ladies had 
only fourteen shillings a-year each, 
for clothes and necessaries; the 
nuns were Benedictine; in 1200, 
the abbess' election vested in the 
convent; convent surrendered to 
Henry VIII. , 1539 ; the possessions 
valued at £1084, 6s. 2|d. ; manor 
of, sold by Charles I. to Sir E. Fan- 
shawe, for £2000, receiving a fee 
farm rent of £160; workhouse 
built, 1787. 

Barkway greatly injured by fire, 
18th Aug., 1848. 

Barletta, a duel between 13 
Italian and 13 Erench knights, 
1503. 

Barley and Barley Meal import- 
ed into England, 1748, were toge- 
ther, 80,076 quarters. 

Barling Abbey, Lincolnshire, 
built, 1180. 

Barnard's statue, Sir John, erect- 
ed in the Royal Exchange, May 
23, 1747. 

Barnard's Inn Society, Chancery 
Lane, constituted, 1445. 

Barnabas Chiaramonte elected 
pope, at Venice, as Pius VII., 
through the interest of Napoleon 
Bonaparte; signed the concordat 
terminating the schism with the 
Gallican church, July 15, 1801 ; 
crowned Napoleon in Paris, 1804, 
but refused to go there to crown 
Louis XVIII. Napoleon put an 
end to the temporal reign of the 
pope, May 17, 1809 ; Pius refused 
to resign, and was taken to Fon- 
tainbleau, until 1814, when the 
Allies restored him to the plenitude 
of temporal power : he was of the 
same poor intellectual character as 
his successors. While a prisoner at 
large at Fontainbleau, he exhibited 
great avarice: although all his 
wants were amply provided for, yet 
he reckoned very carefully a few 



BAR 



37 



BAR 



dozen pieces of gold which he kept 
in his escrutoire ; he took an exact 
account of the most trifling articles 
of his wardrobe, from his cymar to 
his stockings and small linen : he 
did not open a hook the whole day ; 
he employed himself in occupations 
which could scarcely he imagined 
or believed without the evidence of 
the senses — he would stitch and re- 
pair little rents in his dress, he even 
replaced with his own hands a but- 
ton on his breeches ; he washed the 
front of his cymar, upon which he 
was accustomed to drop snuff, which 
he used in great quantities : no small 
dose of illusion is necessary to 
create a belief in the infallibility of 
a sovereign pontifl" so nearly ap- 
proaching to the extreme of human 
imbecility : he had many means of 
rationally employing his time at 
Fontainbleau, had he been so dis- 
posed; there was a magnificent 
library which he never touched, 
and he would scarcely see any body 
but his cardinals. 

Barnardiston, Sir Samuel, fined 
£10,000, for stating that the plot of 
which Lord Russell and others were 
accused was a sham, Feb. 14, 1684. 

Barnet, or Chipping Barnet, 
church, built 1400, by John Moot ; 
the free school, 1573; Mr. Allen's 
school, 1725; mineral water dis- 
covered there, 1652 ; battle of, April 
14, 1471 ; obelisk to commemorate, 
erected 1740. 

Barnett, George, fired at Miss 
Kelly on the stage, Feb. 27, 1816 ; 
tried April 8, and found insane. 

Barnwell Castle, destroyed by 
fire, 1132. 

Barnwell Abbey, founded 1298. 

Barnwell, near Cambridge, de- 
stroyed by fire, 30th Sep., 1751; 
again, 16th Dec, 1757. 

Barometer invented by Torri- 
celli, a Florentine, in 1643; wheel 
barometer contrived, 1668; pen- 
dant, 1678 ; marine, 1700. 

Baron of Renfrew, a timber 
ship of 9000 tons, lost between 
Calais and Dunkirk, 23rd October, 
1825, from Quebec to London. 



Baron, the dignity of, originally 
Thanes, the first baron, 1265, under 
Henry III. ; John de Boauchamp, 
the first baron by patent, 1387; 
refused to attend king John, 1201 ; 
first summoned to parliament, 1205 ; 
heavily taxed, 1205; made war 
against the king, 1213 ; made the 
king sign Magna Charta, 1215 ; 
interdicted by the pope, 1215 ; did 
homage to the French dauphin, 
1216; defeated, May 19, 1217; 
compelled the king to delegate his 
regal power, 1258; made war on 
the king, 1262 ; refuted the award 
of the king of France, and took 
the king prisoner, 1265; defeated 
the king, 1398 ; many executed, 
1400 ; had a coronet, and first used 
it, temp. Charles II. 

Baronet, an order of knight- 
hood instituted, for money to pay 
his troops, by James I., 1611 ; 
and made hereditary. Instituted in 
Ireland, 1619 ; to be gentleman 
born, and have an estate of £1000 
per annum. The first made was 
Sir Nicholas Bacon, May, 1611 ; 
Baronets of Nova Scotia, 1625 ; all 
made since 1801, are of the United 
Kingdom. 

Baronets of Nova Scotia appeared 
at court in the badges of their order, 
for the first time for a long period, 
Nov. 30, 1775. 

Baronies by writ, the following 
are all in existence at present: — 
De Roos, 1264; Le Despenser, 
1264; Clinton, 1299; Ferrers, 1299; 
De Clifford, 1299; Multon of Gil- 
lesland (not claimed), 1307 ; Bote- 
tourt, 1308; Zouche, 1308; Audlev, 
1313 ; Willoughby of Eresby, 1313 ; 
Dacre, 1321 ; Grey of Ruthyn, 1324 ; 
Molines, 1347 ; Beauchamp of Blet- 
sho, 1363 ; Botreaux, 1368 ; Scrope 
of Bolton (not claimed), 1371 ; Hun- 
gerford, 1426 ; Say and Sele, 1447 ; 
Hastings, 1461 ; Willoughbv de 
Broke, 1492; Conyers, 1509; Wind- 
sor, 1529 ; Mordaunt, 1532 ; Paget, 
1550; Compton, 1572; Norris, 
1572 ; Howard of Walden, 1579 ; 
Clifton, 1608 ; Strange, 1628. 

Barrier Treaty, ceding the Low 



BAS 



38 



BAS 



Countries to the Emperor Charles 
VI., signed November 15, 1715. 

Barristers first appointed by 
Edward I., 1291. 

Barrington, isle of, one of the 
Gallopagos, explored, June, 1793. 

Barrosa, battle of, between the 
French and English, under General 
Graham and Marshal Victor, 
March 6, 1811. 

Barrow, one opened near Stone- 
henge, November, 1808, containing 
Celtic ornaments in wood, amber, 
and gold. 

Barrow's Straits discovered by- 
Captain Parry, August 2, 1819. 

Barrtmore, the Earl of, confined 
for treason, Feb. 29, 1743-4. 

Bartholomew, St., martyred, 71 ; 
festival of, instituted 1130. 

Bartholomew, St., monastery of 
Austin Friars, founded by Rahere, 
1102 ; the hospital enlarged, 1539 ; 
incorporated, 1546-7 ; rebuilt, 1729. 

Bartholomew Fair, charter for, 
granted by Henry II. ; Phillips' 
booth fell, killed two persons, 
wounded many, August 23, 1749 ; 
toll of, abolished, 1755. 

Bartholomew, St., massacre of, 
in France, committed by the Ca- 
tholics on the Huguenots, Aug. 24, 
1572 ; when 70,000 were murdered 
by secret orders of the king, 
Charles IX. 

Bartholomew, St., island of, oc- 
cupied by England, April 4, 1801. 

Bartholomew's Hospital, ave- 
rage of deaths in, for sixty years, 
from 1790 to 1749, 7*59 per cent. 

Bartholomites, a religious order 
founded 1307, at Genoa ; suppress- 
ed by Pope Innocent X., 1659. 

Barton Stanley, Hants, had 27 
houses destroyed by fire, May 8, 
1792. 

Bartolini, Thomas, his account of 
a double man, published, 1654, 
named John Baptist and Lazarus 
Colleredo. 

Barton, Eliza, the holy maid of 
Kent, executed 1584. 

Basil, St., died 379. 

Basil, battle of, 1444. 

Bassein, India, treaty of, 1802. 



Bashaw of Scutari revolted 
against Turkey, and was defeated, 
1786. 

Basilians, the order of St. Basil, 
of which there were ninety thousand 
monks, reformed 1569 ; also a sect 
who had all things, even their wives, 
in common, 1110. Basil, their 
founder, was burned alive in 1118. 

Basilius vanquished the Pauli- 
cian heretics, 873. 

Basilius II. and Constantine IV. 
reigned alone in the east, 1025 and 
1028. 

Basin for steam-vessels exca- 
vated at Portsmouth, 1848. 

Basing-werke Abbey, Flintshire, 
built 1131. 

Basketmaking, an ancient trade 
in England, and by the early Bri- 
tons ; sometimes still used prover- 
bially, as turning to an old trade. 

Basket's Printing-office, Black- 
friars, the finest in the world, burned, 
Dec. 14, 1737. 

Basle, peace of, 1795. 

Basque Road, French vessels in, 
attacked by Lord Cochrane with 
fire-ships ; four sail of the line 
and numerous merchant vessels de- 
stroyed, April 12, 1809; Lord 
Gambier, commander-in-chief, was 
brought by Lord Cochrane to a 
court-martial on this occasion, but 
was acquitted. 

Bass's Straits discovered between 
New Holland and Van Dieman's 
Land, by Lieut. Flinders, 1799. 

Basset, or Bassette, game of, in- 
troduced into fashion in France, 
1674. 

Bastard Children, concealing the 
death of, made criminal, 1624 ; acts 
relating to, in Scotland and Eng- 
land, 1836, 1845. 

Bastia, Corsica, surrendered to 
the English, June 10, 1794. 

Bastille, in Paris, built April 23, 
1369, by Charles V., for the defence 
of Paris against the English, and 
finished 1383; used as a state prison, 
and the scene of many freaks of des- 
potism and of crime. Henry IV. 
besieged it in vain, 1588; it was 
attacked by the populace in 1789, 



BAT 



39 



BAT 



at the commencement of the revo- 
lution, and utterly destroyed, the 
governor being killed by the mob. 
It was on this occasion, July 14, 
1789 ; that the Earl of Massa- 
rine, imprisoned there for many 
years, was set free by the Parisians. 

Batavian Republic received a 
new constitution, April 28, 1805. 

Bate, the Rev. Mr., sentenced to 
a year's imprisonment, for writing 
a libel on the Duke of Richmond, 
June 26, 1781. 

Bath, battle of, 520. 

Bath founded by the Romans, 
whose baths were discovered under 
the abbey house, 1755. King Ed- 
gar crowned here, 973 ; plundered 
and burned, 1137 ; abbey church 
completed, 1532 ; 235 feet long, 72 
wide ; hospital built, 1738 ; fire on 
the south parade, 1756 ; assembly- 
rooms built, 1791 ; pump-rooms, 
1797 ; theatre reopened, 1805 ; 
philosophical society of, founded 
1817. 

Bath Hospital built July 6, 1738. 

Bath Stage-waggon took fire on 
Salisbury Plain, May 20, 1750, 
much valuable property destroyed. 

Bath, grand freemasons' meeting 
at, March 24, 1817. 

Bath Abbey Church restored, 
1834. 

Bath and Wells, the church built 
and established at Wells, by Ina, 
king of the west Saxons, 704 ; made 
a bishopric by Edward the Elder, 
905 ; removed to Bath by John de 
Villula, in 1088 ; the bishop styled 
of both places, 1136, Bath having 
the precedency. 

Bath, order of the, instituted at 
the coronation of Henry IV., who 
gave it to forty-six esquires, that 
had watched the night before, and 
bathed, 1399 ; after the coronation 
of Charles II., it was neglected until 
1725, when George I. revived it, 
and fixed the number of the knights 
at 37; in 1815, the Prince Regent en- 
larged the order, forming 72 grand 
crosses, and 180 knights command- 
ers, with an unlimited number of 
companions. 



Baths and Washhouses for the 
poor established under act of par- 
liament, August 26, 1846. 

Bathurst, Mr., the Baglish en- 
voy at Vienna, murdered near 
Perleberg, 13 German miles from 
Berlin, 1810. 

Battel Abbey founded by Wil- 
liam the Conqueror, on the spot 
where the battle of Hastings was 
fought, October 14, 1066. 

Battel-roll, a list of the chiefs 
of the army of William the Con- 
queror in 1066 ; the number is 629, 
commonly called the roll of Battel 
Abbey ; the list is believed to have 
been much interpolated since. 

Battering Ram invented, a.c. 
441. 

Battersea Church rebuilt, 1770. 

Battersea House pulled down, 
1775; once the residence of Lord 
Bolingbroke. 

Battersea Bridge built, 1773. 

Battle, Wager of, abolished 1819. 

Battlebridge, Fort, constructed 
for the defence of the metropolis, 
against Charles I., 1643. 

Battlebridge, Southwark, fire 
at, destroying £50,000 of propertv, 
August 12, 1749. 

Battlefield, battle of, near 
Shrewsbury, between Henry IV. 
and Hotspur, Percy, 1402. 

Battles, Military : — Aberoche, 
France, 1394; Adda, combat on the 
shore of, May 22, 1799; Adria- 
nople taken by the Ottomans, 1360; 
by the Russians, August 30, 1829. 
Africa conquered by Belisarius, 533. 
Agra, the fortress of, termed the 
Key of Hindostan, surrendered to 
the English 17th October, 1803. 
Aire, taken by General Hill, March, 
1814. Aix-la-Chapelle taken by 
the French troops in 1793 ; and 
again, 21st September, 1794. Ales- 
sandria, in Italy, seized by the 
French, 1798 ; surrendered to the 
Austrians and Russians, 24th July, 
1799. Alexandria, Egypt, taken 
by the French, 1798 ; by 'the Eng- 
lish, 22nd August, 1801. Alexan- 
dria, North America, capitulated to 
the British, 29th August, 1814. Al- 



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40 



BAT 



giers reduced by Admiral Blake, 
1655; bombarded by the French, 
1761 ; bombarded under Lord Ex- 
mouth, Aug. 27, 1816, which was 
followed by a treaty, by which 
Christian slavery was abolished on 
the part of the Dey. Almeyda, in 
Portugal, taken by the Spaniards, 
Aug. 25, 1762; taken by the French, 
27th August, 1810; blown up by 
the French, 10th May, 1811. Al- 
mora, East Indies, heights and town 
of, carried by assault by the Com - 
pany's forces, 25th April, 1815. 
Anholt, defeat of the Danes by the 
English, who attempted to recap- 
ture it from them, 1811. Am- 
boyna seized by the Dutch, 1624 ; 
by the English, 28th November, 
1796 ; again by the English, 17th 
February, 1810. Amsterdam taken 
possession of by the French, 
18th January, 1795. Ancona was 
taken possession of by the French, 
July 1796, and surrendered to the 
Imperialists, 13th November, 1799. 
Anglesea subdued by the Romans, 
78 ; by the English, 1295. Anglo- 
Saxons first landed in Britain, 449. 
Angria and his family seized, 1750; 
forts destroyed, 1756. Anholt, is- 
land of, attacked by a Danish force 
of 4000 men, who were repulsed by a 
British force of 150, after a close 
engagement of four hours, 27th 
March, 1811. Anjar, fortress of, in 
the province of Cutch, captured by 
the troops of the East India com- 
pany, February 1816. Antigallican 
privateer's prize detained at Cadiz, 
1757. Antwerp sacked and ruined, 
1585 ; taken by the French, 1792 
and 1794. Arcos, evacuated by the 
French, 28th August, 1812. Arcot, 
East Indies, taken by the English, 
1759. Armed neutrality of the 
Northern powers, against England, 
by the Empress of Russia, com- 
menced, 1780 ; renewed, 1800 ; dis- 
solved by a British fleet, 1801. Ar- 
mada, the Spanish, arrived in the 
Channel, 19th July, 1588, but dis- 
persed by a storm : Armada of the 
Spaniards defeated off Dunkirk by 
the Dutch, 1639. Armenia was 



conquered by the Turks, 1522. Arn- 
heim, taken by General Bulow, and 
the garrison put to the sword, 30th 
November, 1813. Arzilla, Morocco, 
seized by the Portuguese, 1470; As- 
torga, taken by the French, 12th 
April, 1810 ; quitted by them, 12th 
June, 1811 ; capitulated to the 
Spaniards, 18th August, 1812. As- 
tracan, in Tartary, taken by the 
Russians, 1554. Athens taken by 
Xerxes, 480 b.c. Avignon taken 
from the Pope by the French, 1769 ; 
restored the brotherhood of the Je- 
suits, 1773 ; declared to belong to 
France by the National Assembly, 
1790; continued to France by the 
congress of sovereigns, 1815. Aus- 
tria taken from Etungary and an- 
nexed to Germany, when it received 
its name, 1040. Austrian vessel 
stopped by the Dutch in passing the 
Scheldt, October, 1784. Austrian 
Netherlands entered by the French 
troops, 28th April, 1792. Badajos, 
surrendered to the French, 11th 
March, 1811 ; taken by storm by 
the British and Portuguese, 6th 
April, 1812. Bahama Islands taken 
by the Spaniards, 8th May, 1782 ; 
retaken by the English, 16th July, 
1783. Bajazet defeated by Tamer- 
lane, 1402. Bamberg taken by 
the French, 4th August, 1796. 
Bahda Isles seized by the Dutch, 
1621 ; taken by the English, Au- 
gust, 1810. Bangalore, East Indies, 
taken by Earl Cornwallis, 1791. 
Bantam seized by the Dutch, 1682. 
Barbary conquered from the Greek 
empire, 640 ; first conquest there by 
Spain was Melilla, 1497. Bar-sur- 
Aube, taken by General Wrede, 
26th February, 1814 ; retaken by 
the French the same day ; and taken 
again by the Prince of Wurtem- 
berg, March, 1814. Bareilly, in 
Rohilcund, insurrection at, quelled 
after a severe conflict, 21st April, 
1816. Batavia taken by the Eng- 
lish, 8th Aug., 1811. Bartholomew, 
St., West Indies, taken from the 
Danes by England, March 20, 1801. 
Shropshire, when Caractacus was 
taken prisoner, 51. Boadicea and the 



BAT 



41 



BAT 



Romans, 61. Jerusalem, 70. Silures 
defeated in Britain, 70. Anto- 
ninus and the Moors, 145. Issus 
Niger killed, 194. Claudius and 
the Goths, 269. Constantius and 
Alectus, 296. Constantine and 
Maxentius, 312. Aquileia, Con- 
stantine II. killed, 340. Argen- 
taria in Alsace, 378. Aquileia, 
Maximus slain, 388. Aquileia, Euge- 
nius slain, 394. Mountains of Fesu- 
lse, 405. Rome taken by Alaric, 
410. Alemanni and the Goths, 417. 
Ravenna, 425. The Franks defeat- 
ed by iElius, 428. Genseric took 
Carthage, 439. Chalons-sur-Marne, 
451. Ebro, Suevi and Goths, 456. 
Bath, 520. Banbury, 542. Bedford, 
571. Stamford, Lincolnshire, the 
first between the Britons and Sax- 
ons, 449. Aylesford, 455. Cray- 
ford, Kent, when the Britons were 
defeated, 457. Kydwelly, between 
the Britons and the Amoricans, 
458. Ipswich, between the Britons 
and Saxons, 466. The same, 477. 
Pevensay moor, 485, Camelford, 
542 and 908. Hatfield, York- 
shire, between Cadwallon and 
Edwin, 633. Oswestry, between 
Penda the Mercian, and Oswald 
v f Northumberland, 641. Maler- 
field, Shropshire, 1st August, 642. 
Gelling, 651. Leeds, 665. Lindis- 
farne, 740. Benson, Oxfordshire, 
771. Helston, Cornwall, and in the 
Isle of Sheppey, between Egbert 
and the Danes, 834. Romney, 840; 
in Somersetshire, 845 ; in Devon- 
shire, 915 ; at London and Canter- 
bury, 852, between Ethlewolf and 
the Danes. Isle of Thanet, where 
the English were defeated and the 
Danes settled, 854. Assendon, 
where the Danes were defeated by 
Alfred and Ethelred ; another de- 
feat at Merton, 871. Wilton, Ox- 
fordshire, where the English were 
defeated by the Danes, 872. Farn- 
ham, Hampshire, where the Danes 
were defeated, 894. Bury, Suffolk, 
between Edward the elder and his 
cousin Ethelward, 905. Edward 
and the Danes, 910, 913, and 914. 
Griffith of Wales and Leofric the 



Dane, 916. Maldon, Essex, be- 
tween Edward and the Danes, 918. 
Chester, 922. Stamford. Lincoln- 
shire, between Edward, the Danes, 
and Scots, 923. Benfield, 924. 
Wildendane, between Athelstan, 
the Irish, and Scots, 938. Brans- 
bury, Northumberland, 938. Sax- 
ons and Danes, with different suc- 
cess, fought several, from 938 to 
1016. Ashdon, Essex, between 
Canute and Edmund, 1016. Cross- 
ford, with the Welsh, 1038. Clon- 
tarf, Ireland, 1039. Dunsinane, 
Scotland, between Siward and Mac- 
beth, 1054. Stamford-bridge, or 
Battle-bridge, between Harold II. 
and Halfager, Oct. 5,1066. Hastings, 
where King Harold was slain, 14th 
Oct., 1066. Llechryd, Wales, 1087. 
The Crusades began, 1096. Aln- 
wick, 1092. Tinchebray, Normandy, 
1106. Rouen, Normandy, 1117. 
Brenneville, Normandy, 1119. Val- 
weves, Portugal, 1129. Cardigan, 
Wales, 1136. Northallerton, or the 
Standard, 22nd Aug., 1138. York 
Castle besieged, 1138. Leeds, 1139. 
Ourigue, Portugal, 1139. Lincoln, 
1141. Renfrew, 1164. Farnham, 
1173. Alnwick, 1174. Ascalon, 
16th Sept., 1191. Gisors, 1128. Bo- 
vines, 25th July, 1214. Lincoln, 
19th May, 1217. Lewes, 14th May, 
1264. Evesham, 5th Aug., 1265. 
Llewellyn and the English, 1282. 
Chesterfield, 1296. Dunbar, 27th 
April, 1296. Falkirk, 22nd July, 
1298. Courtray, Flanders, 1302. 
Biggar, 1303. Bannockburn, 25th 
June, 1314, when the English were 
defeated. Boroughbridge, York- 
shire, 1322. Brechin, siege of, 1333. 
Halidon-hill, near Berwick, where 
20,200 Scots were slain, and only 
15 English, 19th July, 1333. Sluys, 
Flanders, 13th June, 1390. Cressy, 
26th Aug., 1346. David, king of 
Scotland, taken prisoner, 17th Oct., 
1346, at Nevil's Cross, Durham. 
Poictiers, where the king of France 
and his son were taken prisoners, 
19th Sept., 1356. Auray, Brittanv, 
1363. Brignas, Provence, 13(53. 
Najara, 1369. Rochelle, 1371. Near 



BAT 



42 



BAT 



Berwick, 1378. Rosbach, Nov. 17, 
1382. Sempach, July 9, 1386. 
Otterburn, between Hotspur and 
the Earl of Douglas, 31st of July, 
1388. Myton upon Swale, York, 
1391. Nicopolis, 1396. Kincardine, 
1397 ; Nisbet, May 7, 1402. Holme- 
don, between English and Scots, 
when 10,000 of the latter were 
slain, 7th May, 1402. Shrewsbury, 
21st July, 1403. Monmouth, when 
the Welsh were defeated, 11th 
May, 1405. Agincourt, 25th Oct., 
1415. Nicopolis, 1420. Anjoxi or 
Beague, where the Duke of Clar- 
ence and 1500 English were killed, 
3rd April, 1421. Crevant, June 11, 
1423. Yerneuil, 16th Aug., 1424. 
Herrings, 12th Feb., 1429. Patay, 
under Joan of Arc, 10th June, 
1429. Herberoy, France, 1434. Ba- 
sil, Switzerland, 1444. Brechin, 
1452. Castilon, Guienne, 1452. 
St. Alban's, 22nd May, 1455. Bel- 
grade, 1456. Bloreheath, 23rd 
Sept., 1459. Northampton, 19th 
July, 1460. Wakefield, 31st Dec, 
1460. Towton, 29th March, 1461. 
St. Alban's, Shrove Tuesday, 1461. 
Mortimer's Cross, 1461. Hexham, 
15th May, 1464. Banbury, 26th 
July, 1469. Stamford, 13th March, 
1470. Barnet, 14th April, 1471. 
Tewkesbury, 4th May, 1471. Mur- 
ten, 1476. Bosworth, 22nd Aug., 
1485. Stoke, 6th June, 1487. St. 
Aubin, France, 1488. Knocktow, 
Ireland, 1491. Blackheath, 22nd 
June, 1497. Flodden, 9th Sept., 
1513, when James IV., king of 
Scotland, was killed. Marignan, 
Italy, 13th Oct., 1515. Pavia, Italy, 
Feb. 24, 1524. Bicoca, Italy, 1522 
and 1525. Mohatz, Aug. 19, 1526. 
Solway, 24th Nov., 1542. Cerisoles, 
Piedmont, 1544. Ancrum, Scotland, 
February 17, 1544. Musselburgh, 
Scotland, 10th Sept., 1547. Pinkey, 
Sept. 10. Ket and Warwick, 1549. 
St. Quintin, 10th Aug., 1557. Ca- 
lais taken, Jan. 7, 1558. Grave- 
lines, Flanders, 1558. Dreux, 
France, 1562. St. Denis, 1567. 
Langside, May 13, 1568. Moncon- 
tour, 1569. Jarnac, Poitou, 1569. 



Ardavat, Ireland, 1585. Coutras, 
1587. Arques, Normandy, 21st 
Sept., 1589, Blackwater, Ireland, 
1597. Nieuport, Flanders, 1600. 
Prague, 1600. Lutzen, 7th Sept., 
1633, king of Sweden killed. 
Avein, Leige, May 1635. New- 
castle, Northumberland, 1637. Cal- 
loo, Flanders, 1638. Arras, June, 
1640. Hopton-heath, Staffordshire, 
19th March, 1642. Worcester, 23rd 
Sept., 1642. Edgehill, 23rd Oct., 
1642. Brentford, 1642. Kilrush, 
Ireland, 1642. Liscarrol, Ireland, 

1642. Ballintober, 1642. Liskard, 
Cornwall, 19th January, 1643. 
Drayton in Hales, 25th January, 

1643. Barham-moor, 29th March, 
1643. Ross, in Ireland, March, 
1643. Rocroy, in France, 1643. 
Stratton, 16th May, 1643. Lans- 
down, 5th July, 1643. Round- 
away-down, 13th July, 1643. Don- 
nington, 1643. Newbury, 20th 
September, 1643. Alresford, 29th 
March, 1644. Cropedy Bridge, 
in Oxfordshire, 6th June, 1644. 
Freidburgh, Suabia, 1644. Mars- 
ton-moor, 2nd July, 1644. Old- 
castle, 1644. Newark, 1644. New- 
bury, 27th Oct., 1644. Aldern, 
15th May, 1645. Naseby, June 14, 
1645. Donnington, Gloucester, 
1645. Alford, 2nd July, 1645. 
Nordlingen, Suabia, 3rd August, 
1645. Benburb, Ireland, 1646. 
Kingstoo, Surrey, 1647. Dungan 
Hill, July 10, 1647. Knockness, 
Ireland, 1647. Rathmines, Ireland, 
1649. Dunbar, 3rd Sept., 1650. 
Invercarron, 1650. Worcester, 3rd 
Sept., 1651. Bothwell-bridge, 22nd 
June, 1651. Arras, 1654. Estre- 
mos, 1663. Brod, Sclavonia, 1668. 
Sintzheim, Germany, 1674. Sen- 
effe, Flanders, 1674. Mulhausen, 
Alsace, 31st Dec, 1674. Fehrbel- 
lin, Brandenburgh, 18th June, 
1675. Altenheim, 28th July, 1675. 
Saltsburgh, 1675. Bothwell-bridge, 
Scotland, 1679. Argosy 1683, Allies 
and Turks. Vienna, 18th July, 
1683, Allies and Turks. Sedge- 
moor, Somersetshire, 6th August, 
1685. Coron, European Turkey, 



BA T 



43 



BAT 



1685, Allies and Turks. Mohatz, 
Hungary, 4th August, 1687, Allies 
and Turks. Hersan, Hungary, 

1687. Allies and Turks. Torven, 
between the Germans and Turks, 

1688. "Walcourt, Allies and French, 

1689. Killicrankie, Scotland, 1689. 
Newton Butler, Ireland, 1689. 
Charleroi, 1690. Cavan, 1690. 
Boyne, Ireland, 1st July, 1690. Sa- 
lusses, Piedmont, 8th Aug., 1690. 
Fleurus, Flanders, 12th July, 1690. 
Staffarda, French and Piedmontese, 

1690. Salankenien, Austrians and 
Turks, 1691. Leuse, Allies and 
French, 1691. Aughrim, 22nd 
July, 1691. Pfortsheim, Germans 
and French, 1692. Steinkirk, 1692, 
Allies and French. Landen, 19th 
July, 1693, Allies and French. 
Marsaglia, 8th Oct., 1693, Pied- 
montese and French. Neckar, 
Germans and French, 1693. In 
Transylvania, Allies and Turks, 

1695. Olasch, Germans and Turks, 

1696. Zeuta, Hungary, 1697, Ger- 
mans and Turks. Narva, by 
Charles XII. of Sweden, Dec, 
1700. Chiara, 6th Aug., 1701, 
French and Allies. Riga, Rus- 
sians and Poles, 1701. Carpi, 
Modena, 1701, French and Allies. 
Glissa, Poland, 1702, Swedes and 
Saxons. Fridlingen, Suabia, 1702, 
French and Germans. Victoria, 
French and Allies, 1702. Luzara, 
Italy, 15th Aug., 1702. Pultusk, 
Poles and Swedes, 1703. Eckeren, 
Brabant, 30th June, 1703, French 
and Dutch. Donawert, 2nd July, 

1704, French and Germans. Pu- 
nitz, Swedes and Saxons, 1704. 
Blenheim, 2nd Aug., 1704, Allies 
and French. Schellenburg, Aus- 
trians and Bavarians, 1704. Mit- 
tau, Swedes and Russians, July, 

1705. Cassano, Italy, in 1705, 
French and Allies. Tirlemont, 
French and Allies, 1705. Fraun- 
stadt, Silesia, 1706, Swedes and 
Saxons. Calcinato, Italy, 1706, 
French and Allies. Ramillies, 
Whitsunday, 1706, French and 
Allies. Turin, 7th Sept., 1706, 
French and Germans. Offenburg, 



Germans and French, 1707. Ka- 
lish, Poland, April, 1707, Poles 
and Bavarians. Lerida, 1707. Al- 
manza, Spain, 1707, Allies and 
Spain. Holowzin, Russia, 1708, be- 
tween the Russians and Swedes. 
Czarnanapata, Muscovy, 22nd Sept., 

1708. Lezno, Poland, 1708, Russians 
and Swedes. Lisle taken, 1708. 
Gemaurthorff, Poland, 1708, ditto. 
Winnendale, 28th Sept., 1708, 
French and Allies. Oudenard, Ju- 
ly 11th, 1708. Caya, 17th May, 

1709, ditto. Pultawa, 8th June, 
1709, Russians and Swedes. Mal- 
plaquet, 11th Sept., 1709, French 
and Allies. Rumersheim, French 
and Germans, 1709. Gudina, Al- 
lies and Spaniards, 1709. Almanza, 
16th July, 1710, French and Allies. 
Elsinburg, Swedes and Danes, 1710. 
Saragossa, 20th Aug., 1710, French 
and Germans. Villa Viciosa, 12th 
Dec, 1710, ditto. Arleux, Allies 
and French, 1711. Bouchain, 1711. 
Gadesbush, Swedes and Danes, 1712. 
Demain, Netherlands, 1712, Allies 
and French. Friburg, French and 
Germans, 1713. Bitonio, 1713. 
Preston, 12th Nov., 1715, when the 
rebels were defeated in Scotland. 
Dunblane, 13th Nov., 1715, ditto. 
Peterwardein, Austrians and Turks, 
5th Aug., 1717. Belgrade, 16th 
July, 1717, Austrians and Turks. 
Glenshiels, Scotland^ 10th June, 
1719. Between the Turks and 
Persians, when Kouli Khan lost 
10,000, and killed 20,000 men before 
Babylon, 28th Feb., 1733. Parma, 
29th June, 1734. Guastalla, Aug., 
1734. In Persia, where the Turks 
were defeated by Kouli Khan, and 
lost near 60,000, a general, and six 
bashaws, 22rid May, 1734. Bitonto, 
Austrians, and Spaniards, 1734. 
Parma, France, and Spain against 
Austria, 1734. Secchia, French 
and Austrians, 1734. Turks and 
Persians, 1735 ; 50,000 of the latter 
killed. Bagnialuk, European Tur- 
key, 27th July, 1737, Russians and 
Turks. Bog, Russians and Turks, 
1738. Kroska, Austrians and 
Turks, 1739. Kernal, Turks and 



BAT 



44 



BAT 



Persians, 1739. Cochzim, Molda- 
via, 21st July, 1739. Molwitz, 
10th April, 1741, Prussians and 
Austrians. Williamstadt, Sweden, 
Swedes and Russians, 23rd July, 
1741. Hilkersburg, 8th April, 1742, 
Prussians and Austrians. Czaslau, 
7th May, 1742, Teyn, Austrians 
and French, 1742. Branau, Aus- 
trians and Bavarians, 1743. Cam- 
po Santo, Spaniards and Allies, 
1743. Dettingen, 15th June, 1743, 
Allies and French. Coni, Allies 
and French and Spaniards, 1744. 
Landshut, Prussians and Austrians, 

1745. Friedberg, 4th June, 1745, 
Prussians and Austrians. Fonte- 
noy, 30th April, 1745. Preston- 
pans, 21st Sept., 1745. Erzeroum, 
Turks and Prussians, 1745. Fal- 
kirk, Scotland, 18th Jan., 1746. 
Roucoux, 12th April, 1746, French 
and Allies. Kesseldorf 1746. Cul- 
loden, Scotland, 16th April, 1746. 
St. Lazaro, 31st May, 1746, French 
and Allies. Placentia, 15th June, 

1746, Spaniards and Allies. Ex- 
illes, Piedmont, 19th July, 1747, 
Allies and French. Val, Flanders, 
20th June, 1747, ditto. Laffeldt, 
20th July, 1747, ditto. Arania, 
India, 1751. Bahoor, India, 7th 
Aug., 1752. Fort du Quesne, North 
America, 9th July, 1755. Lake of 
St. George, 8th Sept., 1755. Pa- 
raguay, 1755. Calcutta, India, 
June, 1756 and 1759. Lowoschutz, 
30th Sept., 1756, Prussians and 
Austrians. Norkitten, Russians 
and Prussians, 1757. Plassy, East 
Indies, 20th June, 1757. Schweid- 
nitz, Silesia, 1757. Prague, 22nd 
May, 1757, Prussians and Austri- 
ans. Plassy, India, June 20th, 
1757. Reichenberg, Bohemia, 1757, 
ditto. Kolin, 12th June, 1757, 
ditto. Hastenbeck, 25th July, 1757, 
French and Allies. Jagersdorf, 
Prussia, 3rd Aug., 1757, ditto. 
Roshach, 5th Nov., 1757, French 
and Prussians. Breslau, 21st Nov., 
1757, Prussians and Austrians. 
Lissa, 5th Dec, 1757, ditto. Hoy a, 
in Westphalia, 24th Feb., 1758, 
French and Allies. Crevelt, 23rd 



June, 1758, ditto. Sondershausen, 
25th July, 1758, ditto. Meere, 5th 
Aug., 1758, ditto. Zorndorff, 25th 
Aug., 1758, Prussians and Russians. 
Olmutz, 1758, ditto. Hochkirchen, 
10th Oct., 1758, ditto. Landweren- 
hagen, 1758, French and Allies. 
Bergen, 14th April, 1759, ditto, 
Minden, Aug., 1759, ditto. Zu- 
lichau, Silesia, 27th July, 1759, 
Prussians and Russians. Peters- 
walde, Prussians and Austrians, 
1759. Pasberg, ditto, 1759. Nia- 
gara, N. America, 24th July, 

1759. Warburg, 6th Aug., 1759, 
French and Allies. Montmorenci, 
10th Aug., 1759, French and Eng- 
lish. Cunersdorf, 12th Aug., 1759, 
Prussians, Russians and Austrians. 
Plains of Abraham, Quebec, in Ame- 
rica, 15th Sept., 1759, French and 
English. Wandiwash, East Indies, 
10th Jan., 1760. Strehla, Silesia, 

1760, Prussians and Austrians. 
Warburg, 1760. Near Quebec, 28th 
April, 1760. Pfaffendorff, 12th 
Aug., 1760, Prussians and Aus- 
trians. Torgau, 3rd Nov., 1760, 
ditto. Fulda, 1760, ditto. Land- 
shut, Silesia, June, 1760. Sillery, 
English and French, 1760. Langen- 
saltza, Allies and French, 1761. 
Slangerode, ditto, 1761. Kirk- Den- 
kern, ditto, 1761. Fillinghausen, 
in the Palatinate, 16th July, 1761, 
Prussians and Austrians. Dippol- 
diswalda, ditto, 1762. Graebenstein, 
4th June, 1762, French and Allies. 
Burkersdorf, 22nd July, 1762, ditto. 
Toplitz, 1762. Friedberg, Hesse, 
29th Oct., 1762, Prussians and 
Austrians. Homburg, Allies and 
French, 1762. Minden, ditto, 1762. 
Johannisberg, Allies and French, 
1762. Buckr-Muhl, ditto, 1762. 
Schweidnitz, Aug., 1762. Bushy 
Bun, America, 1763. Plains of 
Geriah, East Indies, 1763. Buxar, 
ditto, 1764. Calpy, ditto, 1765. 
Errore, ditto, 1767. Mulwaggle, 
1768. Choczim, 30th April, 1769, 
Russians and Turks. Brailow, 
European Turkey, 1770. Silistria, 
ditto, 1773. Lexington, near Bos- 
ton, 19th April, 1775. Bunkers- 



BAT 



45 



BAT 



hill, 27th June, 1775. Long-Island, 
America, 27th Aug., 1776. White 
Plains, near New York, 30th Nov., 
1776. Brandywine-creek, America, 
13th Sept., 1777. Of the Lakes, 
5th July, 1777. Skenesborough, 
North America, 7th July, 1777. 
Bennington, ditto, 16th Aug., 1777. 
Albany, ditto, 1777. Saratoga, 7th 
October, 1777. General Burgoyne 
surrendered to the Americans, Ger- 
mantown, 14th October, 1777. St. 
Lucie, ditto, 1778. Monmouth, 
ditto, 1778. Rhode Island, ditto, 
1778. Briar's Creek, ditto, 1779. 
Stony Ferry, ditto, 1779. Camden, 
ditto, 16th August, 1780. Perin- 
bancum, East Indies, 1780. Waxau 
and Cataaba, North America, 1780. 
Broad River, ditto, 1781. Guild- 
ford, ditto, 16th March, 1781 . Cam- 
den, 25th April, 1781. Hobkirk's- 
hill, ditto, 1781. Eutaw Springs, 
ditto, 1781. York Town, when 
Earl Cornwallis surrendered, 29th 
October, 1781. Porto Novo, East 
Indies; 1781. Arnee, ditto, 1781. 
Russians and Turks, 1781. Bed- 
nore, India, 1783. Russians and 
Swedes, 1788. Austrians and Turks, 

1788. Bessarabia and Ukraine, 

1789. Finland, Russians and 
Swedes, 1789. Foczania, Austrians 
and Turks, 1789. Lasmere, 28th 
August, 1789. Ismail stormed by 
JSuwarrow, 1790. Martinestie, or 
Rimnick, Austrians, Russians, and 
Turks, 1789. Ukraine, Russians 
and Turks, 1790. Maczin, ditto, 
1791. Seringapatam, East Indies, 
1791 ; again in 1799, when Tippoo 
was reduced by Lord Cornwallis. 
At Longwy, when the Austrians 
were defeated, 14th August, 1792. 
Antoign, Aug. 13th, 1792. Hanau, 
27th October, 1792. Grand-pre, 
when the French were defeated, 
10th Sept., 1792. Valmy, between 
the French and Austrians, 20th 
Sept., 1792. Menehould, Prussians 
and French, 2nd October, 1792. 
Conde, Austrians and French, 2nd 
October, 1792. Bossu, ditto, 4th 
Nov., 1792. Jemappe, when Du- 
mourier entered Brabant, 6th Nov., 



1792. Anderlecht, Austrians and 
French, 13th Nov., 1792. Tirle- 
mont, ditto, 17th Nov., It92. Va- 
roux, ditto, 27th Nov., 1792. Hock- 
heim, ditto, 7th Jan., 1793. Alden- 
hoven, ditto, 28th Feb., 1793. Aix- 
la-Chapelle, ditto, 15th Jan., 1793. 
Tongres, ditto, 4th March, 1793. 
Neerunden, near Tirlemont, ditto, 
18th March, 1793. Tirlemont, ditto, 
19th March, 1793. Louvaine, or 
the Iron Mountain, ditto, 22nd 
March, 1793. Coblentz, ditto, 1st 
April, 1793. Cassel, ditto, 7th 
April, 1793. Tournay, Austrians 
and English against the French, 
8th May, 1793. St. Amand and 
Maulde, ditto, 10th May, 1793. 
Valenciennes, Allies and French, 
23rd May, 1793. Manheim, ditto, 
30th May, 1793. Furnes, Dutch and 
French, 21st June, 1793. Furnes, 
Austrians and French, 26th June, 

1793. Villiers, ditto, 18th July, 
1793. Cambray, or Ceesar's Camp, 
ditto, 9th August, 1793. Lincelles, 
ditto, 18th August, 1793. Furnes, 
ditto, 21st August, 1793. Rexmond, 
ditto, 29th August, 1793. Dunkirk, 
English and French, 7th September, 
1793. Quesnoy, ditto, 11th Sept., 
1793. Limbach, Austrians and 
French, 12th Sept., 1793. Menin, 
ditto, 15th Sept., 1793. Toulon, 
English and French, 1st Oct., 1793. 
Weissenburg, Austrians and French, 
14th Oct„, 1793. Maubeuge, Allies 
and French, 16th October, 1793. 
Birlemont, ditto, ditto. Orchies, 
ditto, 20th Oct., 1793. Wanzenau, 
ditto, 20th Oct., 1793. Landau, 
ditto, 29th Nov., 1793. Toulon, 
when it surrendered to the French, 
19th Nov., 1793. Lebach, ditto, 
27th Nov., 1793. Roussillon, Span- 
iards and French, 11th Dec, 1793. 
Mons, Dec. 4, 1793. Perpignan, 
ditto, 20th Dec, 1793. Oppenheim, 
Allies and French, 8th Jan., 1794. 
Waterloo, ditto, 23rd Jan., 1794. 
Werwick, ditto, 1st March, 1794. 
Bayonne, Spaniards and French, 
19th March, 1794. Perle, Allies 
and French, 22nd March, 1794. 
Cateau, Allies and French, 28th 



BAT 



46 



BAT 



March, 1794. Cracow, Kussians 
and Poles, 4th April, 1794. Durk- 
heim, Allies and French, 5th April, 
1794. Piedmont, Sardinians and 
French, 6th April, 1784. Crom- 
hech, Allies and French, 14th April, 
1794. Arlon, ditto, 17th April, 
1794. Warsaw, Russians and Poles, 
21st April, 1794. Landrecy, Allies 
and French, 24th April, 1794. 
Cambray, English and French, do. 
Cateau, ditto, 26th April, 1794. 
Courtray, Allies and French, 29th 
April, 1794. Ostend, ditto, 5th 
May, 1794. Montesquan, Spaniards 
and French, 1st May, 1794. Aost, 
Sardinians and French, 2nd May, 
1794. Saorgia, Sardinians and 
French, 8th May, 1794. Tournay, 
English and French, 18th May, 
1794. Courtray, Allies and French, 
12th May, 1794. Mons, ditto, 16th 
May, 1794. Bouillon, Allies and 
French, 18th May, 1794. Tournay, 
ditto, 22nd May, 1794. Espierres, 
May 22, 1794. Lautern, Allies and 
French, 23rd May, 1794. Lithu- 
ania, Russians and Poles, 3rd June, 
1794. Piliezke, ditto, ditto. Bar- 
celona, June 14, 1794. Charleroi, 
Fleurus, Allies and French, 17th 
June, 1794. Cracow, Prussians and 
Poles, ditto. Aost, Sardinians and 
French, 26th June, 1794. Puy- 
cerda, Spaniards and French, ditto. 
Blonie, Russians and Poles, 7th 
July, 1794. Manheim, Allies and 
French, 12th July, 1794. Dorbilos, 
Prussians and Poles, 19th July, 
1794. Fontarabia, Spaniards and 
French, 2nd August, 1794. Zogre, 
Prussians and Poles, 22nd August, 
1794. Bellegarde, Spaniards and 
French, 26th August, 1794. Val- 
ley of Leira, ditto, 8th Sept., 1794. 
Bois le Due, 14th Sept., 1794. 
Boxtel, 17th Sept., 1794. Maes- 
tricht, Allies and French, 18th 
Sept., 1794. Clermont, ditto, 20th 
Sept., 1794. Piedmont, ditto, 23rd 
Sept., 1794. Posnania, Prussians 
and Poles, 24th Sept., 1794. Ko- 
phir Bazsee, Russians and Poles, 
25th Sept., 1794. Oneglia, Sar- 
dinians and French, 30th Sept., 



1794. Emmerick, Allies and French, 
2nd Oct., 1794. Warsaw, Poles de- 
feated by the Russians, &c, 10th 
Oct., 1794. Druten, English and 
French, 20th Oct., 1794. Pampe- 
luna, Spaniards and French, 28th 
Oct., 1794. Nimeguen, Allies and 
French, 4th Nor., 1794. Warsaw, 
8th Nov., 1794. Sendomir, Poles 
and Prussians, &c, 16th Nov., 1794. 
Navarre, Spaniards and French, 
25th Nov., 1794. Mentz, Allies 
and French, 1st Dec, 1794. On 
the Waal, 11th Jan., 1794. Nantes, 
between the Chouans and Repub- 
licans, 18th Jan., 1795. Catalonia, 
5th March, 1795. Neve Munster, 
where the French were repulsed, 
3rd March, 1795 ; again, 18th ditto. 
At Figueras, the Spaniards were 
defeated, 5th April, 1795. Pied- 
mont, the Piedmontese were de- 
feated, 12th April, 1795. Pontas, 
Catalonia, where the French were 
defeated, 14th June, 1795; again, 
1st July. Pampeluna, when the 
French were defeated, 2nd July, 

1795. Piedmont, when the French 
were defeated, 24th June, 1795; 
again, the 27th; and Bilboa, when 
the Spaniards were defeated, 17th 
July, 1795. Quiberon, the Emi- 
grants were defeated, 21st July. 
Urrtia, when the French were de- 
feated, 30th July. Vittoria, when 
the Spaniards were defeated, 14th 
August. Piedmont, the Austrians 
were defeated, 30th August. La 
Pietra, the French were defeated, 
31st August. On the Lahn, when 
the French were defeated, 19th 
Sept. Manheim, the Austrians 
were defeated, 23rd Sept. Pied- 
mont, the French were defeated, 1st 
Oct. On the Mayne, when the 
French were totally defeated, 11th 
Oct. Mentz, the French were de- 
feated, 29th Oct. Worms, ditto, 
8th Nov. Moselle, ditto, 22nd Nov. 
Deux Ponts, ditto, 28th Nov. Al- 
sentz, ditto, 8th Dec. 1795. Man- 
tua, January 31, 1796. Pied- 
mont, Sardinians were totally de- 
feated by the French, 14th April, 

1796. Lodi, French and Austrians, 



BAT 



47 



BAT 



11th May. Mantua, ditto, defeat- 
ed, 29th May. French defeated, 
near Wetzlaer, 4th June. Ditto, 
under Jourdan, by General Kray, 
near Kirpen, 20th June. Edengen, 
July 1, 1795. Castiglione, July 2, 
1796. Austrians defeated by Jour- 
dan, July 6. The Archduke re- 
pulsed by the French, 8th July. 
Mantua's siege raised ; the French 
left behind 140 cannon, 100,000 
shells, balls, &c. ; 31st July. 
The Austrians defeated by General 
Jourdan, 11th August. Moreau 
defeated by the Archduke, near 
Nureinburg, 18th August. The 
French- defeated by the Austrians, 
near Neuweid and Amberg, 24th 
August. Augsburgh, 24th Aug. 
Eoveredo, 4th Sept. Cavella, 7th 
Sept. Jourdan defeated, near Mu- 
nich, 11th Sept. ; again, on 19th 
Sept., at Isny, on the Argen. Ar- 
eola, 19th Nov., 1796. Between 
the Austrians and Bonaparte, in 
Italy, 19th and 27th January, 1797, 
when the Austrians were defeated. 
Bonaparte defeated the Archduke, 
1st April, 1797. The Austrians 
were again defeated, on the Upper 
Bhine, 7th May, when the French 
took Frankfort, Kehl, &c, 1797. 
The Swiss troops were defeated by 
the French, and their independency 
abolished, 19th Sept., 1798. Be- 
tween the Irish rebels and the king's 
forces, at Kilcullen, 22nd May, 
1798. Ditto, at Naas, 24th May ; 
the same day, at Stratford-upon- 
Slaney ; at Hackestown, 25th May ; 
at Dunlavan, 25th May ; at Taragh, 
26th May; at Carlow, 27th May; 
at Monastereven, the same day ; at 
Oulart, the same day; at Kildare, 
28th May ; at Ballicanoe, and at 
Newtownbarry, 1st June ; at New 
Boss, 5th June; at Antrim, the 
same day; at Arklow, 9th June; 
at Ballynahinch, 13th June ; at 
Ovidstown, 19th June ; at Ballyna- 
rush, 20th June ; at Vinegar Hill, 
June 21, 1798 ; at Hacketstown, 
June 25, 1798 ; at Clonard, July 11, 
1798, where the insurgents were 
generally defeated; at Castlebar, 



August 28, 1798 ; at Caloony, Sep- 
tember 5, 1798; and at Ballina- 
muck, September 8; those three 
last battles with the French inva- 
ders, who surrendered 7th Septem- 
ber, 1798; Killala, September 23. 
Near Naples, between the French 
and Neapolitans, 18th January, 
1799. The Archduke Charles to- 
tally defeated the French, and took 
2000 prisoners, &c, 14th and 26th 
March, 1799, near Stockach. The 
French defeated near Verona, 5th, 
25th, and 26th March ; and again 
30th March and 5th April. The 
Austrians defeated the French in 
Italy, 9th and 30th April, near 
Cremona. The Russians defeated 
the French near Milan, 27th. The 
French defeated near Cassano, 27th 
April. Bonaparte repulsed at Acre 
by the Turks and Sir S. Smith, 
16th April. The French and Aus- 
trians near the Adda, the former 
defeated, 26th and 31st March, and 
5th May. Suwarrow's army de- 
feated the French under Moreau, 
near Alexandria, 17th May. The 
French defeated at Zurich, 4th 
June, where Suwarrow defeated the 
French under Macdonald, 19th. 
Tippoo Saib defeated near Seringa- 
patam, in the East Indies, by the 
English forces, 4th May, with con- 
siderable slaughter ; Tippoo killed. 
The Austrians defeated near Coire 
by General Massena, when Captain 
d'Ausenberg and 700 men were 
taken prisoners, 7th May. The 
Archduke defeated Jourdan, 2nd 
April. General Kray defeated Gen. 
Scherer, commanding the French 
in Italy, April 18. Suwarrow de- 
feated the French in forcing the 
passage of the Adda, 23rd May. 
Battle of Alexandria, May 17, 1799; 
Bonaparte retired from before Acre ; 
siege raised. The French defeated 
at Naples by Cardinal Buffo, 5th 
June. Suwarrow defeated Mac- 
donald near Parma, 12th July. Su- 
warrow defeated General Moreau, 
July 13. Joubert totally defeated 
by Suwarrow, and killed, Aug. 1 5, 
at Novi. Aboukir, French and 



BAT 



48 



BAT 



Turks, 26th July, 1799. The French 
defeated near Manheim, 13th Au- 
gust. Bergen, 2nd October, 1799 ; 
Alckmaer, 6th October, 1799 ; Ber- 
gen and Alckmaer, 19th September, 

1799. The Imperialists defeated 
near Zurich, 24th September. The 
French defeated near Mondovi, 6th 
November. Near Philipsburgh, 3rd 
December, 1799. Near Coni, which 
place surrendered to the Austrians. 
Near Genoa, when the Austrians 
were defeated, and lost 3000 men, 
12th December. Novi, 8th January 

1800, Austrians and French. Sa- 
vona, Italy, 8th April, ditto. Vera- 
gigo, 10th April, French defeated. 
Stockach, 1st May, Austrians de- 
feated. Moeskirch, 3rd May, ditto. 
Biberach, 9th May ; Austrians lost 
4000 men. Montebello, 9th June. 
Marengo, 6000 Austrians killed, 
8000 prisoners, and 45 pieces of 
cannon taken, 14th June. Bronni, 
June 10, 1800. Ulm, June 21. Ho- 
henlinden, Austrians defeated, 3rd 
Nov. On the Mincio, 25th Decem- 
ber; Austrians defeated. Alex- 
andria, Egypt, French defeated by 
the English, ' 21st March, 1801. 
Assaye, East Indies, between Scin- 
diah and the English, former de- 
feated, 11th August, 1803. Fer- 
ruckabad, East Indies, English 
victorious, 17th November, 1804. 
Bhurtpore, East Indies, Jeswunt 
Rao Holkar defeated by the Eng- 
lish, 2nd April, 1805. Guntzburgh, 
French and Austrians, French vic- 
torious, 2nd October, 1805. Ulm, 
French and Austrians, latter taken 
prisoners, 19th Oct., 1805. Moelk, 
French and Austrians, latter beaten, 
10th Nov., 1805. Austerlitz, French 
against Austrians and Russians, 
French victorious, 2nd Dec, 1805. 
21st June, 1806, Buenos Ayres 
taken by the English. Maida, 
French and English, the former 
defeated, 6th July, 1806. Castel 
Nuova, French and Russians, latter 
defeated, 29th Sept., 1806. Auer- 
stadt and Jena, French and Prus- 
sians, latter beaten, 3rd Oct., 1806. 
Halle, 17th Oct., 1806. Pultusk, 



26th Dec, 1806. Eylau, French 
and Russians, latter defeated, 7th 
February, 1807. Friedland, in 
which the Russians were defeated 
with dreadful slaughter, 14th June, 

1807. Buenos Ayres, English de- 
feated, 6th July, 1807. Baylen, the 
French under Dupont defeated by 
General Reding, 20th July, 1808, 
Vimiera, General Junot defeated 
by Sir Arthur Wellesley, 21st Aug., 

1808. Tudela, Spaniards beaten 
by the French, 23rd Nov., 1808. 
Corunna, French and English, the 
former defeated, 16th Jan., 1809. 
Braga, Portuguese defeated by the 
French, 19th March, 1809. Pfaffen- 
hoffen, Austrians defeated by the 
French, 19th April, 1809. Abens- 
berg, Austrians defeated by the 
French, 20th April, 1809. Land- 
shut, Austrians defeated by the 
French, 21st April, 1809. Eckmuhl, 
Austrians defeated, by the French, 
22nd April, 1809. Ebersberg, Aus- 
trians defeated by the French, 3rd 
May, 1809. Oporto, French de- 
feated, 11th May, 1809. Aspern 
and Essling, French and Austrians, 
dreadful slaughter on both sides, 
21st and 22nd May, 1809 ; French 
defeated. Raab, Austrians defeated 
by the French, 14th June, 1809. 
Wagram, Austrians defeated by the 
French, 5th July, 1809. Talavera 
de la Reyna, French defeated by the 
English and Spaniards, 27th July, 

1809. Ocana, Spaniards defeated 
by the French, 19th Nov., 1809. 
Busaco, French repulsed by the 
allied army under Lord Wellington, 
27th Sept., 1810. Lafesat, Turks 
defeated by the Russians, 11th Feb., 
1811. Barrosa, the French under 
General Victor defeated by General 
Graham, 5th March, 1811. Palma, 
French surprised by General Bal- 
lasteros, and General Remon's de- 
tachment dispersed, 10th March, 
1811. Badajos invested by Wel- 
lington, 11th March, 1811. Al- 
buera, French repulsed, with the 
loss of 9000 men, by Mar- 
shal Beresford, 16th May, 1811. 
Buenos Ayres and Monte Video 



BAT 



4.9 



BAT 



between the troops of, in which 
those of the latter were defeated, 
18th May, 1811. Budshuck, Turks 
defeated by the Russians, 4th June, 
1811 ; and again, 14th October. 
Almeida, 5th Aug., 1811. At Xim- 
ena, a division of Soult's army de- 
feated by General Ballasteros, 18th 
Sept., 1811. Ciudad Bodrigo, be- 
tween the French and the allied 
armies under Wellington, ending in 
the retreat of the latter, 25th Sept., 

1811. Buche, near Saguntum, Gen. 
Blake defeated by the French under 
Marshal Suchet,* 25th Oct., 1811 ; 
Marshal Suchet was wounded; he 
took 14,000 men and 15 guns. 
Cavares and Merida, the French, 
under General Girard, surprised 
and routed by General Hill, 28th 
October, 1811. Blains of Bornos, 
Spaniards defeated by the French, 
1st June, 1812. Castalla, army 
under General O'Donnell defeated 
by the French, 21st July, 1812. 
Salamanca, French defeated by 
Wellington, 22nd July, 1812. 
Mohilow, Bussians under Brince 
Bagration defeated by the French 
under General Davoust, 23rd July, 

1812. Ostrovno, Bussians defeated 
by the French, 25th and 28th July, 

1811. Bolotsk, French under Mar- 
shal Oudinot defeated by the Bus- 
sians under Count Witgenstein, 
30th and 31st July, 1812 ; the same 
armies contended the next day, 
when the Bussians were defeated. 
Drissa, Bussians defeated by the 
French, August, 1812. Smolensko, 
Bussians defeated by the French, 
and abandoned the town, 16th 
August, 1812. Banks of the Duna, 
near Bolotsk, several severe ac- 
tions between the Bussians and the 
French, in which success was 
nearly balanced, 16th and 17th 
Aug., 1812. Heights of Valentina, 
between the French and Bussians, 
which terminated in the retreat of 
the latter, 19th Aug., 1812. Mosk- 
wa (or Borodino), between the 
French and Bussians, 7th Sept., 

1812. Moscow burned, Sept. 4th, 
1812. Queen's Town, Canada, 



army of the United States defeated 
by the British, 13th Oct., 1812. 
Bolotsk, French defeated by the 
Bussians, and the place taken by 
storm, 20th Oct., 1812. Malo-Ya- 
roslovitz, Bussians and French, 
victory claimed by each, 24th 
October, 1812. Viasma, French 
under Ney and Davoust defeated 
by the Bussians, 3rd November, 
1812. Dorogobudsch, the French 
driven from, by the Bussians under 
Blatoff, with great slaiTghter, 7th 
November, 1812. Witepsk, the 
French under General Victor de- 
feated by the Bussians under Wit - 
genstein, with the loss of 3000 mea, 
14th Nov., 1812. Ivrasnoi, French 
army under Davoust destroyed or 
dispersed by Kutusoff, 16th Nov., 
1812. Ney's corps, defeated by the 
Bussian general Miloradovitch, 17th 
Nov., 1812. Borisso, Bussians un- 
der Count Lambert defeated Dom- 
browski's Bolish division, 21st Nov., 
1812. Berezina, terminated in the" 
capture, by General Witgenstein, of 
a French division of 8,800 men, 
28th Nov., 1812. Wilna, 11th Dec, 

1812. Kowno, French defeated by 
the Bussians with the loss of 600*0 
prisoners and 21 pieces of cannon, 
14th Dec, 1812. Kalitch, Saxons, 
under the French general Begnier, 
defeated by the Bussian general 
Winzingerode, Feb., 1813. French 
Town, Canada, American general 
Winchester defeated, and made 
prisoner, by Colonel Broctor, 22nd 
Jan., 1813. Miami, America, Jan. 
22nd, 1813. Bejar, in Spain, 
French defeated by General Hill 
and the allied Spaniards, 20th Feb., 

1813. Lunenburg, French defeat- 
ed by the Bussians and Brussiaus. 
At Castella, in Spain, the French de- 
feated by General Murray and the 
allied Spaniards, 13th April, 1813. 
Lutzen, between the allied army of 
Bussians and Prussians, victory 
claimed by each, 2nd May, 1813. 
Mockern, Beauharnois defeated by 
the Bussians and Brussians, 5th 
April, 1813. Alberstadt, French 
division defeated by the Russian 



BAT 



50 



BAT 



general Czernicheff, 7th May, 1813. 
Konigswerden, French defeated by 
the allied army of Russians and 
Prussians, 19th May, 1813. Konigs- 
werden, second battle, which ended 
in the falling back of the Allies, 
20th May, 1813. Wurtzschen, be- 
tween the allied army of Russians 
and Prussians and the French army 
under Napoleon, dreadful carnage 
on both sides, the Allies retreated, 
21st May, 1813. Miami, Ameri- 
cans defeated by Colonel Proctor, 
May, 1813. Port George, on the 
Niagara, British defeated by the 
Americans, 27th May, 1813. Bur- 
lington Heights, Americans defeat- 
ed by the British, 6th June, 1813. 
Vittoria, French under Joseph 
Bonaparte defeated by Welling- 
ton and the Spaniards, 21st June, 
1813. Valley of Bastan, General 
Hill and the allied Spaniards at- 
tacked by Soult, and obliged to 
retreat, 24th July, 1813. Soult de- 
feated by Lord Wellington, 28th 
July, 1813. San Marcial, Soult 
defeated 31st July, 1813 ; defeated 
again, 4th Aug., and driven from 
the Pyrenees. Bober, banks of, 
Prussians under Blucher defeated 
by Napoleon, 21st August,. 1813. 
Goldsberg, Prussians under Blucher 
defeated by the French, 22nd Aug., 
1813. Jauer, French under Mac- 
donald defeated bv Blucher, 26th 
and 27th Aug., 1813. Before Dres- 
den, allied army of Austrians, Rus- 
sians, and Prussians, defeated by 
the French, 28th Aug., 1813. Top- 
litz, French defeated by the allied 
Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, 
30th August, 1813. Dennewitz, 
French defeated by the Crown 
Prince of Sweden, with great loss, 
8th Sept., 1813. Ordal, Pass of, 
Colonel Adams and the combined 
Spaniards and Portuguese defeated 
by Soult, 12th Sept., 1813. Domitz, 
French under Davoust defeated by 
Colonel Walmoden, 16th Sept., 
1813. Elster, French under Ber- 
trand defeated by Blucher, 3rd Oct., 
1813. Moravian Village, on the 
Thames, Canada, the British de- 



feated by the Americans, 5th Oc- 
tober, 1813. Mockern, between 
the French and the Austrians, 
Russians, and Prussians, defeat 
of the French, 14th October, 
1813. Before Leipsic, a general 
engagement between the allied ar- 
mies and the French armies, in 
which no ground was gained by either 
16th Oct., 1813. Before Leipsic, 
another general engagement, of 
which the result was a loss to the 
French of 40,000 men in killed, 
wounded, and prisoners, 65 pieces 
of artillery, and the desertion of 
17 German battalions, 18th Oct., 
1813. Hanau, French defeated by 
the combined Austrian and Bava- 
rian army under General Wrede, 
29th Oct., 1813. Hanau, another 
severe engagement between the 
same armies, in which Wrede was 
wounded, and the allies driven from 
the place, 30th Oct., 1813. St. Jean 
cle Luz, between the allied armies 
under Lord Wellington, and the 
French under Soult, when the latter 
were driven farther into France, 
10th Nov., 1813. Passage of the 
Nive, engagements between the al- 
lied army under Wellington and 
the French, during which two Ger- 
man regiments came over to the 
Allies, the French driven to their 
entrenchments, 10th and 13th Dec, 
1813. Christler's Point, Upper 
Canada, Americans defeated by the 
British, 11th Nov., 1813. Black- 
rock, American general Hull de- 
feated by the British general Riall, 
30th Dec, 1813. Province of Val- 
ladolid, three battles, in which the 
forces of Morelos, and other insur- 
gent chiefs, were defeated by the 
Royalists, with the loss of 1500 
men and 30 pieces of cannon, Dec, 
1813. Bozzolo, on the Mincio, 
Austrians defeated by the French 
under Beauharnois, 7th and 8th 
Jan., 1814. Marne, advanced guard 
of Schwartzenburg defeated by the 
French, 27th Jan., 1814. Brienne, 
allied army of Russians and Prus- 
sians defeated, and the place taken 
by the French, 29th Jan., 1814. 



BAT 



51 



BAT 



Bothiere, French under Napoleon 
defeated by the allied Bussians and 
Brussians, with the loss of 3000 
prisoners and 36 pieces of cannon, 
1st February, 1814. Champ-aubert, 
Bussian division under General 
Alsuiief defeated by the French 
under Napoleon, 10th Feb., 1814. 
Champ-aubert, division of Blucher's 
army, under Generals Sacken and 
D'Yorck, attack of, by the French 
under Napoleon, in whose favour it 
terminated, 12th Feb., 1814. Jan- 
villiers, Blucher's army attacked by 
the French, and driven back to 
Chalons, 14th Feb., 1814. Garris, 
French defeated by the allied Span- 
iards under General Morillo and 
General Stewart, 15th Feb., 1814. 
Nangis, advanced guard of Witgen- 
stein's corps, under Count Bahlen, 
the French under Napoleon, Feb. 17, 
1814. Bridges of the Seine, at 
Montereau and Bray, the Brince of 
Wurtemberg defeated by Napoleon, 
Feb. 18, 1814. Orthes, French de- 
feated by the allied British and 
Spaniards under General Hill, Feb. 
25, 1814. Beggio, French defeated 
by the king of Naples, March 5, 
1814. Laon, French defeated by 
the Brussian general Blucher, March 
9, 1814. Bassage of the Taro, 
French defeated by the king of 
Naples, March 12, 1814. Bheims, 
allied Bussians and Brussians de- 
feated by the French, March 13, 
1814. Tarbes, Soult defeated by 
Wellington, March 20, 1814. Arcis- 
sur-Aube, French defeated by the 
Brince of Wirtemberg, March 21, 
1814. Fere Champenoise, the corps 
of Generals Marmont, Mortier, and 
Arrighi, surprised and defeated by 
Gen. Schwartzenberg, Mar. 25, 1814. 
Heights of Fontenay, Bomanville, 
and Belleville, and French army 
out of Baris under Joseph Bonaparte, 
Marmont, and Mortier, defeated by 
the allied Austrians, Bussians, and 
Brussians, March 30, 1814. Tou- 
louse, French defeated by Welling- 
ton, April 10, 1814. Arazua, valley 
of, between the insurgents of the 
Carracas and the royalists, in which 



the latter obtained a complete 
victory, June 18, 1814. Chipawa, 
British under General Biall defeated 
by the Americans under General 
Brown, July 5, 1814. Chipawa, 
Americans defeated by the British 
under Generals Drummond and 
Biall; but the latter general was 
wounded and taken prisoner, July 
25, 1814. Ferrara, Neapolitans 
under Murat defeated by the Aus- 
trians, April 12, 1815. Tolentino, 
between the Austrians under General 
Bianchi and the Neapolitans under 
Murat, ending, after two engage- 
ments, in the retreat of Murat, May 
2 and 3, 1815. Bigny, Brussians 
under Brince Blucher, after a des- 
perate conflict, defeated by the 
French, with the loss of fifteen 
pieces of cannon, June 16, 1815. 
Quatre Bras, June 16, 1815. Wa- 
terloo, in which the French army, 
with Bonaparte at its head, was de- 
feated by the British and Brussians, 
June 18, 1815. Fort Erie, Aug 15, 
1814. Bladensburg, Aug. 24, 1814. 
Baltimore, General Boss killed, in 
an unsuccessful attack on, by the 
British, Sept., 12, 1814. Bangor, 
North America, taken by the British, 
May 3, 1814. Bavaria joined the 
coalition against France, Oct., 1813. 
Bellair, North America, attacked 
unsuccessfully by the British, and 
Sir Beter Barker killed, Aug 30, 
1814. Larissa, Greeks and Turks, 
July 8, 1822. Thermopylae, Greeks 
and Turks, July 13, 1822. Cadiz 
and the Trocadera, August 31, 
1822. Brome, in Burmah, Dec. 
2, 1825. Malloun, English and 
Burmese, Jan. 20, 1826. Ana- 
tolia, Greeks and Turks, May 23, 
1828. Brohilow, Bussians and Turks, 
June 19, 1828. Akhalzie, Aug. 24, 

1828. Czoroi, Sept. 26, 1828. Varna, 
Oct. 11, 1828. The Morea Castle, 
Oct. 30, 1828. Battle of Lepanto, 
May 9, 1829. Kulertscha, near 
Schumla, June 11, 1829. Balkan, 
passed by the Bussians, July 26, 

1829. Adrianople, entered by the 
Bussians, Aug. 20, 1829. French 
invasion of Algiers, July 4, Ib'SO. 



BAT 



52 



BAT 



Civil war in Paris, July 27, 28, 29, 

1830. Civil war in Brussels, Sept. 
21, 1830. Battle of Growchow, 
Feb. 20, 1831. Wawz, between the 
Poles and Bussians. Seidlez, Poles 
and Russians, April 10, 1831. Ze- 
licho, April 10, 1831. Ostrolenka, 
May 26, 1831. Wilna, June 12, 

1831. Warsaw, Sept. 8, 1831. Val- 
longa, in Portugal, won by Don 
Pedro, July 23, 1832. Leiria, Feb. 
14, 1834. St. Sebastian, Spain, 
May 5, 1836. St. Sebastian, Oct. 1, 

1836. Bilboa, Dec. 24, 1836. Her- 
nani, May 15, 1837. Iran, May 17, 

1837. Valentia, July 15, 1837. 
Herrara and Don Carlos, Aug. 24, 
1837. Constantina, French and Al- 
gerines, Oct. 18, 1837. St. Eustace, 
Canada, civil war, Dec. 14, 1837. 
Pennecerada, Spain, June 22, 1838. 
Altura, Spain, June 25, 1838. 
Prescott, Canada Oct. 17, 1838. 
Ghiznee, India, July 23, 1839. Af- 
ghanistan, India, Nov. 2, 1840. 
Kotriah, Scinde, India, Dec. 1, 1840. 
Cabul massacre, Nov. 2, 1841. The 
Cabul Pass, Jan. 8, 1842. Canda • 
har, English and Afghans, March 
10, 1842. Jellalabad, India, April 
5, 1842. Ghiznee, Sept. 6, 1842. 
Ameers of Scinde and English, Feb. 
17, 1843. Maharapore and Sunniar, 
Dec. 29, 1843. Moodkee, Dec. 18, 
1845. Ferozeshah, Dec. 21, 1845, 
Phullor, Sikhs and English, Jan. 
21, 1846. Aliwal, Jan. 28, 1846. 
Sobraon, Feb. 10, 1846. Monterey, 
Mexico, Sept. 24, 1846. Bueno 
Vista, Mexicans and Americans. 
St. Ubes, Portugal, May 9, 1847. 
Mexico. Aug. 19, 1847. Sonder- 
bund, Nov. 13, 1847. Valaneze, 
Hungarians and Austrians, Sept. 
29, 1848. Mooltan, India, Nov. 7, 

1848. Chillianwallah, India, Jan. 

13, 1849. Goojerat, India, Feb. 21, 

1849. Vigevano, Italy, under Ra- 
detski, March 21, 1849. Novaro, 
the Piedmontese and Austrians, 
March 23, 1849. Kronstadt, Hun- 
garians and Austrians, June 21, 
1849. Acs, Austrians and Hunga- 
rians, July 2, 1849. Waitzen, July 

14, 1849. Schiissburg, between 



Bern and the Austrians, July 31, 
1849. Temeswar, Aug. 9, 1849. 
Ilsteclt, Danes and Holsteiners, 
July 25, 1850. Rangoon, English 
and Burmese, 1853. 

Sieges. — Acre, taken by Richard 
I. with the Crusaders, July 12, 1191, 
after a siege of two years, and the 
loss of six archbishops, twelve 
bishops, forty earls, three hundred 
barons, and 300,000 men. Attacked 
Jan. 1798, by Bonaparte, and de- 
fended by the Turks and Sir Sydney 
Smith, who compelled him to raise 
the siege, March 6, 1799. Stormed 
by the English, June 2, 1840. Al- 
gesiras, 1341. Algiers, 1681 ; bom- 
barded by Lord Exmouth, 1816; 
taken by the French, 1830. Alk-^ 
maer, 1573. Amiens, 1597. Ancona," 
1799. Angouleme, 1345. Antwerp, 
1576, 1583, 1585, 1706, 1792, 1814, 
and the citadel, 1830. Arras, 1414. 
Ath, 1745. Avignon, 1226. Azof, 
1736. Amoy, China, taken bv the 
English, Aug. 27, 1841. Bagdad, 
1298. Barcelona, 1697, 1714. Bel- 
grade, 1429, 1455, 1521, 1688, 
1717, 1739, 1789. Bangalore, 1791. 
Bellegarde, 1793, 1794. Belle Isle, 
taken by the English, Jun« 7, 1761. 
Bender, burned, 1773. Benevento, 
seized by the king of Naples from 
the pope, 1768 ; but restored on the 
expulsion of the Jesuits, 1773. Ber- 
gen-op-Zoom, 1588, 1622, 1747, 
1814. Berlin, seized and laid under 
contribution by the Austrians, 1758 ; 
taken and pillaged, 1760 ; taken by 
the French, 1807; entered by the 
Russians under Witgenstein, March 
3, 1813. Berne, in Switzerland, 
taken by the French, 1798. Beve- 
t land, south, taken by the English, 
August 3, 1809. Beyrout, taken 
by the English, Oct. 10, 1840. 
Berwick, 1293. Besancon, 1668, 
1674. Bethune, 1710. Bergen, forced 
by the allied Russian and Prussian 
army under Count Langeron, Jan. 
3, 1814. Bologna, Italy, seized by 
the French, June 28, 1798 ; retaken 
by the Austrians, June 12, 1799 ; 
evacuated by Murat, and entered 
by the Austrian army, April 16, 



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53 



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1815. Bombay, yielded to the Eng- 
lish by Portugal, 1661. Bois-le-duc 
taken by the French, Oct., 1794. 
Bonifacio, 1553. Bonn, 1587, 1689, 
1703. Boulogne, 1545 ; bombarded 
by Lord Nelson, Aug. 15, 1801. 
Bourbon, Isle of, surrendered to the 
British, July 10, 1810. Bourdeaux, 
1451, 1653 ; entered by Wellington, 
March 12, 1814 ; submitted to the 
government of Louis XVIII. , July 
22, 1815. Brannau, 1744, 1805. 
Brazil, seized by Portugal from 
Holland, 1654. Breda, 1590, 1625 ; 
taken by the French, Feb. 24, 1793 ; 
and again, 1794 and 1795. Breda 
taken possession of by General Ben- 
kendorf's Cossacks, Dec, 1813. Bre- 
men repulsed and defeated the 
French invasion, 1761. Bremen 
capitulated to the Russian General 
Tettenborne, Oct. 14, 1813. Brescia, 
1512, 1796, 1799. Breslau taken by 
the Austrians, 1758 and 1761 ; en- 
tered by the French, June 1, 1813. 
Brest taken by the English, 1378 ; 
redelivered to the Duke of Bretagne, 
1391. Brill, Ac. seized by the 
Hollanders, which began that re- 
public, 1570 ; seized by the French, 
Jan., 1795. Brisac, 1638, 1703. 
Bruce landed in Ireland with an 
army, May 25, 1315 ; soon after 
crowned at Dundalk ; slain, 1318. 
Bruges sacked by the Gantois, 1382; 
the basin, gates, and sluices of the 
canal destroyed by the English, 
May 19, 1798. Brussels, 1695, 1746 ; 
taken by the French, 1792 and 1794. 
Buda, 1526, 1541 ; taken from 
the Turks by the imperialists, in 
whose possession it had been 150 
years, 1686. Buenos Ayres taken 
by the English, July 2, 1806; re- 
taken by the inhabitants, 1807. En- 
tered into a treaty with Monte 
Video to acknowledge no sovereign 
but Ferdinand VII., Oct., 21, 1811. 
Monte Video surrendered to, by 
capitulation, June 20, 1814. De- 
claration of independence by the 
" Representatives of the United Pro- 
vinces of South America in General 
Congress," published at, July 19, 

1816. Buffalo, town, North America, 



taken by the British, and burnt, 
Dec. 30, 1813. Bonaparte seized 
Egypt, July 1, 1798 ; and quitted it, 
Aug. 23, 1799. Burgos, siege of, 
abandoned by the allied army under 
Wellington, Oct. 20, 1812; castle 
and works of, blown up by the 
French, June 13, 1813. Burlington, 
American camp at, surprised by 
Colonel Vincent, June 5, 1813. 
Byzantium taken by the Romans, 
73 ; destroyed by Severus, 196 ; re- 
built by Constantine, 330; taken 
by the Turks, 1453. Cadiz, in 
Spain, taken by the English, 
1596 ; bombarded, July 14, after it 
had been blocked up with the 
Spanish fleet by Earl St. Vincent, 
1797 to 1798; siege of, by French, 
raised, Aug. 25, 1812. Cadiz, 
expedition from, for the reduction 
of the insurgents of South America, 
arrived at Porto Cabello, April, 
1815. Caen, Normandy, plundered 
by the English, 1346, 1450. Caffa, 
in Crim Tartary, planted and re- 
built by Genoa, 1261 ; taken by the 
Turks, 1464. Cairo taken by the 
English and Turks from the French, 
June 21, 1801. Calais taken by the 
English, Aug. 4, 1347 ; retaken by 
the French, Jan. 10, 1558, 1596. 
Calcutta taken by the Nabob, 1758. 
Calvi, in Corsica, surrendered to 
the British forces, after a siege of 
59 days, Aug. 10, 1794 ; abandoned 
by the British, 1796. Cambray, 
town of, taken by the English under 
General Sir Charles Colville, June 
24, 1815 ; citadel of, surrendered the 
next day, and was occupied by 
Louis XVIII. and his court, from 
Ghent. Cambridge destroyed by 
the Danes, 1010. Canada taken by 
the English, 1628 ; restored t'o 
France, 1631 ; taken again, Sept. 13, 
1759. Campo Mayor, 1811. Candia 
seized by the Saracens, 808, who 
changed its name from Crete; re- 
taken by the Greek empire, 961 ; 
taken by the Venetians, 1204 ; re- 
taken by the Turks, 1667. Candy, 
Island of Ceylon, in an expedition 
against, a whole British detach- 
ment massacred or imprisoned, 1803 ; 



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54 



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war renewed against, Oct., 1814 ; 
taken, and the king of, defeated and 
made prisoner, Feb. 18, 1815; de- . 
posed, and the sovereignty vested 
in Great Britain, March 2, 1815. 
Canterbury Cathedral burned by 
the Danes, 1011. Canton, China, 
forts of, taken by the English, Feb. 
26, 1841. Canute, first Danish 
king of England, invaded this 
country, 1015; made a voyage to 
Denmark, attacked Norway, and 
took possession of the crown, 1028. 
Cape Breton taken by the English, 
1745 ; again, 1758. Cape of Good 
Hope was taken by the English, 
June, 1795 ; again, Jan. 8, 1 808. 
Capua, 1501 ; surrendered to the 
allies, July 26, 1799. Caraccas, 
city of, capitulated to the Spanish 
royalists, July 28, 1812; taken again 
by the royalists, July 7, 1814. Car- 
actacus defeated by Ostorius Sca- 
pula, in 51. Caribbees war began, 
1772 ; adjusted, 1773. Carthage 
destroyed, 146 b.c. ; again by the 
Saracens, 622 a.d. Carthagena, 
colony of, 1706 ; taken by Sir Fran- 
cis Drake, 1584 ; pillaged by the 
French of £1,200,000 in 1697; bom- 
barded by Admiral Vernon, 1740. 
Carthagena evacuated by the in- 
surgent garrison, Dec. 6, 1815. Cas- 
sel taken by the French, 1760 ; be- 
sieged without effect, 1761 ; sur- 
rendered, 1762. Cassel capitu- 
lated to the Russian general Czer- 
nicheff, Sept. 30, 1813. Castil- 
lon, 1452, 1586. Castine, fort of, 
in the Penobscot, taken by the 
British, Sept. 1, 1814. Castro de 
Urdiales, a port in Biscay, stormed 
and taken by the French, May 11, 
1813 ; evacuated, and taken posses- 
sion of by the English, May 25, 
1813. Cayenne colony, taken by 
the British and Portuguese, Jan. 
15, 1809. Celerico, evacuated by 
the French, and entered by the Eng- 
lish, March 28, 1811. Ceuta, Bar- 
bary, seized bv Genoa, 1213; by 
Portugal, 1415'; by Spain, 1640, 
1790. Ceylon Isle taken by the 
Portuguese, 1505 ; by the Hollanders, 
1603; attempted by Denmark, 1620; 



by the Portuguese, 1621; by the 
Dutch, 1658 ; a great part by the 
East India Company's troops, 1782 ; 
restored to the Dutch, 1783 ; taken 
again by the English, Sept. 16, 
1793; ceded to England, 1801 ; com- 
plete sovereignty assumed by Eng- 
land, 1815. Chagres fort, South 
America, taken by Admiral Vernon, 
1740. Chalons capitulated to the 
allied Russians and Prussians, Feb 
6, 1814. Chalons-sur- Soane taken 
by an Austrian force under the 
Prince of Hesse Homburg, Feb., 
1814. Chamble fort, Canada, taken 
by the Provincials, Oct. 20, 1775 ; 
retaken by the English troops, Jan. 
18, 1776. Charleroi, 1672, 1677, 
1693, 1736 ; surrendered to the 
French, June 26, 1794. Charles- 
town, South Carolina, surrendered 
to the British forces, May 4, 1780. 
Chartres, 1568, 1591. Chatham, 
the English fleet destroyed there by 
the Dutch, 1667. Cherbourg, 1450 ; 
forts destroyed by the English, Aug. 
8, 1758. Chili, inhabitants of, had 
nearly dispossessed the Spaniards, 
1765 ; having revolted, returned to 
their allegiance, April 19, 1814 ; 
restored to freedom by the Buenos 
Ayres' army under General San 
Martin, Feb., 1817. Chin-hae, 
China, taken by the English, Oct., 
10, 1841. China conquered by the 
Eastern Tartars, 1635. Chios, Isle 
of, conquered from Genoa bv the 
Turks, 1566. Christopher, St., Isle 
of, retaken from the French, 1620 ; 
taken by the French, 1782; restored 
to England, 1783. Chuen-pe, China, 
taken by the English, Jan. 7, 1811. 
Cimbri, the war with, 113 b.c. 
Ciudad Bcal taken by the French, 
March 27, 1809. Ciudad Bodrigo, 
1706, surrendered to the French, 
June 10, 1810 ; stormed by the Eng- 
lish, and taken, Jan. 19, 1812. 
Civita Vecchia taken by the French, 
Feb., 1799 ; and evacuated in Sept. 
following. Cleves taken, 1760 ; 
bv the French, 1794. Coblcntz 
taken by the French, Oct. 15, 1794; 
occupied by the allied army under 
Blucher, Jan. 1, 1814. Coimbra 



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55 



BAT 



taken by the English, Oct. 7, 1810. 
Colberg, Prussia, 1760; besieged 
but not taken in 1807 ; besieged in 
vain, from 1758 to 1761 ; taken, 
1762. Colchester, 1645. Columbo, 
in Ceylon, surrendered to the Eng- 
lish, June 12, 1798. Compeigne, 
1430. Conde, 1676, 1792, 1794. 
Coni, 1691, 1744; taken by the 
Austrians, Dec. 3, 1799 ; Constance 
was seized by the French, Aug. 2, 
1796 ; and again, Oct., 1799. Con- 
stantinople, taken by the Latins, 
Oroisade, 1204 ; recovered by the 
Greeks, 1261 ; taken by Mahomet 
II., which put an cud to the Eastern 
Empire, that had subsisted 1123 
years, 1453. Copenhagen destroyed 
by the Lubeckers, 1319; again by 
the Hanseatic fleet, 1331 and 1369; 
1700 ; bombarded by the English 
under Lord Nelson, April, 1801 ; 
the city, and the Danish fleet, sur- 
rendered to Admiral Gambier and 
Lord Cathcart, Sept. 7, 1807. Cor- 
dova taken by the Erench, Nov., 
1809. Corfu, 1715 ; seized by the 
Erench in 1797 ; taken by the 
Russians, March 3, 1799. Corsica 
seized by the Genoese from the 
Moors, 1115 ; was offered to the 
English, 1759 ; surrendered to the 
French in 1766 ; put under the pa- 
tronage of the English, June, 1794; 
quitted, 1796. Corunna surrendered 
to the French, Jan. 19, 1809 ; evacu- 
ated by the French, June 22, 1809. 
Courtray, 1302, 1794. Cracow, in 
Poland, 1772 ; surrendered to the 
Prussians, June 15, 1794. Cremona, 
1702. Croisades, or the holy wars, 
begun, 1065 ; again, 1101. Croix, 
St., a Swedish island in the West 
Indies, taken by the English, March 
31, 1801. Crowland burnt by the 
Danes, 868. Crowpoint taken by 
the English, 1759 ; by the Provin- 
cials, May 14, 1775. Cuba, Isle of, 
taken by the Spaniards in 1511 ; by 
the English in 1762. Cumberland, 
Earl of, expedition against Spain, 
1589. Cumberland, merchant ship, 
Captain Barrett, with 26 men, de- 
feated four Erench privateers, taking 
170 men, who had boarded the Cum- 



berland, Jan. 13, 1811. Cumoona, 
in the East Indies, surrendered to 
the British forces, No\. 21, 1807. 
Curacoa seized by Holland, 1634 ; 
taken by the English, Sept. 14, 
1800; and Jan. 1, 1807. Cyprus 
taken from the Venetians by the 
Turks, 1570. Dantzic by the Rus- 
sians, 1734 ; by the Prussians, 1773, 
1793, 1807, 1813; evacuated by the 
French, by capitulation, Jan. 2, 
1814. Dartmouth burnt by the 
French, 1337. Demerara, Issequebo, 
surrendered to the English, April 
23, 1796; again, Sept. 23, 1803. 
Dendermond 1667 ; Detroit, fort 
of, capitulated to the British, Aug. 
16, 1812. Dieppe laid in ashes 
by the English, July 14, 1694. 
Dole, 1668, 1674. Dominica taken 
by the English, 1761 ; by the 
French, Sept. 7, 1778; restored 
to the English, 1783. Dort taken 
possession of by the French, Jan. 
10, 1795. Douay, 1710. Dover, 
1216. Drake, Sir Francis, de- 
feated the Spanish Armada, 1758. 
Dresden taken by the Prussians, 
1758 ; the Imperialists, 1759 ; the 
Prussians again, 1760; the Austri- 
ans, 1809. Dresden, 1745, allied 
army of Austrians, Russians, and 
Prussians, in a grand attack on, re- 
pulsed, Aug. 27, 1813 ; surrendered 
to the allied army, Nov. 12, 1813. 
Drogheda, 1649. Dublin taken by 
Raymond le Gros, 1171, again 1500. 
Dunkirk, 1646, taken by the Eng- 
lish, June 24, 1658, from Spain, and 
delivered to France, 1793. Dune- 
berg taken by storm, by the French, 
July 30, 1812. Dupont, General, 
surrendered with his army to the 
Spanish patriots, July 19, 1808. 
Dusseldorp surrendered to the 
French, Sept. 6, 1725. Edinburgh, 
1093, taken by the English, 1296. 
Egypt conquered by the Saracens, 
640; usurped by Assaredin, 1160; 
conquered by the Turks, 1516 ; in- 
vaded by the French, 1798 ; recon- 
quered from them by the English, 
1831. Ehrcnbreitstem surrenderees 
to the French, Jan. 12, 1799. El! .a, 
isle of, near Leghorn, taken posses- 



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56 



BAT 



sion of by the English, July 6, 
1796 ; relinquished, 1797 ; confer- 
red on Bonaparte, as his place of 
retreat, upon his relinquishing the 
throne of France, April 5, 1814. 
After having been quitted by Bona- 
parte, taken possession of by the 
Grand Duke of Florence, July 30, 
1815. Elburg taken possession of 
by the French, April, 1812 ; by the 
Russians, Jan. 12, 1813. Elmo St., 
surrendered to the royal troops of 
Naples, July 12, 1799. Ely monas- 
tery burnt by the Danes, 873. Emb- 
den subdued by Hambui'g, 1438. 
Erie, Fort, taken by the American 
general Brown, July 3, 1814. At- 
tacked unsuccessfully by the British, 
with the loss of 962 men, Aug. 15, 
1814. 'Sortie from, repulsed by the 
British, but with great loss, Sept. 
17, 1814. Evacuated by the Amer- 
icans, Nov. 5. 1814. Esopus, on 
North River, in North America, 
totally destroyed, with great quan- 
tities of stores, Oct. 15, 1777. Eus- 
tatia, island of, taken by the French 
from Holland, 1689; by the Eng- 
lish, 1690 and 1781 ; retaken by the 
French the same year ; restored to 
Holland, 1783 ; again captured by 
the English in 1801 and 1810. Ex- 
eter taken by Sweyn, king of Den- 
mark, and destroyed 1003 ; city re- 
belled, 1067, and reduced by king 
William the Conqueror; again by 
Henry VII. Expedition, grand 
secret, Sept. 1757. Falkland is- 
lands seized by the Spaniards, 1771. 
Falmouth, in New England, de- 
stroyed by the British forces, Oct. 
18, 1775. Ferrara taken from the 
French, 1799. Feroe and Iceland, 
islands of, taken under British 
protection, Feb. 12, 1810. Ferrol 
surrendered to the French, Jan. 26, 
1809 ; evacuated by the French, 
June 21, 1809. Figueras, fortress 
of, surprised by the Spaniards, 
April 10, 1811 ; retaken by the 
French, Aug. 19, 1811. Flanders 
dismembered from France, 866 ; 
overrun by the French, 1792 and 
1794, and declared part of that re- 
public : taken from them and made 



part of the kingdom of Netherlands, 
1814. Florence city taken posses- 
sion of by the French in July, 1786, 
and March 20, 1799 ; and evacuated 
July 18, following ; evacuated by 
the Austrians, and entered by the 
Neapolitans, April 6, 1815. Florida 
taken by the English, 1759 ; by the 
Spaniards, 1781. Flushing surren- 
dered to the English, Aug. 15, 1809. 
Fontainebleau reduced by the Aus- 
trians and Cossacks, Feb. 16, 1814. 
Fontenoi, 1242. Formosa seized 
by the Dutch, 1635 ; the Dutch in- 
habitants expelled by the Chinese, 
1662. Fort Balaguer taken by the 
French, Jan. 9, 1811. Fort George 
taken by the Americans, May 27, 

1813. Fort St. George, in the 
East Indies, seized by the French, 
1746 ; restored, 1748. Fort Michil- 
imachinack taken by the British 
Canadians and savages, June 17, 
1812. Fort "William taken by the 
English, 1757. France conquered 
by the English, 1358 ; recovered by 
the French, 1447. Frankfort city 
seized by the French, July, 1796. 
Frankendal, town of, taken by the 
French, Oct. 17, 1794; retaken, 
Nov. 12, 1795. Fredericksfort, for- 
tress of, capitulated to the allied 
Russian and Prussian forces, Dec. 
19, 1813. Frederickshall. 1718, and 
Frederickstadt,Nonvegianfortresses, 
surrendered to the Swedes, Aug. 3, 

1814, French town taken by the 
Amei'ican general Winchester, Jan. 
18, 1813 ; retaken by Colonel Proc- 
tor, 22nd of same month. Furnes, 
1675, 1744, 1793. Gaeta, 1433, 
1707, 1734, 1799, 1806, 1815. Ga- 
vilgar, in the East Indies, taken by 
the English, Dec. 15, 1803. Geneva 
entered by the allied army under 
General Bubna, by capitulation, 
which permitted the French gov- 
ernor to retire with his garrison, 
Dec. 30, 1813. Genoa taken by 
the Austrians, Dec. 8, 1746 ; seized 
by the French in 1798, who were 
repulsed, Aug. 17, 1799; taken by 
the English and Austrians in May, 
1800 ; surrendered to the French 
the July following; surrendered to 



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57 



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the combined English and Sicilian 
army, April 18, 1814; transferred 
to the king of Sardinia, 1816. 
Georgia surrendered to the British 
forces, and relinquished obedience 
to the Congress of America, Dec. 
29, 1778; abandoned by the Eng- 
lish forces, 1783. Gerona capitu- 
lated to the French, Dec. 10, 1809 ; 
regained by the Spaniards, Feb., 
1814. Ghent, 1576, 1708. Gib- 
raltar taken from the Moors by 
the Castilians in 1463; taken by 
Sir George Booke, July 23, 1704 ; 
besieged by the Spaniards, Feb. 
1727, May, 1731, and from 1780 to 
Sept. 13, 1782, when their floating 
batteries were burnt by red-hot 
balls from the garrison, commanded 
by General Elliot. Glatz, 1742, 
1807. Gluckstadt capitulated to 
the allied Russians and Prussians, 
Jan. 6, 1814. Gorcum capitulated 
to the allied Russians and Prussi- 
ans, Feb. 4, 1814. Goree, isle of, 
taken by the English, 1758 ; again, 
1779; restored to the French, 1783; 
taken by the French, Jan. 18, 1804; 
retaken by the English March 9 
following. Goths slew 300,000 in- 
habitants of Milan, 539. Goza, an 
island dependent on Malta, surren- 
dered to the English, Oct. 1798. 
Grenada, 1481 ; recovered from the 
Moors, 1491 ; surrendered to the 
French, Jan. 28, 1810. Grand 
Cairo taken by the Turks from the 
Egyptian Sultans, and their empire 
subdued, 1516 ; seized by the 
French in 1799. Graves, 1602, 
. 1674, and 1794. Gravelines, 1644. 
Greek empire mastered by the 
Latins, 1204 ; reconquered, 1261 ; 
invaded by the Turks, 1350; its 
overthrow, 1453. Greenland seized 
by England from the Dutch, 
1610. Granada Isle taken by the 
French, July 6, 1779; restored 
to the English, 1783; insurrec- 
tion in, 1795. Grenoble, insurrec- 
tion in the neighbourhood of, sup- 
pressed May 4, 1816. Grisons re- 
volt from Germany to the Swiss, 
1741. Groningen, 1580, 1672, 1795. 
Gross-Gorschen taken by storm by 



the allied Russians and Prussians, 
May 3, 1813. Guadaloupe taken 
by the English, 1759 and ,1779; and 
again, 1794; surrendered to the 
British, Feb. 5, 1810. Gun-boats 
destroyed before Gibraltar, Sept. 
13, 1782. Guastella, 1702. Guel- 
dres, 1637, 1640, 1703. Haerlem, 
1572, 1573. Ham, 1411. Ham- 
burgh sacked by the Pagans, 
1012, 1066 ; by the Danes, 1216 ; 
by the Norwegians, 1244; en- 
tered by the Russian advanced 
guard under general Tettenborn, 
March 18, 1813; retaken by the 
French, May 30, 1813 ; surrendered 
by the French, May 16, 1814. Han- 
over desolated by the French, 1758 ; 
taken by the French, June 14, 1803; 
the celebrated boring machine in 
the iron-foundery at, valued at 
2,000,000 crowns, carried away by 
the French, Jan. 1804 ; entered by 
the crown prince of Sweden in fa- 
vour of England, Nov. 6, 1813. 
Harfleur taken by the English, 
Sept. 18, 1415, 1450. Havannah 
taken, Aug. 13, 1762. Havre de 
Grace successfully bombarded, 1759. 
Heidelberg, 1688. Helder Point, 
in Holland, surrendered to the Bri- 
tish forces, Aug. 27, 1799; relin- 
quished Oct. 19 following. Helena, 
St., the isle of, taken by the Dutch, 
1672 ; by the English, 1673. Hel- 
voetsluys deserted by the French, 
Dec. 5, 1813. Herat, 1838. Hol- 
land taken by the French, Jan. 23, 
1795; invaded by the English, 
Aug. 27, 1799, and abandoned by 
a convention, Oct. 19, 1799. Hoi 
stein, possession of, obtained by the 
allied Russians and Prussians, Dec. 
1813. Hostalrich taken by the 
French, Jan. 1810. Howe, Lord 
Viscount, slain in battle, 1758. 
Hudson Bay Forts destroved by 
the French, 1686 and 1782." Hun- 
gary conquered by Charlemagne, 
791. Huningen, French fortress of, 
surrendered to the AiTStrians, and 
its woi-ks destroyed, June 28, 1815. 
Hurripoor, fortress of, evacuated 
by the Ncpaulcsc, after a desperate 
sally, March 3, 1816. Jamaica pluu- 



BAT 



58 



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dered, 1595; by the English, 1635; 
taken by the English, May 7, 1655. 
Java, island of, capitulated to the 
British, Sept. 18, 1811; sultan of 
Djojocarta, in the island of Java, 
dethroned by the British, and the 
hereditary prince raised to the 
throne in his stead, Jan. 22, 1813. 
Jerusalem destroyed by Titus, Aug. 
31, a.d. 70 ; taken by Robert, duke 
of Normandy, 1100. Jersey at- 
tempted by the French, May 1, 
1779, and their shipping destroyed 
in Cancale Bay. Igualada taken 
by General Lacy, Oct. 4, 1811. 
Joppa retaken from Bonaparte by 
the allies under Sir Sidney Smith, 
June 22, 1799. 

Invasions. — Of England : by Ju- 
lius Caesar, 51 b.o. Inhabitants on 
the sea-coast, from their correspon- 
dence with Gaul, were clothed; 
those who lived in the inland coun- 
ties were entirely wild and naked. 
Though they had horses, and char- 
iots armed with scythes, their towns 
were only a parcel of huts on an 
eminence, fortified with trees laid 
crosswise, like the Indians in Amer- 
ica, only that they had plenty of 
corn and cattle. Their money was 
iron and brass plates, and rings of 
determined weight. Abandoned by 
the Romans, 430; ravaged by the 
Picts and Scots, 440 ; invited over 
the Saxons to expel the Picts and 
Scots, 446, who soon began to estab- 
lish themselves, by taking posses- 
sion of different parts of the king- 
dom on the South side of the Sev- 
ern; invaded by the Scots, who 
Avere defeated by Athelstan, 921; 
invaded by the Welsh, 984; in- 
vaded by the Normans, under 
William, their duke, who sub- 
dued the kingdom, 1066; invaded 
by the Irish, who were defeated, 
1069 ; the Irish landed again, and 
were defeated, 1070; invaded by 
Malcolm of Scotland, who burnt 
several churches, &c, 1071 ; again 
in 1091 and 1093, when Malcolm 
and his son were killed at Alnwick; 
invaded by Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, 1101 ; invaded by David 



of Scotland, 1136; by the Welsh, 
the same year, with success ; invad- 
ed by the French, 1416; invaded by 
Henry, earl of Richmond, Aug. 7, 
1485 ; by the Spaniards, 1588. 

The first Danish descent upon 
England, at Portland, 787 ; the 
second, in Northumberland, 794, 
when the Danes were repelled and 
perished by shipwreck ; landed on 
Sheppey Island, 832; again in 
Cornwall, and defeated by Egbert, 
836 ; again at Charm outh, and de- 
feated by Ethelwolf, 840 ; landed at 
the mouth of the Thames, from 350 
ships, and took Canterbury and 
London, 851 ; subdued by Ethel- 
wolf, at Okeley, in Surrey, 853 ; 
invaded Northumberland, and seized 
York, 867; defeated king Ethel- 
red and his brother Alfred, at Bas- 
ing and Merton, 871 ; surprised 
Wareham Castle, and took Exeter, 
876 ; took Chippenham, 877 ; 1,205 
of them killed by Odun, earl of 
Devonshire, 878; Alfred entered 
into treaty with them, 882; their 
fleet totally destroyed at Appledore 
by king Alfred, 894 ; invaded An- 
glesey 900; submitted to Edward 
the Elder, 921 ; invaded Dorset- 
shire, 982 ; landed again in Essex, 
991, and were bribed to depart the 
kingdom ; their fleet defeated, 992 ; 
number of them massacred by order 
of Ethelred II., Nov. 12, 1003; in- 
vaded by Sweyn, king of Denmark, 
1003 ; and again by Sweyn, 1013, 
and almost totally subdued by 
him ; under Canute, conquered 
England, 1017; continued their 
ravages, and defeated the English 
at Ipswich, 1010 ; took Canterbury, 
and put nine out of ten of the in- 
habitants to death, 1011 ; settled in 
Scotland, 1020; expelled England, 
1041 ; landed again at Sandwich, 
1047, and carried off much plunder 
to Flanders; joined the Northum- 
brians, burnt York, and slew 3,000 
Normans, 1069 ; invaded England 
again, but were bribed by. William 
to depart, 1074. 

From the death of Edward the 
Confessor there have been the fol- 



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59 



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lowing results : — 1066, Sept. 29, 
successful, William of Normandy; 
1069, unsuccessful, by the Irish; 
1071, unsuccessful, by the Scots ; 
1093, unsuccessful, by the Scots, 
when their king Malcolm was kill- 
ed ; 1101, unsuccessful, Robert of 
Normandy; 1136, unsuccessful, by 
the Scots ; 1139, unsuccessful, 
Maud; 1326, Sept. 23, successful, 
Isabel, queen of Edward II. ; 1399, 
July, successful, Duke of Lancaster; 
1416, unsuccessful, by the Trench ; 
1462, unsuccessful, queen of Henry 
VI. ; 1470, successful, Earl of War- 
wick; 1471, successful, Edward IV.; 
1471, unsuccessful, queen of Henrv 
VI.; 1484, unsuccessful, Earl of 
Richmond ; 1485, Aug. 6, success- 
ful, Earl of Richmond; 1487, un- 
successful, Lambert Simnel ; 1495, 
unsuccessful, Perkin Warbeck ; 
1497, unsuccessful, Perkin War- 
beck ; 1588, unsuccessful, Philip of 
Spain; 1650, unsuccessful, Charles 
II. ; 1685, May 25, unsuccessful, 
Duke of Monmouth; 1688, Oct. 
19, successful, Prince of Orange ; 
1689, March 22, unsuccessful, James 
II. ; 1708, March 17, unsuccessful, 
the Pretender; 1715, unsuccessful, 
the Pretender; 1745, July 14, un- 
successful, the Pretender ; 1797, Feb. 
22, unsuccessful, by the French, in 
Wales. Ireland by King Edgar, 
962 ; invaded by Fitz-Stephen, near 
Wexford, May, 1170, who settled 
there the first colony of British in- 
habitants ; surrendered to Henry 
II., 1172; totally subdued, 1210; 
invaded by the Spaniards, 1601 ; 
attempted to be invaded by the 
French in 1760, by Thurot; and 
in Jan. 1796, at Ban try Bay, by 
the French, where their forces were 
dispersed in a storm, May 19, 1797. 
The French landed in Killala bay, 
1,500 men on Aug. 22, 1798, who 
became prisoners on Sept. 7. Ischia 
surrendered to the British, June 
30, 1809. Italy ravaged by the 
French, 1796 and 1797. Ismael 
taken by the Russian butcher Su- 
warrow, and 30,000 men and 6000 
women massacred in cold blood. 



Sieges. — Kalunga Fort, E. Indies, 
attacked unsuccessfully by the Com- 
pany's forces, and General Gillespie 
killed, Oct. 31, 1814; atta ;ked again 
unsuccessfully, Nov. 25 ; evacuated 
by the Nepaulese garrison, Nov. 30. 
Kehl surrendered to the Austrians 
after forty-nine days' siege, Jan., 
1797. Koningsberg taken posses- 
sion of by the French, April, 1812. 
Kowno taken by the Russians, Dec. 
14, 1812. Kragaro taken from the 
Norwegians by the Swedes, July 23, 
1814. Landau, 1702, 1713, 1792-3. 
Landrecy, 1543, 1712, surrendered 
to the French, July 15, 1794. Lancl- 
shut taken by the French, April 21, 
1809. Langres taken by the allied 
Russian and Prussian army -under 
General Giulay, Jan. 17, 1814. 
Leron, 991, 1594. Las Medas Is- 
land taken by the Spaniards, Sep. 
12, 1811. Lefevre, General, defeated 
by the Arragonese, Aug., 1808. 
Leghorn was taken possession of, 
July 29, 1796 ; by the French under 
Bonaparte, April 15, 1799 ; aban- 
doned by them, July 19 ; attacked 
by the British and Italian forces 
without success, Dec. 14, 1814. Leip- 
sic, 1637, seized by the Prussians, 
Sep. 1, 1756 ; by the Austrians, 
1809; taken from the French by 
the allied Austrians, Russians, and 
Prussians, Oct. 19, 1813. Limburg, 
1704. Lerida, 1647, 1707, 1807; 
fortress of, taken by the French, 
May 14, 1810; capitulated to the 
Spaniards, Feb. 18, 1814. Leyden, 
1574. Liege, 1468; taken by the 
English, 1702 ; by the French, in 
1792 ; by the French, in 1795 ; by 
the Austrians, in 1798. Lille, 1667, 
1708, 1792. Limerick, 1651, 1691. 
Llewellyn, the last prince of the 
Welsh, taken, and his head put 
on the Tower of London, 128G. 
Lombardy conquered by Charle- 
magne, 770. Londonderry besieged, 
April 20, 1689. Loretto pillaged 
by the French army, and the Ma- 
dona sent to Paris, Feb. 6, 1797. 
Louisbourg taken by the English, 
June 17, 1745; given up to the 
French, 1749; retaken, July 22, 



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60 



BAT 



1758. Lubec entered by the Prus- 
sians,' Mar., 1801 ; taken by the 
French, June, 1803 ; taken by storm 
by the French, Nov. 6, 1806 ; capi- 
tulated to the allied Austrians, Rus- 
sians, and Prussians, Dec. 5, 1813. 
Lucia, St., taken by the English, 
Jan. 17, 1779, and 1794; asain, May 
31, 1796; again, June 22, 1803. 
Luxembourg taken and pillaged 
by the French, in 1543 ; retaken by 
the Spaniards, 1544 ; taken by the 
French, June 4, 1684 ; restored to 
Spain, 1697; again taken by the 
French, 1701 ; belonged to the Em- 
peror, 1715; surrendered to the 
French, after a severe siege, June 7, 
1795. Lyons, 1793 ; capitulated to 
the Austrians, Mar. 23, 1814, and 
July 12, 1815. Movements against 
the Bourbons suppressed, Jan., 1816. 
Madeira, island of, taken by the 
English, July 25, 1801 ; again, Dec. 
24, 1807. Madrid, King Joseph 
Bonaparte made his entry into, 
July 20, 1808 ; evacuated by the 
French, July 27, 1808 ; retaken by 
them, Dec. 7 ; entered by the allied 
army under Wellington, Aug. 12, 
1812 ; reoccupied by the French, 
Nov. 1, 1812. Maestricht, 1576; 
taken from the Spaniards by the 
Dutch, 1632; from the Dutch by 
France, 1673 ; restored, 1676, 1679, 
1743 ; taken again by the French, 
Nov. 4, 1794. Magdebourg, 1631, 
1806. Malacca seized by the Dutch, 
1640 ; surrendered to the English, 
Aug. 17, 1795. Malaga, 1487 ; taken 
by the French, Feb. 5, 1810 ; evacu- 
ated by them, Mar. 17, 1810. Ma- 
lo's, St., reduced to ashes by the 
English, 1695. Malta, 1565 ; taken 
by the French, June 11, 1798 ; by 
the English, in 1800. Manheim 
taken by the French, in 1793, and 
retaken by the Austrians, Nov. 22, 
1795, with 10,338 prisoners, 4 gene- 
rals, and 400 guns, besides stores ; 
taken by the French, 1796 ; retaken 
by the Austrians, Sep. 18, 1799. 
Manilla taken, July 27, 1762. Man- 
tua, 1565; surrendered to the French, 
Feb. 1, 1797 ; retaken, July 28, 1799, 
by the Russians and Austrians, after 



a short siege. Marc, St., West In- 
dies, taken by the English, Oct. 31, 
1803. Marcou, St., isles on the coast 
of France, taken by Sir Sidney Smith, 
July, 1795, and ably defended by 
Lieutenant Price against the French 
troops, May 7, 1798. Margaret, 
queen to Henry VI., with her son, 
taken prisoners at the battle of 
Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471. Mar- 
seilles, 1544. Martinico taken from 
the French, Feb., 1762 ; again, Mar. 
23, 1794, and Feb. 24, 1809 ; move- 
ments in, in favour of Bonaparte, 
suppressed by aid of British troops 
from St. Lucie, June, 1815. Mar- 
tin's, St., a Danish island in the 
West Indies, taken by the English, 
Mar. 24, 1801. Mauritius surren- 
dered to the British, Dec. 3, 1810. 
Medina taken by the French, Mai\ 
28, 1809. Memel taken by the Rus- 
sians, Dec. 27, 1812. Mentz, 1552, 
1689, 1792, 1797. Melun, 1420, 
1559. Menin, 1706, 1744. Mes- 
sina, 1282, 1719. Mequinenza, for- 
tress of, taken by the French, June 
8, 1810 ; capitulated to the Spaniards, 
Feb. 18, 1814. Merida taken by 
the French, June 8, 1810. Metz, 
1552. Mexico seized by the Spa- 
niards, 1521; army of the insurgents 
of, defeated near Acalco, Nov. 7, 
1810 ; defeated again after a severe 
conflict, at the bridge of Aldaron, 
near Zapotelnejo, Jan. 17, 1811. 
Mezieres, 1521. Middlebourg, 1572. 
Milan seized by the French, 
May 18, 1796 ; the castle, June 29 ; 
and taken from them by the Rus- 
sians and Austrians, April 28, 1799. 
Minorca conquered by General Stan- 
hope, Aug., 1708; surrendered to 
the French, June, 1756 ; restored to 
the English, 1763 ; besieged by the 
Spaniards, and taken, Feb. 5, 1782 ; 
surrendered to the English, Nov. 14, 
1796. Mobile, West Florida taken, 
by the Americans, 1813; surrendered 
by capitulation to the British, Jan. 
11, 1815. Modena surrendered to 
the Austrians, May, 1799, and re- 
taken by the French July 3 follow- 
ing. Moldavia and Wallachia in- 
vaded by the Russians, Nov. 23, 1806. 



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61 



BAT 



Moncey, General, defeated by the 
patriots of Valencia, July 1, 1808. 
Monmouth, duke of, invaded Eng- 
land, June 11, 1685 ; proclaimed 
king at Taunton, June 20 following ; 
defeated near Bridgewater, July 5 ; 
beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, 
aged 35. Mons, 1572, 1691, 1709, 
1746, 1792, 1794. Montargis, 1427. 
Montauban, 1621. Monte Video 
taken by the British, Feb. 3, 1807 ; 
capitulated to Buenos Ay res, June 
20, 1814. Montserrat, isle of, taken 
by the French, Feb. 18, 1782 ; re- 
stored to England, 1783. Montreal 
taken by the English, 1760 ; by the 
provincials, Nov. 12, 1775; and re- 
taken by the English, June 15, 1776. 
Moose Island, in Pessamaquoddy 
Bay, surrendered to the British, July 
11, 1814. Moro Castle, at the Ha- 
vannah, taken by the English, 1762. 
Morocco conquered by the King of 
Fez, 1611. Moscow entered by the 
French, Sep. 14. 1812 ; set on fire in 
several places by thieves, and three- 
fourths of the city destroyed ; eva- 
cuated by the French ; re-entered by 
the Bussians, Oct. 22, 1812. Mos- 
kwa, Kussians driven from it by the 
French, Sep. 5, 1812. Munich taken 
by the French, Aug. 25, 1796; again, 
June 28, 1800. Murcia entered by 
the French, April 23, 1810. Mur- 
veidro capitulated to the French, 
Oct. 26, 1811. Namur, 1692, 
1746; taken by the French, July 
18, 1792. Naples, 1381, 1435, 
1504, 1557 ; taken possession of by 
the French, June 21, 1799 ; re- 
taken by Cardinal Buffo, July 
10 following; again entered by 
the French, April 8, 1801, and Feb. 
15, 1806. Naples, ships of war in 
the Bay of, surrendered to the Bri- 
tish, May, 1815 ; city of, quitted by 
Murat, and entered by the Austrian 
troops, April 22, 1815 ; public en- 
trance of King Ferdinand into the 
city after an absence of nine years, 
June 17, 1815. Nepaul, East India 
Company's war with the state of, 
terminated, April 27, 1815 ; treaty 
of peace signed between the parties, 
Dec. 2, 1815 ; war renewed, Jan., 



1816 ; after several contests unfa- 
vourable to the Nepaulese, the for- 
mer treaty ratified, March 15, 1816. 
Nevis Isle taken by the French, 
Feb. 14, 1782 ; restored to the Eng- 
lish, 1783. New Valentia reduced 
by General Miranda, Aug. 12, 1811. 
New York sui-rendered to the British 
troops, Sep. 15, 1776. Niagara taken 
by the English, 1759. Niagara, fort, 
taken by the British, Dec. 19, 1813. 
Nieuport, 1745, 1794. Nismes, se- 
veral houses burnt, and massacres 
perpetrated by the Catholics at, July, 
1815; farther violences committed 
at, and the place quitted by the 
Protestants of distinction and pro- 
perty, May 4, 1816. Norfolk, Vir- 
ginia, destroyed by the British for- 
ces, Jan. 1, 1776. Norwich destroyed 
by Sweyne of Denmark, 1004. Nova 
Scotia taken by the English from the 
French, 1681; restored, 1731; taken 
again, 1745 and 1758; and confirm- 
ed to England, 1760. Nuremberg- 
seized by the French, July 9, 1796 ; 
and by the Austrians, in Aug. fol- 
lowing. Ocracoke, Carolina, taken 
by the British, July, 1813. Ogden- 
burg, river St. Lawrence, taken by 
the British, Feb. 21, 1813. Olivenza 
surrendered to the French, June 22, 
1810; to the allied army under Wel- 
lington, April 15, 1811. Oliva, fort, 
taken by stratagem by the French, 
with 900 Spanish prisoners, June 29, 
1811. Olmutz, 1758. Omoa, Bay 
of Honduras, taken by the British 
forces, Oct. 20, 1779 ; soon after re- 
taken by the Spaniards. Oporto 
taken by the French, March 29, 
1809 ; evacuated by them, May 12 
following. Oran, in Barbary, taken 
by the Spaniards from the Moors, 
1507 ; ceded to the Algerines, in 
1791. Orleans, the siege of, May 4, 
1428, 1563. Orleans, New, British 
unsuccessful attack upon, lost in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners, 2000 
men ; Generals Pakcnham and Gib! is 
killed, and General Keane wounded, 
Jan. 8, 1815. Ormus taken from 
Portugal by the assistance of the 
East India Company, 1622. Osua- 
burgh taken by the French, 1761. 



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62 



BAT 



Ostend, 1701, 1708,. 1735; its works 
and the floodgates of its canals de- 
stroyed by the English, May 19, 
1798. Oswego taken by the Eng- 
lish, 1756; again, May 5, 1814. 
Oudenarde, 1708, 1745, by the allies. 
Padua, 1809, taken by the Arch- 
duke John, and retaken by the 
French, 1809. Palamos, Spain, taken 
by the French, 1694. Pampeluna 
capitulated to the Spanish Marshal 
Espaiia, Oct. 31, 1813. Paris, 1429, 
1485, 1594, by the allied Austrian, 
Russian, and Prussian army, Mar. 
31, 1814. Parma and Placenza, by 
the French, July 3, 1799. Passages, 
French garrison of, surrendered to 
the Spanish troops, June 30, 1813, 
and 6th July, 1815. Pavia, 1525, 
1655, 1796. Pernambuco, insurrec- 
tion in the province of, Mar. 1817. 
Persan attacked unsuccessfully by 
the British and Sepoys, Jan. 1, 1815. 
Peschiera, Italy, taken from the 
French, with ninety pieces of can- 
non, May 6, 1799. Perpignan, 1542, 
1642. Peterborough city nearly de • 
stroyed by the Danes, 887. Philips- 
burgh, 1644, 1675, 1688, taken by 
the French, 1734. Piedmont sur- 
rendered to the French, Dec. 6, 1798 ; 
recovered in 1799. Pillau surren- 
dered to the Russians, Feb. 8, 1813. 
Plantagenet, Geoffrey, Earl of An- 
jou, invaded Normandy, 1137. 
Plattsburgh, Lake Champlain, ex- 
pedition against, by Sir George 
Prevost, abandoned after a naval 
defeat, Sep. 11, 1814. Plymouth 
burned by the French, 1377. Pole- 
roon Isle, East Indies, seized by 
the Dutch, 1664. Pomerania, Swe- 
dish, entered by the French, Jan., 

1812. Pondicherry taken by the 
Dutch from France, 1694, 1748; by 
the English, 1761, Oct.. 1778, and 
Aug., 1793. Ponza, island of, taken 
by a British detachment, Feb. 29, 

1813. Portobello taken by Admiral 
Vernon, Nov. 22, 1739. Porto Ca- 
bello trken by surprise by the Span- 
ish royalists, 6th July, 1812. Ports- 
mouth, in Virginia, destroyed by 
the British forces, 1st. July, 1776. 
Portsmouth, island, North Carolina, 



taken by the British, July, 1813. 
Potosi evacuated by the royalists, 
and entered by the Buenos Ayres 
armv, under General Rondeau, 
April 5, 1815. Prague, 1741, 1743, 
1744. Quebec besieged in vain by 
the English, 1711 ; taken from the 
French, Sep. 13, 1759 ; besieged in 
vain by the provincials, Dec. 6, 1775. 
Queen's Town, Canada, taken by the 
troops of the United States, Oct. 13, 
1812 ; retaken by the British the 
same day. Quesnoy, 1774, surren- 
dered to Prince Frederick of the 
Netherlands, June 29, 1815. Raab 
capitulated to the French forces, 
June 24, 1809. Ragusa, besieged by 
the Russians and Montenegrins, 
July, 1806. Ratisbon taken by the 
French, April 23, 1809. Rennes, 
1357. Rheims, 1359. Riga, 1700, 
1710. Rochelle, 1573, 1627. Rhodes 
taken by the Saracens, and the 
Colossus, which had been thrown 
down by an earthquake, weighed 
720,0001b., sold to a Jew, in 652 ; 
taken by the Turks, 1521 ; the 
knights quitted it and settled at 
Malta. Rhode Island taken from 
the Americans by the British forces, 
Dec. 6, 1776. Richard I., king of 
England, taken prisoner in Ger- 
many, and ransomed for 100,000 
marks, 1193. Rome, 1527 ; seized 
by the French, Feb. 2, 1799 ; sur- 
rendered to the Neapolitans, July 
18, 1799 ; the Austrians and Rus- 
sians entered and repulsed the 
French from the castle of St. An- 
gelo, Sep. 30, 1799. Rosas, 1645, 
1795, 1808; capitulated to the 
French, Dec. 5, 1808. Rouen, 1449, 
1562,1591. Roxburgh, 1400. Rye, 
Sussex, burnt by the French, 1377. 
Saint Domingo, French part, put 
itself under the English protection, 
Aug. 18, 1793 ; declared itself inde - 
pendent, Jan., 1797. Saint Jago di 
Compostella taken by the French, 
May 23, 1809. Santa Maura, island, 
taken by the British, July 23, 1810. 
San Philippe, on the Catalonian 
coast, surrendered to the British, 
July 6, 1813. San Sebastian taken 
by storm by General Graham, July 



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63 



BAT 



31, 1813. Salamanca entered by 
Wellington, June 16, 1812. Salis- 
bury, 1341. Sandwich burnt by the 
Danes, 957. Santa Cruz surrender- 
ed to the English, Dec. 23, 1807. 
Saragossa, 1710 ; taken by the 
French, Feb. 21, 1809. Sardinia, 
isle of, taken by the English, 1708. 
Sardinia taken by the Genoese from 
the Moors, 1115. Saverne, 1675. 
Saxony conquered by Charlemagne, 
774. Schomberg, duke of, landed 
in Ireland, near Carrickfergus, with 
an army, Aug. 13, 1689 ; killed at 
the battle of the Boyne, 1690. 
Schweidnitz taken by the Aus- 
trians, 1758, and retaken by the 
Prussians. Taken again, 1761, 
and again retaken 1762, 1807. 
Scio, Greece, 1822. Seringapa- 
tam taken, 1799. Seville, 1096, 
1248; Smolensko, 1611; Soissons, 
1414 ; Stralsund, 1675, 1713, 1807. 
Senegal taken by the English, May 
1, 1758 ; again, 1779 ; again, July 
13, 1809. Seringapatam, capital 
of the Mysore, taken by the Eng- 
lish under General Harris, May 6, 
1799. Seville surrendered to the 
French, February 1, 1810 ; retaken 
by the allies, August 27, 1812. 
Sheerness blown up by the Dutch 
fleet, 1667. Sidon stormed by 
the seamen and marines of the 
British navy, September 27, 1840. 
Sierra Leone nearly destroyed by 
a large French frigate, in 1795. 
Silesia taken by the king of Prussia, 
1740. Sluys, Holland, taken by 
the Spaniards in 1587 ; in 1604 the 
Dutch retook it; the French took 
it in 1747, but it was restored at 
the peace. Smolensko entered by 
the French, after a sanguinary 
battle, Aug. 18, 1812; evacuated 
by them, Nov. 18. Stoningtcn, 
in North America, taken by Sir 
Thomas Harding, Aug. 11, 1814. 
Stralsund taken possession of by 
the French, Jan. 26, 1812. Surat 
taken by the English, 1759. Su- 
rinam surrendered by the English 
to Holland, 1667 ; taken by the 
English, Aug. 20, 1799; again, 
May 5, 1804. Susa, Africa, bom- 



barded and nearly destroyed by the 
Venetians, Nov. 1784. Syria sur- 
rendered by the Ottomans in 1515. 
Tamatave, island of Madagascar, 
capitulated to the English, May 21, 
1811. Tangiers taken by the Span- 
iards from the Moors, 1470; de- 
stroyed by the English, 1684. Tar- 
ragona surrendered to the French, 
June 28, 1811 ; abandoned by them, 
Sept. 4, 1813. Tariffa, siege of, 
raised by the French, 1812. Te- 
meswar taken by the Imperialists, 
1716. Ternate, in the East Indies, 
captured by the English, June 21, 
1801. Thetford burnt by the 
Danes, 1010. Thomas, St., a Dan- 
ish island, taken by the English, 
March 28, 1801; again, Dec. 21, 
1807. Thorn, garrison of, capitu- 
lated to the Kussians, April 18, 
1813. Ticonderago, America, taken 
by the English, 1759 ; by the Pro- 
vincials, May 13, 1775. Tobago 
taken by the English from the 
Dutch, 1672; retaken by them, 
1674; taken by the French, June 
2, 1781 ; and retaken by the Eng- 
lish, 1793; again, June 30, 1803. 
Tortona taken by the French, 
July 5, 1799 ; abandoned the 20th 
of the same month, and surrendered 
to the Imperialists, Aug. 11, 1799. 
Tortosa, garrison of, surrendered 
to the French, Jan. 1, 1811. Tou- 
lon taken from the French revolu- 
tionists by Admiral Hood, 1793 ; 
abandoned to their forces Dec. the 
same year ; signed an act of sub- 
mission to Louis XVIII., July 23, 
1815. Toulouse entered by Lord 
Wellington, April 12, 1814. Trent 
taken by the French in 1796, 
who were repulsed by the Austri- 
ans the same year. Treves taken 
by the French in 1794. Trieste- 
seized by the French, but re- 
taken by the Austrians, April 14, 
1797. Trincomalee, Ceylon, taken 
by the English, Jan. 11, 1782 and 
1795. Trinidad taken by the Eng- 
lish with four ships of the line, 
1797. Tripoli reduced by Admiral 
Blake, 1655. Taripa, Dec. 20, 
1811. Tarragona, May, 1813. 



BAT 



64 



BAT 



Temeswar, 1716. Thunville, 1643, 

1792. Thorn, 1703. Thouars, 1372, 

1793. Tortosa, Jan. 2, 1811. Tou- 
lon, 707, 793. Toulouse, 1217. 
Tournay, 1340, 1352, 1581, 1667, 
1709, 1745, 1794. Treves, 1675. 
Tunis, 1270, 1535. Turin, 1640, 
1706, 1799. Troyes, French driven 
out of, by the allied armies, March, ' 
4, 1814. Tunis taken by the em- 
peror Charles V., and restored to 
its king who had been banished, 
1535. Tuscany was seized by the 
French in April, and abandoned in 
Aug., 1799; again seized, 1800; 
ceded to Bonaparte, 1807 ; restored 
1814. Turin taken possession of 
by the French, Dec. 6, 1798, and 
surrendered to the Austrians and 
Russians in June following, and 
the citadel, May 27, 1799. Tyrol 
invaded by the French, 1796 — 
1797. Valencia capitulated to the 
French, Jan. 9, 1812. Valencien- 
nes, 1677, besieged from May 23, 
to July 14, 1793, when the French 
garrison surrendered it to the com- 
bined army under the command of 
the Duke of York ; retaken by the 
French in 1794. Valladolid en- 
tered by Joseph Bonaparte, July 16, 
1811 ; entered by the allied army 
under Lord Wellington, July 30, 
1812. Venice was seized, and their 
republic abolished, by the French, 
in 1797; and soon after part of 
their territories was seized by the 
Austrians, and ceded to them by 
the French. Vannes, 1343. Venlo, 
1702, 1794, surrendered to the 
French, Oct. 24, 1794. Verdun, 
1792. Verona was taken by the 
French, when a great part of it 
was destroyed by a fire, April 28, 
1797. Verea taken by assault by 
the Russians, Oct. 14, 1812. Ves- 
pasian conquered the Isle of Wight, 
43. Viasma entered by the French, 
Aug. 29, 1812. Vicenza taken by 
the French, 1797. Vienna besieged 
by the Turks, 1529-32-43, and 
1683; taken by the French, Nov. 
14. 1805, and April 12, 1809. Vigo 
galleons taken by the English fleet, 
Oct. 12, 1702. Villena, castle of, 



with the Spanish garrison, surrren- 
dered to the French, April 13, 
1813. Vincent's, St., isle of, taken 
by the French, June 17, 1779 ; re- 
stored, 1783 ; insurrection there, 
March, 1795; suppressed, 1796. 
Urbino, Italy, surrendered to the 
Austrians, July 10, 1799. Utrecht, 
surrendered to the French, Jan. 18, 
1795. Walcheren, isle of, taken by 
the English, Aug. 1809 ; evacuated 
by them Dec. following. Wales had 
its prince defeated and murdered, 
and the principality annexed to 
England, 1286; invaded by the 
French, Feb. 22, 1797. Wakefield, 
1460. Warsaw, 1795, Sept. 8, 1831. 
Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of, 
defeated at the battle of Barnet, 
April 14, 1441, and slain. War- 
wick Abbey destroyed by the Danes, 
1016. Washington, North Ameri- 
ca, taken by the British, and the 
principal buildings destroyed by 
fire, Aug, 24, 1814. Wight, Isle of, 
taken by the French, July 15, 1377. 
Williamstadt evacuated by the 
French, Dec. 10, 1813. Wilna en- 
tered by the French, June 28, 1821 ; 
French driven from it by the Rus- 
sians, Dec. 10, 1812. Witepsk en- 
tered by the French, July 28, 1812 ; 
retaken by General Witgenstein, 
Nov. 1, 1812. Worms was taken 
by the French, Oct. 15, 1794. 
Wurtzburg surrendered to the 
French after five weeks' siege, Jan. 
10, 1801. Xativa, 1707. Xeres, 
1262. York city burnt by the 
Danes, 1069; again, 1179. York, 
Upper Canada, capitulated to the 
Americans, April 27, 1813. Ypres, 
1648, 1744; surrendered to the 
French under Moreau, June 17, 
1794, with 6000 men and 100 
cannon, &c. Yu-Yaou, town of, 
in China, taken by the English, 
December 28, 1841. Zaragoza sur- 
rendered to the Spanish general 
Mina, July 30, 1813. Zante, and 
the rest of the Seven Islands, 
surrendered to the British, Oct., 
1809. Zurich, 1544; abandoned 
by the French, June 20, 1799. 
Zutphen, 1572, 1586. 



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Wars with Scotland, 1068. Peace, 
1091. War with France, 1116. 
Peace, 1118. War with Scotland, 
and peace concluded, 1139. War 
with France, 1161, and Peace, 1186 ; 
again, 1194, and Peace, 1195; 
again, 1201. Civil war, 1215; 
ended, 1216. War with France, 
1224. Civil war, 1262 ; terminated, 
1267. War with France, 1294; 
and Peace, 1299. War with Scot- 
land, 1286. Peace with Scotland, 
March 30, 1323. War again, 1327; 
and ended, 1328 ; again began, 
1333. War with France, 1339; 
peace, 1360, May 1 ; again war, 
1368. Civil war/1400. War with 
Scotland, 1400. Peace with France, 
May 31, 1420; war again, 1422. 
Civil wars of York and Lancaster, 
1452. Peace with France, Oct., 
1478. Civil war, 1486. War with 
France, Oct. 6, 1492; and peace, 
Nov. 3, same year. Peace with 
Scotland, 1502; and war, 1513. 
War with France, Feb. 4, 1512. 
Peace with France, Aug. 7, 1514. 
War with France, 1522. War with 
Scotland, 1522. Peace with France, 
1527. Peace with Scotland, 1542. 
War with Scotland directly after. 
Peace with France and Scotland, 
June 7, 1546. War with Scotland, 
1547. War with France, 1549. 
Peace with both, March 6, 1550. 
War, civil, 1553. War with Scot- 
land, June 7, 1557. War with 
France, 1557. Peace with France, 
April 2, 1559. Peace with Scot- 
land, 1560. War with France. 
1562. Peace with France, 1564. 
War with Scotland, 1570. War 
with Spain, 1588. Peace with 
Spain, Aug. 1, 1604. War with 
Spain, 1624. War with France, 
1627. Peace with Spain and 
France, April 14, 1629. War, civil, 
1642. War with the Dutch, 1651. 
Peace with the Dutch, April 5, 
1654. War with Spain, 1655. 
Peace with Spain, Sept. 10, 1660. 
War with France, Jan. 26, 1666. 
War with Denmark, Oct. 19, fol- 
lowing. Peace with the French, 
Danes, and Dutch, Aug. 24, 1067. 



Peace with Spain, Feb. 13, 1688. 
War with the Algerines, Sept. 6, 
1669. Peace with the Algerines, 
Nov. 19, 1671. War with the 
Dutch, March, 1672. Peace with 
the Dutch, Feb. 28, 1674. War 
with France, May 7, 1679. Peace, 
general, Sept. 20, 1689. War with 
France, May 4, 1702. Peace of 
Utrecht, July 13, 1713. War with 
Spain, Dec. 8, 1718. Peace with 
Spain, 1721. War with Spain, 
Oct. 19, 1739. War with France, 
March 21, 1744. Peace with France, 
&c. Oct. 18, 1748. War with 
France, 1756. War with Spain, 
Jan. 4, 1762. Peace with France, 
and Spain, Feb. 10, 1763. Peace 
between Russia and the Turks, 
1773. War, civil, in America, 
commenced June 14, 1774. War 
with France, Feb. 6, 1778. War 
with Spain, April 17, 1780. War 
with Holland, Dec. 21, 1780. Peace 
with France, Spain, Holland, and 
America, 1783. War with France, 
1793, by the English, Prussians, 
Austrians, Sardinians, and Italian 
States. Peace between Prussia and 
France, 1795. Peace between France 
and Spain, 1795. Peace between 
France and Naples, 1796. Peace 
with the French and Sardinians, 
1796. War between England and 
Spain, Nov. 11, 1796. War be- 
tween France, Naples and Sardinia, 
Nov., 1798. Peace between Austria 
and France, Feb. 9, 1801. War 
between Spain and Portugal, Feb. 
28, 1801. Peace between Naples 
and France, March, 1801. Peace 
between Portugal and Spain, June 
10, 1801. Peace between France 
and Portugal, Sept. 29, 1801. Peace 
between France and the Porte, Oct. 
17, 1801. Peace between England 
France, Spain, and Holland, M irch 
27, 1802. War between England 
and France, April 29, 1803. War 
between England and Spain, Dec. 
14, 1804. War between France, 
Russia, and Austria, Sept., 1805. 
Peace between France and Austria, 
Dec. 27, 1805. War between Swe- 
den and France, Oct. 31, 1805. War 



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between England and Prussia, April, 
1806. War between Prussia and 
France, Oct., 1806. Peace between 
France and the Elector of Saxony, 
Dec. 11, 1806. Peace between Eng- 
land and Prussia, Jan. 28, 1807. 
Peace between France and Kussia, 
July 19, 1807. War between Eng- 
land and Denmark, Nov. 4, 1807. 
War between Kussia and Sweden, 
Feb. 10, 1808. War between Den- 
mark and Sweden, Feb. 29, 1808. 
War between Prussia and Sweden, 
March 6, 1808. War between Spain 
and France, June 6, 1808. Peace 
between England and Spain, June 
6, 1808. Peace between Sweden 
and Bussia, September 17, 1809. 
Peace between France and Austria, 
Oct. 15, 1809. Peace between 
France and Sweden, Jan. 6, 1810. 
Peace between England and Prus- 
sia, Aug. 1, 1812. Peace between 
England and Sweden, Aug. 4 — 17, 
1812. War between England and 
America, June 18, 1812. War be- 
tween Sweden and Denmark, Sept. 
13, 1813. Peace between Sweden 
and Denmark, Jan. 14, 1814. Peace 
between France and the Allies 
(England, Bussia, and Prussia), 
May 30, 1814. Peace between 
France and Spain, July 20, 1814. 
Peace between England and Ame- 
rica, Dec. 24, 1814. Peace between 
Saxony and Prussia, May 18, 1815. 
War against Napoleon, began and 
ended, 1815. Wars of Austria : — 
1. The war of the Ottoman Porte, 
from 1592 to 1606, terminated by 
the peace at Sithvarock, in Hun- 
gary, Oct. 21, 1606. 2. The war, 
commonly called the Thirty Years' 
War, which lasted from 1618 until 
1648, terminated by the peace of 
Westphalia, Oct. 14, 1648, at Mini- 
ster, in Westphalia. 3. The war 
respecting the Mantuan succession, 
which lasted from 1629 to 1631, 
terminated with France by a treaty 
of peace ;it Batisbon, Oct. 13, 1630; 
and with Spain, by arrangements 
made April 6, 1631, at Cherasco, in 
Piedmont. 4. The second war with 
the Ottoman Porte, which lasted 



from 1661 until 1664, terminated 
for twenty years by the truce of 
Temeswar, in Hungary, Sept. 17, 
1664. 5. War with France, from 
1672 to 1678, terminated by the 
peace of Nimeguen, in Holland, 
Feb. 5, 1679. 6. Third war with 
the Ottoman Porte, from 1683 to 

1698, terminated by the peace of 
Carlowitz, in Sclavonia, Jan. 26, 

1699. 7. Second Avar with France, 
from 1688 to 1697, terminated by 
the peace of Byswick, in Holland, 
Oct. 30, 1697. 8. War with France 
and Spain, from 1701 to 1713, ter- 
minated by the peace of Bastadt, in 
the empire, Mar. 6, 1714. 9. Fourth 
war with the Ottoman Porte, from 
1716 to 1718, terminated by the 
peace of Passarowitz, in Servia, 
July 21, 1718. 10. Second war 
with Spain, respecting the posses- 
sions in Italy, from 1717 to 1725, 
terminated by the peace of Vienna, 
in Austria, April 30, 1725. 11. War 
with France and Spain, from 1733 
to 1739, terminated with France by 
the peace of Vienna, in Austria, 
Oct. 3, 1738 ; and with Spain, by 
the peace at Versailles, April 20, - 
1739. 12. Fifth war with the Otto- 
man Porte, from 1737 to 1739, ter- 
minated by the peace of Belgrade, 
in Servia, Sept. 18, 1739. 13. War 
of Austrian succession at the death 
of the Emperor Charles VI., from 
1740 to 1748 : it lasted with Prus- 
sia (for the first time) from 1740 
until 1742, and was terminated by 
peace made at Breslau and Berlin, 
June 11 and July 28, 1742; it 
lasted with Bavaria from 1741 to 
1745, and was terminated by peace 
made at Fuessen, in Suabia, April 
22, 1745 ; it lasted with France and 
Spain together, from 1741 to 1748, 
and was terminated by peace made 
at Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 18, 1748 ; 
lastly, it was again carried on with 
Prussia (for the second time), from 
1744 to 1745, and was terminated 
by peace concluded at Dresden, 
Dec. 25, 1745. 14. The Seven 
Years' War, or third war with 
Prussia, from 1756 to 1763, termi- 



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nated by the peace of Hubertsburg, 
in Saxony, Feb. 15, 1763. 15. 
Fourth war with Prussia, respecting 
the Bavarian succession, from 1778 
to 1779, terminated by the peace of 
Teschen, in Upper Silesia, May 13, 
1779. 16. Different wars with 
the States - General of Holland, 
from 1784 to 1785, respecting 
the opening of the Scheldt, ter- 
minated by the treaty of Fon- 
tainbleau, on November 8, 1785. 
17. Sixth war with the Ottoman 
Porte, from 1788 until the armistice 
of 1790, stipulated by the Congress 
at Reichenbach, in Silesia, and ter- 
minated by peace made at Szistowa, 
Aug. 4, 1791. 18. War with France 
from 1792 to 1797, terminated by 
peace at Leoben, in Upper Styria, 
April 17, 1797. 19. War with 
France, March, 1799, terminated by 
the peace of Luneville, Feb. 9, 1801. 
20. War with France, 1805 ; termi- 
nated the same year. 21. War with 
France, 1809 ; terminated the same 
year. 22. War with France, 1813; 
terminated May 30, 1814. The 
wars between England and France, 
with the terms of their duration, 
since that which commenced in 1116, 
and lasted twenty-five years, were — 
1141, one year ; 1201, fifteen ; 1224, 
nineteen ; 1294, five ; 1339, twenty- 
one ; 1368, fifty-two ; 1422, forty- 
nine ; 1492, one month ; 1512, two 
years ; 1521, six ; 1549, one ; 1557, 
two ; 1562, two ; 1627, two; 1666, one ; 
1689, ten; 1702, eleven; 1744, four; 
1756, seven; 1778, five; 1793, which 
terminated Mar. 27, 1802; 1803, 
which terminated May, 1814-15 ; 
terminated the same year. In the 
wars to restore the old monarchy of 
France, which raised up Bonaparte, 
and after his disasters of Moscow 
and Waterloo, succeeded in placing 
the exiled family on the throne of 
France, by foreign arms, only to be 
hurled from it again, England ex- 
pended, before the peace of Amiens, 
to put down the revolution, 464 
millions ; after the peace of Amiens 
was broken, against Napoleon, 1159 
millions. The total sums expended 



by interfering in continental wars, 
sometimes to suit the predilection of 
the crown for interfering in. German 
quarrels, at other times to support 
a pretended balance of power, from 
the revolution of 1688 to 1815, was 
2023 millions of pounds sterling. 
The waste of human fife w r as equally 
great. The battles of Wellington 
in the Peninsula, cost England 
50,000 men, and the French four or 
five times as many at least. The 
entire of the sacrifice from 1790 to 
1815, on all sides, must have been 
many millions of men. Previous to 
the close of 1815, for 127 years, Eng- 
land wasted her resources and over- 
whelmed her inhabitants with debt, 
to support 65 years of war to 62 of 
peace. We spent in the war of 1688, 
£36,000,000; in that of the Spanish 
succession, £62,000,000; in the 
Spanish war, £54,000,000 ; in the 
seven years' war, £112,000,000 ; in 
the American war, to lose our fine 
colonies, £136,000,000, in addition 
to £1,623,000,000 in the two last 
French wars. In 1691, our debt 
was £1,000,000. See also Wars. 

Battles, Naval: — The Emperor 
Claudius II. defeated the Goths, 269. 
With the Danes, when Alfred de- 
feated 120 ships off Dorsetshire, in 
898. Between the French and Eng- 
lish, 1217. Between the English 
and Flemings, 1371. With the 
French, near Sluys, and 400 sail 
taken, with 30,000 men, 1340. 
Eighty French ships taken by the 
English, 1389. The English and 
Flemings, the latter defeated, 1371. 
Off Barfieur, where the Duke of 
Bedford took 500 French and 3 Ge- 
noese vessels, 1416. Near Milford 
Haven, when 31 French ships were 
taken or destroyed, 1405. Off Sand- 
wich, when the French fleet was 
taken by the Earl of Warwick, Nov., 
1459. Sir Edward Howard defeated 
the French, commanded by Preje- 
ant, 1513. Between the Enulish 
and French, when the latter were 
defeated, 1545. Again, 1549, Avhen 
1000 French were killed. Near the 
Gulf of Lepanto, between the Chris- 



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tian powers and the Turks, which 
last lost 25,000 men killed, and 4000 
taken prisoners ; and out of 260 
vessels, saved only 25, Oct. 7, 1571. 
Between the English fleet and the 
Spanish Armada, 1588. Between 
the Spaniards and Dutch, 1639. In 
the Downs, With the Dutch, June 
19, 1652. Again, Sep. 28, Oct. 28, 
Nov. 29, 1652. Near Portland, with 
the Dutch, who were beaten, Feb. 
18, 1652-3. Off Portsmouth, when 
Admiral Blake took 11 Dutch men- 
of-war and 30 merchant ships, Feb. 
10, 1652. Off the North Foreland, 
when the Dutch lost 20 men-of-war, 
June 2, 1653. On the coast of Hol- 
land, when they lost 30 men-of-war, 
and Admiral Tromp was killed, July 
29, 1653. At Cadiz, when the gal- 
leons were destroyed by the English, 
Sep., 1656. At Santa Cruz, when 
Blake destroyed the galleons, April, 
1657. One hundred and thirty of the 
Bordeaux fleet destroyed by the Duke 
of York, Dec. 4, 1664. Off Harwich, 
when 18 capital Dutch ships were 
taken, and 14 destroyed, June 3, 

1665. The Earl of Sandwich took 
12 men-of-war and 2 East India 
Ships, Sept. 4, 1665. Again, when 
the English lost 9 and the Dutch 
15 ships, June 4, 1666. The Dutch 
totally defeated, with the loss of 
24 men-of-war, 4 admirals, and 4000 
officers and seamen, July 25 and 26, 

1666. Near Martinique, when 16 
English defeated 30 French ships, 

1667. Five of the Dutch Smyrna 
fleet and 4 East India ships taken 
by the English, March 14, 1671-2. 
Twelve Algerine vessels destroyed 
by Sir Edward Sprague, 1671, off 
Tangier, where a fight lasted for ele- 
ven days between the English and 
Moors, 1679. At Southwold Bay, 
when the Earl of Sandwich was 
blown up, and the Dutch defeated 
by the Diike of York, May 28, 1672. 
Again, by Prince Rupert, May 28, 
June 4, and Aug. 11, when the 
Dutch were defeated, 1673. In the 
Bay of Tripoli, when the English 
burnt 4 men-of-war of that state, 
Mar. 4, 1674-5. Off Beachy- head, 



when the English and Dutch were 
defeated by the French, June 30, 
1690. Off La Hague, when the 
French fleet was entirely defeated, 
and 21 large men-of-war destroyed, 
May 19, 1692. Off St. Vincent, 
when the English and Dutch were 
defeated by the French, June 16, 
1693. The Vigo fleet taken bv the 
English and Dutch, Oct. 12, 1702. 
Benbow, admiral, engaged the 
French fleet off Carthagena, in 
Spain, 1702. Between the French 
and English, off Malaga, when the 
former entirely relinquished the do- 
minion of the sea to the latter, Aug. 
24, 1704. At Gibraltar, when the 
French lost 5 men-of-war, Nov. 5, 
1704. Off the Lizard, when the 
English were defeated, Oct. 9, 1707. 
Admiral Leake took 60 French 
ships laden with provisions, May 22, 
1708. Near Carthagena, when Ad- 
miral Wager destroyed a fleet, May 
28, 1708. Spanish fleet destroyed 
by Sir George Bjmg, July 31, 1718. 
Off Toulon, Feb. 9, 1744. The 
Acapulco Spanish ship taken in the 
South Sea by Anson, June 20, 1744. 
Off Cape Finisterre, when the French 
fleet was taken by Admiral Anson, 
May 3, 1747. Off Newfoundland, 
when Boscawen took two men-of- 
war June 10, 1755. Off Ushant, 
when Admiral Hawke took 6 men- 
of-war of the French, Oct. 14, 1747. 
Off Belleisle, when he took 14 sail 
of victuallers, July 14, 1756. Off 
Cape Francois, when seven ships 
were defeated by three English, Oct. 
21, 1757. French beaten off Cape 
Lagos by Admiral Boscawen, Aug. 
18, 1759. Off Quiberon Bay, when 
Hawke defeated the French, Nov. 
20, 1759. Keppel took three French 
frigates and a fleet of merchant 
ships, Oct. 9, 1762. On Lake Cham- 
plain, where the Provincials were 
totally destroyed by the British 
forces, Oct. 11, 1776. Off Ushant, 
a drawn battle between Keppel and 
Dorvilliers, July 17, 1778. Off Pe- 
nobscot, New England, when the 
American fleet was totally destroy- 
ed, July 30, 1779. Near Cape St. 



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Vincent, between Admiral Rodney 
and Admiral Don Langara, when 
the latter was defeated and taken 
prisoner, Jan. 8, 1780. At St. Jago, 
M. Suffrein defeated by Commodore 
Joinson, April 10, 1781. Dogger- 
bank, between Admiral Parker and 
the Dutch, Aug. 5, 1781. Off the 
Cape of Virginia, between Admiral 
Arbuthnot and the French, 1781. 
Between Martinique and Guada- 
loupe, when Admiral Rodney de- 
feated the French going to attack 
Jamaica, and took five ships of the 
line and Admiral Count de Grasse, 
April 12, 1782. The same day 
Admiral Hughes defeated the fleet 
of France under Admiral Suffrein 
in the East Indies. Lord Howe 
totally defeated the French fleet, 
took six ships of war, and sunk 
several, June 1, 1794. Sir Ed- 
ward Pellew took 15 sail, and 
burnt seven, out of a fleet of 35 sail 
of transports, March 8, 1795. The 
French fleet defeated, and two ships 
of war taken, by Admiral Hotham, 
March 14, 1795. Admiral Corn- 
wallis took eight transports under 
convoy of three French men-of-war, 
June 7, 1795. Eleven Dutch East 
Indiamen were taken by the Sceptre 
man-of-war and some armed India- 
men, June 19, 1795. The French 
fleet defeated by Lord Bridport, 
June 25, 1795, and three ships of 
war taken near L'Orient. The 
Dutch fleet under Admiral Lucas, in 
Saldanha Bay, Africa, consisting of 
five men-of-war and several frigates, 
surrendered to Sir George Keith 
Elphinstone on Aug. 19, 1796. The 
Spanish fleet defeated by Sir J. 
Jervis, and four line-of-battle ships 
taken, Feb. 14, 1797. The Dutch 
fleet defeated by Admiral Duncan 
on the coast of Holland, where their 
two admirals and 12 ships of war 
were taken or destroyed, Oct. 11, 
1797. The French fleet of 17 ships 
of war, totally defeated, and 9 of them 
taken, by Sir Horatio Nelson, Aug. 
1, 1798, near the Nile, Egypt. The 
French off the coast of Ireland, con- 
sisting of nine ships, by Sir J. B. 



Warren, Oct. 12, 1798, when he 
took five of them. The Dutch fleet 
in the Texel surrendered to Admiral 
Mitchell, on his taking the Helder, 
Aug. 29, 1799. Sound between 
Denmark and Sweden passed by the 
English fleet, when Copenhagen 
was bombarded, April 2, 1801. The 
Danish fleet, of 28 sail, taken or de- 
stroyed by Lord Nelson off Copen- 
hagen, April 2, 1801. Between the 
French and English in the Bay of 
Gibraltar ; Hannibal of 74 guns lost, 
July 5, 1801. French fleet defeated 
near Cadiz, July 16, 1801 ; two 
burnt, one taken, two Spanish first- 
rates, and a 74 taken, by Sir James 
Saumarez. French and Spanish 
fleets totally defeated off Cape Tra- 
falgar, Lord Nelson killed in the 
action, Oct. 21, 1805. French fleet 
taken by Sir R. Strachan, Nov. 4, 
1805. French fleet defeated in 
the West Indies, by Sir T. Duck- 
worth, Feb. 6, 1806. French squad- 
ron taken by Sir J. B. Warren, 
March 13, 1806. French squadron 
in the harbour of Cadiz surrendered 
to the Spanish patriots, June 14, 
1801. Russian fleet in the Tagus 
surrendered to the English, Sept. 3, 
1808. French shipping and bat- 
teries destroyed in Basque roads by 
Lord Cochi-ane, under the command 
of Lord Gambier, April, 1809. Rus- 
sian flotilla, eastward of Nargen 
Island, and another under Percola 
Point, taken or destroyed by Sir 
James Saumarez, July, 1809. Three 
French ships, Robust of 84 guns, 
Leon of 74, and Boree of 74 guns, 
driven on shore by a British squad- 
ron under Lord Collingwood, Oct. 
25, 1809, and the first two burnt by 
the French next day. Eleven ships 
and vessels destroyed or taken in 
the Bay of Rosas, by the boats of a 
British squadron under Captain Hal- 
lowell, November 1, 1809. French 
frigates, La Loire and La Seine, 
destroyed by the ships under Sir A. 
Cochrane, off Basseterre, Guada- 
loupe, Dec. 18, 1809. Gallant ac- 
tion of the British frigate Spartan 
with a French force in the Bay of 



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Naples, May 3, 1810. Severe action 
between the British ship Tribune, 
Captain Reynolds, and four Danish 
brigs, which escaped from the Tri- 
bune being damaged in her sails, 
May 12, 1810. Seventeen vessels 
captured or destroyed under the 
batteries of the Isle of Rhe, by the 
boats of the Armide, and Cadmus, 
under Lieutenant Roberts, May, 

1810. Four French vessels captured 
off Portici by the boats of the Cer- 
berus and Active, Feb. 4, 1811. 
Twenty-two vessels from Otranto 
taken by the Cerberus and Active, 
Feb. 22, 1811. Amazon, French 
frigate, destroyed off Cape Barfleur, 
March 25, 1811. Number of French 
ships, with stores to Corfu, captured 
by the cruisers under Captain Ot- 
■way, April 27, 1811. Three French 
frigates burnt in Lazone Bay, by 
three British ships under Captain 
Barrie, May 1, 1811. Rencontre 
between the British frigate Little 
Belt and the American frigate 
President, May 16, 1811. Off Ma- 
dagascar, between three British 
frigates and a sloop, and three large 
French frigates with troops, when 
two of the French frigates surren- 
dered, as did the settlement of Ta- 
matave, to Captain Schomberg, May 
21, 1811. Six French privateers 
captured off Sibiona by the boats of 
the Sabine sloop, May 26, 18.11. 
Twenty-six sail of French ships 
taken off Palinuro by the British 
ships Thames and Cephalus, July 
20, 1811, and afterwards ten other 
Neapolitan vessels by the Thames. 
Eighteen vessels brought out, and 
ten destroyed in a creek at Ragosinza 
without the loss of a man, July 27, 

1811. Four Danish gun-boats taken 
by the British near Heligoland, Aug. 
6, 1811. Five French vessels with 
stores captured in the Channel by 
the British ship Hawke, Aug. 17, 
1811; and several others by the 
same ship two days after. The 
French gun-brig Teaser, and La 
Pluvier, with eight vessels, captured 
by the boats of the Diana and Semi- 
ramis, Aug. 25, 1811. A French 



brig sunk, two driven ashore, and a 
small village battered to the ground 
near Cherbourg, by the British ship 
Hotspur, Sept. 8, 1811. British 
frigate Naiad attacked by seven 
armed praams, in presence of Bona- 
parte, which were repulsed and 
driven under the batteries, Sept. 21, 
1811. French frigate Pomona cap- 
tured by the British frigate, Active, 
Dec. 29, 1811. Rivoli, French ship 
of 84 guns, taken by the British ship 
Victorious of 74 guns, Feb. 21, 1812. 
French flotilla defeated before 
Dieppe, by Captains Harvey and 
Trollope, of the Rosario and Griffin 
sloops, March 27, 1812. Two 
French frigates and a brig destroyed 
at the entrance of L'Orient by the 
Northumberland man-of-war, May 
22, 1812. Severe action between 
the British squadron Podargus, Ca- 
lypso, and Flamer gun-brig, and a 
Danish squadron off Mardoe, when 
two Spanish vessels were reduced 
to wrecks, July 6, 1812. British 
frigate Guerriere captured and de- 
stroyed by the American frigate 
Constitution, Aug. 19, 1812. British 
brig Frolic captured by the Ameri- 
can sloop Wasp, Oct. 18, 1812. 
British frigate Macedonian captured 
by the American ship United States, 
Oct. 25, 1812. British frigate Java 
captured by the American ship Con- 
stitution, Dec. 29, 1812. Between 
the British ship Amelia and a French 
frigate off the African coast, in 
which the Amelia had forty-six 
killed and ninety-five wounded, 
Feb. 7, 1812. Peacock, British sloop 
of war, captured by the American 
ship Hornet, and so disabled that 
she sank with a great part of her 
crew, Feb. 25, 1813. American 
frigate Chesapeake captured by the 
British ship Shannon, June 1, 1813. 
American armed vessels Growler 
and Eagle taken, after a smart ac- 
tion, by the British gun -boats, June 
3, 1813. American sloop of war 
Argus taken by the British sloop 
Pelican, Aug. 14, 1813. French 
frigate La Trave, of 44 guns, taken 
by the British frigate Andromache, 



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BE A 



of 3S guns, Oct. 23, 1813. French 
frigate Alcmene taken by the British 
ship Venerable, Jan. 16, 1814 ; and 
the French frigate Iphigenia a few 
days after. Ceres, French frigate 
taken by the British ship Tagus, Jan. 
6, 1814. French frigate Terpsichore 
captured by the British ship Majestic; 
Feb. 3, 1814. French frigate, Clo- 
riade surrendered to the British 
frigates Dryad and Achates, after a 
severe engagement with the Eurotas, 
Feb. 25, 1814. French frigate 
L'Etoile captured by the Hebrus, 
March 27, 1814. American frigate 
Essex captured by the British ships 
Phcebe and Cherub, March 29, 1814. 
British squadron captured by an 
American, in Lake Champlain, Sept. 
11, 1814. Avon sunk by the Ameri- 
can sloop Wasp, off Kinsale, Sept. 
8, 1814. American ship President 
taken by the Endymion, Jan. 15, 
1815. 

Bavaria, dukedom of, founded, 
1179, and made a dukedom. Raised 
to an electorate, 1253. Maximilian 
Joseph the first king, 1805. Louis 
Charles abdicated, Oct. 13, 1825. 
Maximilian Joseph II. succeeded 
his father, Louis Charles, who also 
abdicated, March 10, 1848. 

Bavaria, Elector of, reinstated, 
Jan. 25, 1714; crowned King of 
Bohemia, Dec. 16, 1741; Prince 
Theodore, of, chosen Bishop of 
Liege, 1744. 

Bavaria received the Tyrol and 
the Voralberg from Austria, 1806. 

Bavaria joined the Allies against 
France, Oct. 17, 1813. 

Bavaria, State of, to prevent 
duelling, established a court of 
honour, April 14, 1819. 

Bautzen, battle of, between Bona- 
parte and the allies, the latter de- 
feated, May 20, 1813. 

Bayard, the celebrated chevalier, 
died, 1524. 

Baxeux tapestry woi'ked by Ma- 
tilda, queen of William I., 1066. 

Batlen, battle of, the French de- 
feated by General Reding, July 20, 
1808. 

Bayonets, invented at Bayonne, 



in France, 1670; first used in battle 
by the French, 1693. 

Bayonne, chapel of the new castle 
blown up, and 100 persons killed, 
July 10, 1793. 

Bayonne, junta of the Cortes 
summoned by Napoleon attend 
there, and acknowledge Joseph, his 
brother, King of Spain, May 25, 
1808. ' 

Bayreuth, the margravate, abdi- 
cated in favour of the king of Prussia, 
1791. 

Bazaar, one opened in Soho 
Square by a person named Trotter, 
1815. The Queen's, in Oxford Street, 
burned down, May 27, 1829. The 
St. James' Bazaar built by Crock- 
ford, 1832. 

Beachy Head, naval engagement 
off, between the English and French, 
the former suffered greatly from the 
enemy's superiority, June 30, 1690. 
The English lost two ships and 400 
men ; the Dutch, their allies, 2 ad- 
mirals and 500 men, besides several 
ships sunk. 

Beads in general use among the 
Catholics, 1213 ; earlier used by the 
Dervishes and similar devotees in 
the east. 

Beague, battle of, commonly 
called that of Anjou, between the 
English and French ; the English 
were defeated, losing 1500 men, 
April 3, 1421. 

Beacon Newspaper, printer of, 
Edinburgh, tried for libel, and ,£500 
damages given, Dec. 9, 1822. 

Bealy, William, died at Dungar- 
van, in Londonderry, Ireland, 1774, 
aged 130 ; an ensign at the battles 
of Boyne and Aughrim. 

Beatall, Edward, steward to the 
corporation of the Shrewsbury poor, 
with his clerk, transported for four- 
teen years, for embezzling nearly 
£3000 of the funds, 1824. 

Beatrix Eleonora d'Este, queen- 
dowager of James II., died at St. 
Germain's, April 26, 1718. 

Beauclerk, Charles, one of the 
illegitimate children of Charles II. 
by Nelly Gvvyn, created Duke of St. 
Albans, Jan. 10, 1633-4. 



BED 



72 



BEE 



Beam and Scales, a public beam 
set up in London, under a weigh- 
master, 3 Edward II., 1309. 

Bear, order of knighthood, begun 
in Switzerland, 1243. 

Beards, not fashionable in Eng- 
land until after the conquest, 1250. 
They were discontinued at the 
Stuart restoration. 

Beaton, cardinal, murdered, May, 
28, 1546. 

Beauchief Abbey, Derbyshire, 
built, 1183. 

Beaulieu Abbey, Hants, founded 
by King John in 1204. Margaret 
of Anjou was sheltered here after 
the battle of Barnet, April 14, 1471. 

Beaumaris Castle, Anglesey, built; 
1295. 

Beauvais, siege of, under Charles 
the Bold, when the women, under 
Jeanne de la Hachette, heroically 
distinguished themselves, July 10, 
1472. 

Beaumont, M., and M. Manuel, 
fight a duel in Paris, and the latter 
killed, April 11, 1821. 

Beauharnois defeated the Aus- 
trians, near Leoben, May 26, 1809. 

Beccles, in Suffolk, partly burned 
down, Nov. 29, 1586. 

Becket, or Thomas-a-Becket, 
killed at the altar in Canterbury 
cathedral, Dec. 29, 1171. His bones 
were enshrined in gold by the Catho- 
lic devotees in 1220, but were taken 
up and burned in 1539. This 
haughty prelate was born 1119 ; be- 
came chancellor to Henry II., 1157 ; 
Archbishop of Canterbury, 1162 ; 
was impeached, 1164; retired to 
France, but returned, and was re- 
conciled to Henry, June 2, 1170. 

Beckford, alderman, died 1770, 
in which year a monument was 
placed to his memory in the Guild- 
hall, London, in remembrance of 
his undaunted conduct in defence of 
the rights of the subject, and parti- 
cularly for his memorable speech to 
George III, on presenting a petition 
from London. 

Bede, the venerable, so styled, 
died, 735. 

Bedford free grammar school 



founded, Aug. 15, 1552. Income, 
1766, clear £3000 per annum ; 1818, 
above £6000. 

Bedford Castle, built, 929; razed, 
1224. 

Bedford, duke of, made regent 
of France, 1422. 

Bedford, statue of Duke of, set 
up in Russell Square, Aug. 4, 1809. 
Bedford, sixty houses at, destroyed 
by fire, May 25, 1812. 

Bedford and Buckingham, Dukes 
of, fought a duel in Kensington Gar- 
dens, May 2, 1822. 

Bedloe's plot and accusation 
against Prance, as a murderer of Sir 
Edmondbury Godfrey, Dec. 23, 
1678. 

Bedloe died at Bristol, Aug. 20, 
1680, asserting the truth of his pre- 
vious revelations. 

Beere, Devonshire, partly burned, 
July, 1816. 

Beer, early introduced into Eng- 
land, being similar in type to ale. 
Porter was first made about 1730, 
to unite the flavour of ale, beer, and 
twopenny, which were used before 
that ; and it was called porter be- 
cause it was drunk by porters prin- 
cipally. The licensing system came 
in about 1736. Beer was known in 
Scotland and England as early as 
1100 ; a rich brewer is mentioned in 
1414 by Stowe, and his gold trap- 
pings, 1482 and 1492. A quart of 
the best beer or ale was sold by 
statute in the reign of James I. for 
Id., and two quarts of small beer 
for the same money. Before 1552, 
any body might sell ale or beer. 
There is no mode of knowing the 
amount of gallons or barrels of 
beer brewed in England. There 
were 60,000 retailers of beer in Eng- 
land in 1834, when the acts 1 Will. 
IV. and 4 Will. IV. were passed. 
There are about 1600 public brewers 
in England, 136 in Scotland, and 
263 in Ireland : 28,000 victuallers 
brew their own ale. The quantity 
of malt brewed by the following 
seventeen porter and ale houses, in 
the financial years specified, ending 
Oct., 1852, was as follows : — 



BEE 



73 



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BEE 



74 



BEE 



There are one hundred and thirty- 
six wholesale brewers in London. 
The duties being now only upon the 
malt, there is no excise account of 
the quantity of malt liquor brewed. 
In England, 1829, there were brewed 
5,949,290 barrels of strong, and 
1,330,467 of table-beer. In Scot- 
land, 110,952 of strong, and 39,387 
of table-beer. The quantity brewed 
in London varies. In 1823, it was 
1,829,940 barrels, of which 71,828 
were exported. The malt liquor 
brewed in private houses is unknoAvn 
in respect to quantity, and can only 
be loosely estimated by the total 
malt consumed, which the revenue 
returns furnish. London engrosses 
nearly one-third of the whole 
brewing business of England. In 
the year 1760, the largest brewer 
returned 74,734 barrels ; and in 
1815, the largest house returned 
337,621 barrels; in 1840, 361,321 
barrels. The excise on malt took 
place in 1667, 1697. The tax was 
increased 1760, and new modelled 
1766. Malt spirits also pay a 
duty. Important acts for regu- 
lating these articles are numerous. 
The latter were passed 8 GeO. IV., 
1827, and 11 Geo. IV., 1830. Act 
regulating malsters, 1 Vic, July, 
12, 1837. Porter was raised 2d. per 
gallon, Jan. 10, 1762, and again, 
1801. The different quantities of 
porter brewed will show the increase 
and decrease at the times stated, in 
the returns of twelve principal 
brewers in London, between July 5, 
1807, and July 5, 1808. 

Barrels. 

Meux & Co 190,160 

Barclay & Perkins 184,196 

Brown & Parry 131,647 

Hanbury&Co 117,574 

Whitbread & Co 111,485 

Coombe & Co 670.561 

Goodwyn & Co 70,232 

E.Calvert & Co 68,924 

Elliot & Co 48,669 

Biley& Co 38,030 

P. Calvert & Co 38,002 

Tavlor & Co 32,800 



Porter, quantities of, brewed by the 
first twelve houses, from July 5, 
1811, to July 5, 1812. 

Barrels. 

Barclay & Co 270,259 

Meux, Reid, & Co 188,078 

Hanbury & Co 160,164 

Whitbread & Co 122,446 

Calvert & Co 108,212 

H. Meux & Co 102,493 

Coombe & Co 100,824 

Goodwyn & Co 81,022 

Elliot & Co 58,035 

Cocks & Campbell, (Gold- 
en Lane) 51,274 

Taylor 51,220 

Clowes & Co 34,010 

Porter, quantities of, brewed by the 
twelve principal brewers, from 
July 5, 1815, to July 5, 1816. 

Barclay, & Perkins 330,200 

Meux, Reid, & Co 189,020 

Truman, Hanbury, & Co. 185,041 

Whitbread & Co 168,855 

Henry Meux & Co 114,277 

Coombe, Delafield, & Co. 100,655 

E. Calvert & Co 85,925 

Goodwyn & Co 77,249 

Taylor & Co 50,533- 

Elliot & Co 46,567 

Cocks & Campbell 36,101 

Hollingworth & Co 31,273 

Porter, quantities of, brewed by the 
eleven principal brewers, from 
July 5, 1822, to July 5, 1823. 

Barclay & Perkins 351,474 

Truman, Hanbury, & Co. 219,127 

Whitbread & Co 213,841 

Meux, Reid, & Co 190,078 

Coombe, Delafield, & Co. 140,209 

E. Calvert & Co 107,858 

Henry Meux & Co 103,499 

Goodwyn & Co 72,076 

Elliot & Co 61,649 

Taylor & Co 58,763 

Cross & Co 19,501 

In seven principal houses, 1840. 
Barclay, Perkins, & Co.. ..361,321 
Truman, Hanbury, & Co. 263,235 

Whitbread & Co 218,828 

Reid & Co 196,442 

Coombe, Delafield, & Co. 177,542 

Eelix, Calvert, & Co 136.387 

SirH. Meux & Co 116,547 



BEG 



75 



BEL 



A porter cask, belonging to Whit- 
bread & Co., 65 feet in diameter, 25 
feet high, with 56 hoops, weighing 
from one to three tons each, con- 
tains 20,000 barrels ; and cost four 
years making. At the brewery of 
Meux & Co. two large vats suddenly 
burst, Oct. 17, 1814, and between 
8000 and 9000 barrels were lost. 
The brewing business is engrossed 
by a few firms of gigantic capital, 
that expend large sums in purchas- 
ing public -houses, and exercise the 
despotic influence of great capital 
too often to the disadvantage of the 
community at large. The hops used 
by the brewers of London are of home 
growth. Parliament was at first 
petitioned against their growth as a 
deleterious weed, 1428. First used 
in malt liquors, 1525 — as a bitter 
narcotic. The average quantity 
grown for twenty-two years, from 
1785 to 1803, was 22,538,000 lbs. 
weight. Duty of those of Kent 
and Sussex in 1792, was £170,000 ; 
in 1793, £162,112, 9s. 5d. ; in 1795, 
£82,323, 19s. 4d. ; in 1799, £77,279, 
5s. 4d. In 1831, the number of 
acres planted was 47,129. The 
produce in pounds weight that year, 
36,496,681. In 1852, the total old 
duty was £244,824, 2s. 5d. 

Bees, St., priory of, in Cumber- 
land, founded, 1120. 

Bees, introduced into Boston, 
U. S., by the English, 1670 ; since 
then they have spread over the 
whole continent. 

Bees, St., Head Lighthouse, a 
mother and her five children found 
suffocated in, Jan. 19, 1822. 

Beetroot, sugar produced from 
the white sort by Margraff, 1747 ; 
sugar produced from it, by M. 
Achard, 1799; the French chemists, 
at the instance of Bonaparte, ex- 
tracted sugar from this plant to a 
large extent, for the supply of 
France. 

Beggars, first relieved by act of 
Parliament, 1496. 

Beguines nuns, established at 
Nivelle, 1207; the council of Vienna 
abolished a branch of the order in 



1311, for some erroneous point of 
doctrine. 

Beheading of nobles, urst intro- 
duced into England by William I., 
as a less ignominious mode of pun- 
ishment, 1074. 

Behring's Straits, discovered and 
explored by a Dutch navigator, and 
found to be thirty-nine miles 
asunder, 1728. 

Belfast, first noted, 1315, when 
the castle was destroyed by Edward 
Bruce. The city granted by James 
I. to Sir A. Chichester, lord- deputy, 
1612 ; erected into a corporation, 
1613 ; the long bridge of 2000 feet 
commenced, 1682 ; William III. re- 
sided at several days, 1690; the 
first editions of the bible printed in 
Ireland published here 1704 ; the 
castle burned, April, 1708 ; the bank 
built, 1787; mechanics' institute es- 
tablished, 1825 ; the merchants here 
the only commercial men in Ireland 
who use their own vessels for their 
trade. 

Belgium, kingdom of, the southern 
part of the kingdom of the Nether- 
lands, the territory of the Belgse 
conquered by Caesar, 47 a.c. Under 
France in 1369, it was ceded to the 
Emperor of Germany, 1477 ; an- 
nexed to Spain by the emperor 
Charles V., 1556 ; revolt of, under 
the tyranny of Spain, 1579 ; fell 
again to Spain, 1648; seven pro- 
vinces ceded to Germany, 1714; 
three to France, 1748; Austrians 
expelled, but restored, 1789 ; the 
French conquered it, 1792 ; annexed 
to France, Sept. 30, 1795 ; placed 
under the sovereignty of the house 
of Orange, 1814 ; revolution in, Aug. 
25, 1830 ; a provisional government 
declared its independence, Oct. 4, 
1830; the Belgians took Antwerp 
and expelled the Dutch, driven into 
the citadel, thence they cannonaded 
the town, Oct. 27, 1830; Belgian 
independence acknowledged by the 
allied poAvers, Dec. 26, 1830; Duke 
de Nemours elected king, but his 
father refused his assent, Feb. 3, 
1831 ; Leopold Prince of Coburg 
elected king, July 12, 1831 ; entered 



BEL 



76 



BEL 



Brussels, July 19, 1831 ; the King of 
the Netherlands recommenced hos- 
tilities, Aug. 3, 1831 ; France sent 
50,000 men to the assistance of 
Belgium, but the articles of pacifi- 
cation of the great powers were ac- 
cepted, Nov. 15, 1831 ; Leopold 
married Louise, the eldest daughter 
of the king of the French, Aug. 9, 
1832; riot at Brussels, April 6, 1834; 
treaty between Holland and Bel- 
gium, signed in London, April 19, 
1839 ; the queen died, Oct. 10, 1850. 

Belgic States, confederacy so 
called, united for political purposes, 
1790; entered by General Dumou- 
rier, 1792; united to the French 
republic, Sept. 30, 1795. 

Belgium, King and Queen of, 
visited England, 1837. 

Belgium, return of population 
given for, to the end of 1850, Dec. 
31, 4,407,241. 

Belgrade, battle of, between the 
Germans and Turks, 1456; taken 
by Solyman, 1522 ; retaken, 1688 ; 
reverted to the- Turks, 1690 ; taken 
by Prince Eugene, 1717 ; ceded to 
the Turks, 1739; taken from them, 
1789; restored, 1790; occupied by 
the Servian insurgents, 1806. 

Belhaven, Lord, cast away on 
proceeding to govern Barbadoes, 
Nov. 10, 1721. 

Bell, Book, and Candle, a catho- 
lic ceremony of papal excommuni- 
cation — the bell is rung, the book 
closed, and the candle extinguished, 
to deprive the censured of the sacra- 
ments and services of the church. 
Gregory VII. first excommunicated 
kings, in the case of Henry IV. of 
Germany, 1077; the royal body was 
five years above ground, nobody 
daring to bury it. King John was 
excommunicated by Pope Innocent 
III. in 1208, all England being 
under the impudent interdict for 
six years. Clement IV. excom- 
municated the citizens of Dublin in 
1206. Pope Alexander, in 1170, 
put England also under an interdict ; 
and Henry VIII. was placed under 
one for shaking off the pope's supre- 
macy, 1535 ; Elizabeth also, in 1588. 



Bellair, battle of, in America, 
and Sir Peter Parker killed, Aug. 
30, 1814. 

Belleisle, made a duchy, 1742 ; 
taken by Commodore Keppel and 
General Hodgson, June 7, 1641 ; 
restored, 1763. 

Belleisle, duke of, with his bro- 
ther, planned the war against the 
queen of Hungary, where his brother 
was killed ; made a marshal, 1741. 

Belleisle, Marshal, taken pri- 
soner, with his brother, Dec. 20, 
1744; brought to England, Feb. 13, 
1745; released, Aug., 1745. 

Bellingham, Northumberland, 
many houses at, destroyed by fire, 
Aug., 1730. 

Bellingham, John, shot Spen- 
cer Percival, the English minister, 
in the lobby of the house of com- 
mons, May 11, 1811. 

Bellman, appointed first in Lon- 
don, to proclaim the hour of the 
night, ringing three bells, and cry- 
ing, " Take care of your fire and 
candle, be charitable to the poor, 
and pray for the dead," 1530. 

Bells came from the east ; intro- 
duced by Paulinus, bishop of Nola, 
about 400 ; into France, 550 ; and in 
churches, by order of Pope John 
IX., by ringing them to avert 
thunder and lightning, 900 ; first 
cast in England by the Chancellor 
Turkey tel, under Edmund I.; the first 
time set up in Croyland abbey, 960. 
The largest bells are in Russia, that 
of the Kremlin weighs 443,772 lbs. ; 
St. Ivan's, at Moscow, 127,836 ; that 
at Erfurth, 28,224. St. Peter's, at 
Rome, 18 607 ; great Tom of Oxford, 
17,000; great bell of St. Paul's, 
11,474; Tom of Lincoln, 9,894; this 
last was broken, July 27, 1831. 
Bell-ringing is almost peculiar to 
England, where societies for bell- 
ringing have existed. Nell Gwynne 
left the ringers of St. Martin's-in-the- 
Fields, where there was a peal of 
twelve bells, money for a weekly 
entertainment. 

Bells, baptism and consecration 
of; once, too, they were anointed. 
At Little Dunmore priory, the bells 



BEN 



77 



BEN 



were baptised as St. Michael, St. 
John, the Virgin, Holy Trinity, &c. 
The bell of Notre Dame, in Paris, 
was baptized " The Duke of Angou- 
leme," in 1816. 

Belton, riot and fire at, which 
destroyed 27 houses, May 27, 1776. 

Belvoir Castle, a considerable 
part destroyed by fire, Oct. 28, 
1816. 

Belzoni entered the second pyra- 
mid of Ghaza, May, 1817. 

Belzoni, the African traveller, 
news received of his death, from 
Gaeto, in Africa, Dec. 3, 1823 — 
eleven days after the death of Lord 
Byron at Missolonghi. 

Benakes, the holy city of the 
Hindoos, ceded by the Nabob of 
Oude to the East India Company, 
1775 ; insurrection at, 1781 ; Cheyt 
Sing deposed at, 1783 ; several Eng- 
lish assassinated at, by Visier Aly, 
Jan. 14, 1799. 

Bencoolen, settled by the English, 
1682; a fort erected at, 1690 ; dread- 
ful mortality at, 1693, from having 
built the town in a morass ; Marl- 
borough fort erected, 1714; the 
colony destroyed by Count d'Es- 
taign, 1760 ; reduced to a dependency 
of Bengal, 1801. 

Bencroft's Alms Houses, built 
at Mile End, 1785. 

Bender, city of, Charles XII. 
seeks shelter there after the defeat 
of Pultawa, 1709 ; peace concluded 
at, 1711 ; taken by the Russians, 
1770, 1789, but kept at the peace 
of 1812. 

Benedictines, a monkish order, 
founded by St. Benedict, who died, 
546 ; William I. built an abbey of 
the order, 1066, where the battle of 
Hastings was fought ; there was also 
a house of the order at Lewes built 
by the Earl Warren, 1070. There 
is at present a nunnery of this order 
at Hammersmith. 

Benefactions to the poor and to 
the various public hospitals in 
Erance, given or bequeathed and 
received by legacy, amounted, be- 
tween 1814 and 1823, to 27,503,256 
francs. 



Benefices, those sinecures of the 
church began about the year 500, 
as church corruptions increased, in 
order to contribute to the luxury of 
ecclesiastics. They did not come 
into full use until the twelfth cen- 
tury, prior to which, the clergy were 
maintained by the contributions and 
oblations of the faithful. Then 
abuses soon crept in ; Pope Clement 
VII. gave to his nephew, in 1534, 
all the benefices that became vacant 
in six months. The number in 
England is, according to the return 
of 1852, 11,728 ; and the number of 
glebe houses, 8214 ; residents, 8077, 
non-residents, 2952; this is exclu- 
sive of bishoprics, deaneries, canon- 
ries, prebendaries, priest vicars, lay 
vicars, secondaries, and similar pre- 
ferments. The number of parishes is 
11,077, and the churches and chapels 
between 12,000 and 13,000. The 
parishes in Ireland number 1456, but 
more than 900 glebe houses are at- 
tached. The net annual value of 
non-resident incumbents out of 2960, 
was only returned by 1297, from £10 
to £2180 per annum. 

Benefit of clergy : an exemption 
of the clergy from the punishment 
of death for crimes, which was com- 
muted by burning in the hand. 
Oct. 24, 1513, this privilege was 
taken away from murderers and 
great criminals, and utterly abo- 
lished, 7 and 8 George IV., June, 
1827. 

Benefit societies, act passed for, 
1795. 

Benetsholm Monastery built in 
Norfolk, 1031. 

Benevento formed into a duchy, 
571 ; the castle built, 1323 ; nearly 
destroyed by an earthquake, 1688, 
again, 1703 ; seized by the king of 
Naples, but restored to the pope on 
the suppression of the Jesuits, 1773. 
The late arch chancellor of France, 
Tallyrand, was made the prince of, 
by Napoleon. 

Bengal, Indian presidency of, 
subject to the princes of Delhi, in 
1340; afterwards free until it fell to 
the Mogul. The first English trade 



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78 



BER 



there took place in 1534 ; the facto- 
ries withdrawn, 1656; made a sepa- 
rate agency, 1680 ; first factory at 
Calcutta, 1690 ; bought, and the 
works strengthened, 1700 ; the gar- 
rison, 129 soldiers, 66 only Euro- 
peans, 1706 ; the town taken by 
Surajah Dowla, and a number of 
persons suffocated in the Black Hole, 
1756 ; recaptured by Clive ; grant 
vesting the revenue of in the com- 
pany, Aug. 12, 1765 ; made the 
chief presidency, June 16, 1773; 
supreme court formed, 1773 ; Pitt's 
India bill, Aug. 13, 1784 ; courts of 
law for civil causes established, Feb. 
11, 1793; bishops of Calcutta made, 
July 21, 1813. 

Bengal Indiaman burned with 
twenty persons, Jan. 19, 1815. 

Bengeworth, near Evesham, 
nearly all consumed by fire, Aug. 
25, 1750. 

Bennett, Sir John, a judge, fined 
£20,000 for bribery, 1616. 

Bennet Fink, church of, London, 
built, 1673. 

Bennet, St., Paul's Wharf, Lon- 
don, built 1683. 

Bennet, church of, St., Grace- 
church Street, London, built, 1685. 

Bentheim taken from the Elector 
of Saxony, July 19, 1804, by the 
French, and put in possession of 
Count Bentheim. 

Bentley, Dr., ejected from Cam- 
bridge, Oct. 17, 1718; appealed to 
the privy council, Oct. 30 ; restored 
by a mandate of the King's Bench, 
Feb. 7, 1723 ; deprived of the mas- 
tership by the Bishop of Ely, April 
27, 1734 ; the sentence evaded by 
the vice-master's resignation, June 
24, 1735. 

Berbice, colony of, surrendered 
to England, April, 1796 ; restored 
and again taken, Sep. 22, 1803 ; 
ceded to England, 1814. 

Bere-regis, forty-two dwellings 
at, consumed by fire, June 8, 1788. 

Berg, Murat made Duke of, 
bv his brother-in-law, Napoleon, 
1806. 

Bergen, battle of, between the 
allies and France, the former de- 



feated, April 14, 1754; the allies 
defeated there again by the French 
with great loss, Sep. 19, 1799 ; Oct. 
2, again, the Duke of York defeat- 
ed, losing 4000 men ; again, Oct. 6, 
before Alkmaer, losing 6000 men ; 
a convention concluded by which 
the Duke exchanged his army for 
6000 French and Dutch prisoners 
in England. 

Bergen-op-Zoom, taken by the 
French, 1747 ; again, 1794 ; the 
British defeated in attempting to 
storm it, with dreadful loss, March 
8, 1814. 

Bergen, Norway, 1660 families 
burned out at, 1756. 

Bergham Abbey, Sussex, built, 
1160. 

Berkeley Castle, built by Henrv 
I., 1108; finished by Henry II."; 
Edward II. cruelly murdered there, 
Sep. 21, 1327 ; taken by Cromwell, 
Sep. 21, 1645. 

Berkley, Sir Robert, one of the 
judges of the King's Bench, taken 
off the bench at Westminster Hall, 
by the Black Rod, and committed, 
1641. 

Berkshire freeholders met, Jan., 
1821, to present an address to the 
King, regarding his treatment of 
the Queen. 

Berlin city founded by Albert 
le Bear, 1163 ; made the capital of 
Prussia ; taken by the three allies, 
in 1760, who were obliged to retire; 
taken by the French, Oct. 27, 1806, 
thirteen clays after the battle of 
Jena, whence Napoleon issued his 
celebrated decree against British 
commerce ; declared in a state of 
siege, Nov., 1848 ; pronounced ille- 
gal by the lower chamber, April 
25, 1849 ; convention at, of Napo- 
leon with Prussia, Nov. 5, 1808. 

Berlin coach invented, 1509. 

Berlin observatory erected 1711. 

Berlin Decree revoked by France 
as regarded America, April, 1812. 

Berlin, mortality of, in 1755, one 
in 28 ; 1827, one in 34. 

Bermuda Islands, first called the 
Sommers Isles, discovered, 1527 ; 
inhabited, 1609, on Sir George 



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BHU 



Sommers being wrecked upon them ; 
settled by statute 9 James L, 1612; 
hurricane here, Oct. 31, 1780 ; an- 
other which destroyed a third of the 
houses, and drove all the shipping 
ashore, July 20, 1813. 

Bermuda College erected 1725 ; 
found unsuccessful 1728 ; negroes 
poisoned the whites there, Nov., 
1830. 

Bernard, Mount St., passed by 
Napoleon before the battle of Ma- 
rengo, June 14, 1800; its loftiest 
peak is 11,006 feet high. 

Bernard Castle, Durham, built, 
1270. 

Bernadotte beat the Prussians 
at Halle, Oct. 17, 1806. 

Bernadotte, crown prince of 
Sweden, crossed the Khine to act 
against his benefactor, Napoleon, 
Feb. 10, 1814. 

Bernard's, Sir John, statue voted 
for erection at the Eoyal Exchange, 
March, 1746. 

Berne, Switzerland, made an im- 
perial city, 1290 ; the French over- 
turned the old government, which 
was re-established, Dec. 24, 1813. 

Berri, Duke de, marriage of, 
with great pomp, in Paris, June, 
1816. 

Berri, Duchess of, attempt upon 
her life, in Paris, May 12, 1820; 
arrested at Nantes, 1832. 

Berri, Duke of, assassinated at 
the door of the opera-house in 
Paris, by Louvel, Feb. 13, 1821. 

Berthier, General, made Prince 
of Neufchatel by the Emperor Na- 
poleon, Feb. 15, 1806. 

Bertran de Zara, an ambassador 
from Morocco, died in London, and 
was buried in Westminster Abbey, 
at the public charge, Aug. 17, 1715. 

Berton's, General, insurrection 
in France defeated, Feb. 26, 1822 ; 
executed at Poitiers, September 16, 
1822. 

Beravick-upon-Tweed, on the 
Scotch side, burned, 1173, and again, 
1216 ; taken from the Scotch and 
annexed to England, 1333; taken 
by the Scotch, 1354; the English, 
1355 ; the Scotch, 1378 ; the Eng- 



lish, 1378; the Scotch, 1384; the 
English, 1385 ; finally ceded, 1502 ; 
surrendered to Cromwell, .1648 ; and 
subsequently to General Monk, Oct. 
29, 1659. 

Berwick, Duke of, made gover- 
nor of Portsmouth, Jan. 22, 1687- 
8 ; quitted England with his father, 
Dec. 23, 1688 ; reduced Fontarabia, 
June 16, 1718; killed before Phi- 
lipsburgh, June 12, 1734. 

Berzelius, the chemist, discover- 
ed the substance Calcium, 1818. 

Bessarabia occupied by three 
Russian armies, under Prince Po- 
temkin, 1789. 

Best, William Draper, tried for 
an assault on Mrs. Minifie ; and it 
being an attempt to extort money, 
pronounced not guilty, July 12, 
1804. 

Bethlehem Hospital, originally 
an hospital of St. Mary of Bethle- 
hem, incorporated by Henry VIII., 
1546 ; the old hospital in Moorfields 
erected, 1675; pulled down, in 1814; 
the institution removed to a build- 
ing in St. George's Fields, begun 
April, 1812. 

Bethlehem Hospital, additional 
buildings, 1839. 

Bethnal Green made a parish, 
April, 1743. 

Bethnal Green, St. Philip and 
St. James, new chambers at, open- 
ed, 1842. 

Betty, the young actor, a nine 
days' wonder of the multitude, born 
1791 ; appeared on the stage in 
1803, in the tragedy of Zara, 

Beyrout, Syria, destroyed by an 
earthquake, 566 ; remained subject 
to the Ottomans until 1832, and the 
revolt of Ibrahim Pacha; Ibrahim 
defeated by the British, Austrian, 
and Turkish forces, with the loss of 
7000 men and twenty pieces of can- 
non, Oct. 10, 1840. 

Bhurtpoor, India, five times 
attacked by the British ; under Gen- 
eral Lake unsuccessfully, between 
Jan. 3 and March 21, 1805, losing 
a great number of men ; it was 
stormed by Lord Conibermere, Jan. 
18, 1826. 



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80 



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Bible translated into Saxon, 939 ; 
Tindal's translation finished, Oct. 4, 
1535 ; the revised version, 1537-8 ; 
permitted to be read by the laity, 
1543 ; published in Tindal and Co- 
verdale's translation, 1550; the 
bishops' translation printed, 1588; 
published by authority, 1560; a new 
translation ordered, 1604; executed, 
1607-11 ; Septuagint version, found 
217 ; divided into chapters, 1253 ; 
permitted by the pope to be trans- 
lated into all the languages of the 
Catholic church, Feb. 28, 1759. The 
original translation made from the 
Hebrew into the Greek is called the 
Septuagint version, completed in the 
year 277 or 284 b.o. The old 
copies in the hands of the Christian 
community of both the old and new 
testament, are in the Vatican, writ- 
ten in the fourth or fifth century, 
and published in 1587. The next 
in date is supposed to be the Alex- 
andrian m.s. in the British museum, 
presented by the Greek patriots to 
Charles I., nearly of the same age. 
The most ancient copy of the old 
Testament existed at Toledo, in 
Spain, in 1000. The copy of Ben 
Asnur, of Jerusalem, was made 
about 1100. The Hebrew Bible of 
the Jews was divided into chapters 
by the Rabbi Nathan, about 1445. 
Archbishop Langton, 1228, divided 
the English Bible into chapters, and 
put a part into verses, and Robert 
Stephens completed it about 1534. 
The vulgate latin edition was made 
by St. Jerome, 405 ; is acknowledged 
by the Catholic church to be authen- 
tic ; first printed, 1462. The poly- 
glot Bible edited by Walton, bishop 
of Chester, in Hebrew, Syriac, Chal- 
dee, Samaritan, Arabic, Ethiopic, 
Persic, Greek, and Latin, 1657. Of 
the earlier editions in different lan- 
guages, though some may not be 
exactly the earliest, a few are as 
follows : — Spanish, . 1478 ; German, 
1522; English, 1534; French, 1535; 
Swedish, 1541 ; Danish, 1550 ; Dutch, 
1560 ; Russian, 1581 ; Hungarian, 
1589, Polish, 1596; modern Greek, 
1638; Turkish, 1626; Irish, 1685; 



Portuguese, 1748; Manks, 1771; 
Italian, 1776 ; Bengalee, 1801; Tar- 
tar, 1813; Persian, 1815; African, 
1816 ; Chinese, 1820. 

Bible History, ceased 430 years 
before Christ. In the Old Testa- 
ment, books 39, chapters 929, verses 
23,214, words 592,493, letters 
2,728,100; in the New, books 27, 
chapters 260, verses 7,959, words 
181,253, letters 838,380; total, 
books 66, chapters 1,189, verses 
31,173, words 773,746, letters 
3,566,480. The Apocrypha has 
183 chapters, 6,081 verses, and 
125,185 words. The middle chap- 
ter, and the least in the Bible, is 
the 117th psalm ; the middle verse 
is the 8th of 118th psalm; the mid- 
dle line is the 2nd book of the 
Chronicles, 4th chapter, and 16th 
vei'se; the word and occurs in the 
Old Testament 35,535 times ; the 
same word in the New Testament 
occurs 10,684 times ; the word 
Jehovah occurs 6,855 times. The 
middle book is Proverbs ; the mid- 
dle chapter is the 29th of Job ; the 
middle verse is the 2nd book of 
Chronicles, 20 th chapter, and the 
18th verse ; the least verse is the 
1st book of Chronicles, 1st chapter 
and 1st verse. New Testament : the 
middle is the Thessalonians, 2nd ; 
the middle chapter is between the 
13th and 14th of the Romans ; the 
middle verse is the 17th of the 17th 
chapter of the Acts ; the least verse 
is the 35th verse of the 11th chap- 
ter of the Gospel by St. John. The 
21st verse of the 7th chapter of 
Ezra has all the letters of the alpha- 
bet in it. The 19th chapter of the 
2nd book of Kings, and the 37th 
chapter of Isaiah, are alike. The 
book of Esther has 10 chapters, but 
neither the words Lord nor God 
in it. 

Bible Societies, naval and mili- 
tary, 1780 ; Sunday School Society, 
1785; French Bible Society, 1792; 
British and Foreign Bible Society, 
1801; Hibernian, 1806; City of 
London Auxiliary, 1812 ; a bull 
from the Pope against, in 1817. 



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81 



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Other societies distributing the 
Bible not exclusively are numer- 
ous ; one the society for supporting 
Christian knowledge was establish- 
ed in 1698. 

Bible Society in Schleswig and 
Holstein ; the distribution of Bibles 
in 1834 was 3,647. First in France, 
by the Bishop of Rhodez, France, 
1718; it was opposed, but second 
and third editions appeared in 1725, 
1731, 1732, and 1735 ; it began to 
excite opposition, but all trace of it. 
was lost in 1750. 

Bible, ancient one discovered in 
Greece, a MS. made in 480, con- 
taining the evangelists. 

Bibles, the return of the number 
of, printed, from Jan. 1, 1848, to 
Dec. 31, 1850, by the king's printer, 
was 1,157,000 bibles, and 752,000 
testaments. 

Bibles, sale of, in Great Britain 
■ — Scotland, 61,000 annually, selling 
at 2s., Is., 10d., and 6s. 6d. ; printed 
in England, 240,000, exclusive of 
as many Testaments, &c, in 1834. 

Biddles, John, a noted miser, 
who died in 1833, and left a million 
sterling, having supported himself 
upon 6d. per day. 

Biddasoa river, passed by Wel- 
lington, Oct. 17, 1813. 

Biddenden maids, cakes so named, 
given away at Bidclenden, Kent, on 
Easter Sunday, impressed with the 
figure of two females who, tradition 
states, were joined in one at the 
hips and shoulders, in 1100, and 
died within six hours of each other ; 
some state the story to be fabulous. 

Bideford, disturbances at, and 
the exportation of potatoes pre- 
vented, May 20, 1816. 

Bigamy, statute against, passed 
1276; declared to be felony, 1602; 
punished as larceny, 1794. 

Biggleswade, shock of an earth- 
quake felt at, March 1, 1791. 

Biggleswade waggon took fire 
on the road, and was burned, with 
valuable property, March 30, 1780. 

Bilbao, built bv de Haro, 1300; 
battle of, Dec. 25, 1836. 

Bill of Rights extorted from 



Charles I., 1628 ; a declaratory bill 
for the same purpose, passed Feb. 
1689. 

Bill filed in the Court of Chan- 
cery by a highwayman named 
Everet, Oct. 3, 1725. 

Bill to prevent the infamous 
practice of stock jobbing, passed 
March 28, 1734. 

Bill for granting letters of marque 
against America, presented Jan. 28, 
1777. 

Bill of Rights, French, published 
by the Convention, April 19, 1793. 

Bill brought in by Lord Castle- 
reagh, to continue the alien bill, 
June 1, 1820. 

Bill of Pains and Penalties in- 
troduced by Lord Liverpool, July 
5, 1820. 

Bills of exceptions first admit- 
ted, 1284. 

Bills of Exchange invented by 
the Jews, 1160; used in England, 
1307 ; legal mode of sending money 
from England, 1381 ; regulated, 
1698 ; first stamped, 1782 ; duty ad- 
vanced, 1797, and June, 1801; made 
a capital offence to counterfeit, 
1734 ; statutes regarding consolidat- 
ed, 1828; last act for regulating, 
July, 1839. 

Bills of Mortality first compiled, 
1533, and Avere formally recognized 
after the great plague of 1593. In 
1604, the burials in 97 parishes, 
16 out-parishes, and in the outer 
parishes were 4,323 ; also 896 of 
plague; 5458 christened. In 1619, 
7,999 were buried, and 8127 chris- 
tened. In 1627, 7,711 were buried, 
and 8,408 christened. In 1635, 
10,651 buried, and 10,034 chris- 
tened. In 1643, 12,216 buried, and 
9,410 christened. In 1651, 10,804 
were buried, and 6,071 christened. 
In 1659, 14,720 were buried, and 
only 5,690 christened ; the plague 
that year being very fatal. In 
1664, 15,448 were buried, and 
11,722 christened. Great years of 
mortality in London were 1592, 
1603, 1625, 1636. In 1603 and 
1625, eight times more died in 
London than were bora, and a fifth 



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part of all. The plague of 1603 
lasted eight years, and that of 1636 
no less than twelve years. In 1665 
the funerals in the parishes within 
the walls, were 15,207, of which 
number 9,837 died of the plague. 
Of the sixteen parishes without the 
walls 41,351 died, and of the plague 
28,888. In the twelve parishes in 
the out parts, 28,554 died; of the 
plague, 21,420. In the five parish- 
es of the city and liberties of West- 
minster, 12,194 died ; of the plague, 
8,403. The funerals in 1665 were 
97,306, and out of this number, 
68,596 died of plague, the last time 
it ever visited the metropolis. The 
late act of parliament for the regis- 
tration of deaths, births, and mar- 
riages, at last fixed the returns 
nearer a certainty, prior to which 
they were very carelessly recorded. 
In 1780 they were given as 16,634 
births, and 20,507 burials ; in 1800, 
19,176 births, to 23,068 burials ; in 
1820, 26,158 births, to 19,348 burials ; 
in 1840, at 30,387 births, to 26,774 
burials; and in 1850, at 39,973 
births, to 36,947 burials. Includ- 
ing the suburbs of London within 
the registrar general's district, the 
number of births for the year end- 
ing Jan., 1850, was 72,662 ; and of 
deaths, 61,423. The population is 
about two millions and a quarter. 
The deaths per cent, are: males, 
2.7; females, 2.24 per cent. The 
most fatal diseases are those of the 
respiratory organs. Of 100,000 
born in London, 31,671 die under 
five years old ; from five to ten, 
3,408 ; ten to fifteen, 1,381 ; fifteen 
to twenty, 1,856 ; twenty to thirty, 
5,016; thirty to forty, 6,816; forty 
to fifty, 8,543; fifty to sixty, 
11,470; sixty to seventy, 13,495; 
seventy to eighty, 11,842; eighty to 
ninety, 4,142; above ninety, 360; 
so that nearly one in ten lives to 
eighty. The mortality of some 
towns is much greater in proportion 
than that of the metropolis : of 
these, Liverpool shows the highest 
rate of mortality. The country is 
healthier than the towns ; and in 



the Southern counties, a greater 
number live to the commonly allot- 
ted age of man than in the northern, 
in the hilly than in the flat coun- 
ties. The pursuits of life too have 
a considerable effect in the increase 
or decrease of mortality in particu- 
lar districts. 

Bills of Indictment found against 
Sir Charles Wolsely and Joseph 
Harrison, at Chester, for speeches 
made at Stockport, July 15, 1819. 

Bills to mitigate the severity of 
the criminal law, brought into par- 
liament by Sir James Mackintosh, 
May 9, 1820. 

Billing, Little, Priory, North- 
ampton, built 1076. 

Billiards, invented in France, 
1571. Slate tables introduced, 
1827. 

Billingsgate, London, built and 
made a free market, 1499 ; but the 
same spot was used as a market for 
fish, 979 ; the customs began to be 
paid here for the crown in the reign 
of Ethelred II. It was made a free 
market, 1669 ; burned, 1718, 1755, 
1809. 

Binary Arithmetic, invented by 
Leibnitz, 1694. 

Bindon Abbey, Dorset, built, 
1172. 

Bingham Priory, Norfolk, built, 
1206. 

Bingham Castle, in Ireland, burn- 
ed, Nov. 11, 1755, doing damage to 
the extent of £50,000. 

Birch tree, black, brought from 
America, 1736 ; another variety, the 
Betula Pumila, introduced 1762. 

Bird, Mr., and his servant, mur- 
dered at Greenwich, Feb. 12, 1816. 
Birkenhead Priory, Cheshire, 
erected, 1189. 

Birkenhead, riot at, among the 
Irish labourers, at a public meeting, 
Nov. 27, 1850. 

Birmingham Theatre enlarged 
and beautified, 1788. 

Birmingham and Coventry Canal 
completed, July 6, 1790. 

Birmingham, riots at, on the oc- 
casion of a dinner being given to 
celebrate the second anniversary of 



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83 



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the French revolution : the mob 
determined to destroy the houses of 
every liberal individual in the town, 
few or none of whom were at the 
festival; the house of Dr. Priestley, 
his library, and philosophical appa- 
ratus — the houses of Messrs. By- 
land, Bussell, Hutton, and others — 
with the chapels of the Dissenters, 
were demolished ; cries of " Church 
and king!" and of "No philoso- 
phers ! " rang through the streets ; 
several of the rioters were taken, 
and some were executed, July 14, 
1791. 

Birmingham Theatre destroyed 
by fire, Aug. 17, 1792; rioters at, 
fired on by the troops, Oct. 25, 
1793. f 

Birmingham Societv of Arts es- 
tablished, Feb. 7, 1821. 

Birmingham Coach robbed of 
£8000, Dec. 12, 1822. 

Birmingham Musical Festival re- 
turned £10,500, Oct. 23, 1823. 

Birmingham Town Hall com- 
pleted, 1833; new market at, 
opened, 1834. 

Birmingham and Liverpool rail- 
way opened, 1837. 

Birmingham, mortality of, in 1811, 
one in 30^ ; in 1824, one in 43. 

Biron, duke of, executed in 
Paris, 1602. 

Biron, duke of Courland, sent to 
Siberia, Nov. 12, 1740. 

Birth of Mahomet, 571. 

Births of children taxed in Eng- 
land, 1695 and 1783. The birth of 
a duke, £30 ; of a plebeian, 2s. 
Woman at Konigsburgh delivered 
of five children, Sept. 3, 1783. The 
wife of Neilson, a tailor, of Oxford 
market, London, delivered of five, 
in Oct., 1800. 

Biscay, in Spain, reduced by 
France, Oct., 1719. 

Biserta destroyed by the Vene- 
tians, Aug. 25, 1786. 

Bisham Abbey, Bucks, built 
1338. 

Bishop and Williams executed 
for murdering an Italian boy, Dec. 
5, 1831. 

Bishop of Osnabure:, the Duke of 



York, sent to Germany, to be edu- 
cated, Jan. 1, 1781. 

Bishops, first translation, insti- 
tuted, 239 ; originally appointed by 
the people, 400 ; first in England, 
694 ; in Denmark, 939 ; made ba- 
rons here in 1072 ; precedency set- 
tled, 1075; banished England, 1208; 
consented to be tributary to Rome, 
1245 ; empowered to imprison here- 
tics, 1382. The first executed by a 
sentence of the civil power, 1405 ; 
six new ones instituted, 1530 ; elect- 
ed by the royal conge oVelire, 1535, 
held their sees during pleasure, 
1547 ; seven deprived from being 
married, 1554 ; several executed by 
Mary, 1555 — 8 ; excluded from vot- 
ing upon temporal questions in the 
house of peers, 1640 ; fifteen conse- 
crated at Lambeth, 1559; their lands 
taken into the hands of the crown, 
and impropriate tithes substituted 
for them, June 24, 1559 ; refused to 
take the oath of supremacy to 
Queen Elizabeth, and imprisoned, 
1559; expelled Scotland, 1639; 
deprived of the right of voting 
in parliament and of temporal 
jurisdiction, Feb. 14, 1641; the 
whole order abolished, Oct. 9, 
1646, after ten had protested 
against the proceedings of parlia- 
ment, and had been sent to the 
ToAver, 1641 — 2 ; eight new ones 
consecrated, and nine restored, Oct. 
25, 1660 ; resigned their seats in 
the house of peers, Nov. 30, 1661 ; 
seven sent to the Tower for not 
reading the king's declaration for 
liberty of conscience, acquitted June 
30, 1688 ; six suspended for not 
taking the oaths to king William, 
Feb., 1690; deprived, 1690; sees 
of Bristol and Gloucester united, 
and that of Ripon created, 1836 ; 
an order in council, Oct. 1838, 
ordered the sees of Bangor and 
St. Asaph to be united, and a new 
see to be created at Manchester ; 
this was rescinded 1846. 

Bishoprics of England and 
Wales, according to the antiquity 
of their institution.— London, an 
archbishopric and metropolitan of 



BIS 



84 



BIS 



England, founded by Lucius, the 
first Christian king of Britain, 185 ; 
Landaff, 185 ; Bangor, 516 ; St. 
David's, 519 (the archbishopric of 
Wales, from 500 to 1100, when the 
bishop submitted to the archbishop 
of Canterbury as his metropolitan) ; 
St. Asaph, 547; St. Augustin, or 
Austin, made Canterbury the me- 
tropolitan archbishopric, by order 
of Pope Gregory, 596; Wells, 604; 
Rochester, 604; Winchester, 650; 
Lichfield and Coventry, 656 ; Wor- 
cester, 679; Hereford, 680; Dur- 
ham, 690 ; Sodor and Man (with 
jurisdiction of the Hebrides in Scot- 
land), 838; Exeter, 1050; Sherborne 
(changed to Salisbury), 1056; York, 
archbishopric, 1067 ; Dorchester 
(changed to Lincoln), 1070 ; Chi- 
chester, 1071 ; Thetford, (changed 
to Norwich), 1088; Bath and Wells, 
ib.; Ely, 1109; Carlisle, 1133. The 
following six were founded upon the 
suppression of the Monasteries by 
Henry VIII.. — Chester, Peterbo- 
rough, Gloucester, Oxford, Bristol, 
Westminster, 1538. Westminster 
was united to London, 1550. 

Bishops in Ireland lay claim to 
an earlier appointment than those 
of England, which is doubtful. The 
bishopric of Ossory is said to have 
been founded, 402 ; that of Trim, 
432 ; prelacies there were consti- 
tuted, 1151 ; several were deprived 
by Queen Mary, 1554; Atherton 
put to death ignominiously, 1640 ; 
Two bishops deprived for not taking 
the oath to King William, 1691 ; 
one of Clogher deprived, 1322 ; 
church temporalities act, reducing 
the Irish bishoprics, passed, Aug. 
14, 1833; of five archbishoprics, two 
were abolished, and eight of the 
eighteen bishops were, as they fell 
vacant, to be united to other sees, 
so that the Irish church should con- 
sist, as at present, of two archbishops 
and ten bishops, which number, by 
the lapses named, became existent, 
1850. 

Bishops, Scotch, said to have been 
constituted in the fourth century, or 
in 370. Episcopacy was abolished 



in Scotland, in 1688-9. There are 
six nominal bishops, called post 
revolution bishops, at present in 
Scotland. 

Bishops, Colonial, first constituted 
in 1 784, in the person of the bishop 
of Connecticut, consecrated by four 
Scotch nonjuring prelates. The 
•bishops of New York and Pensyl- 
vania consecrated in London, Eeb. 
4, 1787; of Nova Scotia, Aug., 
1787; the bishop of Virginia, 1790; 
the first Roman catholic bishop in 
the United States was Dr. Carroll, 
of Maryland, 1789 ; Canada, 1793 ; 
a bishop of Calcutta was appointed, 
July, 1813 ; and of Madras, and of 
Bombay, 1833 ; there are others in 
most of the colonies. 

Bishopkics, incomes of — Canter- 
bury, £20,000; York, £14,000; 
Durham, £24,000; Winchester, 
£18,000; Ely, £12,000; London, 
£10,000 ; Bath and Wells, £5000 ; 
Chichester, £4000; Lichfield and 
Coventry, £6000 ; Worcester £4000 ; 
Hereford, £4000 ; Bangor, £5000 ; 
St. Asaph, £6000 ; Oxford, £3000 ; 
Lincoln, £5000 ; Salisbury, £6000 ; 
Norwich, £4000; Carlisle, £3500; 
St. David's, £5000; Rochester, 
£1500; Exeter, £3000; Peter- 
borough, £1000; Bristol, £1000; 
Llandaff, £900; Gloucester, £1200; 
Chester, £1000; these have since 
been equalized or modified, as the 
sees fell in, and new bishoprics have 
been erected at Ripon and Man- 
chester. Irish Bishops, before the 
reduction, had revenues as follow, 
besides large tracts of, land, by the 
leases of which enormous sums were 
realised — Armagh, £8000; Dublin, 
£5000; Tuam, £4000; Cashel, 
£4000; Deny, £7000; Clonfert, 
£2400; Clogher, £4000; Kilmore, 
£2600; Elphin, £3700; Killala, 
£2900; Limerick, £3500; Cork, 
£2700; Cloyne, £2500; Down, 
£2300; Dromore, £2000; Leigh 
and Ferns, £2200 ; Kildare, £2600; 
Raphoe, £2600; Meath, £3200; 
Killaloe, £2300; Ossorv, £2000; 
Waterford, £2600. 

Bishoprics in Germanv founded 



BL A 



85 



BLA 



by Charlemagne, 800. Eemoved 
to great towns, from villages in 
England, 1076. Bishop of Rome 
martyred, 65; took title of Pope, 
138. 

Bishopric of Manchester esta- 
blished, act for, 1847. 

BisHOP-Auckland, palace rebuilt, 
1665. 

Bishops Gate taken down and 
sold, 1761. 

Bithynia, in the ancient king- 
dom of which arose the Ottoman 
» Turks, 1327. 

Black-Lead, or Plumbago, for 
pencils, first noticed at Zurich, 
1565; mines of, in Cumberland, 
noticed by Merrett, 1667; an in- 
ferior kind imported from Mexico 
and Ceylon. 

Black-Death, the disease so call- 
ed, visited London, not a tenth part 
of the citizens left alive, 1348. 

Black Prince entered London 
with his prisoner John, king of 
France, 1356 ; entertained by the 
mayor of London, together with the 
kings of England, Scotland, Erance, 
and Cyprus, in 1363. 

Black Monday, or Easter Mon- 
day, 1351, when hailstones fell that 
killed both horses and men in the 
army of Edward III., from the ex- 
treme cold. The same name is 
given in Ireland to the day when a 
number of English were slaughtered 
at a village near Dublin, 1209. 

Black-book kept in the Ex- 
chequer, open for the inspection of 
visiters, 1535, in order, by blacken- 
ing the monastic institutions, to 
render their spoliations more popu- 
lar. A work of the same name, 
developing the sinecures, pensions, 
and abuses in the English State 
and Church, was published, 1822. 

Blackfriars, of the order of St. 
Dominic, instituted, 1215, by de 
Guzman, a priest of Spain; there 
were converts of the order in Lon- 
don and Oxford. 

Blackwall Hall, London, first 
appointed repository for woollen 
cloths, 1515. Previously purchased 
by the city of London, 1397. 



Black Eagle, order of, in Prussia, 
instituted, 1701. 

Black Act passed, 1723. 
Black cattle, mortality among, 

Blackfriars' Bridge, voted for 
in the city, 1755; bill for, passed 
May 17, 1756 ; the first stone laid, 
Oct. 3, 1760 ; finished, 1770 ; cost, 
£1 50, 840 ; toll-houses built, June, 
1773 ; burnt by rioters, and re- 
erected, June 7, 1780 ; toll taken 
off, June 24, 1785; Sunday toll 
took place, June 24, 1786 ; bridge 
paved, 1792 ; repaired, 1831 ; level 
reduced, July, 1840 ; carriage-way 
sunk, 1850. 

Black hole, at Calcutta, suffoca- 
tion of 123 Englishmen in, June, 
1756. 

Blackheath insurrection, under 
Wat Tyler, 1381. Jack Cade en- 
camped here with 20,000 men, 1451. 
Battle of Blackheath, in which the 
Cornish insurgents were defeated, 
June 22, 1497. The cavern on the 
ascent of the hill to Blackheath 
discovered, 1780. 

Black River Port, captured by 
the British, Oct. 10, 1782. 

Black Sea, the Emperor of Ger- 
many obtained the free navigation 
of, 1784. 

Blackfriars' Bridge, toll taken 
off, June 22, 1785; cost of, £152,840. 

Blackwall Dock begun to be 
excavated, and hedges with trees 
found beneath strata of clay and 
sand, March 20, 1790. 

Blackwall Docks, the West In- 
dia opened, Aug. 27, 1802; the 
East India opened, Aug. 4, 1806. 
The Blackwall railway opened, July 
4, 1840. 

Blackwell, Dr., beheaded at 
Stockholm, July 29, 1747. 

Blackwood's Magazine cast in 
£100, for a libel upon Professor 
Leslie of Edinburgh, July 22, 1822. 

Blackburn church destroyed by 
fire, Jan. 6, 1831. 

Blackburn town made a borough, 
1832. 

Blacow, the Rev., found guilty 
of preaching a libellous sermon 






BLI 



86 



BOA 



against the Queen, at the Lancas- 
ter Assizes, Aug. 15, 1821. 

Blaize, St., an order of knight- 
hood at Aeon, begun, 1252. 

Blake, the celebrated and noble- 
minded admiral, died, 1657; buried 
in Westminster Abbey, Sept. 4. 
His remains dug up three years 
afterwards, by order of Charles II., 
and buried under the Tyburn gibbet. 

Blakeney, General, defended 
Stirling Castle, 1745. 

Blanchard, Madame, killed in 
Paris, by falling from a balloon 
which had taken fire, July 6, 1819. 

Blanco Cape, Africa, discovered, 
1441. 

Blankets, first made in England, 
1340. 

Blandford : the judges of assize 
and others die of the jail-fever, 
1730; town burned, June 4, 1731, 
300 houses destroyed ; and again, 
1775. 

Blandy, Miss, hanged at Oxford, 
April 6, 1752, for poisoning her 
father. 

Blanquet, the French admiral, 
his sword presented to the city of 
London, by Lord Nelson, Oct., 
1798. 

Blantyre Priory, Scotland, built, 
1296. 

Blantyre, Lord, killed by acci- 
dent in the Belgian insurrection, 
Sept., 1830. 

Blazonry of arms, introduced 
into families in England and France 
in 1192. 

Bleaching, art of, introduced into 
England, 1768 ; chemical process of 
Berthollet introduced, 1795. 

Bleaching by vapour, first used 
1805. 

Blendenhall East Indiaman, 
news received of its loss, April 20, 
1822. 

Blenheim, battle of, fought Aug. 
2, 1704, between Marlborough and 
Marshal Tallard. The French and 
Bavarians lost 27,000 men killed, 
and 13,000 prisoners. 

Bliburgh Priory, Suffolk, built, 
1110. 

Blind, school for, instituted, 1799. 



Bligh, Captain, governor of New 
South Wales, and the former com- 
mander of the Bounty, which muti- 
nied, arrested by the commander of 
the New South Wales corps, for his 
tyrannical conduct, Jan. 25, 1808. 

Blisworth, near Northampton, 
nearly destroyed by fire, May 28, 
1799, fifty houses and offices being 
burned. 

Blonde frigate lost on the Seal 
Islands, Sept. 3, 1784. 

Blood, circulation of, through 
the lungs, made known by Servetus, 
a Spanish physician, 1553 ; other 
partial discoveries tending to lead 
to the same fact were made by 
Paul Sarpi and others, but the real 
discovery belongs to the illustrious 
Harvey, who proved it in 1628. 

Blood, transfusion of, attempted 
in France with no great success, 
when it was suppressed by the go- 
vernment. Again attempted in 
France, 1797, and tried in England, 
in a few instances Avith success since 
1823. An English surgeon is said 
to have practised this way in 1691. 

Blood of Christ, an order begun 
in Mantua, 1608. 

Blood, Colonel, seized the Duke 
of Ormond, intending to hang him 
at Tyburn, but was prevented, Dec. 
6, 1670 ; attempted to steal the 
crown jewels, May 9, 1671 : he 
died, 1680. 

Blowing Machines, the first large 
erected by Smeaton at the Carron 
iron works, 1760. 

Blucher, Marshal, defeated by 
Murat, Nov. 6, 1806. 

Blucher, Marshal, defeated at 
Ligny by the French, June 15, 1815. 

Blue, Prussian, discovered at 
Berlin, 1704. 

Blue-coat School, or Christ's 
Hospital, London, instituted by 
Edward VI., 1552; new infirmary 
at, built 1822 ; first stone of the new 
hall, laid April 28, 1825. 

Blunt, a South Sea director, re- 
fused to be examined by the House 
of Peers, Feb. 4, 1721. 

Blythe Dry Dock opened, Sept. 
11, 1811. 



BOH 



87 



BOL 



Boadicea, queen of the Britons, I 
burned London, and killed 70,000 j 
of the inhabitants, to resent the 
treatment she had received from the 
Romans, 61. 

Boadicea transport run aground 
near Kinsale, Ireland, when 200 of 
the 82nd regiment perished, Jan. 
31, 1816. 

Board of Control, for Indian 
affairs, established by Pitt, Aug. 
17, 1784 ; amended, 1788 ; remo- 
delled, 1793. 

Board of Trade and Plantations ; 
the idea originated with Cromwell, 
1655; a board or council established 
by Charles II., 1660; remodelled 
by Wm. III. ; abolished in 1782, 
and a new board, on the present 
plan, adopted, Sept. 2, 1786. 

Board of Agriculture offered va- 
rious premiums for the improve- 
ment of land, 1813. 

Boat of iron first made and 
launched, May 20, 1777, holding 
fifteen persons, at Foss, in Yorkshire. 

Boccaccio's Decameron, a rare 
copy (1471), sold to the Duke of 
Marlborough, at the Duke of Rox- 
burgh's sale, for £2260, June 17, 
1812; sold again, in June, 1819, 
for 875 guineas. 

Bodleian Library, Oxford, re- 
built and finished by Sir T. Bodley, 
1598. 

Bogs, Irish, calculated at three 
millions of acres ; one of them, near 
Poulenard, in Louth, Ireland, Dec. 
20, 1793, moved from its original 
situation some miles, crossed a high 
road, and overturned all in its 
way. Drainage act for bogs passed 
1830. 

Bohemia, kingdom of, founded 
.550, ruled by dukes; Christianity 
introduced into, 894 ; conquered by 
the Emperor Henry III., 1041 ; the 
regal title conferred upon Uratislas, 
the first king, 1061 ; Silesia made a 
province of Bohemia, 1342 ; King 
John of, slain at the battle of 
Crecy, 1346; the Elector-Palatine 
Frederick driven from Bohemia, 
1618 ; crown secured to the Aus- 
trian family, 1648; Silesia and 



Glatz ceded to Prussia, 1742; the 
peasantry revolted, 1775 ; edict of 
toleration issued, in 1C81 ; the 
French entered Prague, 1806. 

Boiling, phenomena of, ascer- 
tained by Hook, and that nothing 
increases the heat of the boiling 
liquid, 16S3. 

Boiling to death, a punishment 
inflicted by a law of 23 Henry 
VIIL, 1532 ; poisoning was made 
treason, and the Bishop of Roches- 
ter's cook suffered that Avay, as well 
as a young woman named Davie, 
in 1541. 

Bois-le-Duc, a battle between 
the English and French, Sep. 14, 
1794; the English commanded by 
the Duke of York. The town taken 
by the French, Oct. 6, 1794 ; by the 
Prussians, 1814. 

Boiler explosion at Stockport, 
March 17, 1851, by which twenty 
lives were sacrificed. 

Bolingbroke Castle, Lincoln- 
shire, the birthplace of Henry IV ; 
the remains fell down, May, 1815. 

Bolingbroke, Lord, impeached, 
June 10, 1715, after his dismissal 
from power, and withdrew to France. 
Discarded by the pretender for neg- 
lect, to whom he acted as secretarv, 
Feb. 25, 1715-16; pardoned by 
George I., April 26, 1723 ; returned 
home, May, 1724. 

Bolivia, one of the South Ameri- 
can freed states, so called, 1825, 
from its illustrious liberator, Simon 
Bolivar, president of Columbia, who 
died at San Pedro, Dec. 17, 1831, 
aged 47. 

Bolia^ar published an address to 
the Columbians, announcing their 
complete independence, June 8, 
1822. 

Bologna Stone, the property of, 
discovered in the year 1550. 

Bologna observatory erected in 
1714. 

Bologna, city of Italy, noted for 
a university, built by theodosius, 
433 ; taken by Pope Julius IX., and 
entered with great pomp, Nov. 10, 
1506 ; taken by the French, 1796 ; 
by the Austrians, 1 799 ; by the 



BON 



BON 



French again, after the battle of 
Marengo, in 1800 ; restored to the 
pope, 1815. 

Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire, built, 
1120; the castle, 1297. 

Bolton, the engineer, of Bir- 
mingham, first authorised to coin 
penny and twopenny pieces, June 
10, 1797. 

Bolton, England, chartered as a 
borough, 1832. 

Bolton, extensive bleachworks 
at, belonging to Hardcastle & Co., 
destroyed by fire, Oct. 27, 1825. 

Bombay, given with Tangier in 
Africa and £300,000 in money to 
Charles II., as the marriage portion 
of Catherine of Portugal, 1661 ; 
granted to the East India Company 
at free and common soccage as of 
the manor of East Greenwich, at an 
annual rent of £10, 1668; confirmed 
by William III., 1689 ; now one of 
the three Indian presidencies ; nearly 
destroyed by fire, and many lives 
lost at, Feb. 27, 1803. 

Bombs, invented, some assert, by 
a native of Venloo, 1499 ; others say 
not till 1588. In 1634, they came 
into general use. 

Bomb vessels, invented in France, 
1681. 

Bonapakte family, the great 
name of modern history ; this name, 
Italianised, is written Buonaparte, 
but in the register of the birth of 
Napoleon, the names are spelled in 
both modes. Charles Bonaparte, or 
Carlo Buonaparte, was born at 
Ajaccio, in Corsica, 1744, of one of 
the best families in the city; edu- 
cated in Tuscany, he returned home 
and married Letitia Ramolini, aged 
17, being born at Ajaccio, 1750; 
she died Feb. 2, 1836 ; she had five 
sons and three daughters. Her 
husband took part with Pascal 
Paoli in 1768, reluctantly sub- 
mitting afterwards to live under 
French rule, though named royal 
counsellor and assessor under it ; 
chosen deputy to the French court, 
1777 ; one of the council of twelve 
nobles, 1781 ; he went to Marseilles, 
1785, about his health, and died 



there, Feb. 24, 1785. Joseph, the 
elder, (successively King of Naples, 
and of Spain, in 1808,) Napoleon, 
Lucien, Louis, and Jerome, were 
the five sons ; of the daughters, 
Pauline became Princess Borghese ; 
Caroline, wife of Murat, king of 
Naples ; and the other sister, 
Madame Bacciocci. Napoleon, 
born Aug. 15, 1769, distinguished 
himself at the military school of 
artillery, in 1784 ; was appointed to 
the artillery in the regiment of La 
Fere, 1785; distinguished himself 
greatly at the siege of Toulon, by 
superior skill in directing the bat- 
teries ; rose to be a general of brig- 
ade, 1794; commanded the troops, 
Oct. 5, that year, who were em- 
ployed to defend the convention, 
and defeated the Parisians; mar- 
ried, March, 1796, Madame Jose- 
phine Beauharnois, whose husband 
had been one of Robespierre's vic- 
tims ; three days after his marriage, 
he quitted his bride for Nice, to 
command the army there, found it 
in a state of destitution, but, not 
discouraged, he out-manoeuvred the 
Austrians, and in April won the 
battles of Montanotte, Millesimo, 
Dego, and Mondovi ; May 10, 1796, 
he gained the field of Lodi, and 
quickly became master of Piedmont 
and the Milanese ; fought the battle 
of Lonato, Aug. 3, 1796; that of 
Castiglione, Aug. 5 ; the battle of 
Roveredo, Sept. 4; of Bassano, 
Sept. 8 ; of San Giorgo, Sept. 13 ; 
of Areola, Nov. 15 ; in 1797, Jan. 
13, gained the battle of Rivoli ; the 
16th of La Favorite ; took Mantua, 
Feb. 2 ; gained the fight of the Tag- 
liamento, March 12; of Levis, Mar. 
29; on the 23rd, Trieste surren-. 
dered to him ; April 16, he signed 
the preliminary treaty of Leoben, 
with Austria; May 16, took pos- 
session of Venice ; 17th, signed the 
treaty of Campo Formio ; set sail 
for Egypt, May 20, 1798; fought 
the battle of the Pyramids, July 21 ; 
the battle of El Arich, Feb. 15, 
1799 ; of Nazareth, April 8 ; of 
Mount Thabor, April; besieged 



BON 



89 



BON 



Acre, May 21 (siege raised by Sir 
S. Smith) ; battle of Aboukir, with 
the Turks, July 25; sailed for 
Prance, August 23 ; landed at Fre- 
jus, Oct. 7; dissolved the conven- 
tion, Nov. 9 ; was declared first con- 
sul, Nov. 10 ; made peace with the 
Chouans, Feb. 15, 1800 ; crossed the 
Alps, and foughj the Austrians at 
Romano, May 26; at Montebello, 
June 9 ; and at Marengo, June 16 ; 
preliminaries of peace signed with 
Austria; the infernal machine ex- 
ploded, to destroy him, Dec. 24; 
treaty of Luneville, with the Aus- 
trians, Feb. 9, 1801 ; preliminaries 
with England, Oct. 8 ; the Cisalpine 
republic placed under Bonaparte ; 
definitive treaty with England sign- 
ed, March 27; he instituted the 
Legion of Honour, May 15; de- 
clared consul for life, Aug. 2, 1804 ; 
General Moreau arrested for plot- 
ting against him, Feb. 5; Due 
D'Enghien shot, March 20 ; made 
emperor, May 18 ; crowned by the 
Pope, Nov. 19; wrote a pacific let- 
ter to the King of England, in Feb., 
1805; declared King of Italy, May 
26 ; marched against Austria, Sept. 
24 ; won the battle of Werthingen, 
Oct. 8 ; of Guntsburgh, Oct. 9 ; of 
Meiningen, Oct. 14; of Elchingen, 
Oct. 15 ; General Mack surrendered 
at Ulm, Oct. 20; Vienna taken, 
Nov. 13; battle of Diemestein, Nov. 
21 ; of Austerlitz, Dec. 2 ; treaty of 
Presburgh signed, Dec. 26; Louis 
Bonaparte made King of Holland, 
June 5, 1806 ; convoked the Jews, 
July 26 ; published the Confedera- 
tion of the Rhine ; gained the battle 
of Saalfield, Oct. 10 ; of Weimar, 
Oct. 13; of Jena, Oct. 14; of Halle, 
Oct. 18 ; of Zebdernich, Oct. 26 ; 
pf Prentzlow, Oct. 26; of Jabel, 
Nov. 2 ; issued the Berlin decree, 
Nov. 19 ; gained the battle of Zar- 
novo, Dec. 23 ; of Pultusk, Dec. 
25 ; of Mehringen, Jan. 26, 1807 ; 
of Bergfried, Jan. 27; of Evlau, 
Feb. 6 ; of Ostrolenska, Feb.' 19 ; 
of Weiskelmonde, Aug. 15 ; of 
Friedland, June 14; signed the 
treaty of Tilsit, July 7; Joseph 



Bonaparte declared King of Spain, 
July 7 ; battle of Valmaceda, Oct. 
8 ; of Gamenal, Oct. 10 ; ,of Burgos, 
Oct. 16; conference at Erfurt, 
Sept. 20; Bonaparte arrived at 
Vitforia, Nov. 5; battle of St. 
Ander, Nov. 18 ; surrender of 
Madrid, Dec. 4 ; of Santa Cruz, 
Dec. 8; Bonaparte returned to 
Paris, Jan. 22, 1809 ; war declared 
against Austria, April 6 ; marched 
against Austria, April 13 ; battle 
of Landshut, April 21 ; of Eck- 
muhl, April 22 ; of Ratisbon, April 
25 ; of Newmarkt, April 26 ; Bona- 
parte entered Vienna a second time, 
May 10 ; battle of Vienna, May 11 ; 
of Gapick, May 18; of Essling, 
May 22; of Raab, June 14; of 
Engersdorf, July 5 ; of Yfagram, 
July 6 ; treaty of Vienna, Oct. 14 ; 
his marriage with Josephine dis- 
solved, Dec. 16; he married Maria 
Louisa, daughter of Francis II. , 
March 11, 1810 ; Holland and the 
Hanse Towns annexed to France, 
July 9; Bernadotte elected crown 
prince of Sweden, Aug. 21 ; Ham- 
burgh annexed to the French em- 
pire, Jan. 1, 1811 ; the Empress of 
France delivered of a son, styled 
King of Rome, April 20 ; Napoleon 
led his army against Russia, May 
2, 1812 ; reached Konigsberg, June 
11 ; entered Wilna, June 28 ; bat- 
tle of Kosnoi, Aug. 14; of Smo- 
lensko, Aug. 17 ; Smolensko taken, 
Aug. 18; battle of Mojaisk, Sept. 
5 ; of Moskwa, Sept. 7 ; Moscow 
entered, Sept. 14; evacuated, Oct. 
22; battle of Malojawslavetz, Oct. 
24 ; ' of Wop, Nov. 8 ; of Krasnoe, 
Nov. 16; of the Beresina, Nov. 27; 
he left the army for Paris, Dec. 5 ; 
reached Paris and raised new levies, 
Dec. 18 ; took the command of the 
army on the Elbe, in April. 1813 ; 
battle of Lutzen, May 1 ; of Baut- 
zen, May 20 ; of Wurchen, May 26 ; 
armistice agreed on, June 4 ; hos- 
tilities recommenced, Aug. 17 ; bat- 
tle of Dresden, Moreau killed, Aug. 
28 ; Dresden evacuated, Sept. 28 ; 
battle of Leipsic, Oct. 18 ; the Allies 
published a declaration against him, 



BON 



BOO 



Dec. 1 ; his enemies cross the Rhine, 
Jan. 4 ; battle of St. Dizier, Jan. 27 ; 
of Brienne, Jan. 29; of Champ 
Aubert, Feb. 9 ; of Montmirail, 
Feb. 11 ; of Vauchamp, Feb. 14 ; of 
Nangis, Feb. 17; of Montereau, 
Feb. 25 ; of Croane, March 7 ; the 
Allies entered Paris, March 31 ; 
Napoleon abdicated the throne, 
April 11 ; sailed for Elba, May 8 ; 
sailed from Elba to France, March 
1, 1815; arrived at Paris, and re- 
ascended the throne, March 20; 
declared an outlaw by the Allies, 
March 25 ; called a new house of 
peers and of representatives of the 
people, in April ; also a Champ de 
Mai; battle of Fleurus gained, 
June 14 ; defeated the Prussians at 
Ligny, June 16; defeated at Water- 
loo, June 18 ; abdicated the throne 
in favour of his son, June 21 ; sur- 
rendered himself to the English 
captain, Maitland, of the Bellero- 
phon, July 15 ; sailed to St. Helena, 
Aug. 1 1 ; expired there, of a cancer 
in the stomach, at ten minutes be- 
fore six p.m., on May 5, 1821, and 
was interred on May 9, in a spot 
chosen by himself; his will regis- 
tered in England. The French 
chambers decreed that, with the 
consent of England, his remains 
should be removed to France ; they 
arrived at Cherbourg, Nov. 30, 
1840, and were interred at the In- 
valides, with great solemnitv, Dec. 
15, 1840. 

Bonaparte took his seat as pre- 
sident of the French Institute, Jan. 
27, 1801. 

Bonaparte, Joseph, crowned 
King of Naples, Dec, 1805. 

Bonaparte, Louis, crowned King 
of Holland, June 5, 1806. 

Bonaparte, Jerome, made King 
of Westphalia, Dec. 1, 1807. 

Bonaparte and the Emperor of 
Russia met at Erfurt, and offered 
peace to England, Sept. 27, 1808; 
rejected by England, Dec. 15. 

Bonaparte united Rome to the 
French empire, May, 1809. 

Bonaparte, Lucien, arrived in 
England, Dec. 18, 1810; created a 



Roman prince by the pope, Aug. 
1814 ; refused passports for himself 
and family to North America by 
the allied sovereigns, March 18, 
1817; born at Ajaccio, 1775; died, 
1 840, leaving several literary works ; 
he was the patron of the French 
poet Beranger. 

Bonaparte, Lords, resigned the 
crown of Holland, 1810. 

Bonaparte and the Pope signed 
a second concordat, Jan. 25, 1813. 

Bonaparte established Lancas- 
terian schools in France, by a de- 
cree, April 27, 1815. 

Bonaparte, Napoleon Francis 
Alexander Joseph, Duke of Reich- 
s tacit, the only son of the French 
emperor Napoleon I., born, March 
20, 1811 ; brought up at the court of 
Vienna, where he was a sort of pri- 
soner at large ; died at Schoenbrunn, 
July 22, 1832. 

Bonaparte, Louis, died at Leg- 
horn, 1846. 

Bonding of merchandise system 
extended, Jan. 1, 1815. 

Bondage, release of her villeins 
by Queen Elizabeth in several of 
her manors, 1574; this led to the 
overthrow of villenage throughout 
England, 

Bones, the art of softening dis- 
covered, 1688. Bones to the value 
of £200,000 are said to be annually 
imported here. 

Bonhommes, order of, appeared 
in France, 1257 ; came to England, 
1283. 

Bonn, fall of stones at, July 13, 
1816. 

Bonn, taken by the Prince of 
Orange, Oct. 1673 ; by the Duke of 
Brandenburg, Oct. 7, 1687; by 
Marlborough, 1703 ; and the French, 
1794. The celebrated palace of the 
Prince of Cologne there burned 
down, June 15, 1777, at a loss of 
£200,000. 

Bonnet, bishop of London, en- 
tered at Oxford, 1512 ; made bishop, 
1539 ; deprived, May, 1550 ; died in 
the Marshalsea, Sept. 5, 1567. 

Books, in their present form, in- 
vented by Attalus, king of Perga- 



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91 



BOO 



mus, 887 ; begun to be sold by 
catalogue, 1676 ; supposed to bave 
been written in a portable form as 
early as tbe days of Job. Tbe 
prices were anciently very bigh. 
Jerome ruined bimself by buying 
the works of Origen. A large 
estate was given by King Alfred for 
a book on cosmography, 872. They 
sold at prices varying from £10 to 
<£40, in 1400. Thirty thousand 
volumes burned by Leo, 761. The 
first printed, a vulgate edition of the 
Bible, 1460; the second, Cicero de 
Officiis, 1466 ; Cornelius Nepos was 
the first classical book printed in 
Russia, April 29, 1762. Books to 
the extent of 200,000 volumes 
burned at Constantinople. There 
were 4,194,412 volumes in the sup- 
pressed monasteries of France in 
1790 ; 2,000,000 of these were upon 
theology; the MSS. were 26,000; 
in the city of Paris alone there were 
808, 120 volumes. The first English 
book was the game and play of chess, 
by Caxton, 1474. The first in 
Dublin was the liturgy, 1550. Books 
of astronomy and geometiy were de- 
stroyed in England in the reign of 
Edward VI., 1552, being accused of a 
taint of magic. A Countess of 
Anjou, in the fifteenth century, 
paid for one book 200 sheep, five 
quarters of wheat, and the same 
quantity of rye and millet ; and in 
early times, the loan of a book was 
considered to be an affair of such 
importance, that in 1299, the Bishop 
of Winchester, on borrowing a 
Bible from a convent in that city, 
was obliged to give a bond for its 
restoration, drawn up in the most 
solemn manner ; and Louis XL, in 
1471, was compelled to deposit a 
large quantity of plate, and to get 
some of his nobles to join with him 
in a bond, under a high penalty to 
restore it, before he could procure 
the loan of a book which he bor- 
rowed from the faculty of medi- 
cine at Paris. The earliest bound 
book is supposed to have been bound 
about 650, the book of St. Cuthbert. 
A latin psalter in oak boards was 



bound in the ninth century. The 
evangelists, on which the English 
kings from Henry I. to Edward VI. 
took the coronation oath, was bound 
in oak boards nearly an inch thick, 
1100. In the fourteenth century 
velvet and silk were used. Vellum 
was introduced in the fifteenth 
century, and was stamped and or- 
namented in 1510. Leather came 
in about the same time. Cloth 
binding superseded plain boards 
about 1831. India rubber backs 
were introduced in 1841. 

Books, exclusive privilege of 
printing, first granted in 1490, by 
Henry, bishop of Bamberg; the 
oldest Venetian privilege dates from 
1491 ; the oldest Papal, 1505 ; one 
was granted in 1495, by Duke Louis 
Sforza of Milan ; a Papal one in 
1506, to Tosino, a bookseller of 
Rome ; in 1507, one to Verard, by 
Louis XII. ; the first imperial, 1510 ; 
and in 1527, one from the Duke of 
Saxony, to the edition of the Xew 
Testament by Emser ; in 1590, one 
was granted in England, by Queen 
Elizabeth, to one Weight, of Ox- 
ford, for a translation of Tacitus ; 
but the oldest was in 1510, for the 
history of King Boccus, and another 
in 1518 ; works " cum gratia et pri- 
vilegio" occur in 1520, 1521, 1525, 
1528, 1530, &c. In 1483, no foreign 
merchants were allowed to import 
books and manuscripts to print them 
here ; they were afterwards per- 
mitted to do so, but Henry VIII. 
revoked the liberty in 1533. In 
1538, the same king issued an order 
respecting the printing of bibles ; 
and in 1542, gave an exclusive pri- 
vilege for the purpose, to last four 
years. Exclusive privileges after- 
wards became numerous. During 
the Commonwealth the privilege 
was abolished, but in the 27th 
Charles II. restored; the same in 
Queen Anne's reign, in that of 
George I. and George III. Tbe 
existing patent was conferred in 
1830 (Jan. 21), and terminates in 
1860; the patentees have not, re- 
cently, thought proper to enf'uree 



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92 



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their rights. In Scotland, before 
1700, various licenses were granted ; 
to one Basket, July 6, 1716 ; Alex- 
ander Kincaird, 1749 ; to Blair and 
Bruce, 1798 : the patent ceased in 
1833. In Ireland, George III. 
granted a patent to one Grierson, 
for forty years ; it was renewed by 
his son, 1811. 

Book Censors first appointed by 
Berthold, archbishop of Mentz, 
1486 ; this was followed by a man- 
date of Pope Alexander VI., in 
1501, with the same object; in 
1515, the Council of the Lateran at 
Rome appointed ecclesiastical cen- 
sors; usurped in France by the 
faculty of theology in 1650. 

Book of Sports, published, 1617; 
burned by the hangman, May 5, 
1643. 

Book Trade in Germany, the 
first Easter catalogue of, 1600. 

Books, published in Germany 
from 1814 to 1826 inclusive, 50,303, 
being new works. 

Books, published in France from 

1814 to 1826:— In 1814—979; 1815 
—1712; 1816—1851; 1817—2126; 
1818—2431; 1819—2441; 1820— 
2465; 1821—2617; 1822 — 3114; 
1823—2687; 1824—3436; 1825— 
3569; 1826—4347, showing the 
great advance after the peace of 

1815 in the book trade in that 
country; total, 33,774 works in 
thirteen years. Number published 
1852 reached 8261 ; of these 4321 
were published in Paris, 3926 in the 
departments, and 15 in Algiers. Of 
all 6635 were new publications 
7682 were in French , 90 German 
44 English; 110 Spanish; 66 Greek 
4 Arabic ; 28 Italian ; 6 Hebrew 
208 Latin ; 15 Portuguese ; 4 Polish 
3 Oriental ; and 6 Polyglott. 

Book-Keeping, in the Italian 
mode, originated in the fifteenth 
century, and was first made known 
here by Peele in 1569. 

Boone, Colonel, founded the pro- 
vince or state of Kentucky, in 
America, being the first settler, in 
1771. 

Booty of military, largest plun- 



der by military hordes, that of 
Thomas Kouli Khan, in the year 
1734, being £266,250,000 sterling. 

Borax, brought to Europe from 
India, 1713 ; it has since been found 
in Europe. 

Bordeaux, magistrates of, fined 
1,000,000 francs, for counter-revo- 
lutionary principles, Mar. 10, 1793. 

Bordeaux entered by the English 
army, Feb. 13, 1814; deputies 
from, arrive in London, to invite 
Louis XVIII. to return to France, 
March 25, 1814. 

Borgia, the noted Csesar, slain at 
Vienna, 1507. 

Borgo St. Sepolcro, Tuscany, had 
its cathedral and 150 houses de- 
stroyed by an earthquake, Sept. 30, 
1789. 

Borneo, Labuan, colonized by 
England, Dec. 2, 1846, under Sir 
James Brooke, styled Rajah of Sa- 
rawak. 

Borodino, sanguinary battle of, 
between Napoleon and the Russians, 
Sept. 7, 1812. The loss on both 
sides was enormous, 240,000 men 
being engaged. The victory was 
with the French emperor, who after- 
wards marched into Moscow, Sept. 
14. 

Boroughs, towns which send 
members to parliament, so named 
since Burgesses were returned in the 
reign of Henry III., 1265 ; first ad- 
mitted into the Scotch parliament 
by Robert Bruce, 1326; into the 
Irish, 1365. 

Borough-English, a mode of 
tenure which existed as early as 
834. It was abolished in Scotland 
in 1062. 

Boroughbridge, battle of, be- 
tween Edward II. and the Earls of 
Hartford and Lancaster, the latter 
were defeated and beheaded with 
the greatest insults near Pontefract, 
1322. 

Boscobel Oak, Staffordshire, in 
which Charles II. concealed himself 
after the battle of Worcester, Sept. 
3, 1651. 

Boston, United States, built 1630 ; 
fires at, 1747, 1760, 1761, 1763 ; re- 



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93 



BOU 



sisted British taxation, 1773 ; pro- 
scribed, and the ports shut, March 
25, 1774 ; besieged by the English, 
and 400 houses- destroyed, Mar. 25, 
1775. 

Boston Church, England, built 
1309; damaged by fire, May 23, 
1803. 

Bosen, called also Penguin Island, 
at the Cape of Good Hope, sunk by 
an earthquake, Jan. 2, 1809. 

Bosworth Field, battle of, Aug. 
22, 1485, ending the wars between 
the red and white roses, or the 
houses of York and Lancaster. 

Boswell, Sir Alexander, killed 
in a duel by Mr. James Stuart, for 
a libel which he had written in 
a scandalous paper called " The 
Beacon," March 26, 1822. 

Botany founded by Aristotle, 320, 
B.C. ; studied till the end of the fif- 
teenth century ; study advanced by 
Fuchsius, Bock, Banlieu, Cassalpi- 
nus, and others, before 1600 ; Lin- 
naeus system, 1750 ; Jussieu, 1758 ; 
there were 11,800 plants described 
at the death of Linnaeus, 1778 ; the 
additions recorded to 1850 are 
100,000. 

Botany Bay discovered by Cook, 
1770; first settlement of, expedition, 
sailed in May, 1787 ; arrived in Jan. 
1788. 

Bothel Castle, Northumberland, 
built, 1330. 

Bothwell married the Queen of 
Scots, 1566 ; died in Denmark, 
1596. 

Botolph's, St. Priory, Colchester, 
built, 1109. 

Botolph Church, Aldgate, built 
1749; Bishopsgate, 1727; Alders- 
gate partly rebuilt, 1820. 

Botolph, Aldgate, London, meet- 
ing of the inhabitants, to adopt 
measures for resisting the claim of 
2s. 9d. in the pound, on the rents of 
the parish, by the lay impropriators, 
Sept. 2, 1824. 

Bottles, of glass, made first in 
England, 1558 ; one to hold two 
hogsheads blown at Leith, Scot- 
land, Jan., 1748. 

Boulogne, France, taken by the 



English, 1542 ; restored, 1550 ; ves- 
sels at, attacked by Nelson success- 
fully, Aug. 3, 1801 ; a second at- 
tempt unsuccessful, Aug. 15, 1801 ; 
again attacked by Catamarans, Oct. 
3, 1804 ; town set on fire by con- 
greve rockets, Oct. 8, 1806. The 
present Emperor of France, Napo- 
leon III., made a descent at, and 
was taken prisoner, Aug. 6, 1840. 

Boulogne Flotilla fitted out to 
invade England, 1804, consisting of 
1300 vessels, 17,000 seamen, 160,000 
soldiers, 10,000 horse and propor- 
tionate artillery ; frustrated by Nel- 
son's destruction of the combined 
fleets of France and Spain, which 
Napoleon had designed to double 
upon Cornwallis, off Brest, and a 
portion to sweep the channel at the 
same time, 1805. 

Boulter, Dr. Hugh, archbishop 
of Armagh, in Ireland, distributed in 
1727 and 1728 large quantities of 
corn to the poor during the dearth, 
and had all the poor received and 
fed at his own expense in Dublin. 
In 1739 and 1740, he supported the 
poor without regard to religious dis- 
tinction in the poor-house of Dublin, 
and his charities in Ireland alone 
were £40,000. He died 1742, and be- 
sides a provision for his widow, he 
left £30,000 more in charities. 

Boughton, near Canterbury, riot 
at, Thorn the lunatic killed, 1838. 

Bounties for the exportation of 
goods first given, in 1688 ; given in 
America for raising naval stores, 
1703 ; subsequently for other arti- 
cles. The principle is now exploded. 

Bounty, mutiny of the armed ship, 
owing to the tyranny of the com- 
mander, Bligh, April 28, 1789 ; the 
captain and nineteen men reached 
Timor at last, south of the Moluccas, 
in June, a distance of 4000 miles. 
Six of the mutineers tried and three 
executed, Sept. 15, 1792 ; others of 
the mutineers, ten in number, reach- 
ed and colonised Pitcairn Island, 
where their descendants were dis- 
covered, 1814. 

Bourbon created into a- duchy, 
1336 : Anthony, head of the family 



BOU 



94 



BOY 



of that name ; Henry of Navarre, 
his son, came to the throne of France, 
1589 ; the crown of Spain settled 
on a younger branch of the family, 
1713; duke of, disgraced by Louis 
XV., 1726; family compact of, 1761 ; 
expelled France, 1791 ; restored by 
the armies of the allied powers, 1814; 
again expelled, and restored by the 
allies, 1815 ; again expelled, July, 
1830, by the French people ; the 
Orleans branch then ascended the 
throne in the person of Louis Phi- 
lippe, Aug. 9, 1830 ; deposed, Feb. 
24, 1848, and his family expelled. 

Bourbon, island of, discovered by 
the Portuguese, 1545 ; the French 
settled it, 1672 ; surrendered to 
the English, July 2, 1810; awful 
hurricane at, Feb., 1829. 

Bourbon les Baines, Bassigni, 
France, the vault under the church 
gave way during mass, Sep. 14, 1778 ; 
when 600 persons were killed. 

Bourdeaux, or Bordeaux, united 
to the dominions of Henry II. of 
England ; King John of France 
brought there captive, 1356 ; Ri- 
chard II. born at, 1362 ; entered by 
Wellington after the battle of Or- 
.thes, Feb; 25, 1814. 

Bourdenaye, the commander -in- 
chief of the French East India ships, 
seized at Plymouth, Jan. 7, 1747. 

Bourgainville, a celebrated 
French navigator who escaped from 
the massacres in Paris, 1792, and 
died, 1811. 

Bourignonists, a sect founded by 
Antoinette Bourignon, 1658 ; her 
supporters increased to thousands, 
1670 ; died, 1680. 

Bouskt, George, and two other 
assassins tried at the Old Bailey for 
the murder of Mr. Thynne in Pall 
Mall, together with Count Konings- 
mark, who had hired them to com- 
mit the crime, Feb. 28, 1682. Bousky 
and his two companions executed 
in Pall Mall, March 10 ; but Count 
Koningsmark was favoured by the 
court and escaped; he Avas after- 
wards assassinated himself, by order 
of George I., when Elector of Han- 



Boussole and Astrolabe French 
discovery ships first missing Oct. 
27, 1788. 

Bow Bridge first built, 1087. 

Bow Church, Cheapside, built, 
1673 ; tower finished, 1680. 

Bow and Arrow Castle, isle of 
Portland, built in a remote time, 
taken from King Stephen, 1142. 

Bow new bridge opened, 1839. 

Bowes, A. A., excommunicated, 
for not having paid £553 expenses 
in the Ecclesiastical Court, for 
costs in a suit of his wife's, March 
6, 1790. 

Bowler, John, convicted of 
shooting Mr. Burrows near Harrow, 
and wounding him, July 3, 1812, 
a farmer of good property, exe- 
cuted Aug. 21. 

Bowles, the widow, died, West 
Hannay, Berks, April 4, 1719, aged 
124. 

Bowman, a coachman to a Turkey 
merchant, opened the first coffee- 
house at Cornhill, 1652. 

Bows and Arrows introduced into 
England a second time, by William 
the Conqueror, 1066 ; they were 
known previously, before 420. 

Boxtel, battle of, Sept. 17, 1794, 
between the English under the Duke 
of York, and the French ; the latter 
were the victors, taking 2000 pri- 
soners, and eight pieces of cannon. 

Boyd, Captain, and Major Camp- 
bell, fought a duel in Ireland; the 
latter found guilty of murder, and 
executed Aug. 12, 1808. 

Boyer, Gen., condemned to death 
by the Bourbons, for suffering Mar- 
tinique to be given up to Napoleon, 
after his return from Elba ; com- 
muted to twenty years' imprison- 
ment, 1816. 

Boyle lectures instituted, 1691, 
by Robert Boyle, son of the great 
Earl of Cork. 

Boyne, battle of the, fought July 1 , 
1690, between William III. and 
James II., in Ireland ; the latter 
defeated, losing 1500 men. 

Boyne man-of-war burned at 
Portsmouth, May 4, 1795, when 
numbers of persons perished by the 



BRA 



95 



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explosion of the magazine ; wreck 
of the sunk hull cleared, 1840. 

Brabant made a duchy, 620 ; 
devolved on the Count of Louvain, 
1005; the Austrian division taken 
by the French, 1746 ; again, 1794 ■ 
it now forms part of the kingdom 
of Belgium. 

Brabant, Council of, remonstrated 
against the Emperor Joseph and 
the useful reforms he proposed, 
1787. 

Bracciara, Italy, 200 houses de- 
stroyed by an earthquake at, 1782. 
Bradenstoke priory built, 1076. 
Bradford, Wilts, letters at, from 
Bath and Bristol, delivered three 
days in the week after June 24, 
1741, only a few miles distant. 

Bradford, Wilts, much injured 
by fire, April 30, 1740. 

Bradford, Yorkshire, made a 
borough, 1832. 

Bradshaw, John, president of the 
high court of justice, who died in 
October, 1659, taken out of his grave 
and hanged at Tyburn, by Charles 
II., on his restoration, Dec. 3, 1660. 
Bradsole abbey, Kent, built 1191. 
Bradstow Pier destroyed by a 
storm, Jan. 2, 1767. 

Braganza, house of, razed, 1640. 
Bramber Castle, Sussex, built be - 
fore the Conquest. 

Brancepeth Castle, Durham, 
built, 1140. 

Brandenburg family recognized 
in Henry I., 923 ; title" of margrave 
of, 927 ; Frederick IV. made elector, 
in 1417 ; a dukedom, 1526. 

Brandenburgh House, Hammer- 
smith, the residence of Queen Caro- 
line of England, 1820 ; expired at, 
Aug. 7, 1821 ; demolished, 1823. 

Brandy first extracted from the 
dried fruit of the caroba tree, 1805. 
Brandtwine, battle of, in Ameri- 
ca, in which the colonists were de- 
feated, and Philadelphia taken, 
Sept. 11, 1777. 

Braschi, Cardinal Angelo, elect- 
ed pope Feb. 14, 1775; expelled 
from Borne by the French ; died, a 
prisoner of the Directory, Aug. 29, 
1799, at Valence. 



Brass Crosby, lord mayor of 
London, committed to the Tower, 
1771, by the House of Commons, 
for holding a messenger to bail. 

Brass money called in, 1560. 

Bray, vicar of, a notorious turn- 
coat, the Rev. Symon Symonds ; 
twice a papist and twice a protest - 
ant in two successive reigns, Henry 
VIII. to Elizabeth inclusive, be- 
tween 1533 and 1588; he boasted 
that his principle was to live and die 
vicar of Bray, whence the well- 
known song. 

Brazenose College, Oxford, 
founded, 1513. 

Brazil discovered, 1486 ; settled 
by Spain; 1575; by the Dutch, 
1624; taken by the Portuguese, 
1654 ; government fixed at Rio, 
1753; diamond mines discovered, 
1730; independent of Portugal, Dec. 
14, 1815 ; obtained popular repre- 
sentation, 1822 ; Don Pedro Em- 
peror, 1825 ; abdicated in favour of 
his infant son, 1831 ; returned to 
Portugal, where a civil war broke 
out. 

Brazil Slave Trade abolished, 
1832. 

Bread, during the siege of Paris 
by Henry IV., made from the bones 
of the charnel houses, 1594 ; assize 
of bread in England, 1202 ; London 
bakers' company incorporated, 1307 ; 
bread not allowed to be sold in 
bakers' shops until 1302; bread 
made with yeast by the English 
bakers, 1634; sale of bread as at 
present authorized, 1815 ; sale of, 
in Ireland, regulated by statute, 
1832 ; bread act, 1836 ; in Ireland, 
1838 ; in 1754, the quartern loaf 
was 4d. ; in 1757, lOd. ; in March, 
1800, 17d., and new bread forbidden 
under the penalty of 5s. the loaf; if 
sold under twenty-four hours, old ; 
in January, 1801, the quartern loaf 
was Is. lid. ; in July, 1810, 2s. 5d. ; 
in July, 1823, it was lOd. ; and in 
1833, 8|d. 

Bread-fruit tree brought to the 
West Indies by Captain Bligh, Jan., 
1793; 1151 were brought from Ota- 
haite ; introduced at St. Helena, 



BEE 



BRI 



1793 ; 352 left at Jamaica ; 5 re- 
served for Kew Gardens ; cultivated 
successfully in Guinea, 1802. 

Bread, the assize upon, abolished 
Aug. 19, 1815. 

Breakfast in 1480 ; a tavern bill 
of this date ran as follows : Break- 
fast provisions "Syr Goefry Wal- 
ton, the gude Ladie Walton, and 
their fair daughter Gabrielle — 3 
pounds of saved salmon, 2 pounds 
of boiled mutton and onions, 3 
slices of porke, 6 red herrings, 6 
pounds of leavened bread, 1 chop- 
pin of mead, 5 choppins of strong 
beer." 

Breakwater at Plymouth begun 
Aug. 10, 1812 ; finished, 1841 ;J it is 
5280 feet long, 360 broad at the 
bottom, and 30 at the top ; it took 
3,666,000 tons of marble blocks, of 
from one to five tons each, and cost 
£1,500,000. 

Breastplate armour invented, 
397 b.c. 

Brechin, Scotland, besieged, 1333, 
by Edward III.; battle of, 1452; see 
founded, 1150 ; bishopric discontin- 
ued, 1688; a post-revolution bishop- 
ric established, 1731. 

Brecknock Castle, Wales, built, 
1039 ; priory, 1100. 

Brecknock Canal opened June 
28, 1802. 

Breba taken by Prince Maurice 
of Nassau, 1590 ; by the Spaniards, 
1625 ; by the Dutch, 1637 ; treaty 
there between Charles II. and the 
Scotch, 1649; Charles II. resided 
at, 1660 ; taken by the French, 
1793; retaken the same year; the 
French garrison excluded by the 
inhabitants, 1813. 

Breeches worn in Pome in the 
time of the emperor Augustus ; 
breeches makers expelled from 
Pome in 394 ; introduced into Eng- 
land, 1554. 

Bremen fortified, 1010 ; sold to 
the elector of Hanover, George I., 
1716 ; damaged by an explosion of 
powder, 1,000 houses injured, and 
forty persons killed, Sept. 10, 1739; 
taken by the Erench, 1757; the 
Erench expelled by the Hanover- 



ians, 1758 ; seized by the French, 
1806 ; annexed by Napoleon to the 
French empire, 1810; restored to 
independence, 1813. 

Brescia, Italy, nearly destroyed 
by an explosion of gunpowder, July 
8, 1779. 

Brescia, crops in the whole 
vicinity of, destroyed by an inun- 
dation, Aug. 15, 1850. 

Breslau, battle of, between the 
Austrians and Prussians, the latter 
defeated, Nov. 22, 1757; city of, 
surrendered to the king of Prussia, 
Dec. 8, 1740 ; to the French, Jan. 
5, 1807 ; again, 1813. 

Brest, France, possessed by the 
English, 1378 ; given up to the 
Duke of Britany, 1391 ; Lord Berke- 
ley and the British forces repulsed 
here with great loss, June 8, 1694 ; 
the magazine, 400 yards long, de- 
stroyed by fire, and 7,000 crowns in 
stores destroyed, Jan. 19, 1744 ; 
marine hospital, and fifty galley 
slaves burned, Dec. 1, 1766 ; maga- 
zine of, destroyed by fire, July 10, 
1784. 

Bretiony, peace of, with France, 
by which England regained Gas- 
cony and Guienne, and acquired 
Saintonge, Agenois, Perigord, Lim- 
ousin, Bigorre, Angoumais, and 
Rovergue ; England renouncing 
Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and Nor- 
mandy, and receiving 3,000,000 
crowns to release king John, long a 
prisoner in London, May 8, 1360. 

Breviaries first adopted by the 
Church of Rome, 1080. 

Brewers' licences taxed, 1781. 
See Beer. 

Brewhouse of Meux & Co. vats 
burst at, Oct. 17, 1814. 

Briar's Creek, battle of, between 
the Americans and British, March 
16, 1779, the Americans being 
beaten ; the same result from a 
second action at the same place, 
May 3. 

Bribery, in cases of public jus- 
tice, first indictable, 1288, Thomas 
de Weyland, a judge, being banish- 
ed for that offence ; William de 
Thorpe, chief justice of the court 



BRI 



97 



BRI 



of king's bench, hanged for bribery, 
1351; another judge fined £20,000 
for the like offence, 1616 ; Mr. Wal- 
pole sent to the Tower for bribery, 
1712; Lord Strangford suspended 
from voting in the Irish house of 
lords for soliciting a bribe, Jan., 
1784. First practised in England 
at elections, 1554; forbidden by 
law at elections, 1696, 1729, 1735. 
Sykes and Rumbold imprisoned for 
bribery at an election, March 14, 
1776 ; a Durham elector convicted, 
1803 ; Davidson, Parsons, and Hop- 
ping convicted of bribery at Ilches- 
ter, April 28, 1804 ; seven fined 
and imprisoned for bribery at Pen- 
ryn ; Sir M. M. Lopez fined £10,000, 
and condemned to a year's im- 
prisonment, for bribery at Gram- 
pound, Oct. 1819. Members for 
Liverpool and Dublin unseated for 
bribery, 1831 ; the supporters of 
Mr. Knight of Cambridge convict- 
ed of bribery, Feb. 20, 1835 ; the 
elections for Cambridge and Lud- 
low made void, 1840. The St. 
Alban's bribery committee and pro- 
ceedings, 1850 ; the Derby pro- 
ceedings on a charge of corruption 
of electors against a member of 
Earl Derby's government, 1852. 

Brichian, order of knighthood, in 
Sweden, instituted, 1366. 

Bricks early used in England by 
the Romans, 44; made under Al- 
fred the Great, 886; size regulated 
by Charles I., 1625 ; taxed, 1784, 
1804, with tiles ; paid duty in 
England in 1820, 949,000,000; 
in 1830, 1,100,000,000; in 1840, 
1,400,000,000; 1850, 1,700,000,000. 

Bricks and Tiles — duty laid on 
bricks, 2s. 6d. per thousand; plain 
tiles, 3s. ; pan tiles, 3s. ; paving 
tiles, Is. 6d. per hundred; large 
do., 3s. per hundred ; all others, 3s. 
per thousand, 1784. Duties repeal- 
ed, 1846. 

Bridewell, London, a palace of 
king John, by Fleet Ditch ; rebuilt 
by Henry VIIL, 1522; given to 
the city by Edward VI., 1553 ; con- 
verted into an hospital, 1558; sub- 
sequently used as a house of cor- 



rection, by the mayor and corpora- 
tion of London ; the number of 
prisoners is in general about 1,300; 
other places of restraint' from this 
adopted the name of Bridewell : as 
in Westminster, the act for which 
was passed in 1826, the new Bride- 
well, 1829; that in Tothill-fields 
rebuilt, 1831. The first bridewell 
was so called from being near St. 
Bride's Well. 

Bridge, London, fire on, by which 
3000 persons were burned and 
drowned, 1212. 

Bridge, new, over the Esk com- 
pleted, Aug. 12, 1777. 

Bridge-street Association, a 
true bill for extortion and oppres- 
sion found against it, July 21, 1821. 

Bridges, Trajan's, over the Dan- 
ube, 4,770 feet long, 103 broad ; the 
first of stone, in England, at Bow, 
near Stratford, 1087 ; London, 
1176; rebuilt, 1831; Westminster 
erected, 1750; Blackfriars opened, 
1769; Waterloo, 1817; Vauxhall, 
1816; Southwark, 1819; Hunger- 
ford, 1845; there passed over the 
old bridge of London in the day, 
89,640 foot passengers; 769 wag- 
gons ; 2,924 carts and drays ; 
coaches, 1,240 ; gigs and taxed 
carts, 485 ; horses, 764. Since that 
time the population is nearly dou- 
bled. Bridge at the Menai Strait 
erected, 1825 ; tubular bridge over 
the Menai, 1850 ; Aberconway tu- 
bular bridge, 1848. Bridge of the 
Puerto de Santa Maria, near the 
town of Cadiz, fell as soon as com- 
pleted, and killed several hundred 
persons, Feb. 22, 1779. 

Bridgman, Sir Orlando, refused 
to sign the indulgences, Nov. 17, 
1672. 

Bridgnorth Castle, built 800. 

Bridgtown, Barbadoes, destroy- 
ed by fire, 1668 ; 160 houses de- 
stroyed by a second fire, Feb. 8, 
1756 ; again, Feb. 14, 1758 ; again, 
May 14, 1766, and Dec. 27, 1707 ; 
half ruined by hurricanes in 1780 
and 1831. 

Bridgwater Castle and Bridge 
built, 1204. 



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Bridgwater Canal begun by 
Brindley the engineer, at the ex- 
pense of the Duke of Bridgwater, 
1758. 

Bridgwater House erected, in 
the Green Park, 1848. 

Bridle, the keeper of Ilchester 
jail, convicted of cruelty to his pri- 
soners, and fined ,£50. 

Bridport, Lord, captured three 
French sail of the line, July 27, 
1795. 

Bridport, riot at, on account of 
the high price of bread, May 4, 
1816. 

Brienne, battle of, between the 
French and the allies, Feb. 1 and 
2, 1814; the allies were defeated 
with great loss. 

Brighton, or Brighthelmstone, 
Sussex, a small place inhabited by 
fishermen, and burned by the 
Erench, 1474; Charles II. embark- 
ed there for France, after the battle 
of Worcester, 1651 ; the Prince of 
Wales built a marine residence 
there, 1784 ; sold after his decease 
as George IV. ; block house swept 
away by the sea, March 26, 1786 ; 
part of the cliff fell with great 
damage, Nov. 16. 1807 ; chain- 
pier erected at, 1,134 feet long ; 
completed, 1823 ; injured, Oct. 15, 
1833 ; population of, 51,000 ; made 
a borough, 1832. 

Brightwill, Berks, greatly da- 
maged by fire, May 13, 1740. 

Bright, Mr., of Maldon, Essex, 
died, Nov. 10, 1755, aged 29, weigh- 
ing 44 stone. 

Brill and Flushing delivered to 
the English, 1584 ; given back, 
1616. 

Bristol, city of, built before the 
Christian era ; cathedral built, 1311, 
Gothic style, 175 feet long, 73 wide ; 
obtained a charter, and was made a 
separate county by Edward III. ; 
taken by the Earl of Gloucester, on 
behalf of his sister Maud, 1138 ; 
St. Mary's church built, 1292 ; ob- 
tained a new charter, 1581 ; taken 
by Charles L, July 26, 1643 ; at- 
tacked by Cromwell, Sept., 1645 ; 
act for a new Exchange passed, 



1723; built, 1741; bridge built, 
1760 ; attempt to set the shipping 
on fire, Jan. 22, 1777 ; riot at, on 
account of a toll, Oct. 25, 1773, 
the people fired upon ; docks form- 
ed at, 1807 ; riot on the entrance of 
Sir Charles Wetherell, warehouses 
plundered, prison forced, nearly a 
hundred houses burned; inactivity 
of the mayor and magistrates, and 
many lives lost, Oct. 29, 1831 ; 
rioters tried, Jan. 2, 1832, four exe- 
cuted, and twenty- four transported ; 
suicide of Colonel Brereton, Jan. 
9, 1832 ; see of, erected by Henry 
VIII. ; the cathedral, once the ca- 
tholic church of the abbey of St. 
Austin, founded by Bobert Fitz 
Harding, 1148; Paul Bushe, the 
first bishop, 1542 ; see of Bristol 
united with Gloucester, 1836 ; Bris- 
tol cross built, 1373 ; removed to 
Stourhead, 1760. 

Bristol, plaD to seize, discovered, 
and seven persons, adherents of the 
Pretender, apprehended and brought 
to London, Oct. 18, 1715. 

Bristol, Earl of, and Bishop of 
Deny, taken up as a spy in Italv, 
March 21, 1798. 

Bristol merchants petition the 
parliament against the intolerable 
oppression of extents in aid, May 
8, 1817. 

Bristow, Captain, discovered a 
group of islands in south latitude 
50° 46', long. E. 166° 35'; named 
them Lord Auckland's Islands, 1809. 

Britain, island of Great, the 
earliest mention of which is in the 
account of the voyage of Hamilcar, 
or Hamilcon, preserved by Festus 
Avienus, to the islands of JEstry- 
minion, or Cassiterides, in search of 
tin ; to which the Carthaginians, 
being the marine carriers for the 
Phoenicians, used to sail for that 
purpose, by way of Gades or Cadiz. 
The description given of the locality 
whence the tin was obtained, is also 
found in the early Eoman writers. 
Julius Csesar first visited Britain 
55 years before the Christian era. 
The expedition of Claudius into 
Britain took place in the year 40 of 



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the existing era ; first discovered to 
be an island, 40 ; London founded 
by the Eomans, 49; Caractacus 
taken and carried to Rome, 51 ; the 
Romans defeated by Boadicea, 61 ; 
Suetonius defeated a large army of 
the Britons, 61 ; the conquest com- 
pleted by Agricola, 85 ; reign of 
Lucius, the first Christian king, 179; 
Severus occupied York with his 
court, 207 ; died there, 211 ; Ca- 
rausius ruled Britain, 286; was 
killed by Alectus, who still usurped 
the supreme power, 293 ; Constan- 
tius, the emperor, recovered Britain, 
defeating Alectus, 296; he died at 
York, 306; the Romans finally 
withdrew from England, 426; the 
Anglo-Saxons called in to aid the 
natives in their defence against the 
Picts, 449; the new allies of the 
Britons drove them into Wales and 
the west, 455 ; many crossed over 
from the west and settled in Britany 
or Armorica, 457 ; South Britain 
divided into seven kingdoms, called 
the Heptarchy, which lasted till 
827 ; Egbert then crowned king of 
all England, the heptarchy having 
become united under him, 820. — 
The kings or leaders who governed 
before and under the heptarchy are 
very imperfectly handed down : 
those since the Christian era, whose 
names (and names alone, in many 
cases,) remain, are as follow: Avir- 
agus, 45 ; Marius, 73 ; Coilus I., 
125 ; Lucius, 179 ; Severus, the 
Roman emperor, 207; Carausius, 
284 ; Alectus, 293 ; St. Helena and 
Constantius, the latter emperor of 
Rome, 296; Constantine, the first 
Christian emperor of Rome, 337; 
Constans, brother of Constantine, 
340; Magnensius, 350; Constan- 
tius, his vicars in Britain, Gra- 
tianus, Funarius, and Martinus, 
353 ; Julian, 361 ; Jovian, 363 ; 
Valentinian, 364 ; Gratian, 375 ; 
Maximus, 381 ; Valentinian, 388 ; 
Honorius, 395; Vortigern, 446; 
Vortimer, 464 ; Vortigern again, 
471 ; Aurelius Ambrosius, of 
Roman extraction, 481 ; Uthcr Pen- 
dragon, 500; Arthur, 506; Con- 



stantine, cousin of Arthur, 546: 
Aurelius Conan, 576; Vortipor, 
Cuneglas, 576; Malgo Coranus, 
586 ; Careticus, 613 ; Cad wan VI., 
Prince of North Wales, 615 ; Cad- 
wallan, 678; Cadwallader. [Here 
the Saxons conquered all the coun- 
try east of the Severn, and divided 
it, and the British rulers were only 
styled " Princes of Wales."] The 
kingdoms of the heptarchy were 
Kent; Sussex and Surrey, called 
the North Saxons; Bucks, Hants, 
Wilts, Somerset, Dorset, and Devon, 
called the West Saxons ; the East 
Saxons, comprising Essex, Middle- 
sex, and a part of Herts ; Northum- 
bria, comprising Lancaster, York, 
Cumberland, Westmoreland, Dur- 
ham, and Northumberland; the 
East Angles, including Norfolk, 
Suffolk, and the Isle of Ely ; Mer- 
cia, including Gloucester, Hereford, 
Chester, Stafford, Worcester, Ox- 
ford, Salop, Warwick, Derby, Lei- 
cester, Bucks, Northampton, Notts, 
Lincoln, Bedford, Rutland, Hunt- 
ingdon, and part of Herts. Of these 
seven kingdoms, Kent began with 
Hengist, 455, and numbered seven- 
teen kings to Egbert, the last being 
Baldred, 805, conquered by Egbert, 
823. The South Saxon began with 
Ella, 490, and terminated with 
Authun and Berthun, 688; the 
names of most of the princes are un- 
known ; conquered 725 by Ina. The 
kingdom of the West Saxons began 
with Cerdicus, 519, of which Bertric 
was the last, 781, numbering 
eighteen kings before the throne 
fell to Egbert. The East Saxon 
princes numbered fcmrteen kings, 
beginning with Erchenwin, 527, 
until seized by Egbert. The king- 
dom of Northumbria, at first two 
governments, became united under 
Ida in 547 ; in all twenty-eight 
kings before Egbert, 808. The 
kingdom of the East Angles com- 
menced under Uffa, 575, and ter- 
minated under Ethclbert, 790, num- 
bering sixteen monarchs. The 
powerful kingdom of Mercia began 
with Crida, or Cridda, 586, in all 



LtfC 



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100 



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twenty-one kings, the last being 
Burhred or Burdred, 852, when it 
terminated, like the others, in the 
sovereignty of Egbert. These seven 
kingdoms had all been nominally 
united under one chief, who made 
an eighth; hence there was an 
octarch over all before the time of 
Egbert, who became absolute by 
vanquishing the subordinate seven, 
he being the octarch, or acknow- 
ledged head, at that moment. The 
first of the octarchs was Hengist, 
first king of Kent, 457 ; Ella, 490 ; 
Cerdic, 519 ; Kenrick, 534 ; Ceal- 
win, 560 ; St. Ethelbert, 593 ; Eed- 
wald, 616; Edwin, 630; Oswald, 
635; Oswen, 644; Wulfhae, 670; 
Etheldred, King of Mercia, 675; 
Conrad, 704 ; Celred, 709 ; Ethel- 
bald, 716 ; Offa, 758 ; Egforth, 796 ; 
Kenulf, 796 ; Egbert, 820. 

Brittany, ^France, founded 383 ; 
made a duchy, 874; annexed to 
France, 1150 ; silver mine dis- 
covered there, Nov., 1730. 

Britannia Bridge, last tube of, 
raised to its place, Sept. 13, 1850. 

British East Indies, value of 
American exports to, 1845, 431,398 
dolls. British West Indies, 4,124,220 
dolls. To Brazil, 2,837,950 dolls. 

British ships seized in Spain, 
March, 1726 ; in France, 1743. 

British Linen Company formed 
1746. 

British Lying-in Hospital esta- 
blished in Bro wnlow Street, 1749. 

British Herring Fishery incor- 
porated, 1750. 

British Museum founded on a 
grant of parliament of £20,000 to 
the daughters of Sir Hans Sloane, 
April 5, 1753 ; the collections of 
books, MSS., and articles of vertu, 
cost him ,£50,000; the library con- 
sisted of 50,000 volumes, and the 
different articles were 69,352 in 
number : annual grants for import- 
ant additions to the buildings have 
been since made. 

British India, Pitt brought in a 
bill for the better government of, 
and the appointment of a board of 
control, 1784. 



British Society incorporated for 
the extension of the fisheries, 1786. 
British manufactures prohibited 
in France, Oct. 9, 1793. 

British Mineralogical Society 
commenced 1799. 

British troops at Columbo, Cey- 
lon, murdered by the Adigar of 
Candy, June 6, 1803. 

British Museum, robbery of 
prints and drawings, July 3, 1803. 

British and Foreign Bible So- 
ciety instituted 1804. 

British Institution founded Jan. 
4, 1805 ; opened Jan. 18, 1806 ; for 
the encouragement of art. 

British Queen, from Ostend to 
Margate, wrecked on the Goodwin 
Sands, and all on board perished, 
Dec. 16, 1814. 

British Nautical Society founded 
1815. 

British and Foreign School So- 
ciety instituted 1815. 

British and Foreign School So- 
ciety, numbered in 1834 no less 
than 166,600 scholars, in 3,445 
schools. 

British Archaeological Associa- 
tion, for researches into the arts 
and monuments of the middle ages, 
1843 ; Institute, 1843. 

British Artists, society of, esta- 
blished in 1849. 

Broad - b ottom Administration, 
so called because it was formed out 
of a coalition of parties, Nov., 1744 ; 
dissolved by the death of Mr. Pel- 
ham, March 6, 1754. 

Broad Seal of England first used, 
1050. 

Broadswords forbidden to be 
worn in Edinburgh, July 26, 1724. 
Brocade brought from the East 
and first established at Lyons, 1757. 
Brocas, Sir Peckfael, did penance 
for adultery, at Paul's Cross, Oct., 
1612. 

Brocoli, an Italian plant, brought 
into England 1603; much culti- 
vated here 1680. 

Brodie Castle, Scotland, built 
1113. 

Brody, in Galicia, 1500 houses 
burned at, May 5, 1801. 



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Brogataro, Italy, destroyed by 
an earthquake, 1782. 

Broglio, Marshal, surprised by 
the enemy's forces, and escaped in 
his shirt, Sept. 15, 1734. 

Brogue, Duke de, made minister 
of France, 1835. 

Broke, Captain, captured the 
American frigate Chesapeake, June 
1, 1813. 

Brokers regulated by law, 1695- 
1696 ; dealings of stock-brokers re- 
gulated, 1719 and 1736. 

Brooke, Fulke Greville, Lord, 
stabbed by his servant, Sept. 30, 
1628. 

Brooke, John Charles, Somerset 
herald, crushed to death at the 
Haymarket Theatre, Feb. 3, 1794. 

Broomshole Priory, Norfolk, built 
1113. 

Broomsgrove, nearly destroyed 
by an inundation from a waterspout, 
April 15, 1792. 

Broomflower, order of knight- 
hood in France, 1234. 

Brothels, allowed in Loudon, 
1162. Penalties against infected or 
married women, 1162, under the 
jurisdiction of the Bishop of Win- 
chester. Suppressed, 1545; tolerated 
in France, 1280; one licensed at 
Borne by Pope Sixtus IV., and the 
women paid him a weekly tax, which 
in 1471 amounted to ±471 ducats 
per annum. 

Brothers, a pretended religious 
prophet, who, as with all similar 
characters, declared he had parti- 
cular revelations from heaven ; was 
really imprisoned under the fear 
of creating political disaffection, 
March 6, 1794. 

Brotherly Love, order of knight- 
hood, begun 1708. 

Brougham, Lord, demanded an 
open trial for Queen Caroline, who 
arrived in London, June 6, 1820; 
he protested against a secret tri- 
bunal, June 7. 

Brougham and Denman, counsel 
for Queen Caroline, heard at the 
bar of the lords, June 22, 1820. 

Brougham Castle, Westmoreland, 
built, 1070. 



Broughton, Lancashire, bridge 
broke down while some soldiers were 
marching over, and six fell and had 
limbs broken, April 11, 1831. 

Browne, Major Archibald, sen- 
tenced to pay a fine of £100, to be 
imprisoned six months, and to find 
security to keep the peace for five 
years, for sending a challenge to a 
person named Archer, February 7, 
1785. 

Brownistes, a religious sect, 
founded in Southwell by Robert 
Brown, 1615. 

Brownrig, Gen., took prisoner 
the King of Candy, Sept. 26, 1814. 

Bruanberg, battle of, 938. 

Bruce, advanced to the throne of 
Scotland, 1306. 

Bruce, the traveller, left England 
to find the source of the Nile, June, 
1768 ; reached Gondar, February, 
1770; returned to England, 1773." 

Bruges, founded 700 ; fortified, 
890 ; taken by the French, July 5, 
1708 ; again 1794. 

Brunel's plan for a tunnel under 
the Thames, considered at a public 
meeting, July 14, 1824. 

Brunswick, city of, built, 261. 

Brunswick, house of, originated 
with Azo of Este, who died 1055, 
and left a son who was Guelph IV., 
great-grandfather of Henry the Lion, 
who married Maud, daughter of 
Henry II., king of England. Henry 
the Lion is regarded as the founder 
of the family. He was proscribed 
in the diet of Wurtzburg, 1179. 
The house of Brunswick became 
divided into several branches. The 
royal family of England sprung from 
the Duke ofBrunswick-Zell. Duke 
Augustus left three sons, two of 
whom succeeded him, Rodolphus 
Augustus, 1666, and Anthony Ul- 
rick, 1704 ; Augustus William, son 
of Ulrick, 1714, was succeeded 
in 1731 by Ludovick Rudolf, who 
died without male issue, 1735, and 
was succeeded by Ferdinand Al- 
brecht, who, dying the same year, 
was succeeded by his son Charles, 
who transferred the ducal residence 
to Brunswick, and in 1780 was sue- 



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ceeded by his son Charles "William 
Ferdinand, killed at Jena, Oct. 
14, 1806. He was succeeded by 
his fourth son, his eldest son being 
blind, who abdicated in his favour, 
Charles William; this last fell at 
Quatre Bras, commanding the ad- 
vanced guard, June 15, 1815. He 
was succeeded by his eldest son 
Charles Frederick William, who 
was deposed by his j^oimger brother, 
William, Sept. 7, 1830, in conse- 
quence of a revolution at Brunswick, 
in 1830, and the elder brother sought, 
when the ducal palace was burned, 
a refuge in England. 

Brunswick Wolfenbuttle, the 
princess of, married the prince of 
Prussia, June 9, 1733 ; this prin- 
cess, an unsuccessful attempt was 
made to poison, Dec. 24, 1736 ; the 
prince of, elected Duke of Courland, 
July 12, 1741. 

Brunswick, Duke of, invaded 
France, publishing an insolent 
manifesto ; repelled with merited 
disgrace, by General Dumourier, 
1792. 

Brussels, founded in 670 ; bom- 
barded by Marshal Villeroy, 1695, 
upwards of 4000 houses and 14 
churches destroyed; ducal palace 
and records destroyed by fire, 1730; 
taken by the French, 1746 ; again 
by Dumourier, 1792 ; revolution at, 
1830; riot in, April 5, 1834, in conse- 
quence of certain displays of attach- 
ment to the house of Orange. The 
furniture of sixteen fine houses was 
demolished. 

Brtanites, a new sect, like the 
Southcotians and Mormons, recently 
appeared, to teach mankind that 
they alone are favoured by Heaven ; 
they pretend to cast out devils, to 
heal the sick, and to know the lot 
of man in a future state ; they ap- 
peared first at Millbrook, Oct., 1824. 

Bubble Companies, formed in 
London and Paris in 1719 and 1721, 
when the South Sea scheme here 
involved capital to the amount of 
three hundred millions. Similar 
speculations were formed in Eng- 
land in 1825, only a few of which 



were more than moonshine, and re- 
mained after the storm had strewed 
its wreck upon the waters. Of 
the better companies some idea may 
be formed from the following partial 
enumeration, and their estimated 
costs: — Railways — Bath and Bris- 
tol ; Birmingham and Liverpool, 
£600,000 ; Bristol and Birmingham, 
£800,000 ; Bristol Northern & West- 
ern ; East London and United Dock ; 
Grand Western, £3,000,000 ; Grand 
Junction, £2,000,000; Hibernian 
General, £1,000,000; Kentish; Lim- 
erick and Waterford, £300,000 ; Lon- 
don and Birmingham; Do. and Bris- 
tol ; London Northern, £2,500,000 ; 
London, Portsmouth, and South- 
ampton, £1,000,000 ; Manchester 
and Leeds, £500,000; Manchester 
and Liverpool, £300,000 ; Norfolk, 
Suffolk, and Essex, £1,000,000; 
Boyal Hibernian General ; Surrey, 
Sussex, and Hants, £750,000; Taun- 
ton, £200,000. Banking, Loan, In- 
vestment, and Assurance Companies 
-Alliance Fire and Life, £5,000,000 ; 
Alliance Marine, £2,000,000 ; Brit- 
ish Annuity, £3,000,000; British 
Paving, Building, and Investment, 
£2.000,000 ; British Shipping Loan 
Company, £1,000,000 ; Crown Life 
Assurance, £1,500,000; Equitable 
Investment Society, £2,000,000; 
Equitable Loan Bank, £2,000,000 ; 
Hibernian Joint Stock Company; 
Irish Investment Bank, £500,000 ; 
Investment Bank, £200,000; Irish 
Investment and Equitable Loan 
Bank, £500,000 ; London and Man- 
chester Equitable Loan Bank, 
£500,000; Metropolitan Banking 
Company, £500,000 ; Metropolitan 
Investment Society, £2,000,000 ; 
Medical, Clerical, and General Life 
Insurance, £1,000,000; Metropo- 
litan Loan and Investment Com- 
pany, £1,000,000 ; Palladium Fire 
and Life Assurance,£2,000,000; Pro- 
tector Fire Assurance, £5,000,000; 
Promoter Benefit Company, £60,000 ; 
Provincial Bank of Ireland, 
£2,000,000; United British and 
Foreign Loan Company. £2.500,000. 
Gas Companies — British : Binning- 



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103 



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ham and Staffordshire, £100,000; 
Continental, £2,000,000; Gas En- 
gine Carriage Company, £200,000 ; 
Hibernian, £1,000,000 ; London 
Portable Gas Company ; New Im- 
perial ditto, £250,000 ; Provincial 
ditto, £1,000,000; Phoenix ditto, 
£450,000 ; South American and 
Colonial Gas ditto, £1,000.000; 
United General Gas, £2,000,000. 
British and Irish Mines — British 
Mining Association, £400,000 ; 
Equitable Mining, £200,000 ; Eng- 
lish Mining, £250,000; Hibernian 
Mining Company, £500,000 ; Irish 
Mining ; Mr. Rothschild's "Welch 
Mining Company ; South "Wales 
ditto, £2,000,000 ; Welsh Iron and 
Coal do., £250,000. Foreign Mines, 
&c— Anglo-Mexican, £1,000,000 ; 
Anglo-Chilian, £1,000,000 ; Arigna 
Iron and Coal, £300,000 ; Bolanos ; 
Brazilian, £1,000,000 ; Chilian, 
£1,000,000; Colombian, £1,000,000; 
General Mining Association ; Gold 
Coast Mining; General South 
American, £2,000,000 _; New Bra- 
zilian ; Pasco Peruvian Mines, 
£2,000,000; Pearl Fishery, £725,000; 
Real del Monte, £200,000 ; Rio de 
la Plata, £1,000,000 ; Tlalpaxahua, 
£400,000 ; United Mexican Mining 
Company, £240,000. Shipping and 
Dock Companies — Bristol and Eng- 
lish Channel Ship Canal, £750,000 ; 
Bermondsev Collier Dock, £750,000; 
Bermondsey Dock, £800,000 ; Fa- 
versham Navigation ; General Steam 
Navigation, £2,000,000; London and 
Portsmouth Ship Canal, £5,000,000; 
London, Brighton, and Devonshire 
Fishing Company, £500,000; St. 
Ives New Pier, £30,000; South Lon- 
don Dock, £750,000. Miscellane- 
ous Companies — Australian Agri- 
cultural Company, £1,000,000 ; Al- 
derney Dairy, £75,000; Bognor New 
Town, £300,000 ; British Distiller}^ 
£200,000 ; British Iron, £2,000,000 
British Fishing Co., £1,000,000 
British Patent Brick, £300,000 
Canada Company ; East London 
Dairy, £125,000; General Coal 
Company; General Journal Com- 
pany, £250,000; Great Westminster 



Dairy, £200,000; General United 
Coal, £2,000,000; Kent and Essex 
Flour Companv, £210,000 ; London 
Brick Company, £500,000 ; Metro- 
politan Marine Bath, £500,000; 
Metropolitan Milk ; Metropolitan 
Fish Company, £500,000; Metro- 
politan "Water-works Companv, 
£500,000; Metropolitan Alderney 
Dairy, £150,000 ; New Corn Ex- 
change ; Royal National Bath, 
£250,000; Sea and Inland Coal; 
South London Milk, £100,000; 
Thames Quay Company, £611,000 ; 
Thames Tunnel, £200,000 ; West- 
minster Fish, £100,000. The fore- 
going schemes apply only to Eng- 
land. In Ireland and Scotland 
there were among others the follow- 
ing: — Edinburgh and Leith Dock 
Company ; Edinburgh and Dalkeith 
Railroad Company ; Edinburgh and 
Glasgow Railroad Company ; Ber- 
wick and Kelso Railroad Company ; 
East Lothian Railroad Company ; 
Scottish Union Insurance Company ; 
Commercial Marine Insurance Com- 
pany; Scottish Union Banking Com- 
pany ; National Bank of Scotland ; 
Scottish Union Commercial Bank- 
ing Company ; Scottish Wool-stap- 
ling Company; Shotts Iron Joint 
Stock Company; Caledonian Iron 
and Foundry Company ; Edinburgh 
and Leith Glass Company ; Albion 
Glass Company; Scottish Porter 
Brewing Company ; Caledonian 
Porter-Brewing Company; British 
Distillery Company; Joint Stock 
Whale Fishing Company; Edin- 
burgh Cotton and Flax Spinning 
Company ; Edinburgh Dairy Com- 
pany, for the supply of milk, the 
feeding of veal, the making of 
cheese, &c. &c. ; Equitable Loan, or 
Pawnbroker Company ; Albyn Com- 
pany, for the purpose of investing 
money on heritable properties in 
Edinburgh, &c. &c; Equitable 
Building Company, for the purpose 
of building houses in the vicinity of 
Edinburgh for Workmen, &c. &c. ; 
Joint Stock Company for the Manu- 
facturing of Paper; Joint Stock 
Company for the Printing of Law- 



BUC 



104 



BUI 



papers. In the years 1844 and 
1845, a railway mania broke out 
very similar to the foregoing specu- 
lations, and was carried to a fear - 
ful extent, and the ruin of thou- 
sands. 

Bucaniers of America, a set of 
daring pirates of all countries, that 
committed depredations upon the 
Spanish colonies on the American 
continent and the West Indies. 
Murder and plunder to an extent 
frightful to record took place. Mans- 
field, the leader, died in 1668, and 
was succeeded by Morgan. Porto 
Cabello was rifled, Maracaibo plun- 
dered, and the booty taken to Ja- 
maica in 1669. In 1671, they 
ravaged other towns, and murdered 
the inhabitants. Morgan actually 
became the Lieutenant-Governor 
of Jamaica, and received the honour 
of knighthood, 1675, 1678, and 1680. 

Buchanites, a religious sect, fol- 
lowers of one Margaret Buchan, in 
Scotland, who promised her disciples 
to lead them to the New Jerusalem, 
1772. She died in 1791, and her 
doctrines were soon after forgotten. 

Bucharest, treaty of, signed May 
28, 1812, the Pruth was to be deemed 
thereby the limit of the Bussian and 
Turkish empires. 

Buckingham free school, founded 
temp. Edward VI. 

Buckfastleigh Abbey, Devon, 
built, 918. 

Buckingham, Duke of, stabbed 
byPelton, Aug. 23, 1628; George 
Villiers, Duke of, died, 1640 ; Duke 
of, betrayed by his servant, 1483. 

Buckingham, Duke of, drove six 
horses in his carriage, the first in 
England, 1619; in ridicule, the 
Duke of Northumberland harnessed 
eight. 

Buckingham, tower at, fell down 
and destroyed the church, March 
26, 1776 ; castle of, built, 918. 

Buckingham House, built, 1703 ; 
made the queen's palace by George 
III., 1762, in lieu of Somerset palace. 
Taken down and rebuilt at £700,000 
expense, 1826. 

Buckland Priory, built, 1278. 



Bucklek, invented about 1670. 

Buckwheat brought into Europe 
from Greece and Asia, about 1530 ; 
well known and cultivated in Eng- 
land, 1597. 

Buda, taken by Solyman III. at 
the battle of Mohatz, 1526 ; a second 
time taken, sacked, and annexed to 
Turkey, 1540 ; taken by the im- 
perialists, and the Mahometans mas- 
sacred, 1686. 

Buenos Ayres founded by Men- 
doza, 1535 ; taken by the English, 
June 21, 1806; retaken Aug. 12, 
from General Whitelock, who was 
disgraced July 6, 1807; declared 
independent, July 19, 1816 ; treaty 
with, signed Eeb., 1822. 

Buenos Ayres, treasure taken at, 
brought into London, Sept. 20, 
1806, escorted by seamen. 

Buenos Ayres forbade the im- 
portation of slaves, 1812 ; pro- 
claimed all in their territories born 
free, after Jan. 30, 1813. 

Buffoons in courts, afterwards 
called Jesters, abolished by Trajan, 
the Boman emperor, 98; jesters 
continued by English kings, for 
their indecent railleries, and em- 
ployed under the Tudors and 
Stuarts; James I. is said to have 
changed them into poets-laureate, 
but these, according to Selden, 
were separate dependants, and ex- 
isted as early as 1251, though their 
annual butt of sack seemed more 
the salary of the jester. 

Bugden Palace, Huntingdon, 
built 1480. 

Building, with wood and clay or 
wattle, the mode of the ancient 
Britons ; Benedict, the monk, began 
the use of stone in dwellings about 
670 ; brick was used here by the 
Bomans, as well as stone, in public 
buildings; introduced here gene- 
rally about 886 ; dwelling-houses 
were generally constructed of wood 
until about 1600. The first recorded 
building of stone, in Ireland was a 
castle at Tuam, built by the King 
of Connaught, and called, on that 
account, "The Wonderful." The 
increase of buildings was prohibited 



BUL 



105 



BUR 



by Queen Elizabeth, who ordered 
that only one family should dwell 
in one house, 1580. The buildings 
in High Holborn, north and south, 
and Great Queen Street, were 
erected between 1607 and 1631, 
nearly on the spot where the Elms 
once stood. The number of dwell- 
ings in London, in 1772, was 
100,930; in 1841, the houses were 
computed at 217,520 ; in the county 
of Middlesex alone, and in that of 
Surrey, at 100,000 ; the islands in 
the British Seas in that year con- 
tained 3,464,007 inhabited, 198,061 
uninhabited, and 30,631 building ; 
the houses in the metropolis were 
in that year, on the Middlesex side, 
147,210; on the Surrey side, 58,774 ; 
total, 255,984. More than 4000 
houses are annually added to the 
metropolis. 

Buildings, new, in the Tower of 
London, 1850. 

Building Acts were passed in the 
5th, 23rd, and 35th of Elizabeth ; 
19th and 22nd Charles II. ; 6th and 
7th Anne; 33rd George II., and 
6th George III. ; and the acts of 
1764, 1766, 1770, 1772, and 1783 ; 
and subsequent acts, numerous and 
imperative. 

Buildwas Abbey, Shropshire, 
built 1153. 

Bulgarians defeated the Emperor 
Justinian, 687 ; subdued by Basilius, 
1019 ; this tyrant put out the eyes 
of 15,000 prisoners, leaving one eye 
to each hundredth man that he might 
conduct his countrymen home ; go- 
verned by Boman dukes till 1186 ; 
subdued by Bajazet, 1396. 

Bulgaria, insurrection in, 1850. 

Bulklet Hill, Cheshire, with all 
its trees, sunk down into a pit of 
water, July 8, 1657. 

Bull, from bulla, any popish 
edict; made a fundamental law of 
the German empire at the diet of 
Nuremberg, 1356 ; issued against 
Queen Elizabeth, and sent with the 
Spanish armada, 1588. 

Bull issued by the Pope against 
bible societies, March 20, 1817. 

Bull-baiting first exhibited at 



Stamford, in Lincolnshire, 1209 ; 
at Tutbury, Staffordshire, intro- 
duced, 1374 ; bill to abolif h, thrown 
out, in 1802, by Mr. Windham's in- 
fluence. 

Bull, John, Newspaper, proprie- 
tors of, brought before the House of 
Commons, for a breach of privilege, 
May 10, 1821 ; sentenced to nine 
months' imprisonment, and a fine 
of £1100. 

Bull-fights in Spain first prac- 
tised, 1560 ; a bull fight at Lisbon 
attended by 10,000 persons, Sunday, 
June 14, 1840. 

Bullen, Anna, appeared at court 
first, 1522 ; married the tyrant, 
Henry VIII., 1532; delivered of 
Queen Elizabeth, Sept. 7, 1533 ; be- 
headed, that her husband might 
marry another, May 19, 1536. 

Bullets made of stone, 1514; 
those of iron are first mentioned in 
the Eoedera, 1550. 

Bullion, gold and silver ; first 
mode of assaying, 1354. 

Bunhill Fields Burying-ground, 
formed near the city during the 
time of the plague, 1665. 

Bunker's Hill, battle of, in which 
the Americans, after a bold stand, 
were defeated, fought June 17, 1775. 

Buonarotti, Michel Angelo, the 
greatest of all artists known, as an 
architect, painter, and sculptor, died 
1563 ; born at Florence, 1474. 

Burdett, Sir Francis, and Mr. 
Paul, fought a duel in Combe Wood, 
Sir Francis wounded, May 5, 1807. 

Burdett, Sir Francis, liberated 
from the Tower, June 21, 1810. 

Burdett, Sir Francis, lost his 
causes against the speaker and ser- 
jeant-at-arms of the House of Com- 
mons, April 22, 1812. 

Burdett, Sir Francis, presented 
a petition to parliament, from Man- 
chester, Salford, and Leeds, praying 
for reform, the last signed by 7000 
persons, Feb., 1817 ; motion of, for 
reform in parliament, rejected by 
265 to 77, May 20, 1817. 

Burdett, Sir Francis, sentenced 
to three months' imprisonment, and 
£2000 fine, for reprehending the 



BUR 



106 



BUR 



disgraceful massacre at Manchester 
by undisciplined yeomanry, Feb. 8, 
1821. 

Burgesses called to parliament, 
1265, in Scotland; in Ireland, 1365; 
must be residents of the places they 
represent in parliament, 1 Henry V., 
1413. 

Burges's meeting-house pulled 
down by the mob of Dr. Sacheverel, 
March 1, 1709. 

Burgher seceders dissent from 
the church of Scotland about the 
burgess oath, 1739. 

Burgh Castle, Staffordshire, built 
by the Romans about 380. 

Burglary punished with death, 
and he who obtained a conviction 
was exempted from parish offices, 
1699; rewards on convictions, 1706 
and 1720 ; laws amended respect- 
ing, between the years 1823 and 
1829. 

Burgoyne's army surrendered to 
the Americans at Saratoga, Oct. 17, 
1777. 

Burgos, Spain, Wellington re- 
pulsed in an attack upon, Oct. 1812; 
castle and works blown up by the 
French, June, 1813. 

Burgundy, a kingdom of Alsace, 
888 ; united to Aries, 928 ; dismem- 
bered, and the kingdom of Burgundy 
formed of part of Switzerland, Pro- 
vence, Dauphiny, Bergez, La Bresse, 
Lionnois and Franche Compte, 
Velas, &c, 1034 ; dismembered and 
united to the Germans, 1035 ; re- 
volts, 1074; dukes extinct, 1361; be- 
comes united to France ; the duke of, 
murdered by the dauphin, 1419 ; be- 
comes a circle of the German empire, 
1521 ; then of Spain, 1555 ; con- 
quered by France, 1676. 

Burgundian Cross, order of 
knighthood began, 1535. 

Burial-places first permitted in 
English cities consecrated, 750 ; in 
church-yards, 758; vaults in church- 
es, 742 ; the first at Canterbury, 
1075 ; woollen shrouds used, 1666 ; 
union scarfs at funerals in Ireland, 
1729; burials taxed, 1695, 1783; 
forbidden within towns in Poland, 
1792. 



Burials and Births in the metro- 
polis in proportion to mortality, 
1841. — Unhealthiest district, 1 death 
to 1.21 birth ; less unhealthy district, 
1 to 1.18; average district, 1 to 1.35; 
healthier districts, 1 to 1.27; healthi- 
est, 1 to 1.33. The mortality in 
1841, was 6-6 per cent. ; higher in the 
unhealthy than the healthy districts 
or sub-districts of London ; and the 
proportion of births, 5T per cent, 
higher. The deaths in 1839 for Eng- 
land were 331,007; births, 480,540. 
In the same year the burials were for 
England and Wales, out of every 
1000 registered, the folknving num- 
bers, males, females, and mean, with 
their respective ages : — 





Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Mean. 


Under 1 Year. 


239.3 


197.8 218.5 


1 and under 3 


123.9 


126.7 


125.3 


3 „ 5 


50.5 


52.7 


51.6 


5 „ 10 


47.4 


47.8 


47.6 


10 „ 15 


25.9 


28.7 


27.3 


15 „ 20 


32.1 


38.8 


35.5 


20 „ 25 


39.5 


43.9 


41.7 


25 „ 30 


35.8 


40.3 


38.0 


30 „ 35 


32.1 


36.5 


34.3 


35 „ 40 


32.1 


35.0 


33.6 


40 „ 45 


31.1 


32.2 


31.6 


45 „ 50 


32.5 


30.0 


31.3 


50 „ 55 


31.8 


30.4 


31.1 


55 „ 60 


32.9 


30.8 


31.8 


60 „ 65 


40.5 


38.9 


39.7 


65 „ 70 


41.0 


40.7 


40.9 


70 „ 75 


41.2 


44.4 


42.8 


75 „ 80 


39.6 


42.3 


40.9 


80 „ 85 


28.8 


32.6 


30.7 


85 „ 90 


16.2 


20.1 


18.2 


90 and upwards 


5.8 


9.4 


7.6 



Burials. — See bills of mortality. 

Burials, parochial registry of, in- 
stituted, 1536. 

Burial-place, the first Christian 
one in England, 596. 

Burke, Edmund, impeached 
Warren Hastings for malgovern- 
ment in India, April 11, 1786. 

Burke, Edmund, recovered £100 
damages against the printer of the 



BUR 



107 



BUR 



" Public Advertiser," laid at £5000, 
July 14, 1784. 

Burking, a term derived from 
one Burke, a resurrection man, exe- 
cuted in Edinburgh in Feb., 1829, 
who murdered individuals by pres- 
sure, that he might sell their bodies 
for dissection. Two other persons, 
named Williams and Bishop, were 
executed in Dec, 1831, having mur- 
dered an Italian boy, for the same 
purpose. The statute which was 
so impolitic as to tempt to this 
crime, by rendering bodies difficult 
to be obtained for scientific pur- 
poses, is now repealed. 

Burlington House, Piccadilly, 
erected, 1730. 

Burlington Heights, battle of, 
between the English and the Ame- 
ricans, June 6, 1813 ; the Ame- 
ricans were defeated. 

Burlington Arcade opened, Mar. 
20, 1819. 

Burmese Empire, Asia, founded 
1750; a dispute with England, 
1795, amicably settled; war with, 
1824, when Rangoon was taken by 
the English; Synam fort taken, 
1825 ; peace, and Arracan ceded to 
England, Jan. 3, 1826 ; war again, 
1852, and Rangoon captured. 

Burnham Priory, Bucks, built 
1266. 

Burning Glasses improved by 
Setalla and by Tchirnhausen, 
1680, and by Buffon, 1747; the 
burning mirror of Parker fused ten 
grains of pumice in twenty-four 
seconds. 

Burning alive in England was a 
punishment among the Britons ; the 
first burned for religion here, was 
William Santre, parish priest of St. 
Osith, London, Feb. 9, 1401 ; many 
also suffered in the reign of Queen 
Mary, among whom were Latimer, 
Ridley, and Cranmer, burned at 
Oxford, in 1555 and 1556. Women 
were burned for murdering their 
husbands, in the last century: in 
1722, Eleanor Elsam was burned at 
Lincoln for that offence; and in 
April, 1747, Mary Johnson was 
burned at the same place, for poi- 



soning her husband, at the same 
time that William Lynn was hanged 
for poisoning his wife., March 18, 
1789, in living memory, the last 
woman was burned at the stake, 
for coining, at the corner of New- 
gate Street; nine men were first 
turned off at the drop, and then the 
woman was fixed to the top of the 
stake by the neck, and the chair on 
which she stood being taken from 
under her feet, fire was set to the 
pile. 

Burns's Commemoration, at Free- 
masons' Hall, May 25, 1816; lines 
to his memory written by the poet 
Campbell, and recited by Conway 
the actor. 

Burnt cork found to be effica- 
cious in cholera morbus, 1819. 

Burntisland secured for the Pre- 
tender, Oct. 4, 1715. 

Burr, Colonel, vice-president of 
the United States' assembly, killed 
Gen. Hamilton in a duel, 1804. 

Burwell Fire, a number of per- 
sons assembled at this place at a 
puppet-show in a barn, Sept. 8, 
1727, when a heap of straw taking 
fire, seventy-six perished on the 
spot, or subsequently expired of 
the injuries they received ; several 
were young ladies of fortune, and 
many children ; the bodies were 
buried promiscuously in two pits in 
the churchyard. 

Bury, Lancashire, the theatre, 
containing about 300 persons, fell 
during the performance, July 1, 
1787, when five persons were killed, 
and numbers wounded. 

Bury Castle, Suffolk, built, 1020. 

Bury St. Edmund's, named from 
St. Edmund, murdered by the 
Danes, 870 ; a noble abbey erected 
where he was buried ; the barons 
leagued here against king John, 
1215 ; Henry II. summoned a par- 
liament here, 1446 ; nearly consum- 
ed by fire, 1608 ; desolated with the 
plague, 1636. 

Bury, riot at, to destroy a spin- 
ning jenny, May 22, 1816. 

Burying in woollen enacted by 
statute, 167S. 



BYE 



BYZ 



Burying alive, a punishment of 
the vestal virgins convicted of in- 
continence, as in the cases of Mi- 
nutia, buried, 337 a.c. ; and Sex- 
tilia, 274 a.c. ; and Cornelia, a.d., 
92. The individuals who assassi- 
nated Count Capo DTstria, in 
Greece, were built up in brick 
walls, Oct., 1831, and supplied with 
food till they expired. 

Busaco, battle of, between Wel- 
lington and Massena, when the 
latter was repulsed with great loss, 
as the British fell back to their 
lines of Torres Vedras, Sept. 27, 
1810. 

Bushel to be eight gallons of 
wheat, 1520; the legal Winchester 
bushel regulated, 1697; the impe- 
rial corn bushel of 2218.192 cubic 
inches, to the Winchester of 2150.42, 
as 32 to 31, regulated by 5 George 
IV., 1824, and came into operation, 
Jan. 1, 1826. 

Bushes of evergreens hung out 
where wine was sold in Italy in the 
fifteenth century, whence the pro- 
verb: "Good wine needs no 
bush," 1460. 

Bute administration in England, 
after incurring popular odium, ter- 
minated, April, 1763. 

Butler, author of "Hudibras," 
monument erected to the memory 
of, in St. Paul's, Covent Garden, 
Dec, 1786. 

Butter, reported shower of a 
substance resembling, 1675. 

Buttery Priory built, 1771. 

Buttons manufactured in Eng- 
land at an early period ; those 
covered with cloth prohibited 8 
George I., 1721. 

Byland Abbey, Yorkshire, built, 
1134. 



Bye Laws of Corporations re- 
strained, 1534. 

Byng, Admiral, accused of mis- 
behaviour off Minorca, May 20, 
1756 ; brought a prisoner to Green- 
wich, Aug. 9, 1756 ; tried at Ports- 
mouth and condemned to be shot, 
Jan. 28, 1757; executed at Ports- 
mouth, the victim of cabinet ani- 
mosity, March 14, 1757 ; commem- 
orated by an inscription on his 
tomb, at South Hill, Bedfordshire : 
" To the perpetual disgrace of pub- 
lic justice, the Hon. John Byng fell 
a martyr to political persecution, 
March 14, 1757, when bravery and 
loyalty were insufficient securities 
for the life and honour of a naval 
officer." 

Byron, Lord, tried for murder 
by his peers, and acquitted, April 
17, 1765. 

Byron, Commodore, left Eng- 
land on his voyage round the globe, 
June 21, 1764; returned. May 9, 
1766 ; discovered the island in the 
Pacific which bears his name, Aug. 
16, 1765. 

Byron, Lord Noel, the poet, em- 
barked for Greece to support the 
cause of the people there against 
the Turks, and died at Missolonghi 
during the siege of that place, 
April 16, 1824, in his 37th year. 

Byron's " Cain " refused literary 
protection in the Court of Chan- 
cery, Eeb. 12, 1822. 

Byzantium, the ancient name of 
Constantinople, called Stamboul by 
the Turks, founded, 715 a.c. ; taken 
by the Romans, 73 ; devastated by 
Severus, 196 ; rebuilt by Constan- 
tine, 338, from whence it took the 
name of Constantinopolis, or Con- 
stantinople. 



CAD 



109 



CAL 



C 



Cabal, a noted council in the 
time of Charles II., from the initial 
letters of these names forming that 
word: Sir T. Clifford, Lord Ashley, 
the Duke of Buckingham, Lord 
Arlington, and the Duke of Lauder- 
dale, 1670. 

Cabbages first brought over from 
Holland, 1510; introduced into 
Scotland by the soldiers of the par- 
liamentary army in the civil war of 
Charles I. 

Cabinet councils, as now under- 
stood, were instituted April 25, 
1670 ; they commonly consisted of 
twelve members of the government ; 
in 1851 they were extended to fif- 
teen. 

Cables, a machine for making 
them invented, by which twenty 
men can do the work of 200, set in 
motion by two horses ; making 
cables of the largest size,- 1792; 
chain cables have been generally 
adopted in the naval and also in the 
merchant service, since the inven- 
tion in 1812. 

Cabriolets first introduced for 
hire into the streets of London, 
1823 and 1824, fifty only being first 
started. 

Caddee, or league of God's house, 
a league of Swiss independence, 
formed among the Grisons, to re- 
sist despotism, between 1400 and 
1419 ; a second league called the 
Grise or Gray league, was institut- 
ed, 1424 ; a third, the league of ten 
jurisdictions, was formed in 1436. 

Cade's, or Jack Cade's, insurrec- 
tion ; he placed himself at the head 
of 20,000 Kentish men, to procure a 
redress of grievances ; he and his 
followers beheaded Lord Saye, 
the Lord Treasurer, and others ; 
a general pardon being proclaimed, 
Cade fled, and refusing to surren- 
der, was killed by Alexander Iden, 
a sheriff of Kent, 1451. 

Cadiz, once Gades, a colony of 



the Carthaginians, founded, 530 
a.c. ; an armament of 100 vessels 
was destroyed here by Sir Francis 
Drake, 1587 ; taken and plundered 
by the English under the Earl of 
Essex, Sept. 15, 1596 ; attacked in 
vain by Sir George Rooke, in 1702 ; 
bombarded by the English, in 1797 ; 
and blockaded for two years, to 
1799, by Earl St. Vincent ; a second 
time bombarded by the English, in 
Oct. 1800 ; besieged by the French, 
but the siege raised in 1812 ; Cadiz 
declared a free port, 1829. 

Caerlaverock. Castle, Scotland, 
built, 1038. 

CiESAREA, built after twelve years' 
labour, by Augustus Caesar, 7 a.c. 

Cesarean operation, performed 
in London, Jan. 1847, but unsuc- 
cessfully. 

Cesaes, era of the, or Spanish 
era, reckoned from the 1st of Jan., 
38 a.c, being the year following 
the conquest of Spain by Augustus ; 
its use abolished in 1180, in all the 
churches dependent upon Barcelo- 
na ; Pedro IV. of Arragon abolish- 
ed its use in his dominions in 1350; 
John of Castile, in 1383; it was 
used in Portugal until 1455. 

Cairo in Egypt, or Grand Cairo, 
founded by the Saracens, 969 ; 
nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 
and 40,000 inhabitants lost, in 
1754, June 2 ; burned, to resist the 
Crusaders, 1220 ; taken by the 
Turks from the Sultans, and the 
empire of the latter subdued, 1517 ; 
set on fire by a lady of the beglerbeg, 
Dec. 1755; taken by the French 
under Napoleon, July 23, 1798 ; by 
the British and Turks from the 
French, June 27, 1801. 

Caissar in Turkey destroyed by 
an earthquake, and 6,000 persons 
killed, April, 1794. 

Calais taken by Edward III., 
Aug. 4, 1347 ; held 210 years, and 
retaken by surprise, Jan. 7, 1558 ; 



CAL 



110 



CAL 



bombarded by the English, 1694; 
Louis XVIII. landed at, after his 
exile, April 24, 1814. 

Calatrava, Spanish order of, 
founded in 1158. 

Calcutta, settled in, by the Eng- 
lish, 1689; purchased as a Zemin- 
dary, and Fort William built, 1698 ; 
attacked and taken, by 70,000 foot 
and horse, and 400 elephants, June, 
1756 ; retaken the following year ; 
supreme court of judicature estab- 
lished, 1773 ; college founded, 1801. 

Calcutta, black hole, or prison, 
125 persons suffocated in, June 20, 
1756. 

C alder Priory built, 1134. 

Caledonian East Indiaman burn- 
ed, 29th May, 1804. 

Caledonia, New, discovered by 
Captain Cook, 1774. 

Caledonia, the Latin name of 
Scotland, found in Tacitus, 99 ; in- 
vaded by a tribe from Ireland, 258. 
The Celts, who were the early in- 
habitants, supposed to have come 
from the continent ; Christianity in- 
troduced there about 201 ; no reli- 
ance to be placed upon its history, 
until 1057, under the reign of Mal- 
colm III. 

Caledonian Canal, commenced, 
1803 ; completed and opened, 1822. 

Calendar, the Roman, intro- 
duced by Romulus, 738 a.c. ; cor- 
rected by Numa Pompilius, 713 a.c; 
the solar system settled by Julius 
Cagsar, 45 a.c, which prevailed until 
pope Gregory XIII. This pope 
observing the difference of time, 
caused by the difference between 
365 days five hours and forty-nine 
minutes, and 365 days six hours, 
finding it had amounted to ten 
days, ordained that in 1582 the 
year should consist of only 365 
days ; and then to prevent further 
irregulaiity, it was determined that 
a year beginning a century should 
not be bissextile, with the excep- 
tion of that beginning each fourth 
century ; thus 1700 and 1800 were 
not bissextile, nor will 1900 be, but 
2000 will be a leap year. In this 
manner, three days are retrenched 



in 400 years, and the calendar is 
made, as nearly as possible, to cor- 
respond with the solar year. 

Calico, so named from Calicot, 
a town in India, discovered by the 
Portuguese, 1498 ; first brought to 
England by the East India Com- 
pany, 1631 ; calico printing by the 
Dutch first used in 1676 ; calicoes 
prohibited to be printed or worn in 
1700, and again in 1721 ; first made 
a branch of manufacture in Lanca- 
shire, 1771. 

California, discovered by Cortes, 
1535 ; taken possession of by Sir 
Francis Drake, whose right was 
confirmed by the king of the coun- 
try, 1578 ; the Jesuits settled 
there, 1690 ; expelled by the Span- 
iards ; was a part of Mexico until 
1846 ; the discovery of gold tempted 
adventurers to its shores by thou- 
sands on its cession to the Ame- 
ricans ; the gold discovered, 1847. 

Caligula, the Roman emperor, 
assassinated, a.d. 41. 

Caliper compasses invented by 
an artificer at Nuremberg, 1540. 

Calippic period invented by Ca- 
lippus ; a series of 76 years, at the 
expiration of which he imagined 
the new and full moon returned to 
the same day of the solar year — an 
erroneous notion ; the period began 
about the end of June, in the third 
year of the 112th Olympiad, in the 
year of Rome, 424 and 329 a.c 

Calixtins, a branch of the Hus- 
site sect in the middle of the fifteenth 
century ; Calixtus the founder died 
in 1566. 

Calyug era, or the Chinese, be- 
ginning 3101 a.c, with the entrance 
of the sun into the sign Aswin, the 
11th April, N.S. In the year 1600, 
the year begun on the 7th April, 
N.S. ; subtracting 3102 from any 
given year of this era will give the 
Christian year answerable. 

Callao, South America, destroy- 
ed by an earthquake, 1687 ; again, 
1746, the sea rushing in and de- 
stroying all the inhabitants. 

Calmar, Sweden, treaty of, 1397, 
called the union ; 150 houses burn- 



CAM 



111 



CAM 



ed and many lives lost there, Aug,, 
1800. 

Calomel, the first preparation of, 
on record, announced, 1608. 

Calshot castle, Hants, built, 
1540. 

Calvent, Bernard, of Andover, 
went from Southwark to Calais and 
back again in one day, thought an 
extraordinary feat, July 17, 1618. 

Calves'-head Festival instituted, 
Jan. 30, 1734. 

Calvi surrendered to the Eng- 
lish, June 12, 1784 ; to the French, 
1796. 

Calvinists, sect of, founded by 
John Calvin, at Geneva, who died 
there, May 27, 1564, aged 55, a 
Frenchman, born in Picardy. Like 
Luther, a great reformer at first ; 
he differed from him subsequently, 
after the conference of Poissy, 1561. 
He was intolerant, and caused 
Michael Servetus to be burned in 
1553, while he attacked the Roman 
church for its persecuting spirit. 

Cambbay taken by the Spaniards, 
1595, and several times subsequent- 
ly ; attacked by the Austrians, Aug. 
8, 1793; taken by Sir Charles 
Colville and the British, June 24, 
1815 ; the citadel surrendering the 
next day, was occupied by the 
Bourbon court, under the protection 
of the enemies of France : it was 
occupied by the allies until 1818; 
league of Cambray, Dec. 10, 1508 : 
also, 1529 ; and treaty of, between 
Charles VI. and Philip of Spain, 
1724. 

Cambbic, made at Cambray 
early in the sixteenth century ; 
much valued in the time of Eliza- 
beth, 1580 ; in 1671 it was pro- 
hibited, with all French goods, be- 
cause it was thought the balance of 
trade with France was against Eng- 
land. In 1685 the commodities of 
France were again admitted ; in 
1688-9 prohibitions ensued again, 
and remained until 1713 ; prohibited 
again, 1745 ; readmitted, 1786 ; 
heavy duties were still laid upon 
the articles, until the wiser system 
of the present day prevailed. 



Cambbidge, sometimes called 
Granta, in the old English histori- 
ans ; university founded by Sigebert 
about 631 ; restored by Edward the 
Elder, 915; burned by the Danes, 
1010; began to revive, 1110; Hen- 
ry I. and VII. bestowed privileges 
on the town; the castle built, 1067; 
the records of the university burned 
during Wat Tyler's rebellion in 
1381 ; the streets paved, 1410 and 
1544; chancellor's court establish- 
ed by Queen Elizabeth ; refused a 
degree to a Roman Catholic recom- 
mended by the king, 1687 ; senate 
house built, 1722 ; installation of 
the Duke of Newcastle, July 5, 
1749 ; statue of the Duke of Somer- 
set erected in the senate house, Julv 
14, 1756 ; paved and lighted, 1789. 
Colleges : Church college founded, 
1442; Corpus ChristiorBennet,1351; 
Downing college, 1717; Emanuel 
college, 1584; Gonville and Caius, 
1348, enlarged, 1557 ; Jesus college, 
1496 ; King's college, 1441 ; Mag- 
dalen, 1519 ; Peterhouse, 1257 ; 
Queen's, 1448 ; St. John's, 1511 ; 
Sidney Sussex, 1593 ; Trinity, 
1546. Halls : Catherine, 1475 : 
Clare, 1326 and 1344 ; Pembroke, 
1343 ; Trinity, 1351. 

Cambbidge Free Grammar School 
founded by Dr. Perse, 1615. 

Camden, battle of, in the Ameri- 
can war, between Cornwallis and 
Gates, the latter defeated, Aug. 16, 
1780; a second, but the same re- 
sult, between Lord Rawdon and 
General Green, April 25, 1781 ; 
Camden town evacuated and burned 
by the English, May 13, 1781. 

Camlet, a stuff made of silk, 
hair, and wool; the Oriental it imi- 
tates brought from India, 1660. 

Campanile of St. Marco, Venice, 
built, 1134. 

Camebon, Maiy, died at Inver- 
ness, May 17, 1783, aged 130. 

Campeachy Bay discovered, 1520: 
taken by the English, 1659; burned 
by the Bucaniers, 1678 ; by St. 
Domingo freebooters, 1685; Eng- 
lish logwood - cutters settled here, 
1662. 



CAN 



112 



CAN 



Camperdown, naval battle of, Oct. 
11, 1797. 

Campo Fobmio, treaty of, between 
Trance and Austria, Oct. 17, 1797. 

Canada, discovered by the Cabots, 
1499; settled by the French, 1608 ; 
taken by the English, 1628 ; restored 
1631 ; taken again by the English, 
1759 ; and confirmed to them by the 
peace of 1763 ; divided into the up- 
per and lower provinces, 1791 ; made 
a bishopric in 1793 ; invaded by the 
Americans with 30,000 men at dif- 
ferent points, but in all discomfited 
in any permanent occupation of a 
post ; insurrection in Dec. 6, 1837 ; 
engagement at St. Eustace, Dec. 14, 
1837 ; repulsed at Toronto ; Jan. 5, 
1838 ; two of the leaders executed 
as traitors, April 12, 1838; Lord 
Durham resigned the government, 
Oct. 9, 1838 ; revolt at Beauharnois, 
Nov. 3, 1838 ; routed, Nov. 6 ; sup- 
pressed, Nov. 17, 1838 ; act for the 
provisional government of Lower 
Canadapassed, Feb. 1838; amended, 
Aug. 1839; Upper and Lower, form 
a territory of 360,000 square miles ; 
2,500,000 acres cultivated in Upper 
Canada. Population, 1850 — Upper 
Canada, about 723,000; Lower 
Canada, 678,000. 

Canals, the more celebrated in 
Europe, that of Languedoc, joining 
the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 
begun, 1686 ; that of Orleans, from 
the Loire to the Seine, 1675 ; from 
the Caspian to St. Petersburgh, by 
the Vishnei Volasnock canal and 
rivers, 1709; of Lake Ladoga, 1719; 
from Stockholm to Gottenburg, 
1751 ; that of Kiel, between the 
Baltic and North Sea, 1785 ; be- 
tween the Seine and Oise, 1790 ; 
of Aragon in Spain, 1785 ; Brussels 
to Antwerp, 1560; the great Ameri- 
can Erie, 330 miles long, 1817 ; the 
most wonderful of all is in China, 
2000 miles long, touching upon 41 
cities, begun, 1000; the oldest in 
England was made by Henry I., 
joining the Trent and Witham, 
1134. There are at present in Eng- 
land 2800 miles of canal, and 2500 
miles of navigable rivers — 5300 in 



all. In Ireland there are 300 miles 
of canal, 150 of navigable rivers, 
and 60 in the Shannon navigable 
below Limerick, in all 510. The 
principal of these canals date as 
follows : — New River, 1614; Kennet, 
navigable to Oxford, 1624; the 
Reading, 1715 ; Lagon Navigation, 
1755; Carmarthenshire Canal, 1756; 
Droitwich to the Severn, 1756 ; Duke 
of Bridgwater's first great canal, 
1758 ; Northampton Navigation, 
1761 ; Dublin to the Shannon, 1765; 
Stafford and Worcester, 1765; Forth 
to the Clyde, 1768 ; Birmingham to 
Bilston, 1768 ; Oxford to Coventry, 
1769 ; Lea made navigable from 
Hertford to Ware, 1739 ; to London, 
1770; Leeds to Liverpool, 1770; 
Monkland, Scotland, commenced, 
1770 ; Ellesmere and Chester, 1772 ; 
Basingstoke Canal, 1772 ; Liverpool 
to Wigan, 1774; Stroud to the 
Severn, 1775 ; Staffordshire Canal, 
1776 ; the Stourbridge, 1776 ; Run- 
corn to Manchester, 1776 ; Trent 
and Mersey opened, 1777 ; Chester- 
field to the Trent, 1777; Belfast to 
Lough Neagh, 1783 ; Thames to 
Leachlade, 1783 ; Sallins to Monas- 
teveren, 1786 ; Dublin to the Shan- 
non, the Royal, 1788 ; Severn to the 
Thames, 1789; Bradford, 1790; 
Grand Junction Canal, 1790; Bir- 
mingham and Coventry, 1790 ; Mo- 
nasteveren to Athy, 1791 ; Worces- 
ter and Birmingham, 1791 ; Man- 
chester, Bolton, and Bury, 1791 ; 
Warwick and Birmingham, 1793 ; 
Barnsley Cut, 1794 ; Rochdale act 
passed, 1794; Huddersfield act 
passed, 1794; Hereford and Glouce- 
ster, 1796; Pacldington, 1798; Ken- 
net and Avon opened, 1799 ; Peak 
Forest, 1800; Thames and Fenny 
Stratford, 1800; Bushey Canal, 
1801 ; act for Grand Surrey passed, 
1801; Brecknock, 1802; Caledonian 
commenced, 1803 ; Ellesmere aque- 
duct, 1805 ; Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
1805 ; Aberdeen, 1807; Glasgow and 
Ardrossan, 1811 ; Leeds and Liver- 
pool, 1816 ; Wey and Avon, 1826 ; 
Edinburgh and Glasgow Union, 
1818; Sheffield, 1819; Regent's 



CAN 



113 



CAN 



Canal, 1820;Birmingham andLiver- 
pool, 1826 ; Gloucester and Berkley- 
Ship completed, 1827 ; Norwich and 
Lowestoft Navigation opened, 1831. 
Some of these were completed at 
the foregoing dates, others under 
execution, but all of them are now 
finished. 

Canals in France, executed and 
completing, extent, 3000 miles ; in 
the United States, 3900 miles. 

Canary Islands, discovered, 1402, 
by Bethencourt, a Norman ; settled 
by the Spaniards, who planted vines 
there, 1420. 

Candia, seized by the Saracens, 
808 ; taken by the Greeks, 961 ; sold 
to Venice, 1194; taken by the Turks, 
1669. 

Candiac, John James, a pheno- 
menon of mind or memory ; knew 
his letters at thirteen months old, 
and at seven was master of Latin, 
Greek, and Hebrew ; he died in 1725, 
aged seven ! 

Candles, came into use made of 
tallow, 1290. Splinters of wood or 
rushes dipped in tallow were used 
about 1300, and are still used in 
poor farm-houses in remote places. 
Candles or lights of wax first used 
in churches, 274 ; wax-chandlers' 
company established, 1484 ; duty 
upon, amounted to £500,000; re- 
pealed, 1831. 

Candleberry Myrtle, imported 
from North America, 1699, a Chinese 
plant, supplying a species of veget- 
able wax. 

Candlemas Day, a festival of the 
Roman Catholic and Reformed 
churches on the purification of the 
Virgin. Lighting up the churches 
on this day forbidden by order of 
council, 1548. " 

Candy, the capital of Ceylon ; a 
British detachment massacred at, 
Feb. 20, 1803; war renewed against 
the natives, 1814 ; the king conquered 
and made prisoner, Feb. 19, 1815; 
deposed, and the whole sovereignty 
vested in his conquerors, March 2, 
1815. 

Canning Administration, termi- 
nated by the death of that states- 



man ; formed, April, 1827 ; closed, 
Aug. 8, the same year. 

Canning, George, statue, of, erected 
in palace yard, Westminster, May 
2, 1832. 

Cannon, said to have been in- 
vented, 1330; disputed whether used 
at Crecy, 1346; but used at the 
siege of Calais, 1347 ; the largest 
cast in India, 1685 ; a large one of 
eighteen inches bore, and eighteen 
feet long, at Ehrenbreitstein, made, 
1529 ; remarkable one in Dover 
castle, 24 feet long, called Queen 
Elizabeth's pocket pistol ; a piece 
taken from the Turks by the French, 
and retaken by the English, placed 
in St. James' park, March, 1803. 

Canon, the first promulgated, 
380 ; the dignity of this law not 
extant before Charlemagne, 768 ; 
first introduced into Europe by 
Gratian the author in 1151 ; into 
England, 19 Stephen, 1154. 

Canonical hours for prayer, in- 
stituted, 391. 

Canonization of Romish martyrs 
and saints, introduced by papal 
authority, 933, but instituted by Leo 
III., 800; St. Udalricus was first 
canonized, 993 ; before that time all 
bishops could make canonizations 
of whom they pleased. 

Canova, Antonio, the celebrated 
sculptor who visited England just 
before his decease, died, Oct. 22, 
1822, aged 65. 

Canterbury, castle built, 1075; 
the city of the capital of Ethelbert, 
king of Kent, 560 ; paved, 1477 ; 
cathedral built, 1184 and 1411, 
Saxon Gothic, 514 feet long, 71 
wide, 130 high; west gate built, 
1387 ; palace robbed, Oct, 11, 1778 ; 
revenues of the see of, seized by the 
king, 1096. 

Canterbury, see of, settled by 
St. Austin, 596; Becket murdered at 
the altar of, Dec, 1171 ; the see fur- 
nished the Roman Catholic church 
with eighteen saints, and nine car- 
dinals, and the state of England 
with twelve lord-chancellors and 
four treasurers. The see made su- 
perior to York, 1073. 

i 



CAP 



114 



CAE 



Canton, China, merchants first 
traded to, 1511 ; a fire destroyed the 
factory at, and 15,000 houses ; an 
inundation swept away 10,000 
houses, and above 1000 persons, 
Oct., 1833. 

Canute the Dane, king of Eng- 
land, 1017. 

Cap first worn, 1449, being made 
of cloth or velvet ; a law enacted 
that every person above seven years 
of age should wear on Sundays and 
holidays a cap of wool, knit made, 
thickened and dressed in England 
by some of the trade of cappers, 
under the forfeiture of three far- 
things for every day's neglect, ex- 
cepting maids, ladies, and gentle- 
women, and every lord, knight, and 
gentleman, of 20 marks of land, and 
their heirs, and such as have borne 
office of worship in any city, town, 
or place, and the wardens of the 
London company, 1571. 

Cape Breton discovered by the 
English, 1584; taken by the French, 
1632 ; restored, 1648 ; taken again, 
1745 ; retaken, 1748 ; taken, 1758 ; 
ceded to England by treaty, 1763. 

Cape Coast Castle settled by the 
Portuguese, 1610 ; taken by the 
Dutch, and demolished by Admiral 
Holmes, 1661 ; the British settle- 
ments here destroyed by De Ruyter, 
the Dutch admiral, 1665 ; confirmed 
to England by the treaty of Breda, 
1667. 

Cape of Good Hope, discovered 
by Diaz, 1486 ; the Cape doubled 
by Yasco de Gama, Nov. 20, 1497 j 
settled by the Dutch, 1651 ; taken 
by the English, Sept. 16, 1795 ; re- 
stored at the peace, 1802 ; taken 
again, Jan. 8, 1806 ; ceded to Eng- 
land, 1820 ; war with the Caffres, 
October, 1834, again, 1847-8; se- 
vere action with them, Aug. 29, 
1848 ; the inhabitants resist the 
Cape being made a penal colony, 
May 19, 1849 ; a constitution sent 
out for self-government, 1851 ; war 
continued with the natives,. 1852, 
terminated, 1853. 

Cape Horn, first navigation round 
1616. 



Steaits of Magellan discovered, 
1643. 

Cape Capri, Cefalonia Island, 
ceded to England at the peace of 
1814, with the Ionian Islands. 

Cape Blanco, Africa, discovered 
1441. 

Cape de Verd Islands discovered 
by Noli, a Genoese seaman, 1446. 

Cape St. Vincent, battle of, be- 
tween the French, under de Tour- 
ville, and Admiral Rooke, with twen- 
ty English and Dutch men-of-war, 
and the Anglo-Turkish fleet of mer- 
chantmen under convoy ; the French 
took or destroyed twelve English 
and Dutch ships, and eighty mer- 
chantmen, June 16, 1693 ; again, 
Feb. 14, 1797, when Sir John Jervis, 
with fifteen sail, engaged the com 
bined French and Spanish with 
twenty-seven, and captured four 
line-of-battle ships. 

Capet, French royal house of, 
and the third race of French mo- 
narchs ; the first line expired with 
Charles IV., 1328, when the branch 
of Valois ascended the throne. 

Capitol at Rome destroyed by 
fire, 70. 

Capitoline games instituted by 
Domitian, 86. 

Cappadocia, kingdom of, founded 
before Christ, 744 years ; Archelaus, 
the last king, died, bequeathing his 
empire to the Romans, 17. 

Capper, synonymous with hatter ; 
the cap first worn on the entry of 
Charles VII. into Rouen, 1489. See 
Cap. 

Capouchins, or Capuchins, an 
order of friars, Franciscans, who 
wore a capouchin or cowl attached 
to their habit, founded by Baschi, 
1525. 

Cappottch, the bishop of Carlisle, 
of the pretender's nomination, taken 
prisoner there, and committed to 
Chester Castle, Feb. 10, 1745. 

Cakacalla elected Emperor of 
Rome after Severus, 208; died, 217. 

Caraccas, South America, dis- 
covered by Columbus, 1498 ; given 
to the Welsers by Charles II. ; dis- 
possessed, 1550, for tyranny, be- 



C AE 



115 



C AE 



coming a colony of Spain ; as- 
serted its independence of Spain, 
May 9, 1810; a dreadful earthquake 
there swallowed up several towns, 
1812. 

Caractacus, king of the Britons, 
defeated, 46 ; led a captive to Eome, 
50. 

Caravan, one consisting of 2000 
persons on the return from Mecca, 
all destroyed, save twenty, by the 
Karamsin wind from the desert of 
Arabia, Aug. 12, 1812. 

Carbonari, a secret society in 
Italy formed, if possible, to free that 
country from the yoke of foreigners; 
and particularly from the despotism 
of Austria, 1819, 1820. 

Cardigan Castle built, 1160; 

Cardinals, the ecclesiastical 
princes of the Catholic church so 
declared, 1243, and the council of the 
pope, but only principal priests in 
Eome till 1100 ; obtained the power 
of electing the pope, 1160 ; wore 
the red hat first, 1243 ; the scarlet 
dress, 1464; and had the title of 
eminence, 1623 or 1630. 

Cards invented in France, 1390 ; 
some say the game is a Spanish in- 
vention ; first highly taxed in Eng- 
land, 1755; no less than 428,000 
packs were stamped in 1775, and 
986,000 in 1800; in 1825, the duty 
being 2s. 6d. per pack, only 150,000 
were stamped; in 1827, at a Is. duty, 
310,854 packs paid duty, 1830 ; 
on 239,200 packs in 1840, and about 
300,000 in 1850 j they were doubly 
taxed in England, April 8, 1755, 
and additionally, 1789. 

Carenton, in Germany j 100 houses 
burned in July, 1800. 

Carew Castle, Pembroke, built, 
1100. 

Caribbee islands discovered 1595. 

Caricatures, of Italian origin, 
labels being put into the mouths of 
the figures delineated, 1330. 

Carisbrook Castle, said to have 
been built long before 600, for it was 
captured by Cerdic, 530 ; repaired, 
1610 ; Charles I. was imprisoned 
here, and his daughter, Elizabeth, 
died here, 1650. 



Carlisle, city walls of, built, 690 ; 
castle, 680; repaired, 1092 and 1434; 
taken by the Scotch, 11C6 ; the cas- 
tle was the prison of Mary, queen of 
Scots, 1568 ; taken by the parlia- 
ment army, 1645 ; by the Pretender, 
1745. 

Carlisle, see of, erected by Henry 
I., 1133 : the cathedral founded be- 
fore, bj r the deputy of William Eufus ; 
completed between 1133 and 1350, 
SaxOn pillars, pointed arches, 180 
feet long and 71 broad. 

Carlisle, Eiehard, convicted of 
publishing Paine's Age of Eeason, 
Oct. 15, 1819 ; sentenced to pay a 
fine of ,£1500; and to be imprisoned 
three years in Dorchester jail, Nov. 
16, i819i 

Carlo w Castle erected by King 
John ; surrendered to Oge O'Moore, 
1577 ; to the parliamentary army, 
1650 ; a battle here; May 27, 1798, 
between the rebels and royal troops, 
in Avhich the former were defeated. 

Carlsbad, congress of, at which 
resolutions were passed by the al- 
lied sovereigns inimical to consti- 
tutional monarchs and human free- 
dom, Aug. 1, 1819. 

Carlscrona^ Sweden, nearly all 
burned down, 1067 houses; two 
churches, and all the merchants' 
dwellings and magazines except 
two; June 17, 1790. 

Carlos, Don, Prince of Spain, 
poisoned by order of his own father, 
through jealousy; 1568. 

Carlton House, fete given at, 
June 20, 1811 ; another to the Duke 
of Wellington, 2500 persons being- 
present, July 21; 1814. 

Carmelite Order, or White 
Eriars, originated 1141 ; settled in 
Erance, 1252 ; moderated their pre- 
vious austerities, 1540. 

Carnatic, or South Hindostan, 
contested for with Hyder Ali and 
80,000 men, who were defeated, 
July 1 and Aug. 27, 1781, and 
utterly ruined June 2, 1782; over- 
run by Tippoo Saib, 1799; under 
British authority since 1801. 

Carnation fio\ver, first introduced 
into England about 1697. 



CAR 



116 



C AE 



Carnworth, Lord, taken prisoner 
at Preston, Nov. 13, 1715 ; released 
July 24, 1717. 

Carolina, America, discovered 
1497 ; settled, 1629 ; damaged fear- 
fully by a storm, 1722, and in Aug., 
1728 ; made a royal government, 
May, 1728; contained ten negroes 
to one white man, Nov., 1730 ; silk 
imported from, Oct. 30, 1730; in- 
surrection of the negroes in, 1739 ; 
declared independent of Great Bri- 
tain by the treaty of Nov. 30, 1782. 
Caroline, Queen, gave Queen's 
College, Oxford, £1000 to repair it, 
1733; Princess, daughter of the 
Prince of Wales, died Sept. 4, 1759. 
Caroline Islands discovered by 
the Spaniards, 1686. 

Caroline, Queen of George IV., 
proceedings against in the House of 
Lords Aug. 19, 1820, lasting to 
Nov. 10; her arrival in England, 
June 6, 1820, demanding an open 
trial; went to St. Paul's, Nov. 29, 
1820 ; protested against her exclu- 
sion from the coronation, July 18, 
1821; taken ill, July 30, 1821; 
died at Brandenburgh House, after 
an illness of eight days, Aug. 7, 
1821 ; her remains removed thence 
for interment in Brunswick, Aug. 
14 ; interred there, Aug. 25, 1821. 

Carp first brought to England 
about 1525. 

Carpet, order of the, made in 
England, 1553. 

Carpets, articles of luxury, came 
from the East, 1300; introduced 
into France from Persia, between 
1589 and 1610; manufacture of, 
came to England, 1750. 

Carriages, under the name of 
Cars, 1294 ; used in Erance, 1550 ; 
but introduced into Vienna, 1474 
or 1509; into England, 1555 or 
1580 ; in the reign of Elizabeth 
called " whirlicotes ; " in 1619, 
driven in ostentation with six 
horses; first let for hire in Paris, 
1650, at the Hotel Eiacre, by one 
Sauvage ; only used by women of 
rank in the beginning of the six- 
teenth century ; in 1681, there were 
fifty gilt, with six horses each, at 



the court of Hanover; used in 
Spain, 1546 ; post-chaises invented 
in France, 1664; coaches for hire 
let out first in London, 1625; in 
1637, there were fifty in London ; 
in 1652, above 200 ; in 1654, about 
300, employing 600 horses ; in 1694, 
amounted to 700 ; in 1715, to 800 ; 
to 1000, in 1771 ; to 1200, in 1799 ; 
hackney chariots, 200 licensed in 
1814; the coaches and cabriolets 
increased 2650 in 1846. Hackney 
coaches introduced into Edinburgh 
1673, but only twenty in number, 
which fell in 1752 to 14, and in 
1778 to 9 ; introduced into Warsaw, 
1778; in Copenhagen there are 
100 ; in Amsterdam, in 1663, they 
were forbidden, lest the wheels 
should injure the pavements, and 
are now in winter as those of St. 
Petersburg are, placed upon sledges. 
Cabriolets introduced into London 
from France, 1823; the omnibus 
originated in Paris, 1827 ; intro- 
duced into London 1831, of which 
there are 900 ; made in England in 
1736, 40,000,— half exported. Car- 
riages taxed 1747, 1776, 1782, 1785, 
1808; in 1778, by the duty, 
£117,000, 23,000 were kept; in 
1785 the duty was £154,988 in 
England, in Scotland only £9000. 

Carrickfergus Castle built by 
Hugh de Lacy, 1178. 

Carrickfergus, town of, surren- 
dered to the Duke of Schomberg, 
Aug. 28, 1689; Wm. III. landed 
at, June 14, 1690; surrendered, 
with the castle, to the French 
admiral Thurot, 1760. 

Carron Iron Works, Stirling- 
shire, established 1760, employing 
1600 persons; all the ponderous 
ordnance used in war, including shot 
and shell, are here manufactured. 

Carronades, short pieces of iron 
artillery, with large bores in pro- 
portion to their length, first made 
at the Carron Foundry, 1776. 

Carrots first introduced into 
England from the Low Countries, 
1540. 

Carr, the notorious favourite of 
James I. of England, 1611 ; created 



CAS 



117 



CAS 



Earl of Somerset, 1613; fell into 
disgrace, 1615. 

Carthage, founded 869 years be- 
fore Christ, by the Tyrians ; taken 
by Scipio and burned, 146 a.c. ; re- 
built as a Eoman colony, and be- 
came the capital of the Eoman 
province in Africa ; then it was 
seized by the Vandal princes, who 
made it their court; but reunited 
to the empire by Justinian, 530; 
taken by the Saracens in the reign 
of Heraclius. 

Carthagena, Spain, taken by the 
Allies, June 13, 1706 ; retaken by 
the Duke of Brunswick ; built by 
Asdrubal, 227 a.c. 

"Carthagena, in Columbia, Ame- 
rica, taken by Sir Francis Drake, 
and plundered, 1585 ; plundered 
by the French, 1697 ; bombarded 
by Admiral Vernon, 1741. 

Cartmel Monastery built 1188. 

Carving in marble, or sculpture, 
invented 722 a.c. ; practised in the 
highest perfection in Greece, 440 
a.c. ; in modern Italy, about 1500. 

Carthusians, the austere order of 
the, founded by St. Bruno, at the 
Chartreuse, 1084 ; in England, had 
a house where the Charterhouse 
now stands ; brutally treated by 
Henry VIII. when he seized their 
property, 1530. 

Cartoons of Raphael, executed 
between 1510 and 1515 ; seven pur- 
chased in Elanders for Charles I., 
1629. 

Cas, St., attacked by the English, 
who were repulsed, Sept. 11, 1758. 

Cash payments stopped at the 
Bank of England, Feb. 27, 1797 ; 
partial return to, Sept. 22, 1817; 
resumed, 1821. 

Cashed, see of, founded about 
901 ; Donat O'Lanagan, bishop, 
1152; ceased to be archiepiscopal, 
and the see of Waterford and Lis- 
more united with it, 1833. 

Casan nearly destroyed by fire, 
Oct., 1752. 

Cashmere shawls first brought 
to England, 1666; imitated at the 
looms of Bradford and Hudders- 
field, 1820; some of the genuine 



drawn through a ring, and valued 
at 1000 rupees each ; the common 
cost 150 rupees, 1650. , 

Cashman, John, executed for 
stealing arms from the shop of 
Beckwith, Snow Hill, during what 
were called the Spa Fields riots, 
March 12, 1817. 

Casimir, King of Poland, visited 
England, 1577. 

Castel-Nuovo, battle of, the 
French defeating the Russians, 
Sept. 29, 1806. 

Castel-Nuovo nearly destroyed 
by an earthquake, 1783 ; 4000 per- 
sons perished. 

Castiglione, battle of, one of 
Bonaparte's most brilliant victories 
over the Austrians, under General 
Wurmser, lasting five days, from 
the 2nd to the 6th of July, 1796 ; 
all the cannon, and 13,000 prison- 
ers, were the rewards of the victo- 
rious force. 

Castile, governed by the Goths, 
800; Ferdinand assumed the title 
of King of, 1020; he married Isa- 
bella of Castile, and thus united all 
the Christian possessions in Spain, 
1035. 

Castillon, battle of, between the 
English and French, July 17, 1453; 
the former were defeated, and lost 
all their dominions in France ex- 
cept Calais. 

Castlebar, Ireland, battle of, in 
which a body of French troops de- 
feated the English army, which 
was much more numerous, and 
forced it to retreat, Aug. 2, 1798. 

Castle Pollard, affray of, in Ire • 
land, May 23, 1831. 

Castles, Baronial, in England, 
those built before 1154 nearly all 
demolished by Henry II., who de- 
prived the barons of them in his 
own defence, 1154; 1100 were de- 
stroyed. 

Cassel abandoned by the Hano- 
verians, July 31, 1760 ; occupied by 
the French; retaken, Nov. 1, 1762. 

Castle and Sword, order of, 
established in Portugal, 1807. 

Castleacre Priorv, Norfolk, built 
1090. 



CAT 



118 



CAT 



Cathedral Churches of England. 



Date. 

St. Asaph..) 1469 

Choir, ditto) rebuilt 1780 

Bangor 1496 

Bath } Wesffront 

Bristol 1311 

Canterbury £ -..,, 

Carlisle ....J \m 

Chester 1120 

Chichester. I 1199 

St. David's.... 1180 

twt,^ \ from 1093 

Durham.... > , 110£J 

{ to 1126 

Ely 1087 

) 1138 

Exeter V to 1369 

r 12^0 

Gloucester. > , ,.:L 

k to 1460 

Hereford 1079 

Landaff I 1120 

Li " C0ln j toTsL 

Lichfield 1238 

Norwich ... I 1096 

Oxford I P a ^1004 

) part 1119 



St. Paul's, 
London.. 



1675 
to 1710 



Peterboro'.. I -^jj 

Rochester 1130 

Salisbury... J 1220 

Wells 1239 

Winchester I *^79 

Worcester . I ^ 

York 1327 



! 



Style. 

( Gothic 

( Gothic 

... Gothic 

| Gothic 

... Gothic 
( Saxon 
I Gothic 
C Saxon pil- 
■< lars, point 
( ed arches 

...Part Saxon 
5 Saxon and 
I Gothic 

...Part Saxon 
C Saxon, 

< pointed 
( Avindows 

... Saxon 
C Saxon, 
-< Gothic 
( windows 
C Saxon pil- 
■< lars, Gothic 
( windows 
. . . Saxon 
C Pointed 
-< arches, in 
( ruins 

< Gothic 

... Gothic 
( Saxon and 
( Gothic 

i Saxon 



C Saxon ) 

( Gothic ) 

Saxon 

J Gothic I 

... Gothic 
j Part Saxon ) 
(Part Gothic ) 



Gothic 
Gothic 



Length. 
ft- 

179 
214 
235 

175 

530 ext. 
514 int. 

180 

372 

410 
. 290 

411 

. 517 
390 

423 ext. 
406 int. 

. 352 

270 

524 

. 400 
411 

154 

500 
E. to W., 

248 

N. to S. 

471 
. 335 

473 
. 371 

554 

394 
524 . 



Breadth. 
. ft- . 



.. 60 

| 72 
.. 73 

i» 
i» 

.. 74 
| 90 
.. 76 

74 

.. 73 

74 

5 84 

.. 74 

70 



Height. 
ft- 



. 66 
71 

54 
107 
156 



74 



130 



Spire 300 
127 

Tower 214 



140 

Tower ( a 

buil M225 
1460 ( ZZD 

. Tower 144 



Cent, tower 

300, 

West. do. 

281 

. Spire 258 

Steeple 313 
144 



356 



156 

Spire 399 
Nave 81 
Tower 160 

78 

200 
213 



CAT 



119 



CAY 



Castleacre Monastery, York- 
shire, built 1085. 

Castle-Cornet, Guernsey, built 
1100. 

Castle-Rising Castle, Norfolk, 
built 1204. 

Castle-Rushen Castle, Isle of 
Man, built 960. 

Castletown Castle, Isle of Man, 
built 960. 

Castor Church destroyed by 
lightning, June 5, 1795. 

Caswell, Sir George, expelled 
the House of Commons for his con- 
duct in the South Sea affair, March 
20, 1720. 

Catalogues of English printed 
books first published, 1595 ; of those 
in Ireland, 1632. 

Catalonia surrendered to Charles 
III. of Spain, 1705. 

Catania, Sicily, nearly Over- 
thrown by an eruption of Mount 
Etna, 1669 ; by an earthquake, 
1693, and 18,000 inhabitants buried 
in the ruins ; again, Feb. 22, 1817, 
a number of persons perished. 

Cateait, peace of, between France 
and Spain ; to the last were ceded 
Savoy, 'Corsica, and nearly 200 
places in Italy and the Low Coun- 
tries, 1559. 

Cateau, battle of, in which the 
Allies under Prince Coburg defeat- 
ed the French, March 28, 1794. 

Catechism first published in 
English, 1552, a short one by the 
Bishop of Winchester ; ordered by 
James I. to be enlarged, 1612, by 
adding the doctrinal points of the 
Church of England. 

Catherine order of knighthood 
established in Palestine, 1063; order 
of nuns of St. Catherine, 1373 ; 
order of ladies of the highest rank 
in Russia, founded by the empress 
of Peter the Great, 1714. 

Catherine-Cree Church, Lon- 
don, consecrated 1630. 

Catherine Hall, Cambridge, 
founded 1475. 

Catherine-hill Chapel, Surrey, 
built 1230. 

Catherine of Spain, queen of 
Henry VIII., divorced, 1529. 



Catherine Howard, queen of 
Henry VIII., divorced and be- 
headed, Feb. 13, 1542. , 

Catherine Parr, married to Hen. 
VIIL, July 12, 1543; again, to 
Admiral Seymour, 1548; died in 
childbed, 1548. 

Catholic, a name given to the 
Roman church, 38 ; " Catholic Ma- 
jesty," a title given first by Pope 
Gregory III. to Alphonso I. of 
Spain, 739 ; bestowed on Ferdinand 
V., 1474, on account of his zeal for 
the Papal faith. 

Cato-street Conspirators arrest- 
ed, Feb. 23, 1820 ; executed May 1. 

Cats' Isle, one of the Bahamas 
discovered by Columbus, 1492. 

Catsiull Mountains, United 
States, woods in, between Ulster and 
Sullivan counties consumed, 1816. 

Cattle, importation of, from 
Ireland or Scotland into England 
forbidden, 1 663 ; admitted into 
England by statute, July 9, 1842, 
at a moderate dut}>- from any coun- 
try ; imports from Ireland, 1846, 
black cattle, 81,592; sheep, 100,366; 
swine, 381,744. 

Catworth, Huntingdon, greatly 
damaged by fire, Aug. 3, 1753. 

Cauliflowers first introduced 
and cultivated in England, 1603 ; 
brought from Cyprus, but not natu- 
ralized to be plentiful until 1670 ; 
once sent as presents from England 
to Portugal. 

Cautionary towns of the Dutch 
pledged to Queen Elizabeth, 1585 ; 
restored, 1616. 

Cavaliers, the adherents to the 
Stuarts in the war between Charles 
I. and his people, thus named in 
opposition to the Roundheads or 
adherents of parliament, from 1642 
to 1649. 

Cavendish set out on his voyage 
to circumnavigate the globe, 1586. 

Caverlev, Sir Hugh, the first 
person who used guns in the ser- 
vice of England, 1347. 

Cayenne first settled by the 
French, 1625; abandoned, 1654, 
when it fell into the hands of the 
Dutch, who were expelled by the 



CEN 



120 



CE Y 



French, 1677; taken by the Bri- 
tish, Jan. 12, 1809 ; restored, 1814. 

Cedar of Lebanon brought to 
England from the East prior to 
1683 ; the red from North America 
before 1664; the Bermuda, about 
1683. 

Celery said to have been intro- 
duced into England by Count 
Tallard, when a prisoner in Eng- 
land after the battle of Blenheim, 
1704. 

Celibacy and the monastic life 
early preached in the Christian 
church by St. Anthony, 305 ; the 
doctrine rejected by the council of 
Nice, 325 ; only enjoined upon bish- 
ops, 692 ; the clergy not compelled 
by the vow until 1073 ; finally 
established, 1095. 

Cemeteries, or public burying 
places, in early times always at a 
distance from towns ; established 
in London, at Kensal Green, 1832 ; 
at Harrow, 1837 ; Highgate and 
Kentishtown, 1839; at Abney 
Park, 1840; at Earl's Court, 1840; 
and at Nunhead, 1840. 

Census of Population, the, first 
regularly taken, 1801, and decenni- 
ally since, in 1811, 1821, 1831, J 841, 
1851. The returns give, including 
army and navy, for the British 
Isles : — . 

1801: 
England,.... 8,331,434) 

Wales 541,546 I Total 

Scotland.... 1,599,063 f 10,942,646 
Army, &c... 470,598 J 

1811: 

England 9,538,827) 

Wales 61 1 ,788 I , „ _ Q „ Rft „ 

Scotland.... 1,805,638 f 12 > 596 > 803 - 
Army, &c... 640,500 J 

1821: 
England.. ..11,260,555) 

Wales 717,108 I 1A ^ Q ArT 

Scotland... 2,092,014 ( L % 6 W>- 
Army, &c... 310,000 J 

1831 : 
England.... 13, 089, 336) 

Wales 805,236 [ ir rq7 QQ „ 

Scotland... 2,365,807 f 10 ><^M yb - 
Army, &c... 277,017 j 



1841: 
England....l4,995,508) 18,535,786. 

Wales 911,321 V Including the 

Scotland... 2,628,957) smaller Isles. 

1851: 
S?^and } 20,919,531. 

Wales V Including 

Scotland ) Channel Islands. 

The population of Ireland in ] 731 
was supposed to be 2,010,221 ; in 
1831, it amounted to 7,784,934 ; in 
1841, to 8,175,124; in 1851, by 
famine and emigration, it had 
been reduced 20 per cent., or 
To 6,515,794 

^tfanf!?"} 20,919,531 
Total, 1851, 27,435,325 



London, which numbered 864,845 
in 1801, returned, in 1851, 2,363,141 
inhabitants. The same rapid in- 
crease took place in the other towns 
of the empire, ending with the cen- 
sus of 1851. It is conjectured that 
a census of the whole empire 
would not return much short of 
171,000,000, in 1853. 

Central Criminal Court estab ■ 
lished for the trial of oifenders, 1834, 
including Middlesex, and parts of 
Essex, Kent, and Surrey. 

Century, a computation of time 
observed in ecclesiastical history, 
from the year of Christ 1. First 
adopted in chronological history in 
France. 

Ceremonies, master of the, an 
office instituted to regulate court 
receptions, and govern the frivoli- 
ties of fashion, first noted in 1603, 
in the time of James I. Beau Nash 
held the office at Bath, and led the 
way to the introduction of such a 
personage at fashionable assem- 
blages out of the court ; he died in 
1761. 

Ceuta, in Barbary, 200 houses 
bloAvn down there, Feb. 15, 1751. 

Ceylon discovered, 1506 ; the 
capital taken by the Dutch, 1608 ; 
by the Portuguese, 1621 ; by the 
Dutch again, 1656; a portion taken 



CHA 



121 



CHA 



by England, 1782, but restored ; 
taken Aug. 26, 1795; ceded to 
England, 1802 ; massacre of Bri- 
tish at, June 26, 1803; entirely 
assumed by England, 1815. 

Chain bridges used in China ; 
the largest in England erected at 
the Menai Strait, in Wales, by 
Telford, 1818. 

Chain-pier, the first erected at 
Brighton, by Captain Brown, 1822. 

Chain-shot, invented bv the 
Dutch admiral De Witt, 1666. 

Chain-cables first used in the 
royal navy in 1812. 

Chain-pumps first used on board 
ship, 1787. 

Chains, hanging in, a punish- 
ment which came down among 
the irrational customs which dis- 
graced the Saxon ancestry of Eng- 
land ; it was abolished by William 
IV., 1834. 

Chairs, Sedan, patent granted 
for, to one Duncombe, for selling 
in London, 1634; there were 241 
private Sedan chairs kept in Dub- 
lin in March, 1787. 

Chairs acts passed for the regu- 
lation of, and of the chairmen, 
1772, 85, 86, and 87. 

Chamberlain, an appendage of 
courts in Erance, England, and 
Germany ; the chamberlains of the 
exchequer discontinued, 1834 ; of 
the household, known in the time 
of Henry VII., 1485. 

Chamber of deputies in Erance, 
number of representatives reduced, 
1816. 

Chamberry, in Sardinia, eighteen 
persons killed, and numerous build- 
ings blown up by an accidental ex- 
plosion of gunpowder, 1773. 

Championship of England, insti- 
tuted by Richard EL, 1377, and 
made hereditary. 

Chancellor, Lord, of England, 
the first lay office of the State after 
the blood royal ; Maurice, bishop 
of London, chancellor, 1067 ; Sir 
Thomas More, the first who de- 
cided causes upon his own judg- 
ment, 1530 ; Sir Christopher Hat- 
ton, 1587, so ignorant, the first re- 



ference was to a master, 1588 ; vice- 
chancellor permanently appointed, 
1813. The following were chancel- 
lors of England for the century 
ending 1852: Sir Kobert Hurley, 
1757 ; Lord Hinlev, 1761 ; Lord 
Camden, July, 1766 ; Lord Hard- 
wicke, Jan., 1770, and commission; 
Earl Bathurst, 1771; Lord Thur- 
low, June 2, 1778 ; in commission. 
June 15, 1792; Lord Lough- 
borough, Jan. 27, 1793 ; Lord 
Eldon, April 15, 1801; Lord 
Erskine, Eeb. 7, 1806; Lord El- 
don again, March 25, 1807; Lord 
Lyndhurst, April 30, 1827; Lord 
Brougham and Vaux,]S T ov. 16, 1832 ; 
Lord Lyndhurst again, Nov. 28, 
1834 ; in commission, 1835 ; Sir C. 
C. Pepys, afterwards Lord Cotten- 
ham, Jan. 16, 1836 ; Lord Lynd- 
hurst, a third time, Sept. 3, 1841 ; 
Lord Cottenham again, July 6, 
1846 ; in commission, 1850 ; Lord 
Truro, July 15, 1850; Lord St. 
Leonards, March, 1852 ; LordCran- 
worth, Dec, 1852. 

Chancellors, Lord, of Ireland, 
the first, Eichard I., 1186. Geoffrey 
Turville, archdeacon of Dublin, 
1238; Lord Jocelyn, 1739; Lord 
Bowes of Clonlyon, March 22, 1797 ; 
Viscount Lifford, Nov. 24, 1767; 
Baron Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare, 
Jan. 28, 1789, died, 1802; Baron 
Redesdale, Feb., 1802; Right Hon. 
George Ponsonby, Eeb. 14, 1806; 
Lord Manners, April 23, 1807 ; Sir 
Anthony Hart, Nov. 5, 1827 ; Baron 
Phmket, Dec. 23, 1830; Sir G. B. 
Sugden, Jan. 13, 1835 ; Eight Hon. 
Baron Plunket, a second time, 
April 30, 1835; to June, 1841; 
John Baron Campbell to Sept., 
1841 ; Sir E. B. Sugden, a second 
time, to July 1846; Right Hon. 
M. Brady, July 16, 1846; Eight 
Hon. J. Blackburne, March, 1852; 
Eight Hon. M. Brady, a second 
time, Dec, 1852. 

Chancellorship, Lord, of Scot- 
land, abolished, 1708. 

Chancellors of the Exchequer, 
See Exchequer. 

Chancellors of Oxford and Cam- 



CH A 



122 



CH A 



bridge since the revolution. Of 
Oxford — James Duke of Ormond, 
1688; Earl of Arran, 1715 ; Earl of 
Westmoreland, 1759 ; Earl of Lich- 
field, 1762; Lord North, Earl of 
Guildford, 1772 ; Duke of Portland, 
1792 ; Lord Grenville, 1809 ; Duke 
of Wellington, 1834 ; Earl of Derby, 
1852. Of Cambridge — Duke of 
Somerset, chancellor, 1688 ; Duke of 
Newcastle, 1748 ; Duke of Grafton, 
1768 ; Duke of Gloucester, 1811 ; 
Prince Albert, 1847. 

Chancery, Court of, instituted, 
605; reformed by William L, 1067 ; 
partially reformed, 1852. In 1850, 
there were 3251 accounts not dealt 
with, standing fifty years, and 
.£247,495, 5s. lOd. in amount, and 
stock; 762 not dealt with for fifty 
years, £314,543 in amount. 

Chanting psalms in churches, 
adopted, in imitation of the pagan 
ceremonies of Eome, about 350. 
Introduced into the Catholic service 
by Gregory the Great, in 602. 

Chapel, knights of the, once the 
poor knights of Windsor, instituted 
by Henry VIII., 1546. 

Chapel at Roscommon, Ireland, 
in which one of the galleries gave 
way and fell, when fourteen persons 
were killed, and many injured, April 
17, 1804 

Chaplet, a string of beads first 
used by the Catholics in reciting their 
prayers, 1094. It came into general 
use about 1213, long after beads. 

Chapter of a collegiate church 
or cathedral, as at Westminster, 
built, 1250. The commons of Eng- 
land held their sittings there, 1377, 
until 1547. 

Charing Cross, London, in the 
village of Charing, one of the crosses 
Edward I. erected where the body 
of Queen Eleanor rested on its way 
to interment, 1291. It was destroyed 
in the civil wars. 

Charing, a small village, 1353 ; 
first joined by streets to London 
about 1678 ; new buildings where it 
stood commenced, 1829. 

Charing Cross Hospital, built, 
Sept. 15, 1831. 



Charitable Corporation, the, in- 
stituted, 1708 ; abolished, 1734 ; be- 
quests to aid to enforce fulfilment 
of, formed by statute, 1764 ; the 
present under an act of 1800 ; board 
of commissioners in Ireland for 1825 ; 
the Roman Catholic board for, act 
passed, 1844. 

Charities of England, endowed 
and known to exist, amounted to 
£1,500,000 per annum, in 1840. 

Charity Schools in London, pub- 
lic, first founded in 1608 ; 6000 child- 
ren assembled at St. Paul's, May 2, 
1782 ; 160 schools established with- 
in the bills of mortality between 
1688 and 1767. 

Charlemagne, emperor of the 
west, died, 813. 

Charleroi, battle of, 1690 and 
1794; the town besieged by the 
Prince of Orange, 1672, and again, 
1677 ; near that place, at Ligny, 
Bonaparte drove back the Prussians 
upon Havre, just before the battle 
of Waterloo, June 16, 1815. 

Charles I. setting up his standard 
at Nottingham, Aug. 28, 1642, 
it was blown down the same night. 

Charles X. of France made his 
public entry into Paris to ascend 
the throne, June, 1825 ; and driven 
from it, July, 1830. 

Charles XII. of Sweden, killed 
at Frederickshall, Norway, Nov. 30, 
1718, aged 36. 

Charles L, of England, beheaded 
before the banqueting - house at 
Whitehall, Jan. 30, 1649, aged 49. 

Charleston, Massachusetts, Unit- 
ed States, injured by a storm, 1761; 
burned by the British, Jan. 17, 
1775 ; British fleet repulsed with 
loss at, June 28, 1776 ; taken by the 
British, May 7, 1779. 

Charleston, South Carolina, 
United States, injured by an ex- 
plosion, Aug. 11, 1762 ; destroyed 
by a hurricane, Sept. 15, 1753 ; a 
fire, which burned 250 houses, Jan. 
15, 1778; taken by the British 
troops in March, 1780; evacuated, 
April 14, 1783; a fire which con- 
sumed 400 houses at, May, 1796. 

Charlotte's, Queen, island, dis- 



CHA 



123 



CHE 



covered by Captain Wallis, 1767 ; 
a cluster with the same name dis- 
covered by Captain Cartaret, 1767. 

Charlotte, the royal, a man-of- 
war of 100 guns, burned by accident 
at Leghorn, and only 150 of the 
crew saved, March 16, 1800. 
. Charta, Magna, the great charter, 
extorted by the barons from King 
John, at a spot called Runnymede, 
5 m. E. of Windsor, June 15, 1215. 

Charters, the first granted by 
English kings to their subjects were 
those called " of rights," by Edward 
the Confessor and Henry I., 1100. 
The rights and privileges of Magna 
Charta renewed by Henry IV., and 
many times confirmed. Charters 
to corporations were given by 
William I., 1067. 

Charter House, or Chartreuse, 
built, 1371 ; converted into an hos- 
pital, May, 1611. 

Charter party, first used in Eng- 
land, 1243. 

Chartists, a great number of the 
laborious classes often assembled 
between 1830 and 1840, and de- 
manded certain concessions, such as 
they thought would perfect the go- 
vernment of the country. In some 
cases of their meetings riots ensued, 
and at Newport they came armed 
and engaged the military, when 
twenty persons were killed and 
wounded. Frost, their ringleader, 
brought to trial, Dec. 31, 1849 ; was 
found guilty of high treason, and 
the usual sentence commuted into 
transportation for life. Meetings of 
the same persons were held in Lon- 
don and different places, 1848. 

Charts, said to have been first 
brought into England by Bartholo- 
mew Columbus, 1489 ; Mercator's 
chart on a plane was drawn 1556. 

Chatham Dockyard, begun by 
Queen Elizabeth, about 1580. Chest 
of, 1552, for wounded and decayed 
seamen. The Dutch fleet attack the 
place, and burn several vessels, 
June 10, 1667. A number of houses 
destroyed by fire at, May 11, 1774. 

Chatham, Earl of, terminated his 
second administration, Dec, 1767. 



Statue to, in the city of London 
guildhall, erected, 1782. 
. Chatham, one of the Gallipagos 
islands, visited, 1793. 

Chatillon, congress of, held by 
the four great powers allied against 
France, Feb. 5, 1814 ; negotiations 
broken off, March 19. 

Chaumont, treaty of, signed, 
March 1, 1814. 

Cheats, law enacted against, 
1542 ; at play, 9 Anne, 1711, to be 
punished as in cases of perjury. 

Cheapside Cross, taken down 
and demolished, May 2, 1643. 

Cheese, of ancient date ; Cheshire 
makes 31,000 tons ; 10,000 tons im- 
ported, 1840; 27,000 tons, 1850. 

Chelm, in Poland, 375 houses 
and warehouses burned, May 4, 
1788. 

Chelmsford Church, Essex, fell 
down, Jan. 17, 1800; bridge of, 
built, 1100 ; prison erected at, 1777. 

Chelsea Water-works, incorpo- 
rated, 1722. 

Chelsea Hospital or College, be- 
gun, 1609, by James I., designed 
for theological disputation; con- 
verted to its present purpose by 
Charles II. ; and completed by 
William III., 1690 ; cost, £150,000. 

Chelsea Garden of Physic, given 
by Sir Hans Sloane to the Apothe- 
caries' company, 1721. 

Chelsea Military Asylum, begun, 
June 19, 1801. 

Cheltenham, town of, injured by 
a storm, June, 1731 ; the mineral 
springs discovered, 1718 ; the king's 
well, 1778 ; visited by George III., 
July 12, 1788 ; new theatre erected, 
1804; new wells sunk by Thompson, 
1806 ; magnesian salt discovered at, 
in 1811 ; made a borough under the 
reform bill, 1832. 

Chemistry and Distillation, intro- 
duced into Europe by the Moors, 
1150, who obtained the art from 
Egypt. Hydraulic chemistry in- 
vented, 1746. 

Chepstow, boat near, upset, and 
five ladies and gentlemen drowned, 
Sept. 22, 1812 ; Howick farm near, 
burned, Oct., 1815. 



CHE 



124 



CHI 



Cherbourg, naval engagement 
between the English and French, 
May 19, 1692 ; off Cape la Hogue, 
the latter defeated, losing twenty- 
one vessels ; forts and arsenal of, de- 
stroyed, Aug., 1758 ; works at re- 
sumed by Louis XVI. ; breakwater 
at, begun, 1783 ; resumed by Bona- 
parte, 1803 ; completed, 1813 ; 
works of, proof against any arma- 
ment whatever, 1850. 

Cherokee Indians, seven chiefs 
visit England, 1730 ; three in 1762, 
1766, and 1791. 

Cherries from Pontus to Rome, 
70 a.c. ; first planted in England, 
100 ; peculiar kind brought from 
Flanders into Kent, 1540, from the 
Canary islands to Affron in Ireland, 
by Sir Walter Raleigh. 

Chertsey Abbey founded, 664. 

Chesapeake, battle of, between 
the British and French, when the 
former were forced to retire, 1781 ; 
bay of, blockaded, by the English, 
1812 ; American frigate so called, 
struck to the Shannon, June 2, 
1813. 

Chess, game of, invented, 680 
a.c. ; though some say not until 
500 a.i). ; traced early to India. 

Chess player, the celebrated Phi- 
lidor, who played two games at 
once blindfolded ; he died in Lon- 
don, 1795 ; Automaton chess player 
exhibited in London, 1822. 

Chester, city of, founded by the 
Romans, the station of the 20th 
legion ; city wall built by Edelfieda, 
908 ; Saxon castle rebuilt by Wil- 
liam I., 1084; cathedral, once the 
abbey church of St. Wei^burgh, 
created, 660 ; St. John's church, 
689; water tower, 1322; nearly de- 
stroyed by fire, 1471 ; fatal gun- 
powder explosion at, Nov. 5, 1772, 
by which many persons were killed. 

Chester bishopric ; a bishop of 
Lichfield once removed to Chester, 
1075, and occasioned his successors 
to be called bishops of Chester ; 
not made a distinct bishopric till 
the dissolution of the monasteries, 
1541 ; cathedral erected, 1120, part 
Saxon 372 feet long, 74 broad. 



Chichester built by Cissa, 540 ; 
cathedral erected, 1115 ; burned 
with the city, 1186 ; rebuilt by 
Seffric, 1199 ; Saxon and Gothic, 
410 feet long, 90 broad, spire 
300 high; made a bishopric after 
Selsey, 681, was removed by Sti- 
gaud, the twenty - third bishop, 
1071. 

Childham Castle, Kent, built, 
812. 

Children, English, forbidden to 
be sold by their parents for slaves ; 
prohibited by Canute, 1017. 

Chili, discovered by Almagro, 
1535 ; subdued partly, 1546 ; re- 
volted, 1810 ; achieved its inde- 
pendence of Spain, 1817, Feb. 12. 

Chillianwallah, battle of, in 
India, Jan. 13, 1849; the Sikhs 
were beaten, but not without pro- 
digious loss on the part of the Bri- 
tish army, from an attack made too 
precipitately ; 26 officers were kill- 
ed, 66 wounded, and 731 men 
killed, and 1,446 wounded; the 
Sikh loss was far more considerable. 

Chimes on bells, invented at 
Alost, 1487. 

Chimneys first introduced into 
England in 1200, and confined to 
kitchen and hall, there often being 
but one, and that generally in the 
middle of the building, in 1300, 
after which they became more com- 
mon. 

Chimney-sweepers, act to regu- 
late the trade, 1789 ; the statute 
repealed, and regulations passed re- 
specting, 1834 ; no apprentices to 
be taken by masters under sixteen 
years of age, 1840; after July, 
1842, no ascent of a chimney by 
a person under twenty-one took 
place. 

China, first visited by the Por- 
tuguese, 1517 ; fifteen times as large 
as England and Ireland, with as 
many inhabitants as all Europe ; 
said to have been an empire 2500 
years before Christ ; the history be- 
comes distinct 700 years a.c, or 
about 651 ; Confucius flourished 
there, 551 a.c. ; great wall com- 
pleted, 211 a.c. ; the art of printing 



CHI 



125 



CHI 



known, 202 a.c. ; creed of Tao-tsi 
general, 15 a.c. ; religion of Lo in- 
troduced, 60 a.d. ; Nankin the capi- 
tal, 420; Nestorian Christians ad- 
mitted, 635; extirpated, 845; seat 
of government transferred to Pekin, 
1260 ; the great Yu Ho canal com- 
menced, 1400 ; Europeans arrived at 
Canton, 1517 ; Macao granted as 
a settlement to the Portuguese, 
1536 ; Jesuit missionaries sent there 
by the pope, 1575; conquered by 
the Eastern Tartars, 1644; earth- 
quake at Pekin destroys 300,000 
persons, 1662 ; the Jesuits preach 
Christianity, 1662 ; are expelled, 
1724; a second earthquake destroy- 
ed 100,000 persons at Pekin, and 
80,000 in a suburb ; by a salute, a 
shot from one of the India ships 
was accidentally fired and a native 
killed, the gunner was demanded, 
given up, and strangled, 1785; 
Macartney's embassy to, Sept. 14, 
1793 ; ordered away, Oct. 3, 1793 ; 
reached England, Sept. 6, 1794; 
edict against Christians, 1812; Lord 
Amherst's embassy, 1816 ; refused 
the court ceremony of the Kou-tou, 
and returned; exclusive rights of 
East India Company to cease, April 
22, 1834 ; free trade ships first sail 
for England with tea, April 25, 
1834 ; Lord Napier arrived as a resi- 
dent superintendent, July 15, 1834; 
died Oct. 11 ; affray between two 
English vessels and natives, several 
Chinese killed, Sept. 5, 1834 ; opium 
trade interdicted by the Chinese, 
Nov. 7, 1834; Argyle ship and crew 
seized by the Chinese, Jan. 31, 
1835 ; opium burned at Canton by 
the Chinese, Feb. 23, 1835; Sir E. 
Maitland arrived at Macao, July 12, 
1838 ; an edict issued to seize opi- 
um, by Lin, March 18, 1839 ; Bri- 
tish residents forbidden to leave 
Canton, 1839, March 19 ; factories 
outraged, March 24, 1839 ; the resi- 
dent, Captain Elliot, required Bri- 
tish subjects to deliver to him all 
their opium, promising full value 
for it from the government, March 
27, 1839; half is given up as con- 
traband to the Chinese, April 20, 



1839, and the rest, 20,283 chests 
afterwards surrendered, May 21; 
the resident and merchants left 
Canton, May 24, 1839; 'a native 
killed in an affray between the 
natives and the British and Ameri- 
can seamen, July 7, 1839 ; a Bri- 
tish boat attacked by the natives, 
and the crew murdered, Aug. 24, 

1839 ; British merchants left Ma- 
cao, Aug. 26, 1839 ; Junks, 28 in 
all, attacked two British frigates, 
and several bloAvn up, November 3, 
1839 ; British trade stopped by an 
imperial edict, Dec. 6, 1839, and 
for ever, Jan. 5, 1840 ; Hellas ship 
of war attacked, May 22, 1840; 
fire-rafts sent against the British 
vessels, June 9, 1840 ; Canton 
blockaded by the British, June 28, 
1840 ; Zing-hai, in the isle of 
Chusan, surrendered to the English, 
July 5, 1840 ; Mr. Stanton seized 
and carried to Canton, Aug. 6, 

1840 ; Captain Elliot, in a steamer, 
entered the Pei-ho river, near Pekin, 
Aug. 11, 1840; crew of the Kite 
shipwrecked, with captain's wife on 
board, and confined in cages, Sep. 15, 
1840 ; the mandarin Lin degraded ; 
negotiations commenced, Nov. 6, 
1840; broken off, Jan. 6, 1841.; 
Chu-en-pe and Tae-coc-tow taken 
with 173 guns ; Hong-kong ceded 
to the English, and 6,000,000 of 
dollars agreed to be paid to Eng- 
land within ten days, Jan. 20, 1841 ; 
formal possession of Hong-kong, 
taken; Jan, 26, 1841 ; the treaty re- 
jected at Pekin, Eeb. 11, 1841 ; 
hostilities resumed, Eeb. 23, 1841 ; 
Bogue Eorts taken, with 459 guns, 
and Admiral Kwan killed; the 
British sail up to Canton, March 1, 
1841 ; the commissioner Keshin de- 
graded, March 12, 1841 ; a Chinese 
boat flotilla destroyed ; Canton 
threatened; the foreign factories 
seized, and 461 guns taken, March, 
18, 1841 ; new commissioners ar- 
rived from Pekin at Canton, April 
14, 1811 ; Canton taken, and 
ransomed for 6,000,000 dollars, 
5,000,000 paid down, and the Bri- 
tish forces withdrawn, June 1, 



CHI 



126 



CHI 



1841 ; trade re-opened, July 16, 
1841 ; Sir Henry Pottinger arrived; 
Captain Elliot superseded, Aug. 10, 
1841 ; Amoy taken, and 296 guns 
destroyed, Aug. 27, 1841 ; Bogue 
Forts destroyed, Sept. 14, 1841 ■ 
city of Zing-hae taken, and Chusan 
occupied, Oct. 1, 1841 ; Chin- hae 
taken, Oct. 10, and Ning-po, Oct. 
13, 1841 ; three other towns cap- 
tured, Dec. 28 ; a Chinese army of 
12,000 men attacked Ning-po, and 
were routed, March 10, 1842; again 
8,000 near Tszc-kee, March 15, 
1842 ; Cha-pou defences destroyed, 
May 18, 1842; the British ships 
enter the river Kiang, June 13, 
1842; Woosung taken, June 16, 
1842, and Shang-hae, June 19; 
the squadron anchored near the Gol- 
den Island, July 20, 1842 ; the city 
of Chin-keong taken, where the 
Tartar general and many of his 
garrison committed suicide, July 21, 
1842 ; the advanced ships reach the 
city of Nankin, Aug. 4, 1842, and 
the disembarkation of troops com- 
menced, Aug. 9, 1842 ; Keying ar- 
rived to treat for peace, Aug. 12, 
1842 ; treaty of peace signed before 
Nankin, on board the Cornwallis, 
by Sir H. Pottinger for England, 
Key-ing, El-e-poo, and Neu-kian 
for China, Aug. 29, 1842; China 
to pay 21,000,000 of dollars, part 
down, and the rest within three 
years, and the island of Hong-kong 
ceded in perpetuity ; five ports of 
China to be open to England, &c, 
and ratified by the emperor, Sept. 
8, 1842 ; by Queen Victoria ex- 
changed with the emperor, July 22, 
1843 ; the commercial treaty or 
tariff adjusted, July 27, 1843; 
Bogue Forts taken by the British to 
obtain redress for insults, April 5, 
1847; a dreadful typhoon visited 
Hong - Kong ; 1000 boat dwellers 
drowned in the Canton river, Oct., 
1848 ; the steam-ship Medea de- 
stroyed thirteen pirate junks in the 
Chinese seas, March 4, 1850. 

China, late emperors of, Chwang- 
lei, 1627; Shun-che, 1644; Kang- 
he, 1669 ; Yung-ching, 1693 ; Kien- 



lung, 1736 ; Kea-ding, 1796 ; Taon- 
kwang, 1821 ; and Sze-hing, empe- 
ror 1850. 

China, trade of, when the war 
ensued : — . 

IMP. EXP. 

England ... 2,600,000 ... 6,000,000 
America ... 827,000 ... 2,427,000 

Dutch 933,000 ... 1,173,000 

Spanish ... — ... 1,433,000 

French — ... 136,000 

Danes — ... 100,000 

Number of ships which arrived 
at China during the year the war 
commenced : — 

British flag 233 

American 43 

Spanish 28 

Portuguese 11 

French 7 

Danish 2 

Other European nations, 

flags unknown 22 

The bulk of the cargoes exported 
was tea and silk. — Tea is grown in 
all the southern provinces of China, 
in like manner ; good tea is grown 
only in a few places ; the black tea 
exported by Europeans is grown in 
the pro-vinces of Fuh-keen and 
Quan-tung, and the green teas in 
Tche-Kiang and Nagan-Hoe ; there 
are thirty-six kinds of tea, but of 
these thirteen varieties alone are 
exported by Europeans, viz. : — 

BLACK TEAS. 

Pekoe 1st picking. 

Orange Pekoe „ 

Caper „ 

Ankoi Souchong . . .2nd picking. 

Souchong ,, 

Campoi „ 

Congou „ 

Bohea 3rd picking. 

GREEN TEAS. 

Gunpowder 1st picking. 

Hyson „ 

Young Hyson 2nd picking. 

Hyson Skin 3rd picking. 

Twankay ,. 

The leaves are plucked from the 
shrubs and trees three times a-year 
— in April, July, and September; 
the finest tea is the first picking, 
and these buds are sometimes mixed 



CHI 



127 



CHO 



with the blossoms of the sweet 
olive, which impart to them a de- 
lightful fragrance, and the tea is 
then called Flowery Pekoe; the 
later gatherings are of a coarser 
and darker leaf; the average 
amount exported for British con- 
sumption is 40, 000, 000t>., and the 
total consumption of England and 
her dependencies is 58,000,0001*. ; 
the annual income derived from tea 
is £3,300,000; during the last twenty 
years, £80,000,000 has been paid 
into the British exchequer as duties 
upon tea. The following table 
shows the amount of tea exported 
from China, for the use of the 
world : — 5> 

Great Britain, &c 50,000,000 

Tartary and the States of 

Central Asia (chieflv 

black tea) ,\ 21,000,000 

U. States of America ... 10,000,000 

Kussia 5,000,000 

East India Islands 3,000,000 

Holland and Belgium ... 2, 700, 000 

Erance 500,000 

Denmark 130,000 

Naples 3,500 

Germany 2,000 

Austria 1,500 

Italy 1.000 

China, porcelain of, first men- 
tioned, 1591 ; made at Dresden, 
1706; in England — at Chelsea, 
1752 ; at Bow, 1758 ; at Worcester 
and in Staffordshire, by Wedge- 
wood, about 1765. 

China Bose, or Bosa Indica, first 
planted successfully in England in 
1786, being brought from Asia. 

China Apple brought to England 
1780. 

Chinese Statistics, 1840: — 

Tales. 

Ann. produce of taxes... 33,327,000 
Civil service and army... 24,507,000 

Surplus 8,820,009 

Repairs of Yellow River 2,000,000 

Cost of the gardens 1,000,000 

Income of ministers and 

clerks, expenses of the 

palace 5,819,123 



Population of the land, 143,000,000 
Ditto on the water 2,000,000 

Civil officers 9,611 

Military ditto 7, 552 

Infantry of the army... 822,000 

Cavalry of ditto 410,000 

Marine 31,000 



146,289,163 



A " tale " is one ounce of silver. 

China, rebellion in, headed by 
Tien-teh, 1853. 

Chippewa, battle of, the British 
troops under General Riall defeated 
by the Americans under General 
Browne, July 5, 1814 ; the Ameri • 
cans defeated by the British, July 
25, following. 

Chishall, or Great Chishall, 
Essex, upwards of 100 houses 
damaged at, Eeb. 22, 1798. 

Chivalry, and courts of, begun 
in Europe about 912. 

Chocolate introduced into Eu- 
rope, from Mexico, 1520; sold in 
the London coffee-houses, 1650. 

Cholera-Mokbus, or " Indian 
Cholera," to distinguish it from the 
English disease called Cholera, is 
said to have appeared first at Jes- 
sore, in Bengal, 1817 ; from thence 
it travelled south west to the Mau- 
ritius, 1819; south-east to Timor, 
which it reached in 1823, by Ran- 
goon, Sumatra, and Java ; Manilla, 
1820 ; Pekin, 1821, byway of Tonkin, 
Canton, and Nankin ; visiting most 
of the large towns of Hindostan, it 
reached Lahore by Delhi, 1827; and 
thence through Cabul to Oranburg, 
which it visited in 1823, 1827, 1829, 
and 1830, but does not appear to 
have passed westward from thence. 
From Bombay, 1818 and 1830, it 
was traced up the Persian Gulf to 
Ispahan and Yezd in one direction, 
and so northwards to Teflis, 1830, 
and to Astracan 1823 and 1830; 
whence it travelled to Odessa, 1830 ; 
to Moscow, 1830; to Dantzic and 
Warsaw, 1831 ; and from Dantzic 
to Hamburgh. A second branch of 
its Bombay career passed to Bas- 
sora, 1821, Bagdad, Aleppo, and 



CHO 



128 



CHO 



Damascus. In England it appeared 
first at Sunderland, as supposed via 
Hamburgh, Oct. 26, 1831; vessels 
from Sunderland arriving at the 
Nore were ridiculously ordered to 
perform quarantine, Dec. 4, 1831, 
while the roads on shore were open 
for passengers as usual ; the disease 
appeared in Edinburgh first on 
Eeb. 6, 1832 ; it was first observed 
at Eotherhithe and Limehouse, in 
London, Feb. 13, and in Dublin, 
March 3, 1832 : the mortality was 
considerable, but not at all equal to 
that on the Continent. It reached 
Paris between March and August, 
1832, and 18,000 were destroyed by 
it. It raged in Rome, the Two 
Sicilies, Genoa, Berlin, and other 
European localities, July and Aug. 
1787. In 1848-9, the cholera again 
visited England; the number of 
deaths in London for the week 
ending Sept. 15, 1849, was 3183, 
the average being only 1008; the 
number of deaths by cholera alone, 
from June 17 to Oct. 2, in the same 
year, was in London 13,161 ; then 
the mortality sank and finally ter- 
minated about October 13, 1849. 
— The mortality of this formidable 
disease may be partly judged by the 
following table of cases in 1831 and 
1832:— 

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 



Dublin 

Glasgow, to Aug. 15 

Liverpool, „ 31 

London, to April 28 

Cork - 

Limerick 

Drogheda, to July 28 

Edinburgh, „ 25 

Paisley „ 25 

Belfast 

Greenock, to July 25 



Hull 

Leeds 

York 

Plymouth 

Leith 

Warrington 

Carlisle 



26 
26 

25 
26 
25 
26 
25 



Cases. 


Deaths 


9252 


2775 


4164 


1993 


4646 


1397 


2532 


1334 


3305 


843 


2497 


843 


1202 


488 


796 


467 


638 


368 


2559 


303 


534 


275 


726 


250 


544 


212 


384 


152 


354 


147 


194 


112 


248 


109 


214 


109 



CONTINENT 


OF EUROPE. 








Cases. 


Deaths. 


St. Petersburg 


- 


9247 


4757 


Moscow 


- 


8576 


4690 


Limberg 


- 


4922 


2589 


Vienna 


_ 


3984 


1893 


Warsaw 


- 


3912 


1460 


Berlin 


_ 


2220 


1401 


Prague 


- 


3234 


1333 


Konigsberg - 


- 


2188 


1314 


Nisnei Novgorod 




1897 


982 


Kazan 


_ 


1487 


857 


Breslau 


- 


1276 


671 


Brunn 


- 


1540 


604 


Hamburg 


_ 


874 


455 


Magdeburg - 




576 


346 


Elbing 


- 


434 


283 


Stettin 


- 


366 


250 


Halle 


- 


303 


152 


AMERICA. 






Quebec, to Sept. 1 




2218 


Montreal ,, 


2 


4385 


1843 


New York „ 


8 


5842 


3107 


Do. Oct. 


12 




3471 


Philadelphia, Sept. 1 


2240 


740 


Baltimore „ 


29 




710 


Albany „ 


8 


1146 


418 


Norfolk ,, 


11 




400 


Rochester „ 


3 


389 


107 



In Sicily, 1837, the 7th of June to 
6th of August, the number of deaths 
amounted to 23,546 ; till the 1st of 
July an account was kept of the 
number of cases, but after that the 
disorder raged with such fury that 
it was scarcely possible to register 
even the deaths. At the first ap- 
pearance of the pestilence, Palermo 
contained 200,000 inhabitants, in- 
cluding strangers ; about 40,000 
fled, so that if the deaths are con- 
sidered with respect to the 160,000 
souls that remained, it appears that 
in two months more than a seventh 
part of the whole population died. 
Of the higher classes and church 
dignitaries, 120 fell victims ; among 
these were Marchese Artale, Pre- 
sident of the Supreme Court of 
Appeal, and the celebrated Abbate 
Scina; of the parochial clergymen 
of Palermo only one survived, and 
of the nuns of the convent of Mar- 
torana not one remained alive. — In 



CHE 



129 



CHR 



Berlin, among 1000 persons attack- 
ed, there were of the class of 
Public function- 
aries, &c, .and 

others in easy- 
circumstances, 71 - 52 - 73 "2 
Inferior clerks 

and employes, 28 - 14 - 50 
Artisans, such 

as weavers ... 315 - 205 - 65*08 
Watermen on the 

river 51 - 45 - 88-2 

Handicraftsmen, 167 - 119 - 71*25 
Nurses, bearers, 

grave-diggers, 

&c 25 - 8-32 

Choral Service first used in Eng- 
land, at Canterbury, 677 ; but pre- 
viously at Rome, 602. 

Chrism, the consecrated oil used 
in the ceremonials of the Greek and 
Papal churches; certain perfumes 
were infused in the liquid, 1541 ; 
it was ordered at one time that oil 
and balsam alone should be used, 
the one to represent Christ's human 
nature, the other his divine, 1596. 

Christ's College, Oxford, begun 
1515, and completed 1523. 

Christ-Church College, Oxford, 
damaged by fire to the extent of 
£12,000, March 3, 1809. 

Christ's College, Cambridge, 
founded 1505. 

Christ's Hospital, London, found- 
ed, 1552; a mathematical ward, temp. 
Charles II.; new infirmary added, 
1822 ; new hall at, 1825, April 28. 

Christ Church, Birmingham, be- 
gun July 22, 1805. 

Christ's Priory, Hants, built 
1060. 

Chrtst, order of knighthood of, 
in Portugal, 319 ; Livonia, 1203. 

Christ's Thorn, a shrub brought 
from the south of Europe before 
1596 ; by the superstitious believed 
to be of the same kind as the Sa- 
viour was crowned with. 

Christian, the name first given 
to the followers of the disciples of 
Christ, at Antioch, 40. 

Christian Era, dating from Ja- 
nuary 1, in the middle of the 4th 
year of the 194th Olympiad; in the 



753rd from ' the building of Rome ; 
and of the 4714th of the Julian pe- 
riod. It was introduced in the sixth 
century, but was not generally used 
at first. For modern chronology it 
began to be used in 516. 

Christian, and Most Christian 
King, the title given by pope Paul 
II. to Louis XL of France, 1469. 

Christianity, founded by the 
apostles of Christ, who suffered under 
Pilate, as supposed, in his 33rd year. 
The persecution of, commenced in 
64. It is said to have been propagated 
in Britain in 156; but this is doubt- 
ful, as well as the reign of king Lu- 
cius as a Christian king, in 179. 
The true era of Christianity in Eng- 
land commenced under St. Austin, 
596. Its introduction into Ireland 
and Scotland is of uncertain date. 
Constantine the Great embraced 
Christianity, 312 ; Clovis, in France, 
496; SAvitzerland, 643; Denmark, 
under Harold, 827; Bohemia, 894; 
Russia, 940 ; Poland, 992 ; Hunga- 
ry, 994 ; Norway and Iceland, 1000 ; 
Prussia, 1227; Lithuania, 1386; 
Pomerania and Norway, 1200; re- 
instated in Greece in the 16th cen- 
tury. 

Christian Charity, order of, be- 
gun in France, 1690. 

Christian Knowledge, Society for 
promoting, established, 1798. 

Christiania, Norway, one quar- 
ter of the city destroyed by fire, 9th 
April, 1787. 

Christenings first taxed, 1783. 

Christina, queen of Sweden, born 
1626, resigned the crown, June 6, 
1654, died at Rome, 1689. 

Christmas-day, a festival insti- 
tuted hj the Roman Catholic church, 
98 ; ordered to be held as a solemn 
feast, on Dec. 25, by Pope Teles- 
phorus, about 137; holly and mistle- 
toe introduced into it in this coun- 
try, from the usages of the Druids. 
The real Christmas-day is un- 
known, or at least conjectural; 
some authorities state that it is 
probable Christ was born in April 
or May of the Julian year 4709 : 
St. Chrysostom says, that in primi- 



CHE 



130 



CHU 



tive times Christmas and Epiphany 
were celebrated at one and the same 
feast; and that it was but a little 
time before, that Christmas had 
been celebrated at Antioch on the 
25th of December, as a distinct 
feast, and that the usage came from 
the west: as late as the twelfth 
century, the Armenians made but 
one feast of both days. 

Christmas Boxes originated in 
the Roman Paganalia, instituted by 
Servius Tullius, and celebrated in 
the beginning of the year, when an 
altar was erected in every village, 
where persons gave money ; two of 
these Paganalian boxes, found under 
Mount Caelius at Rome, are de- 
scribed by Count Caylus ; they 
were used by the Roman appren- 
tices, like those of our times, to 
collect their yearly gifts, and were 
made of pottery ; in one of them 
some denarii were found. The 
Heathen plan was commuted about 
760, to collect alms for masses, 
in order to absolve the debauch- 
eries of the season, which servants 
were unable to pay. 

Christmas Island, in the Pacific 
Ocean, so named by Captain Cook, 
from having landed upon it on 
Christmas-day, 1777. 

Christophe, crowned Emperor of 
Hayti at Cape Francois, June 2, 
1811. Shot himself during a re- 
volt of his subjects, Oct. 6, 1820; 
he founded an archbishopric and 
bishoprics, April 5, 1811. 

Christopher, St., island of, dis- 
covered, 1595 ; settled by the Eng- 
lish, 1626. 

Chronology, or events in the 
order of their time, in some form 
of record, common to most nations. 
The Chinese affect the remotest an- 
tiquity. The Jewish is probably 
that which is most to be depended 
upon, as far back as the reigns of 
Rehoboam and Solomon, but not 
further, with any c&sroborative aids. 
The Jewish chronology commences 
with the creation of the world, 4004 ; 
the deluge, 2348 ; death of Abraham, 
1821 ; drowning of Pharaoh, 1491 ; 



death of Joshua, 1443; deaih of 
David, 1015. The kingdom divided 
into ten tribes and two, 975 ; dis- 
persion of the ten tribes, 721 ; cap- 
tivity of the two, 606 ; return of the 
two from Babylon, 536 ; death of 
Judas Maccabeus, 161; united to 
the Roman empire, 63. 

Chrysostom, St., made bishop of 
Constantinople, 398 ; banished, 404 ; 
died, 407. 

Chudleigh, Devon, nearly all de- 
stroyed by a fire, May 22, 1807. 

Chumleigh, Devon, almost all 
consumed by a fire, Aug. 19, 1803. 

Chunar, treaty of, between the 
Nabob of Oude, in India, and War- 
ren Hastings, by which the Nabob 
was relieved of his debts to the East 
India Company, on condition of 
seizing his mother's and grand- 
mother's property, and giving it to 
the English. The Nabob was also 
enabled to take possession of the 
lands of Fyzoola Khan, a Rohilla 
chief, who had escaped a recent 
massacre, and settled in Rompoor, 
under English protection. Mr. Hast- 
ings got a douceur from the Nabob 
of £100,000 on this occasion, Sept. 
19, 1781. 

Church, the term for an assembly 
of good men, not of ecclesiastics ex- 
clusively, applied subsequently to 
the place of meeting, 214. Most of 
the earlier churches were of wood. 
The first of stone at Babingly, Nor- 
folk, 658 ; 50 new ordered, 1711 ; the 
first built in London of stone, 1087, 
and the first in Ireland, at Bangor, 
Down county, 1134. The towers 
were once parochial fortresses. The 
church of England began with the 
reformation, 1534. The staff con- 
sists of two archbishops, twenty-five 
bishops, exclusive of Sodor and Man. 
The other dignitaries are chancel- 
lors, deans, archdeacons, prebend- 
aries, canons, minor canons, and 
priest vicars ; these, and the in- 
cumbents of rectories, vicarages, and 
chapelries, make the number of pre- 
ferments about 12,397. The churches 
for worship in 1818 were 11,742, to 
which several hundreds have been 



CIN 



131 



CIT 



added, 1845 ; act for building new 
churches, passed, 1828 ; church 
building amendment act, Aug., 1838. 
In Ireland there are 1659 places of 
worship of the church of England, 
but some few are in parishes with- 
out Protestant hearers. 

Chukch of Scotland : this is pres- 
byterian, originating in the creed of 
John Knox, 1560 ; ratified, 1567 ; 
settled by the Scotch parliament, 
1696; secured at the union, 1707. 
This church is regulated by four 
courts — the general assembly, the 
synod, the presbytery, and kirk- 
session. 

Church Music, introduced by 
Gregory the Great, 602 ; choir music 
introduced, 677 ; church organs used 
in 1000 ; changed from St. Paul's to 
that of Sarum, 1418 ; service first 
performed in English, 1559. 

Churchwardens and Overseers 
first appointed, 1127. 

Churchyards first consecrated, 
317 ; first admitted into cities, 742. 

Church Benefices, forbidden to 
be held by foreigners, 1430. 

Churching of Women, imitated 
from the Jewish rite of purification, 
214. 

Cider or Cyder, made in Eng- 
land, and called wine, 1284; sub- 
jected to excise regulations, 1763 ; 
repealed, 1766. 

Cincinnatus, order of, began in 
America, 1783. 

Cinnamon, a species of laurel, a 
native of Ceylon, in which the 
Dutch first traded, 1506 ; well known 
to the ancients ; found by Ulloa in 
the American forests, 1736; the 
tree transplanted to Jamaica and 
Dominica, 1788. 

Cinque Ports, originally five, 
their jurisdiction being vested in 
barons, for the defence of the coast. 
Two more were added, all by William 
I., 1078. The Duke of Wellington 
was the last warden, 1850. They 
were stripped of part of their obso- 
lete privileges, 1832. 

Cintra, Convention of, a disgrace- 
ful treaty for the evacuation of Por- 
tugal, made by Sir Hugh Dalrymple 



with Marshal Junot, the day after 
the battle of Vimeira, Aug. 22, 1808. 

Circuit, Judiciary, so denominat- 
ed, established 1176 in England ; 
in Scotland, 1712 ; English into 
Wales, extended, 1828. 

Circulating Library, the first in 
England opened by the Rev. Samuel 
Eancourt, a dissenting minister at 
Salisbury, ] 740. 

Circulation of the Blood, con- 
firmed experimentallv by William 
Harvey, 1619, 1628. 

Circumnavigation of the Globe ; 
Magellan, 1519 ; Sir Francis Drake, 
1577 ; Cavendish, 1586 ; Le Maire, 
1615 ; Quiros, 1625 ; Tasman, 1642; 
Cowley, 1683; Dampier, 1689; 
Cooke, 1708; Clapperton, 1719; Rag- 
gewein, 1721 ; Anson, 1740; Bvron, 
1764 ; Wallis, 1766 ; Carteret, 1766 ; 
Cook, 1768, 1779; Bougainville, 
1776 ; Portlock, 1788. Became the 
common voyage of merchantmen, 
1850. Magellan first entered the 
Pacific Ocean, 1520. 

Cisalpine Republic, founded by 
the French, June, 1797, by the trea- 
ty of Campo Formio ; received a 
new constitution, Sept. 1798; merged 
into the kingdom of Italy, March, 
1805. 

Cisbury Fort, Wiltshire, built by 
Cassar, 547. 

Cistertian Order, founded by one 
Robert, a benedictine monk of Cis- 
teaux, in France, 1092. 

Cities of Hindostan under Eng- 
lish rule, 1846, with more than 
100,000 inhabitants, the conquests 
in the Punjaub not inclusive : — 

Benares 850,000 

Calcutta 900,000 

Surat 550,000 

Madras 300,000 

Lucknow 295,000 

Hydrabad 200,000 

Dacca 150,000 

Bombay 220,000 

Delhi 150,000 

Moorshedabad ... 145,000 

Nagpoor 100,000 

Baroda 100,000 

Ahmcnadab 100,000 



CL A 



132 



CLE 



Cities, first incorporated, 1079 ; 
first with boroughs represented in 
parliament, 1265. 

Citizen, an individual free to car- 
ry on trade in a city ; dress of, regu- 
lated by 1st Eliz., 1558; the only 
title allowed in France at the revo- 
lution of 1792. 

Ciudad Eodrigo taken by the 
French, July 10, 1810 ; stormed bv 
Wellington, Jan. 19, 1812. 

Civil Law revived in Italy and 
Germany, 1127 ; Gregorian law 
compiled, 290 ; Theodosian, 435 ; 
Justinian, 530; introduced into Eng- 
land by Theobald, a Norman abbot, 
1138. 

Civil List, the royal revenues of 
England, £600,000 in Elizabeth's 
reign; £800,000 in the time of 
Charles I. ; settled, after 1688, on 
the new king and queen at £700,000, 
parliament supporting the navy and 
army ; increased under Geoi'ge II. 
to £800,000 ; under George III. to 
£1,030,000. Debts of, paid, 1777. 
In 1831, under William IV., fixed 
at £510,000; by 1st Vict., Dec. 
1837, fixed at £385,000— Prince 
Albert having an exclusive £30, 000. 

Civita Vecchia nearly destroyed 
by an explosion of powder, 1779. 

Claims of Privilege at coronations 
established, March 30, 16S5. 

Clanships in Scotland, relics of 
the barbarous feudal times of 1008, 
abolished, 1746. 

Clandestine Marriages forbidden 
by act of parliament, 1753. 

Clapham Church erected, 1777. 

Clare Hall, Cambridge, founded, 
1326. 

Clare, in Suffolk, monastery 
founded at, by Richard de Clare, 
Earl of Gloucester, 1248. 

Clare, Ireland, the first place that 
sent a Roman Catholic to parlia- 
ment in Ireland for 160 years, re- 
turning O'Connell, July 5, 1828, 
before the Relief Bill Avas passed. 

Clare, Nuns of St., a sisterhood 
founded in Italy, 1212: settled in 
England, in the Minories, 1293 ; 
suppressed by Henry VIIL, 1539. 

Clarence, the Duke of, drowned 



in the tower, in a butt of Malmsey, 
1478. 

Clarence, Duke of, afterwards 
William IV. of England ; bom Aug. 
21, 1765; married a princess of the 
house of Saxe-Meinengen, July 11, 
1818; succeeded to the throne of 
his brother, George IV., June 26, 
1830; died at Windsor, June 20, 
1837. 

Claremont, Surrey, occupied by 
the princess Charlotte of Wales un- 
til her death, Nov. 6, 1817 ; assigned 
by Leopold of Coburg, her consort, 
to Prince Albert, 1840 ; the exiled 
family of France resided there, Mar. 
4, 1848; Louis Philippe, king of the 
French, died there, Aug. 29, 1850. 

Clarendon, statutes of, passed by 
a parliament, held at Clarendon, 
1164 ; they were 16 in number, and 
were the ground of the notorious 
Becket's quarrel with Henry II., 
because they tended to prevent ec- 
clesiastical abuses. 

Clarendon printing-press, Ox- 
ford, founded 1781. 

Clarendon, Hyde, earl of, ba- 
nished the realm, Dec. 12, 1667; 
born, 1612 ; died Dec. 7, 1674. 

Clarendon estate sold for £70,000, 
Dec. 11, 1750. 

Clarion, a species of trumpet, 
introduced by the Moors into Spain, 
800. 

Clarke, murder of, by Housman 
and Eugene Aram, discovered 13 
years afterwards, Aug. 17, 1758. 

Clehanger House, Herefordshire, 
destroyed by fire, Jan. 3, 1794. 

Clement's Inn, established, so- 
ciety of, 1471. 

Clementine's writings attributed 
to Clemens Romanus, a father of 
the church, wholly apocryphal, 
102 ; decretals of pope Clement V., 
so called, 1312. 

Clementines and Urbanists, ad- 
herents and disputants of Clement 
VII. and Urban VI., 1378. 

Cleobury Castle, Shropshire, 
built, 1160. 

Clergy in England, increased in 
the 7th century, and controlled every 
thing ; drunkenness forbidden them, 



CLE 



133 



CLO 



747 ; abridged of their power, 1164 
Becket excommunicated them, 1169: 
refused obedience to the pope, 1191 : 
encroached upon the royal power, 
1200 ; their lands and goods seized 
by king John, 1208; taxed £100,000 
in 1210 ; refused the pope's legate-- 
money, 1247 ; their power reduced, 
1275 ; refused to contribute to the 
war, but forced, 1296 ; armed for 
the war with France, 1369; fined 
£100,000 for refusing the divorce of 
Henry VIII., 1531 ; first fruits of, 
assigned to the king, 1534; ex- 
cluded from parliament, 1536; 
12,000 deprived of their livings, and 
catholics substituted, 1554 ; confe- 
rence between the protestant and 
protestant dissenting, 1604 ; redeem 
175 slaves, 1662 ; 2000 resign their 
benefices rather than subscribe to 
the act of uniformity, 1661-2; no 
longer to tax themselves, 1664 ; 
Irish protestants restored to their 
benefices, 1689 ; the clergy incapa- 
citation act passed, 1801. — Dress of, 
1580 ; Hollinshed says, " they went 
either in diverse colours, like 
plaiers, or in garments of light hew, 
as yellow, red, green, &c, with 
their shoes piked, their haire crisped, 
their girdles armed with silver ; 
their shoes, spurres, bridles, &c, 
buckled with like metall; their 
apparell for the most part of silke, 
and richlie furr'd ; their cappes lac'd 
and butn'd with gold ; so that to 
meet a priest in those days was to 
behold a peacocke, which spreadeth 
his taile when he danseth before the 
henne." 

Clergy of France, power abridged, 
Aug. 1749 ; renounced their privi- 
leges, May 18, 1789. 

Clergymen's Sons' society, esta- 
blished in Scotland, Oct. 1794. 

Clergymen's Widows' and Or- 
phans' corporation, established in 
England, July 1, 1670 ; incorporated 
1678. 

Clerk, the appellation of a cler- 
gyman, originated in Normandy, 
used in France, 992. 

Clerkenwell, Monastery of, 
founded, 1098; burned by a mob, 



1381 ; house of correction built at, 
1616; rebuilt, 1820; new church at, 
built 1788. 

Clermont, Council of, determines 
the first crusade in the reign of pope 
Urban II., 1095. 

Cleve Abbey, Somerset, founded 
1198. 

Cleves, Anne of, married to Hen- 
ry VIII. ; divorced without con- 
summation, 1540; died, 1557. 

Cleves, town of, surrendered to 
the allies, Oct. 3, 1760. 

Clifden House burned, May 14, 
1795. 

Clifford's Inn society, establish- 
ed, 1315. 

Clifton Suspension Bridge begun 
June 20, 1831 ; first stone laid by 
Lady Elton. 

Clipped Money called in, 1696. 

ClitheicO Castle, Lancashire, built 
1171. 

Clitherow, Mrs., in Crown court, 
Moorfields, with eleven persons, 
blown up while making fireworks 
by candle-light, Nov. 3, 1791. 

Clive, Colonel, defeated the na- 
bob, and established Ally Cawn in 
his dignity, June 26, 1757; made a 
peer, as Lord Clive, 1762 ; commit- 
ted suicide, Nov. 1774, aged 49. 

Clocks. Water-clocks introduced 
at Home, 158 a. c. ; the first sup- 
posed to be then in the world sent 
by pope Paul I. to Pepin, king of 
France, 756; first placed in churches, 
913 ; made to strike by the Ara- 
bians, 801 ; by the Italians, 1300 ; 
the first complete one in Canter- 
bury, 1292 ; in Westminster, 1368 ; 
great one of Paris, 1370 ; first por- 
table one, 1530 ; none in England 
went well till that dated 1540, now 
at Hampton court ; Harris and young 
Galileo made the pendulum, 1641 ; 
pendulums improved by a Dutchman 
named Fromantil, 1656. Watches 
were known in the 16th century ; 
mentioned in Harrington's Orlando, 
1591. Clocks, watches, and alarms 
forbidden to be imported by Charles 
I., 1631. Clockmakers incorporated, 
1631 ; act passed, 1698, to oblige 
makers to put their names ou 



CLO 



134 



COA 



watches ; watches common in France, 
1544 ; Hoole's spiral spring, 1658 ; 
and Hiiygens' pendulum, 1658; an- 
chor escapement invented in Lon- 
don, by Clement, 1680 ; horizontal 
escapement invented 1724, by Gra- 
ham ; Harrison's gridiron pendulum, 
1734; his longitude watch, 1736, 
received £20,000 reward ; Arnold's, 
1764; jewelling introduced by Frod- 
sham, 1771; Arnold's cylindrical 
spring and compensation balance, 
1776. Two of Frodsham's chrono- 
meter watches, after twelve months' 
trial at Greenwich, varied, one the 
86-100 of a second, and the other 
57-100 pai'ts only, 1839 ; thus per- 
fectly answering for the longitude. 
Electric fluid made a motive power 
for clocks, 1841. 

Clocks and Watches taxed, 1797 ; 
tax repealed, 1798. 

Clockmakers from Delft, three 
settled in England, 1568. 

Clogher, bishopric of, founded 
in Ireland, 506, by St. Macartin ; 
cathedral rebuilt, 1041 ; merged into 
the see of Armagh, 1834. 

Clondalkin, Ireland, powder- 
mills at, blown up, but only two 
lives lost, April 15, 1787. 

Clonfert, see of, founded, 558 ; 
merged into Killaloe, 1839. 

Clontarf, battle of, fought be- 
tween the Irish and the Danes, on 
Good Friday, 1039, in which the in- 
vaders Avere defeated. 

Closterseven, disgraceful con- 
vention of, between the duke of 
Cumberland and the duke of Riche- 
lieu, by which the former, with 
38,000 men, laid down their arms, 
Sept. 10, 1757. 

Cloth, coarse woollen, introduced 
into England, 1191 ; seventy cloth- 
workers' families settled here, in- 
vited by Edward III., 1331 ; wool- 
len, first made at Kendal, in 1390 ; 
medleys manufactured, 1614 ; fine 
English broad cloths sent to Hol- 
land to be dyed, 1654 ; in England, 
dyed and dressed, 1667 ; the manu- 
facture discouraged in Ireland, and 
that of linen countenanced by par- 
liament, 1698. 



Clowes Wood, Ireland, of thirty 
acres in extent, burned, Jan. 1, 1805. 

Clovis, king of France, the foun- 
der of the monarchy, 481 ; made 
Paris the capital of the kingdom, 
494. 

Cloyne, Ireland, see of, founded 
in the 6th century ; united to Cork, 
1431 ; to Cork and Ross, 1831. 

Clune, Mrs., near Lichfield, died 
Jan. 23, 1772, aged 138, having lived 
103 years in one house. 

Clun Castle, Shropshire, built, 
1140. 

Cluny, Abbey of, founded by the 
benedictines, one of the most cele- 
brated foundations ever existing, 
910. 

Clyde Canal, made by Smeaton, 
and opened July 28, 1790, connect- 
ing the east and Avest seas across 
Scotland. 

Clynnoga^awr Abbey, South 
Wales, in Carmarthenshire, built, 
1616. 

Coaches. See Carriages. 

Coach tax, commenced, Mar. 25, 
1747, and subsequent years ; licence 
to makers of, 1785. 

Coach from Hinckley to Leices- 
ter, racing with a rival, dashed to 
pieces against the Burbage turnpike 
gate, the coachman and four pas- 
sengers killed, and several others 
maimed, July 14, 1815. 

Coaes first discovered at New- 
castle, dug by charter of Henry III., 
1239; first in use 1307, but prohi- 
bited in London, as being injurious 
to health, 1398; smiths obliged to 
burn wood, 1273; first became an 
article of trade from Newcastle to 
London, 1357, 1381 ; generally used 
in London, 1400; discovered in Scot- 
land, 1761 ; became common in Eng- 
land, 1625 ; duty laid on by Charles 
I., 1627; by Charles II., in favour 
of his illegitimate son the Duke of 
Richmond, and converted into an 
annuity by George III., June, 1800. 

Coals, importation of, into Lon- 
don— 1700, 317,000 chaldrons ; 1750, 
510,000 ; in 1773, 600,000 chaldrons ; 
in 1788, 766,880; in 1792, 841,380, 
and of cinders, 6270, and of Scotch 



CO A 



135 



COA 



coal 2449 tons; in 1793, 800,510* 
chaldrons; in 1794, 788, 744^ ; in 
1795, 887,759, besides cinders, &c. ; 
in 1796 to 1797, 829,684 chaldrons, 
and 931 tons; in 1797 to 1798, 
897,037 chaldrons, and 814 tons ; in 
1798 to 1799, 769,047 chaldrons, and 
393 tons; in 1799 to 1800, 865,804 
chaldrons, and 493 tons; in 1810, 
980,372 chaldrons; in 1820, 1,171,178 
chaldrons; in 1830, 1,588,360 chal- 
drons; in 1840, 2,638,256 tons; in 
1850, 3,479,189 tons. There are 
supposed to be 25,000,000 of tons 
consumed annually, 1850, in all 
England. 

Coal-fields, extent of, 1850, 
Durham and Northumberland, 723 
square miles; South Wales, a con- 
sumption for 1000 years for all Eng- 
land, 1850. 

Coal in Ireland: the first ship 
sailed with Irish coal from Newry to 
Dublin, 1742. 

Coal in France, consumption of, 
1780, 400,000 tons; in 1845, 6,000,000 
tons. 

Coal trade, first noticed in the 
charters of Henry III. to Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne, 1239 and 1272. 

Coal-pit accidents, at Renfrew, 
where the pit took fire, and six men 
were lost, 1804; near Wakefield, by 
a rush of water, when nine men and 
a boy perished, June 30, 1809; at 
Felling, near Gateshead, in which 
the pit took fire, June 25, 1812, by 
which ninety-three persons perished ; 
at Swiny-row, Durham, by fire, by 
which seven persons were hurt, Oct. 
6, 1812; at Harrington Mill, Dur- 
ham, by which four men and nine- 
teen boys were killed, Oct. 10, 1812 ; 
at Collingwood Main, by which 
eight men were burned, and two 
greatly injured, July 17, 1813; at 
Bradley, by which eight persons 
were buried and seven dug out alive, 
after being seven days without food, 
August 10, 1813; at Felling, by a 
second fire, which destroyed nine 
men, thirteen boys, and twelve 
horses, Dec. 1813; at Hepburn, by 
which eleven persons were burned, 
Aug. 27, 1814; at Painshow, in 



Cumberland, when three men were 
killed by the gas, while descending 
to examine the state of the air, 
March 15, 1815; near ' Newbald, 
Durham, by fire — here seventy per- 
sons were killed, June 2, 1815, and 
fifty-seven wounded or killed by the 
bursting of the steam-engine, July 
31, following; at Heaton Main, near 
Newcastle, by a sudden gush of 
water, when thirty-three men, forty - 
two boys, and thirty- seven horses 
perished, May 3, 1815 — horrible to 
relate, it appeared they all perished 
of starvation, being enclosed in a 
cavity which the water did not 
reach; at Cherck, Denbighshire, a 
whole work destroyed by an inunda- 
tion from the river Ceriog, Dec. 28, 
1816 — so extensive were the works, 
that it was considered a public cala- 
mity; near Chester- le-Street, Dur- 
ham, by fire, forty persons losing 
their lives, Jul}-, 1817. 

Coal Dues paid to the city of 
London before 1832, under acts 
passed 1803, 1804, 1807, £133,000; 
£6684 to 1831, and £8911 after- 
wards. The corporation collected 
from this unjust tax — 

1832 £8,911 

1833 8,371 

1834 8,661 

1835 9,578 

1836 9,993 

1837 10,945 

1838 10,754 

1839 10,938 

1840 10,695 

1841 12,121 

1842 11,346 

1843 10,952 

1844 10,378 

1845 14,180 

Total received by the City, £359,1 73 

Coal Dues, London, expended to 

1851 :— 

Spent for the City, £1,117,345 13 6 

Without the City ... 807,500 

Of a general charac- 
ter 1,813,221 18 

£3,738,067 11 6 



COB 



136 



COD 



Coal Dues, heads of expenditure 
in London, return of 1852 : — 

Blackfnars Bridge < 2 n 000 

Newgate 50,000 

Tolls reduced on London 

Bridge 30,000 

Newgate rebuilding, &c... 40,000 
Streets from Moorfields . . . 16,500 
New Street, Spitalfields ... 9,000 
Picket Street and Snow 

Hill improvements 246, 000 

Whitecross Street Prison.. 95,000 

Post-office site 80,000 

Approaches to London 

Bridge, &c. &c .....1,016,421 

The dues of 8d. and Id. mortgaged 
until 1862 ; the duty of 4d. liable 
for the repayment of £540,000. 

Coal duty repealed, £1,500,000, 
1834. 

Coalitions of the European 
powers to replace the Bourbons 
over the Prench people — the first, 
June 26, 1792, by a manifesto of the 
King of Prussia, and the army under 
the Duke of Brunswick, routed dis- 
gracefully by Dumourier, and other 
Prench generals ; secondly, between 
England, Germany, Russia, Naples, 
Portugal, and Turkey, signed June 
22, 1799, defeated by Bonaparte at 
Marengo, 1800 ; thirdly, by England, 
Russia, Austria, and Naples, Aug. 
5, 1805, defeated by Napoleon at 
Austerlitz; fourthly, by England, 
Russia, Prussia, and Saxony, 1806, 
defeated, and Prussia conquered at 
Auerstadt and Jena, Oct. 1806; 
fifthly, by England and Austria, 
1809, defeated by Napoleon ; sixthly, 
by Russia and Prussia, after Napo- 
leon had lost his army in the snows 
of Moscow, March 17, 1813, suc- 
cessful. 

Coalition Ministry, the name 
given to the union between Lord 
North and Pox, April 5, 1783— 
dissolved the same year. 

Cocceians, a religious sect found- 
ed by John Coccius of Bremen, 1665. 

Cobalt, a mineral which furnishes 
the rich blue colour on porcelain, 
when melted with a species of blue 
glass called smalt; known about 



1540 or 1560 in Saxony, found also 
in Bohemia, and recognised in Corn- 
wall in the present century, whence 
our supply, formerly had from 
Saxony. 

Cobbett, William, prosecuted for 
a libel against Lords Hardwicke and 
Plunkett, May 26, 1804. 

Cobukg Theatre opened in Surrey, 
1816; altered to Victoria, 1833. 

Cochrane, Lord, joining the 
South American patriots, returned 
home August, 1825. 

Cochineal, the insect known to 
the Spaniards after the conquest 
of Mexico, 1518; known in Italv, 
1548; 260,0001. imported into Eng- 
land, 1830; 1,081,776 ft in 1845; 
2,360,000ft in 1850. 

Cockermouth Castle, Cumber- 
land, built, 1069. 

Cockeksend Abbey, Lancashire, 
built, 1200. 

Cocrfighting practised by many 
barbarous nations of antiquity ; the 
sport of English boys on Shrove 
Tuesday, in the time of Henry II. ; 
prohibited by Edward III. 1365; by 
Henry VIII. 1540 ; resumed by the 
Stuarts under James I., and pro- 
hibited by Cromwell, 1653. A cock- 
pit erected by Charles II. at White- 
hall, after the restoration, called the 
cockpit-royal, on the property of 
Christ's Hospital, which would not 
renew the lease. The most noted 
of the later fashionable cockfighters 
was named Ardesoif, who died at 
Tottenham, April 4, 1789, of rage 
for the loss of a battle by a favourite 
cock, which he thrust into the fire 
for losing. 

Cocklepark Tower, Northum- 
berland, built before 1100. 

Cock-lane Ghost, imposition of, 
by one William Parsons, and his 1 
daughter, at 33, Cock-lane, who was 
a ventriloquist; detected Mar. 1762; 
punished as impostors, July 10, 1762. 

Cocoa first introduced about 1500. 

Codrington, Admiral Sir Edward, 
gained the battle of Navarino, Oct. 
20, 1827. 

Code, the Gregorian, published, 
290, and the Hermogenian ; the 



COI 



137 



COI 



Theodosian, 435 ; that of Justinian, 
529; digest of, 533; that of Alfred 
the Great, the foundation of English 
common law, 887. 

Coeur-de-Lion, or lion-hearted, 
the title given to Richard I. of Eng- 
land about 1192; it was also confer- 
red on Louis VIII. of Erance in 1223, 
for his conduct in his wars in Pales- 
tine and against England. 

Coffee brought to England by 
one Nathaniel Canopius, a Cretan, 
who used it at Baliol College, Ox- 
ford, 1641; passed by Egypt and 
Syria to Constantinople, 1511; 
coffee-houses opened there, 1554; 
brought to Erance by Thevenot, the 
traveller, 1644. 

Coffee-plant conveyed from 
Mocha to Holland, 1616; carried to 
the West Indies, 1726 ; cultivated at 
Surinam by the Dutch, 1718; en- 
couraged in the British plantations, 
1732. 

Coffee-house, the first kept in 
England by a Jew named Jacobs, 
in Oxford-street, at the sign of the 
Angel, 1650; one Edwardson, an 
English Turkey merchant, brought 
with him to England a Greek ser- 
vant named Pasquet, who first open- 
ed a coffee-house in the city, in 
George Yard, Lombard Street, 1662; 
coffee-houses were suppressed by 
proclamation of Charles II., 1675, 
but the proclamation was afterwards 
suspended. 

Coffins, the first mention of 
wooden coffins in England is that of 
King Arthur, buried in the trunk 
of an oak, 542; stone coffins were 
the more ancient ; English patent, of 
iron, 1796. 

Coif, worn by lawyers, originally 
an iron skull-cap worn by knights, 
introduced before 1259, to hide the 
tonsure of renegades, who chose to 
remain as advocates in the secular 
courts, in despite of canonical pro- 
hibitions; some say it was intro- 
duced in 1200. 

Coin in England, supposed first 
made at Colchester; made of differ- 
ent shapes until the middle ages; 
groats the largest before 1531; 



made sterling in 1216; generally 
made round, 1101; silver pence 
coined in the reign of John; gold 
first coined, 1087; but the first cer 
tain record is 1257; gold florins, 
Edward III., 1337, 1345 ; sovereigns 
minted, 1494; shillings, 1503; 
crowns and half-crowns struck, 
1553; shilling of Elizabeth milled, 
1562; a copper coinage, 1620; mo- 
dern milling introduced, 1631 ; half- 
pence and farthings coined, 1665; 
23rd Charles II. do., 1672; guineas 
first coined, 25th Charles II., 1673 ; 
Drake guineas, 1673; five guineas, 
1673; half- guineas, 1673; a million 
sterling coined out of French louis- 
d'or, 1710; quarter- guineas, 1716; 
proportioned by Sir Isaac Newton, 
Dec. 22, 1717; seven shilling pieces, 
1797; sovereigns and halves, 1816; 
florins, 1850; English and Irish 
coins assimilated, Jan. 1, 1826; the 
broad gold pieces called in by the 
government, and coined into guineas, 
1732; twopenny pieces in copper 
coined, 1797; half-farthings coined, 
1843; copper money only used in 
Scotland and Ireland, 139*9; copper 
money introduced to displace private 
leaden tokens, in London especially, 
1609; there was an extensive silver 
coinage, 1696; six shilling gold 
pieces in the reign of Edward III., 
and nobles at six and eightpence, 
with halves and quarters; sovereigns 
and half-sovereigns of twenty shil- 
lings value, was coined by Henry 
VIII. ; angels, which bore the effigy 
of Michael and the dragon, were 
coined by Henry IV.; in 1347, a 
pound of silver was coined into 22 
shillings, and in 1352, a pound was 
coined into 25 shillings; in 1414, 
they were increased to 30 shillings ; 
and in 1500, a pound of silver was 
coined into 40 shillings; in 1530, 
extended to 66 — 62 are delivered, 
4 being retained for loss, &c. 
The money in Scotland, till then 
the same as in England, began 
to be debased, 1354; halfpence 
were issued for the Isle of Man, 
1786; dollars by the Bank of Eng- 
land, at 4s. 9d., issued March, 1797. 



COI 



138 



COI 



The whole money coined in Eng- 
land since the beginning of the 
reign of Queen Elizabeth, includ- 
ing the debased silver of the three 
preceding reigns, up to the year 
1793, was as follows : — 

£ 
By Queen Elizabeth ... 5,832,932 

King James I 2,500,000 

Charles 1 10,499,544 

Cromwell 1,000,000 

Charles II 7,524, 105 

James II 3,737,637 

Before the Revolution ... 31,094.218 

By King Win. IIL, in- 
cluding re-coinage ... 10,511,963 

Queen Anne 2,691,626 

King George 1 8,725,921 

King George II 11,966,576 



Before Geo. Ill's reign 33,896,086 

Total during reign of 
George IIL, till 25th 
March, 1793, includ- 
ing re-coinage 51,073,362 

Ditto and Regency 23,428,224 

Total coined from the 
year 1558 to 1793, 
being 235 years 116,083,666 

£139,496,880 

Of the above £116,063,666 ster- 
ling, there were £32,000,000 in sil- 
ver, long before the revolution. The 
whole gold coinage did not exceed 
£6,000,000, payments till then being 
nearly all made in silver ; and 
so much is the nature of our coin- 
age changed, that, during the reign 
of George IIL, the whole silver 
coinage only amounted to £63,101 
to the regency. 
Coined George II £41,782,815 

„ William IV 10,827,603 

„ Victoria to 1 848, 

„ Gold... 29,886.457 

„ „ Silver.. 2,440,614 

„ „ Copper 43,743 

The Gold coin was estimated by Da- 
versant, in 1711, to be £12,000,000; 
by Anderson, in 1782, to be 



£16,000,000 ; by Chalmers, in 1786, 
to be £20,000,000 ; by Philips, in 
1800, to be £37,000,000; by Duke 
of Wellington, in parliament, 1830, 
the gold £28,000,000. The rest of 
the metallic currency £13,000,000; 
but paper largely supplies the place 
of coin. In 1840, the currency 
was reckoned at £45,000,000; and in 
1850 in gold and silver £55,000,000. 
The standard weight of coin in 
the reign of William I., 1066, was 
11,18,18 fine gold, and alloy 1,6 ; 
and it continued the same to 1509- 
1532. In the same year it was also 
changed to 11, and 1 alloy. In the 
1st and 2nd of Edward VI., 1549, 
it was 10, and 2 alloy ; in the same 
reign, and in 1550, it was 11. 1551 
and 1553, it was 11,18,18, and 1,6 
alloy ; in 1553, again 11 and 1. In 
1553, Mary and Elizabeth, 1560 
it was 11,18,18, and 1,6. In 
the 2nd and 35th of Elizabeth, or 
1560, 1594, it was 11, and 1 alloy. 
In 1578, 1585, and 1601, it was 
11,18,18, and 1,6 alloy. In 1601-3-4, 
it was 11, and 1 alloy. James I., 
1605, it became 11,18,18, and 1,6. 
In the 10th of James I., or 1613, 11 
andl. In temp. Charles II., 1627, — 
1661, it was 11,18,18, and 1,6 alloy. 
From 12th Charles II. to George 
IIL, it was 11 and 1. A pound troy 
of gold was coined into £9 money 
in the reign of William Rufus, 1087. 
Edward IIL, 1345, it was £15, and 
£13:3:4:— 

1347 £14 

1373, 1395, 1402 ..., 15 

1402, 1422 16 13 4 

1422, 1461 22 10 

1426 16 13 4 

1465 20 16 8 

1482, 1483, 1494 22 10 

1509,1532 27 

1509,1532 25 2 6 

1543 28 16 

1545 30 

1549 30 

1550 34 

1551 28 16 

1553 36 

1553 33 

1553,1580 38 



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139 



COI 



1560,1594 £33 

1578,1585 33 

1601 36 10 

1601 33 10 

1603 37 10 

1604 37 4 

1605 40 10 

1613 44 

1613 40 18 4 

1627, 1661 44 10 

1627 41 10 

1671,1685 44 10 

1685 47 15 9 

1717, 1762 46 14 6 

(To the reign of Geo. III.) 
The silver ounce 'troy was coined 
into 15s. in the reign of William 
Eufus, 1087. Into £1 : 5 : 1| in 1345. 

1345 also £1 2 0| 

1347 1 3 5h 

1373, 1395, 1402 1 5 1| 

1422 1 7 11£ 

1422, 1461 1 17 8| 

1426 1 7 Hi 

1465 1 14 lOf 

1482, 1483, 1494 1 17 8f 

1509,1732 2 5 2f 

1509,1532 2 5 8£ 

1543 2 10 1 

1545 2 14 6h 

1546,1549 3 0" 

1550 3 1 91 

1551 2 8 3* 

1553 3 3 

1553 3 

1553 3 3| 

1553 3 

1553,1560 3 3§ 

1560,1594 3 

1578,1585 3 3^ 

1601 3 1 If 

1601 3 10f 

1603 3 8 2h 

1604 3 7 78 

1605 3 7 10| 

1613 3 13 8^ 

1613 3 14 4| 

1627, 1661 3 14 6| 

1627 3 14 6i 

1671, 1685 4 10^ 

1688 4 6 llf 

1717, 1762 (George III.) 4 4 1H 
Twenty shillings of the time of 
George III. was worth, in the reign 
of William II., just £5 : 12 : 8£. 



In 1402 to 1422, it was worth 
£3:0: 10|d. In 1405, £2 : 8 : 3| ; 
in 1482 and 1494, £2:5: Of. In 
1545 it had fallen to £1 :' 11:1; to 
£1 : 2 : 10 in 1613 ; to £1, Is. in 
1671. In the reign of William III. 
to 19s. 6|d., and in 1717 to 1762, 
reign of George III., it rose to £1. 
Twenty shillings of the reign of 
William II., answered to sixty-two 
of the reign of George III. The 
gold coin of the reign of George III., 
as now, consists of 22 carats fine 
gold, and two of some other metal, 
as silver or copper. The guinea was 
so called, being coined of African 
gold, about 1690. The clippers so 
reduced the coins in 1695, that a 
guinea went for 30s. of clipped sil- 
ver. Eine silver is to standard silver 
as 1 to -9250, and sterling to fine as 
1 to 1-081081081. Fine gold to 
standard gold is in value as 1 to 
•91667, or as 24 to 22. Standard 
gold is to fine gold as 1 to 
1 -090909090. Temp. George III. 

Coinage, this is now performed 
by machinery at the royal mint, 
erected on Tower Hill, 1811; the 
charge for coinage in all, was 
£421,000 for £250,000 in copper, 
£12,000,000 silver, and £55,000,000 
gold, between 1816 and 1836. The 
operation was once performed with 
a hammer, the coin being placed be- 
tween two steel dies. In 1553 a 
mill was invented abroad, and in- 
troduced into England by one 
Bruchier, 1562; a second engine 
was invented by Balanchier, 1617; 
Boulton and Watt's engine, for the. 
purpose, was introduced 1788; the 
present mint machinery, 1811; the 
standard, pursuant to mint inden- 
ture, is after the rate of QQ shillings 
to the pound Troy of 11 ounces, 2 
pennyweights fine silver, and 18 
pennyweights alloy, 1821; there 
are sixpences, twopences, three- 
pences, and fourpences, coined an- 
nually for the Queen's Maundy, from 
20 ft* to 24ft of silver each coinage. 

Coin reclaimed by proclamation, 
in 1773, 1774, and 1776, amounted 
to £15,563.393 : 10 : 8. The loss on 



COI 



140 



COL 



collecting, smelting, and recoining, 
was £754,019 : 19 : 6. 

Coining with a die introduced 
into England, 1620. 

Coin, the penny, taken from the 
Eoman denarius, by the Saxon 
kings of Kent, 750 ; sometimes hav- 
ing the effigies of saints; traced to 
the Norman conquest, 1088, through 
the Saxon and Danish dynasties; 
some bore buildings on their faces ; 
William I. copied his predecessor, 
his pennies are rare ; William's, his 
son, 1087, are scarce; of Henry I., 
1100, the pennies are scarce, so is 
Stephen's rare, 1135; Henry IL, 
1154, common; Richard I., 1189, 
none, and John, 1199, only an Irish 
penny; Henry III., 1216, very rude, 
his English common, his Irish 
scarce; Edward I., 1272, and Ed- 
ward II. , 1307, are rude and rare; 
Edward III., 1326, struck his coins 
of a penny value both in England 
and France, as did the Black Prince 
in Aquitaine, they are not rare; 
Richard II. , 1377, coined both in 
London and York, his coins are 
scarce; Henry IV., 1399, Henry V., 
1413, and Henry VI., 1425, coined 
pennies both in England and France; 
Edward IV., 1460, are more scarce 
than those of the three Henries who 
preceded him ; there is no coinage 
of Edward V., 1483; those of Rich- 
ard III. are much injured by clip- 
ping, date 1483, and are very rare ; 
Henry VII., 1485, are common; 
Henry VIII., 1509, are of good 
silver and common ; of Edward VI., 
1547, are very rare; of Mary, 1553, 
a base coin, very rare; Elizabeth 
coined both with the hammer and 
mill, 1558, the former are common, 
the latter not; James I., 1603, com- 
mon of one type, of another scarce ; 
Charles I., 1625, of several types, 
some very common, — one coined at 
Oxford very rare; the Common- 
wealth, 1649, are not scarce; 
Charles II. , 1660, the coinage ham- 
mered, some good, others bad; the 
mint marks on the coins are no 
longer found on the head crowned 
after this reign ; the pennies of James 



II., 1685, are seen less frequently than 
those of Charles II. ; William and 
Mary, 1689, are not common, nor 
those of William alone; Queen 
Anne's pennies, 1702, are rare, and 
her farthings still more so ; the coins 
of the subsequent sovereigns, 1714, 
1727, 1760, 1820, and 1830, are 
common. The coins of Scotland 
are considered dubious until 1165, 
under William the Lion, of inferior 
execution and not uncommon; Alex- 
ander II., 1214, rare, those of Alex- 
ander II., 1249, not so ; John Baliol, 
1292, are rare ; Robert Bruce, 1306, 
not common ; David IL, 1329, and 
Robert IL, 1371, and Robert III., 
1390, some not rare; of James I., 
1405, there are none ; of James IL, 
1437, very rare, also of James III., 
1460; James IV., 1488, billon penny 
rare ; James V., 1513, billon or 
alloyed penny common ; Mary, 1542, 
rare. Here the Scotch coinage ends. 

Coinage, French, very extensive ; 
copper money first coined there, 
temp. Henry III., 1580; gold first 
coined at Venice, 1476. The mint 
of the United States of America, 
established 1793, issued gold and 
silver coin ; the copper had been 
delivered before. The gold coins 
are eagles, half-eagles, and quarter- 
eagles. The first is exactly five and 
forty shillings, English money, or 
ten dollars American coin. The 
dollars are coined in the same divi- 
sions of half, and quarter, which 
makes the course of exchange simple, 
and suits the reckoning to every ca- 
pacity; ten quarter dollars make 
the quarter eagle, ten half dollars 
the half eagle, and ten dollars the 
eagle. There is, beside, one more 
silver coin, which is called a dime, 
and is the tenth part of a dollar. 
The copper coin is called a cent, 
and is the tenth part of a dime. 

Colchester, town of, obtained 
its first charter, 1198; besieged in 
the civil war, 1648 ; large manufac- 
tures established at, 1660. 

Coldingham, near Berwick, the 
nuns at the Abbey of which are 
said to have cut off their noses and 



COL 



141 



COL 



lips to escape violation on the Da- 
nish invasion, to avenge which the 
invaders burned the whole sister- 
hood, 886. 

Coldstream Guards raised by 
General Monk in the northern town 
of that name, 1660. 

Collar, an ornament worn with 
certain orders of knighthood, as that 
of S. S. belonging to the garter, 
originating 1349-50 ; one worn in 
honour of St. Simplicius, 1407, 
given to a Lord Mayor of Dublin 
by Charles II., 1660. 

Collations, so called from the 
light repasts given in Lent before 
1513. 

Collects, prayers transferred 
from the Roman mass into the Eng- 
lish liturgy, the first appointed by 
pope Gelasius, 493 ; king of Eng- 
land appointed one in Normandy, for 
the relief of the Holy Land, 1166 ; 
those in the book of common prayer 
introduced in 1548. 

College of the Eour Nations, at 
Paris, built 1670. 

College, Stephen, executed for 
treason, at Oxford, Aug. 13, 1681. 

Colleges, places of education 
and living : degrees first conferred 
at, by the university of Paris, 1140 ; 
some authorities say not until 1215. 
The terms Hall and College are 
synonymous at Cambridge, each 
being a body corporate ; St. Peter's 
founded 1257 ; Clare, 1326 ; Pem- 
broke, 1343; Caius, 1347; Trinity, 
1350 ; Corpus Christi, 1351 ; King's, 
1441 ; Queen's, 1446 ; Catherine, 
1475; Jesus, 1496; Christ's, 1456; 
St. John's, 1511 ; Magdalen, 1519 ; 
Trinity, 1546; Emanuel, 1584; 
Sidney Sussex, 1598 ; Downing, 
1717, 1800. At Oxford there are 
nineteen Colleges, or incorporated 
bodies, and five Halls not incorpo- 
rated. The Colleges are, University, 
founded 1249 ; Baliol, 1260 ; Mar- 
tin, 1274 ; Exeter, 1314 ; Oriel, 
1336; Queen's, 1340; New, 1386; 
Lincoln, 1247; All Souls, 1437; 
Magdalen, 1456; Brazenose, 1509; 
Corpus Christi, 1516 ; Christ Church, 
1525; Trinity, 1554; St. John's, 



1557 ; Jesus, 1571 ; Wadham, 1613 ; 
Pembroke, 1624 ; Worcester, 1714, 
with the Halls of St. Albans, St. 
Edmunds, St. Mary, New Inn, 
and Magdalen. Other places of 
education, Cheshunt, 1792 ; Doc- 
tors' Commons, civil law, 1670 ; 
Trinity College, Dublin, 1591 ; 
Edinburgh University, 1580 ; Eton, 
1441 ; Glasgow University, 1451 ; 
Gresham, 1551; Avlesbury, 1800; 
Highbury, 1826; Highgate, 1564; 
King's, Aberdeen, 1494 ; King's, 
London, 1829; Mareschal, Aber- 
deen, 1593; Maynooth, 1795; Oscot, 
1837; Military, 1799; Naval, Ports- 
mouth, 1722 ; Physicians', London, 
1518 ; Physicians', Dublin, 1667 ; 
Physicians', Edinburgh, 1681; St. 
Andrews, 1410 ; Sion, 1329, and re- 
founded, 1630 ; Surgeons', London, 
1745, re-incorporated, 1800; Sur- 
geons', Dublin, 1786 ; Surgeons', 
Edinburgh, new, 1803; University 
College, London, 1826 ; Winchester, 
1387. In Ireland, the Queen's or 
Government College, wholly irre- 
spective of religious distinctions, by 
act of 8 and 9 Victoria, July 31, 
1845. Eixed at Belfast, Cork, and 
Galway ; opened Oct. 30, 1849. 

Colnett, James, first explored 
the western coast of Japan, 1791. 

Cologne, an imperial city, 959, 
and archiepiscopal ; a member of 
the Hanseatic league, 1260. Jews 
expelled from, 1485; taken by the 
Erench, Oct. 6, 1794 ; the bridge of, 
with 100 persons, carried away by a 
flood, 1st Dec, 1747 ; the tomb of 
St. Ursula and 11,000 virgins shewn 
here, in the church of the saint. 

Colombia, new republic of, freed 
from Spain, proclaimed 1811 ; dis- 
covered by Columbus, 1497; Carac- 
cas formed into a viceroy alty, 1547; 
confederation of Venezuela, 1810; 
defeat of Miranda, 1812; Bolivar 
defeated by the Spaniards under 
Boves, 1816; Bolivar defeated Mo- 
rillo at Sombrero, Feb. 1818; union 
of Grenada and Venezuela, Dec. 
17, 1819; the battle of Carabobo, 
the Spaniards defeated, June 24, 
1831 ; Bolivar named dictator, Feb. 



COL 



142 



COL 



10, 1824; Colombia and Mexico 
allied, June 30, 1824; with Guate- 
mala, March 1825 ; congress at Lima 
named Bolivar president, Aug. 1826 ; 
Bolivar assumed the dictatorship, 
Nov. 23, 1826; conspiracy of Sant- 
andre against Bolivar, Sept. 25, 
1828; Bolivar resigned his office of 
president, April 11, 1829 ; his death, 
Dec. 17, 1830. 

Colombo, Ceylon, built by the 
Portuguese, 1638; taken by the 



Dutch 1666; surrendered to the 
British, Feb. 1796; British troops 
murdered at, by the Adigar of 
Candy, June 6, 1803. 

Colonies of Great Britain, and 
territory beyond the British Isles, 
where slavery was for ever abolished 
Aug. 1, 1834, when 770,280 slaves 
were made freemen. The following 
is an approximation to the super- 
ficies and population of those vast 
territories : — 



NORTH AMERICA. 
Supposed 
Sq. Miles. 

Hudson's Bay territory 525,000" 

Arctic territory, as far as the 78th ) -. .„* ™~ 

degree of latitude ) ' ' 

Indian territory, from the Frozen ) , gQ~ q™ 

Ocean to the Pacific ) ' ' 

Lower Canada 205,000 

Upper Canada 95,125 



Population. 



New Brunswick , 

Nova Scotia 

Cape Breton 

Prince Edward's Island 

Newfoundland , 

Honduras 

Bermudas 



Unknown. 

678,590 
486,055 
156,142 

178,237 

47,000 

75,000 

10,000 

9,930 

Total Square Miles ... 4,127,087 pop. 1,640,954 



26,704 

14,031 ) 

3,125 ) 

2,159 

35,923 

20,000 

20 



Bahama Isles , 
Jamaica 



WEST INDIA ISLANDS :■ — 

5,424 

6,250 



'Trinidad 

Tobago — 

Grenada 

Grenadillas.. 
St. Vincent. 
Barbadoes .. 
St. Lucia.... 
Dominica . 
Antigua .... 
Barbadoes . 
Anguilla...., 
Virgin Isles 
Tortola .... 
St. Kitts...., 
Montserrat . 
Nevis , 



CARIBBEAN ISLANDS: 

2,000 

86 
105 



100 
200 
300 
350 
101 
100 
150 

30 
50 
51 
20 



Total. 



15,317 



25,244 
377,433 

60,319 

13,208 
29,650 

27,248 
122,198 
20,001 
18,291 
36,405 

2,934 

■ 

8,500 

21,578 

7,119 

7,470 

777,598 



Date of 
Possession. 



1759 
1760 
1622 

1622 

1745 
1510 
1670 
1609 



1629 
1665 

1797 
1763 
1763 

1763 
1605 
1803 
1763 
1632 
1605 
1632 

1666 
1623 
1632 
1628 



COL 



143 



COL 



Supposed Pn __ kHftn Date of 

Sq. Miles. Population. Possession . 



t> -i.- i, (Deinerara 

^ ntlsh lEssequibo 
Guiana J ^^ 



SOUTH America: — 
76,000 



115,000 ... 1803 



Total in America, Square Miles 4,218,404 pop. 2,533,552 



ASIA. HTNDOSTAN : 

British Paramount Possessions : — 

Presidency of Bengal and Agra 306,000 . . . 69,710,100 

Presidency of Madras 130,000 ...14,895,000 

Presidency of Bombav 68,100 ... 6,940,000 

Province of Scinde... . 24,000 ... 1,000,000 

PROVINCES CONQUERED FROM THE BURMESE EMPIRE : — . 

Assam 18,200 ... 602,500 

Jynteah } in . rn 5 270,000 

Cachar \ iU ' 5oU "* \ 170,000 

Arracan 16,250 ... 230,000 

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS : 

Penang and Province Wellesley ~) 

Malacca " > 1,570 ... 154,00 

Singapore ) 

TENASSERIM COAST, &C. : 

Martaban, Tavoy, and Temegui isles . . . 32,500 . . . 85,000 

Island of Ceylon 24,500 ... 1,421,000 

Scinde 42,400 ... 3,677,627 

Total paramount Square Miles 631,470 pop. 95,477,600 

TRIBUTARY STATES : 

Travancore and Cochin 9,400 ... 1,407,789 

Nizam's dominions 101,800 ... 9,136,929 

Rajpoot States 165,000 ... 5,548,431 

Mysore 29,750 ... 2,314,602 

Berar 64,270 ... 5,574,554 

Holkar 17,600 ... 1,526,562 

Guicowar 36,900 ... 3,200,575 

Coorg 3,230 ... 189,995 

Kurnoo 3,500 ... 272,763 

Sikkim 4,400 ... 166,038 

Bhopaul 7,360 ... 638,380 

Sattarah, &c 21,600 ... 2,376,000 

Cutcb 6,100 ... 205,121 

Bundelcund 19,000 ... 638,900 

Total tributary 489,910 32,196,639 

Total of Asia, subject and) t nPO ^n ioooki oaa 
tributary.... \ 1.163./80 132,351,866 



1765 
1640 
1661 



1826 



(1786 
\ 1795 
(1820 



1826 
1796 
1748 



1802 



COM 



144 



COM 



Supposed 
Sq. Miles. 

IN AFRICA : 

Cape of Good Hope 130,000 

Sierra Leone ■ — 

Gambia 6 

Gold Coast 

Isle of Mauritius 800 

of St. Helena 45 

Of Ascension 45 



Total of Africa, Square Miles. 



AUSTRALIA : 

Continent of Australia 3,000,000 

New Soutli Wales ■ 

Western Australia 

Soutli Australia 

Van Dieman's Land 12,209 

New Zealand 86,000 



Total Australia 3,098,209 



In Europe 1,202 

In America 4,218,404 

In Africa 130,896 

In Australia 3,098,209 

In Asia 1,363,780 



Total Square Miles 8,612,491 



Population. 


Date of 
Possession. 


. 159,451 

42,000 


... 1806 

... 1787 


4,495 


... 1631 


. 174,699 
4,834 


... 1810 
... 1600 
... 1810 


op. 385,479 




. 215,000 
. 197,168 


'.'.'. 1787 


. 100,000 

70,130 

. 170,000 


... 1803 
... 1833 


652,298 




COLONIES AMOUNT TO. 

. 345,246 
. 2,533,552 
. 385,479 
. 652,298 
132,351,861 


136,268,436 





To the foregoing should be added 
the Punjaub and Pegu, of which as 
yet we possess no returns, any more 
than of Hong-Kong, ceded by 
China. 

Colossus of Rhodes, a brass sta- 
tue, seventy feet high, erected across 
the harbour 290 a.c, thrown down 
by an earthquake 224 a.c. ; it lay 
in ruins 900 years, when the Sara- 
cens destroyed it, and sold the 
metal, weighing 720,900 lbs., to a 
Jew, who loaded 900 camels with 
its wrecks, 672 a.d. 

Colston, Edward, institutor of 
money charities in Bristol, died 
■ 1721. 

Columeus discovered America, 
1492, died 1566, born 1442. 

Combermere Abbey, Cheshire, 
built 1134. 



Combe Abbey, built in Warwick- 
shire, 1150. 

Combination of Workmen for- 
bidden by law, 1799. 

Combat in England, or trial of 
right by duel, originated with the 
Lombards, 659 ; introduced into 
England 1096, by William Euros. 
The first between Geoffrey Baynard 
and the Earl of Eu ; the latter being 
conquered, was deemed convicted. 
In 1818 the Court of King's Bench 
permitted the trial, by battle ; the 
same thing was allowed to prove 
the guilt or innocence of any party, 
it was declined, in re Thornton. 
The statute was repealed by 59 
George III., 1819. The same mode 
of trial prevailed in Ireland, the 
last combat being between two 
O'Connors, when one had his head 



COM 



145 



COM 



cut off and presented to the lords 
justices in 1553. 

Comedy, the first regular, enacted 
in England about 1551. 

Comet steam-boat, run foul of 
by the Ayr, near Greenock, and, 
sinking, 50 out of 60 passengers 
were drowned, Oct. 21, 1825. 

Comets, first noted by Nicepho- 
rus ; two whose splendour eclipsed 
the noon-day sujt, and occupied 
a fourth of the heavens, 135 a. c. 
Remarkable one seen in England in 
the reign of Edward III., 1337; 
Tycho Brahe explained their return, 
1577 ; one visible from Nov. 3, 
1679 to March 9, 1680; orbits 
proved by Newton to be parabolical, 
1704 ; a brilliant one, 1769 ; one 
more brilliant still, Sept., Oct., and 
Nov., 1811 ; another appeared, Feb. 
28, 1823. Bielas' comet, so called 
from its discoverer, an Austrian 
officer, Eeb. 28, 1826 ; one of three, 
whose reappearance had been pre- 
dicted, it having a revolution of six 
years and thirty-eight weeks; its 
second appearance was in 1832, 
when the date of its perihelion was 
Nov. 27; its third appearance was 
in 1839, and its fourth in 1845. 
En eke' s comet, discovered Nov. 26, 
1818, by Mr. Pons, named after 
Professor Encke for his ascertaining 
its orbit. It has appeared according 
to the law predicted, its revolution 
being three years and fifteen weeks. 
Halley's comet is also called the 
great comet ; he proved that this 
comet of 1682 was the same which 
had appeared in 1456, 1531, and 
1607. He then was the first to fix 
the identity of comets. Halley's 
comet has a revolution of 76 years. 
It appeared in 1759, and was at its 
perihelion March 13. It appeared 
again, 1835. 

Commander-in-Chief, sometimes 
called captain-general, and general 
commanding-in-chicf. Thus, the 
Duke of Albemarle was captain- 
general, 1660; the great Duke of 
Marlborough, 1702, and the Duke 
of York, 1790. The Duke of Mon- 
mouth was commander-in-chief. 



1674; the Duke of Marlborough, 
1690 ; the Earl of Stair, 1744 ; Sir 
David Dundas, 1809 ; the Duke of 
York, 1811 ; the Duke of Welling- 
ton, 1827. Lord Hill was addressed 
as general commanding-in-chief, in 
1828, while the Duke of Welling- 
ton was minister; the Duke of 
Wellington again became com- 
mander-in-chief up to the time of 
his decease, 1852. 

Commercial Treaties do not seem 
to have been known to the ancients ; 
the first English on record was in 
1272, with the Flemings ; the second, 
with Portugal and Spain, 1308, 
temp. Edward II. 

Commandments, Creed, and Lord's 
Prayer, first translated into the Sax- 
on tongue, 781. The Common 
Prayer published by the authority 
of parliament, 1548. 

Commerce of England, see Reve- 
nue. 

Commissioners of Sewers first 
appointed, 1425. 

Commissioners of Public Ac- 
counts, 1780. 

Commitments, in 1851, 27,966; 
1852, 27,510 ; the criminal offences 
did not exceed in number those of 
1840, for the above years. 

Common Council of London first 
formed, 1208; enlarged, 1347 and 
subsequently. 

Committee of Safety appointed in 
England, Oct. 14, 1659; expired 
Dec. 24, 1659. 

Committees of Council, four es- 
tablished, Jan. 21, 1667. 

Common Prayer Book, first esta- 
blished in English, 1552. 

Common Prayer attempted to be 
enforced in Edinburgh, causing 
riots, 1637 ; voted useless, lo'44 ; 
proclamation against it. 1647. 

Common Pleas Court, ftxed by 
king John at Westminster, 1215 ; 
court of, built in Westminster hall, 
1741 ; no barrister under the degree 
of sergeant-at-law could plead in 
this court until Aug. 18, 1846, when 
the restrictions were removed. There 
is also a court in Ireland of t'ae 
same name and character. 



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Commons, House of, the great re- 
presentative assembly of the people. 
It was begun by Simon de Mont- 
fort, who ordered two knights from 
every shire, and deputies from 
boroughs, to meet the barons and 
clergy, in order to strengthen his 
own power against Henry III. The 
first commons summoned to meet 
the king in parliament was in 42 
and 43 Henry III., 1258 ; some 
make the date 1265, because the 
writs for this last year are the ear- 
liest in existence ; the first regular 
parliament was summoned 22nd 
Edward I., 1294 ; and the first speaker 
was Peter de Montfort, 1260, killed 
at the battle of Evesham, 1265 ; 
London sent representatives to 
parliament, temp. Henry III. ; West- 
minster in the reign of Henry VIII. ; 
the number of the members of the 
House of Commons, since the pass- 
ing of the reform bill in 1832, is, 
for England — ■ 

County members 144 

Universities 4 

Cities and boroughs 323 

Welsh members for counties .. . 15 
Cities and boroughs 14 

500 

Scotch counties 30 

Cities and boroughs 23 

Ireland — counties 64 

University 2 

Cities and boroughs 39 

658 

Commons, House of, burned, Oct. 
16, 1834. 

Commonwealth of England, the 
period between the death of Charles 
I. and the return of Charles II., or 
between Jan. 30, 1649, and the 
Stuart restoration, May 29, 1660. 
Oliver Cromwell being protector, 
Dec. 13, 1653, the power of Eng- 
land, at home and abroad, furnished 
a singular contrast in elevation to 
that under any of the monarchs of 
,the Stuart race, prior or subsequent 
to his domination. 



Commonwealth of Holland be- 
gun, 1572. 

Communion, a rite of Christianity 
early practised among Christians ; 
bread alone was taken in the west, 
under pope Urban II., 1096 ; ordered 
by the fourth Lateran council to be 
taken at least at Easter, 1215 ; the 
cup denied to the laity by the coun- 
cil of Constance, 1453; the com- 
munion was takegi by the authority 
of the council, 2nd Edward VI., 
1548, and afterwards assimilated to 
the popish plan by Laud, who made 
the sacramental table again an altar, 
temp. Charles I. 

Commutation Tax commenced, 
1784. 

Companies, the junction of indi- 
viduals for handicraft objects, in 
an unlimited number. They had 
their origin, some say, in 1198, 
others in the steelyard society, esta- 
blished, 1232. The merchants of 
Thomas a Becket were incorporated, 
1248; and the merchant adventu- 
rers, 1564. A t first they were trades, 
such as the city companies of Lon- 
don, ninety-one in number, the first 
twelve of which are styled honoura- 
ble. These London companies were, 
and are as follows : — mercers, incor- 
porated 1393 ; grocers, 1345 ; dra- 
pers, 1439; fishmongers, 1384; gold- 
smiths, 1327 ; skinners, 1327 ; mer- 
chant tailors, 1466; haberdashers, 
1447; salters, 1558; ironmongers, 
1464 ; vintners, 1437 ; clothworkers, 
1482 ; dyers, 1469 ; brewers, 1438 ; 
leather sellers, 1442 ; pewterers, 
1474; barber surgeons, 1308; cut- 
lers, 1417; bakers, 1307; wax- 
chandlers, 1484; tallow-chandlers, 
1463; armourers and braziers, 1463 : 
girdlers, 1448 ; butchers, 1604 ; sad- 
dlers, 1280; carpenters, 1344; cord- 
wainers, 1410 ; paper-stainers, 1580 ; 
curriers, 1605 ; masons, 1677 ; 
plumbers, 1611; ironholders, 1515; 
founders, 1614; poulterers, 1503; 
cooks, 1481 ; coopers, 1501 ; tilers 
and bricklayers, 1568; bowyers, 
1620; fletchers, 1536; blacksmiths, 
1577 ; joiners, 1564 ; weavers, 1164 ; 
I woolmen, , ; scriveners, 1616 ; 



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fruiterers, 1604; plasterers, 1500; 
stationers, 1556; embroiderers, 1591; 
upholders, 1627; musicians, 1004; 

turners, 1604 ; basket-makers, ■ ; 

glaziers, 1637; homers, 1638; far- 
riers, 1673; paviers, ; lorimers, 

1488 ; apothecaries, 1617 ; ship- 
Avrights, 1610 ; spectacle-makers, 
1630; clock-makers, 1632; glovers, 
1556 ; comb-makers, 1556 ; felt- 
makers, 1604 ; frame-work knitters, 
1664; silk-throwsters, 1629; silk- 
men, ; pin -makers, 1633 ; 

needle-makers, 1656 ; gardeners, 
1616; soap-makers, 1638; tin-plate 
workers, 1670; wheelwrights, 1670; 

distillers, ■ ; hatband-makers, 

1638; pattern-makers, 1670; glass- 
sellers, 1664 ; tobacco-pipe makers, 
1663 ; coach and harness makers, 
1677 ; gun-makers, 1638 ; gold and 
silver wire-drawers, 1623 ; bow- 
string-makers, . ; card-makers, 

1629; fan-makers, 1709; wood- 
mongers, •; starch -makers, 1632 ; 

fishermen, 1687 ; parish clerks,1232 ; 
carmen, ; porters, ; water- 
men, 1550. 

Companv, the Artillery, revived 
1600. 

Companies for various purposes, 
viz. :— African, 1618, 1672. In 1746, 
Government owed the Company 
£11,686,800, and its divided capi- 
tal amounted to £10,780,000, both 
of which continued till 1776. Afri- 
can Institution, 1806. Agricultural 
Society first established in England, 
1787. American Philosophical 
Society instituted 2nd Jan., 1672. 
Amicable Society incorp., 1706. An- 
tiquarian Society incorp., 2nd Nov., 
1751. Antiquarian Society at Edin- 
burgh, instituted 18th Dec, 1780. 
Antiquarian Society at Newcastle, 
1812. Artists, Society of, London, 
incorp. 26th Feb., 1765. Arts and 
Sciences, Society of, London, insti- 
tuted 1753. Arts and sciences, 
Society of, New York, 1765. Arts, 
Royal, at London, instituted 1768. 
Company of Bankers, London, in- 
corp. 1307. Bank of Amsterdam, 
founded 1609 ; of Venice, 1157 ; of 
Rotterdam, 1635. Bank of Eng- 



land, established 1693. Bank-notes 
at 13 and 14 per cent. dis. and 15 
and 20 ; also paid three pej>- cent on 
their bank notes once in three 
months, 1697. The dividend on 
their stock raised from five to seven 
per cent,, March 19, 1781. Lent 
Government, in 1693, the sum of 
£1,300,000 at eight per cent. In 
1696, their stock amounted to 
£2,201,171 10s. In 1709, they aug- 
mented it to £4,402,343, when they 
advanced Government £400,000 ; 
and in 1714, another loan of 
£1,500,000. In 1742, Government 
was indebted to them £3,200,000. 
See Bank. Bank of Scotland estab- 
lished 1695. Bank of Copenhagen, 
1736. Bank of Berlin, 1765. Bank 
Casse d'Escompte, in France, 1776. 
Bank of Petersburgh, 1786. Bar- 
nard's-inn, in Chancery-lane, com- 
menced 1445. Bible Society, Naval 
and Military, instituted 1780. Blind, 
School for the instruction of the, 
1799. Book Society, Dissenters, for 
Tracts, instituted 1750. British 
Herring Fishery, incorporated 1750. 
British institution formed, 4th June, 
1805; building opened, 18th Jan., 
1806. British and Foreign Bible 
Society, 1804. British and Foreign 
School Society, instituted 1815. 
British Linen, erected, 1746. Bi'itisk 
I Mineralogical, commenced 1799. 
British Society incorporated for ex- 
| tending the fisheries, 1786. British 
i Lying-in Hospital, instituted 1749. 
j Charitable Corporation instituted, 
1708 ; abolished, 1731. Chelsea 
Water-works incorporated, 1722. 
I Christian Knowledge, for promot- 
ing, instituted 1698. Clement's-inn, 
| established 1471. Clergymen's 
j Widows' and Orphans' Corporation 
| established in England, July, 1670. 
Clergymen's sons', established in 
Scotland, Oct. 1794. Clifford's-inn 
Society, began 1345. Condition 
of the Poor, for bettering, 
instituted 1796. Deaf and 
Dumb Asylum instituted, 1792. 
Dublin Society incorp., 1750. East 
India, at Embden, established 1750. 
East India, in England, established 



COM 



148 



CON 



1600 ; their stock then consisting of 
£72,000, when they fitted out four 
ships, and, meeting with success, 
they continued for many years ; In- 
dia stock sold from 360 to 500 per 
cent. 1683 ; a new company estab- 
lished, 1698; the old one re-estab- 
lished, and the two united, 
1700 ; agreed to give government 
£400,000 per annum for four years, 
on condition that they might con- 
tinue unmolested, 1769; in great 
confusion, and applied to parlia- 
ment for assistance, 1773 ; judges 
sent from England by government 
faithfully to administer the laws 
there, to the company's servants, 
2nd April, 1744 ; Board of Controul 
instituted, 1784 ; Charter renewed, 
1813 ; their commercial character 
relinquished in 1834. East India, 
of Sweden, erected March, 1731. 
East India, of Erance, established 
1627 ; abolished by the National 
Assembly, and the trade laid open, 
26th Jan., 1791. East India, of 
Holland, incorp. 1604. East-land 
incorp., 1579. Emanuel Hospital, 
Westminster, instituted 1534. Eng- 
lish Copper Office, incorp. 1691. 
Eurnival's Inn Society, 1563. 
Gray's Inn Law Society began, 
1357 ; inn built, 1687. Greenock, 
for the encouragement of the arts, 
formed, 1812. Herring Eishery, 
established Sept. 2, 1750. Of the 
Hand-in-Hand Eire Office, 1696. 
Hamburgh or the Hamburgh Com- 
pany, 1296. Highland Society, for 
the encouragement of agriculture, 
Eeb., 1785. Humane Society, 1774. 
Hudson's Bay, 1670. Lead Office, 
1692. Lincoln's Inn Society, 1310. 
London Assurance Office, Charter 
granted to it, 1716. Lyon's, Mrs., 
Society, established 1420. Mine and 
Battery incorp., 1568. Mines, Boyal, 
established, 1565. Of the New Iron 
Society, 1485. Ostend formed, 1722, 
1723; abolished, March 1731-2. 
Preston Guild established, 1172. 
Society for Reformation of Manners, 
1696. Royal Exchange Insurance, 
charter granted, 1716. Royal 
Miners, incorp. 1564. Russia Mer- 



chants incorp., 1555. Scotch Cor- 
poration began, 1665. Companies, 
see Bubble ; the most remarkable, 
Law's, 1720-1 ; the South Sea, 1721 ; 
those of 1824 and 1825, and many 
railway and mining speculations 
between 1824 and 1852. 

Compass, the Mariner's, the in- 
ventor not certainly known; the 
Chinese acquainted with it, 1115 
a. c. ; according to some, it was dis- 
covered by Marcus Paulus, 1260 ; 
others, by Gioja of Naples, 1302; 
the variation discovered by Colum- 
bus, 1492; dip discovered, 1576; 
improved by Barlowe, 1608 ; erro- 
neous variations of, corrected by 
Mr. Barlow of Woolwich, 1824. 

Compound Waters and Spirits re- 
strained by high duties, May 29, 
1729. 

Compter of London, built near 
Newgate, 1789 to 1791, cost £20,473. 
Conant, Sir N., and other magis- 
trates, convicted of having conspired 
to deprive a publican of his license, 
Eeb. 28, 1822. 

Conception, Eeast of the Immacu- 
late, of the Virgin Mary, appointed 
on the 8th of Dec, 1389 ; Paul V. 
forbade any one to doubt the doc- 
trine, 1488. 

Conceptionists, an order of nuns, 
in Italy, 1488, confirmed by popes 
Gregory XV. and Alexander VII. 

Concert, the first given in Eng- 
land, by subscription, was at Ox- 
ford, in 1665 ; the first in London, 
1678. 

Conciliatory Act, proposed for 
treating with the American colonies, 
Feb. 7, 1778; rejected, April 13, 
1778. 

Conchology, reduced to a system, 
1675 ; Lister's system published, 
1685; that ofLaigius, 1722. 

Conclave, for electing a pope, 

said to have been first ordei'ed, 1274. 

Concordance to the Bible, first 

made in 1247; that of Cruden, in 

1737, appeared first in London. 

Concord, order of knighthood, 
instituted in Brandenburgh, 1660. 

Concordat, a treaty between a 
temporal prince and the pope, 



CON 



149 



CON 



usually so called; one signed be- 
tween Bonaparte and Pius VII., 
July 15, 1801 ; a second between 
the same princes, at Fontainebleau, 
June 25, 1813. 

Concubines allowed to the clergy, 
1132 ; denied Christian burial, 1225. 

Conde, taken from the Spaniards 
by the French, 1675. 

Confederation of the People at 
Paris, after the taking of the Bas- 
tile, to maintain the new constitu- 
tion, July 14, 1790. 

Confectioner's Shop, the first in 
England at Tottenham, Middlesex, 
kept by Zancher, a Spaniard, 1596. 

Confederation of the Rhine, a 
league of the lesser states of Ger- 
many, in alliance, formed by Bona- 
parte, having a diet at Frankfort, 
July 12, 1808. 

Conference, that called the great, 
held at Hampton- court, between the 
prelates of the church and the dis- 
senting ministers, 1604; a second 
conference was held, 1661. 

Confession, Aimcular, instituted 
in the church, 1204, and enjoined, 
1215. 

Confirmation, a rite enjoined by 
the Romish church, and retained by 
the English ; instituted about 300. 

Confiscation Court, erected in 
England, 346. 

Conflans, the treaty of, between 
Louis XI. of France and the dukes 
of Bourbon, Brittany, and Burgundy, 
1465. 

Congo, kingdom of, discovered 
by the Portuguese, and settled 1482. 

Congress of America formally 
abolished all English authority there, 
May 5, 1776 ; the first federal held 
there, under Washington, 1789. 

Congress of Potentates; the latest, 
those of Soissons, 1728 ; Antwerp, 
1793; Radstadt, 1797; Chatillon, 
1814; Vienna, 1814; Carlsbad, 1819; 
Troppau, 1820; Laybach, 1821; 
Vienna, 1822 ; of the confederated 
States of Germany, at Frankfort, 
May 10, 1850. 

Congreve Rockets, the Asiatic 
rocket improved into a formidable 
instrument of war, by Sir William 



Congreve,. 1803 ; employed in set- 
ting fire to Boulogne, Oct 1806. 

Conic Sections, invented 240 
years a.c 

Coningsburgh Castle, Yorkshire, 
existed, 489. 

Coningsby committed to the Tower 
by the House of Peers, for reflecting 
on the lord chancellor, Feb. 1720. 

Conjuration made felony in Eng- 
land, by James I., 1603 ; the law 
repealed, 1736. 

Conjunction of the sun, moon, 
and planets witnessed, 1186 ; of 
Saturn and Jupiter, 1394. 

Connor, bishopric of, in Ireland, 
united to Down, 1442 ; Connor and 
Down united with Dromore, Aug. 
14, 1833. 

Conquest of England by William 
the bastard, at Hastings, Oct. 15, 
1066. 

Consecration of churches, 200 ; 
of churchyards, 317 ; of bishops, in 
England, 1549 ; of burying grounds, 
charges for, 1828, particulars of — 

£ s. d. 
Drawing and engrossing 
petition to the Arch- 
bishop to consecrate ... 1 5 
Drawing the sentence of 

consecration 2 2 

Drawing the Act 13 6 

Registering the above in- 
struments and the deed 
at length, and parch- 
ment 2 2 

The chancellor's fee 5 

The principal registrar's 

fee 5 

The secretary's fee 5 

The deputy registrar's at- 
tendance and expenses.. 3 15 6 

The apparitor's fee 110 

Fee on obtaining the seal 110 
Conservators of Public Liberty, 
chosen from the barons, to limit the 
king's power, 1244; of the peace, 
1344. 

Conspiracies and Insurrections, 
remarkable. An insurrection in 
Spain, which cost the lives of 30,000 
Spaniards, and double that number 
of Moors, 1560 ; at Malta, to destroy 
the whole order, for which 125 



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150 



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slaves suffered death, June 26, 1749; 
at Lisbon, by several of the nobility, 
who shot at the king, 1758 ; at Al- 
giers, on account of tribute, 1761 ; 
at Madrid, when they obliged the 
king to banish the marquis Squil- 
lace, 1769 ; at the Brazils, 1772 ; at 
Palermo, Oct. 26, 1773 ; at Stock- 
holm, in 1792, when Gustavus III. 
was assassinated by Ankerstrcem ; 
at St. Domingo, and the other 
French West India islands, where 
near 16,000 negroes were slain, and 
400 whites, and 550 plantations de- 
stroyed, 1794 ; in Dublin, 1803 ; of 
the prince of Asturias against his 
father, 1807 ; of the inhabitants of 
Madrid against the French, in which 
many persons were killed, 1808 ; at 
Algiers, 1808. 

Conspiracies and Insurrections in 
England. A conspiracy of the Nor- 
man barons against William I., 
1074 ; against William II., 1088 and 
1093 ; against Henry II., by his 
queen and children, 1173 ; insurrec- 
tion of Foulk de Brent against Hen- 
ry III., 1224 ; a conspiracy against 
the same king for cancelling Magna 
Charta, 1227; of the barons against 
Henry III., 1258 ; of the duke of 
Exeter and others against the life of 
Henry IV., discovered by dropping 
a paper accidentally, 1400 ; against 
Henry V., by the earl of Cambridge 
and others, 1415; ofKichard, duke 
of Gloucester, against his nephews, 
Edward V. and his brother, whom 
he caused to be murdered, 1483 ; of 
Lambert Simnel, 1486 ; of Perkin 
Warbeck, 1492 ; of the earl of Suf- 
folk and others against Henry VII., 
1506 ; insurrection of the London 
apprentices, 7th Henry VIII., 1517 ; 
against queen Elizabeth by Dr. 
Story, 1571 ; by Anthony Babing- 
ton and others, 1586 ; by Lopez, a 
Jew, and others, 1593 ; by Patrick 
York, an Irish fencing-master, em- 
ployed by the Spaniards to kill the 
queen, 1594 ; of Walpole, a Jesuit, 
who engaged one Squire to poison 
the queen's saddle, 1598 ; against 
James I., by the Marchioness de 
Verneuil, his mistress, and others, 



1604 ; of Sindercomb and others, to 
assassinate Oliver Cromwell, disco- 
vered by his associates, 1656 ; of the 
puritans, 1657; of the fifth monarchy 
men, against Charles II., 1660 ; of 
Blood and his associates, who seized 
and wounded the Duke of Ormond, 
1670 ; of the French, Spanish, and 
English Jesuits, countenanced by 
the pope, to assassinate Charles II., 
discovered by Dr. Young and Titus 
Oates, 1668 ; another to assassinate 
him at the Rye-house farm, near 
Hoddesden, Hertfordshire, in his 
way from Newmarket, called the 
Bye-house plot, 1683 ; of Lord Pres- 
ton, the Bishop of Ely, and others, 
to restore King James, 1691 ; of 
Granvil, a French chevalier, and his 
associates, to assassinate King Wil- 
liam in Flanders, 1692; a conspi- 
racy by the Earl of Aylesbury and 
others to kill the king near Rich- 
mond, as he came from hunting, 
discovered by Pendergrass, called 
the Assassination Plot, 1696; of 
Simon Frazer, Lord Lovat, in favour 
of the Pretender, against Queen 
Anne, 1703 ; of the Marquis Guis- 
card, 1710; to assassinate George I. 
by James Shephard, an enthusiastic 
youth, who had been educated to 
consider the king as an usurper, 
1718 ; of counsellor Layer and 
others to bring in the Pretender, 
1722; of Col. Despard and his 
associates to assassinate George III., 
and to overturn the existing govern- 
ment, 1803; of Thistlewood and 
others, 1820. 

Constables of Hundreds and 
Franchises, instituted in the reign 
of Edward I., 1285. 

Constance, a council of priests, 
which condemned John Huss and 
Jerome of Prague to the flames, in 
1415 and 1416, in violation of all 
considerations of policy and good 
faith. 

Constantine the Emperor, born 
at York, 270 ; succeeded to the em- 
pire, 306; embraced Christianity, 
306 ; divided England into four 
governments, 310 ; died at Constan- 
tinople, 337. 



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Constantinople, so called, in place 
of Byzantium, 330; cadies intro- 
duced to decide disputes between 
Greeks and Turks, 1390 ; taken by 
the French and the Venetians, 1204; 
by Mahomet II., 1453 ; fire destroyed 
12,000 houses, and 7000 persons, on 
Sept, 27, 1729; damaged by fire, 
May 31, 1745; in June, 1750, 10,000 
houses destroyed ; in 1751, a fire 
consumed 4000 houses, and the 
plague took off 70,000 souls; Sept. 2, 
1754, nearly destroyed by an earth- 
quake, and 3000 persons killed ; July 
5, 1756, visited with the plague; 
13,000 houses burned, and above 
1000 persons; the plague again vi- 
sited, and the heir to the Ottoman 
empire died of it, 1757 ; dreadful 
fires in 1761, 5, 7, and 9; 2000 
houses burned, Sept. 4, 1778 ; 600 
Feb. 19, 1782; 7000, June 10, fol- 
lowing ; and the next August. 10,000 
houses, 50 mosques, 100 corn-mills 
•were destroyed ; in Aug. 1784, 
10,000 houses were destroyed, and 
32,000 between March and July, 
1791 ; no less than 7000 were de- 
stroyed in 1795 ; the suburb of Pera 
had 1300 houses and fine buildings 
burned on March 13, 1799. In 1812 
and 1813, 300,000 of the inhabitants 
were struck down by the plague ; 
in Aug. 1816, 1200 houses and 2000 
shops were burned; and in 1825, 
12,000 houses, 30 mosques, 400 boats 
and as many people were consumed. 

Constantius, the Roman emperor, 
routed the Scotch, 294; married 
Helena, a British lady; died at 
York, 306. 

Constitution, American ship of 
war, took the British frigate Guer- 
riere, which lost 100 men killed and 
wounded, the Americans losing but 
14 killed and wounded, Aug. 20, 
1812. 

Constitutional Enquirer, a pro- 
clamation issued by the government 
of Great Britain, to discover the 
author, Feb. 5, 1750. 

Constitutional Association, a 
clique of persons so calling them- 
selves, prosecuted the publisher of 
Lord Byron's parody on Southey's 



ridiculous " Vision of Judgment," 
and got him fined £100, 1824. 

Consuls as rulers, Napoleon Bo- 
naparte, Cambaceres, and Lebrun, 
Nov. 9, 1799 ; the former consul for 
life, May 6, 1802. 

Consuls, commercial agents of 
different nations, first distinguished 
in Italy, 1485 ; one of the first Eng- 
lish appointed to Portugal, 1633. 
The consul-generalships, consuls, 
and vice-consuls of England, who 
received salaries, were as follow in 
1850, besides 245 unpaid vice-con- 
sulships : — 

Per An. Per An. 

1 of £2000 8 of 350 

2 of 1800 30 of 300 
6 of 1600 1 of 270 

2 of 1500 4 of 250 

3 of 1400 25 of 200 
6 of 1200 7 of 150 
6 of 1000 1 of 130 

10 of 800 1 of 162 

6 of 750 13 of 100 
5 of 700 2 of 80 

1 of 650 1 of 75 

2 of 600 2 of 70 

3 of 550 1 of 60 
23 of 500 5 of 50 

3 of 450 1 of 40 

25 of 400 1 of 25 

Consumption of Meat ; the num- 
ber of cattle and sheep annually 
sold at Smithfield, London, has 
doubled within the last century, 
whilst the weight of the carcase has 
also more than doubled in that in- 
terval; in 1710, according to an 
estimate made by Doctor Davenant, 
the nej weight of cattle sold at 
Smithfield averaged not more than 
370 lb, whilst calves averaged about 
I 50 ft, and sheep 28ft; in 1800, the 
net weight of the cattle was esti- 
mated at 800 ft, of calves 146 ft, and 
of sheep at 80 ft. 

Contraband Trade to Spain from 
Gibraltar, 1849, included from six 
to eight million pounds of tobacco 
annually. 

Contributions demanded from 
all persons who received £4 per 
annum wages, by act of parliament, 
1695 ; for the widows and orphans 



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152 



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of all those who fell at the battle of 
the Nile, £35,260, 8s. 6d., 1799 

Contributions, Voluntary, to- 
ward the expenses to carry on the 
war for replacing the Bourbons in 
France, 1798, in amount £2,500,000, 
and £200,000 sent from India. 

Contractors for Government not 
permitted to sit in parliament, 
1782.- 

Conventicles, terms of reproach 
used by the followers of Laud and 
such similar priests, towards all 
places of worship not of the church ; 
first applied to Wickliffe, and pub- 
lished by Charles II., 1661. 

Convention Parliaments ; one 
voted the restoration of the Stuarts, 
1660, the other declared for their 
abdication, and for William and 
Mary, 1688. 

Convention between different 
powers or interests; Closterseven, 
1757 ; armed neutrality, 1780 ; Pil- 
nitz, 1791 ; Paris, the national, 
1792; Cintra, 1808; Berlin, 1808 ; 
Peterswelden, 1813; Paris (allies), 
1814 ; Vienna, 1814 ; Holland and 
England, 1814 ; Zurich, 1815 ; Ca- 
pua, 1815; St. Cloud, 1815; Aix 
la Chapelle, 1818 ; Paris and Allies, 
1813; Austria with England, in 
which the latter agreed to com- 
pound for £2,500,000 a just debt of 
£30,000,000 sterling, 1824 ; Eussia 
and England, 1825; England and 
United States of America, 1826; 
Prance and Brazil, 1828; Holland 
and Belgium, in London, 1839. 

Convents first founded, 270 ; the 
first in England at Folkestone, 630 ; 
in Scotland, 670; suppressed and 
plundered by Henry VIII. ; 187 
abolished by the emperor of Eussia, 
July 31, 1832; 300 put down by 
Don Pedro, in Portugal, 1834. 

Convents in the Two Sicilies sup- 
pressed by Murat, 1809 ; abolished 
in Spain, 1811, but restored 1814, 
and in the two Sicilies 1815. 

Convicts first sent out to Botany 
Bay, 1788 ; Jan. 20, Governor Phil- 
lip took possession of Botany Bay 
with 800 convicts, when, finding 
Port Jackson, on which the town of 



Sidney now stands, more conve- 
nient, they settled there. The num- 
ber transported between 1825 and 
1841 was— English, males 27,081, 
females 3821 ; Irish, males 14,127, 
females 3683; total 48,712. The 
number living in Van Dieman's 
Land in 1840, was 19,439. 

Convocation of the Clergy, first 
summoned to meet in the 23rd 
Edward I., 1295 ; their power limit- 
ed by a statute of Henry VIII. ; the 
clergy relinquished the power of 
taxing themselves, 1665; censured 
and dissolved, May 10, 1717, by a 
special order from the court, and 
not permitted to meet since, except 
pro forma. 

Convolvulus flower imported 
from the Canaries 1690 ; the many- 
flowered, 1779. 

Cook, the great circumnavigator, 
made his first voyage, 1768, sailing 
in the Endeavour, July 30; he 
reached home, July 13, 1771 ; sailed 
again, July 1772, and returned July 
1775; sailed on his third and last 
voyage from Plymouth, July 1776, 
and was killed at Owyhee, Feb. 14, 
1779. His ships, the Eesolution and 
Discovery, reaching home, Sept. 22, 
1780. 

Cook, Thomas, hung at Leicester 
for the murder of Mr. Paas of Lon- 
don, whose remains he burned, Aug. 
10, 1832. 

Copenhagen built, 1169; made a- 
city, 1319 ; and capital of Denmark, 
1443; seventy-seven streets burned, 
1728 ; palace destroyed by fire, Feb. 
26, 1794, where twenty millions of 
rixdollars, or £4,500,000 sterling of 
damage was done, and above a 
hundred persons lost their lives. 
The arsenal, admiralty, and fifty 
streets destroyed by fire, with 1363 
houses, June 5, 1795; bombarded 
by the English, April 2, 1801, by 
Lord Nelson, and eighteen of the 
defending vessels out of twenty- 
three taken or destroyed; surren- 
dered to an English expedition to 
appropriate the Danish fleet, Sept. 
7, 1807. 

Copernicus of Thorn, in Prussia, 



COP 



153 



COP 



disclosed the true solar system, 1530; 
born, Jan. 10, 1472 ; died, May 23, 
1553. 

Copes, first used in the papal 
church, 256. 

Copper, one of the six primitive 
metals, very early discovered in 
many parts of the world ; first found 
in Sweden, 1396; in England, 1561 ; 
regulated and revived working, 1689; 
produce of Cornwall, 11,185 tons ; 
Devonshire, 307 ; Anglesea, 575 ; 
Cumberland and other places in 
Stafford and Lancashire, 120 tons ; 
other places in Wales, Ireland, &c, 
1158; total, 1833, 13,345 tons; value 
of that found in Cornwall for 1833, 
£1,031,722; the export from the 
united kingdom, 1834, was 7811 
tons ; discovered in the Anglesea 
Paris mine, 1768; produced 3000 
tons in 1785 ; in 1817, only 350 ; in 
1826, 758 tons ; in 1832, 575 ; first 
imported from Virginia, Oct. 1730 ; 
found in New York, 1722 ; found in 
large quantities on the shore of 
Lake Superior, in the United States, 
1835. 

Copper money coined in Scot- 
land, 1466; in Ireland, 1339; in 
France, 1580 ; in England the first 
legal coinage, 1609, 1665, and 1672 ; 
private traders coined tokens, 1672 ; 
Wood's copper coinage in Ireland, 
issued 1723 ; forbidden to be coun- 
terfeited, 1771 ; penny and two- 
penny pieces coined, July 26, 1797, 
and halfpence, 1800. 

Copper sheets and bolts issued 
for the use of the navy, from April 
29, 1799, to March 17, 1800, were, 
sheets, 615 tons, 15 cwt. 13ft>; cop- 
per bolts and rings, 123 tons, 9 cwt. 
3 qrs. 25ft) ; copper nails, 15 tons, 
17 cwt. 2 qrs. 23ft>., with mixed 
metal nails, 158 tons, 19 cwt. 12E> ; 
value for the year, £128,325, 14s. 
7d. ; old returned in part payment, 
£37,596, 2s. lid. 

Copperplate Printing invented 
in Germany, 1450; rolling presses 
for working, about 1545; a mode of 
engraving on soft steel, invented by 
Perkins, which he afterwards hard- 
ened, 1819. 



Copperas, or sulphate of iron, or 
green vitriol, first introduced into 
England as a manufacture, 1587, by 
one Cornelius de Vos. 

Copyright Act in relation to 
designs, passed Aug. 22, 1843 ; act 
to amend acts relative to the same, 
Aug. 14, 1850. 

Copyright Colonies act, July 22, 
1847. 

Copyright, a decree of the star 
chamber against it, 1551 ; every book 
ordered to be licensed, 1585 ; an 
order that no book should be printed 
without the owner's consent, 1649 ; 
a right of common law of the author 
to his property admitted, and further 
secured by a statute of Anne, 1709 ; 
for fourteen years a protection to 
prints and engravings granted in 
1777 ; an extension of copyright and 
further protection, 1814; dramatic 
authors protected, 1833; lectures 
without the author's consent to 
publication protected, 1835 ; acts 
extended to Ireland, 1836 ; interna- 
tional copyright passed July 31, 
1838. By the 5th and 6th, cap. 35, 
the right of an author in his works 
is to endure for his life, and seven 
years after; but if the term of life 
expire earlier than forty-two years, 
the right is still to endure for that 
term; for which, also, the work of 
an author published after his death 
is also to endure, 1842-3. It is 
essential that all books, literary 
works and books of prints, be entered 
at Stationers' Hall on their publica- 
tion, as evidence to bring them under 
the protection of the statute. The 
following is a list of the works so 
entered in the years of their entries 
from March 1st, 1710, in the reign 
of Queen Anne, to the death of 
George III., 1820, inclusive : — 





Entries. 




Entries. 


1710 ... 


... 163 


'1718 .. 


... 43 


1711 ... 


... 258 


1719 .. 


... 35 


1712 ... 


... 142 


1720 .. 


... 36 


1713 ... 


... 102 


1721 ... 


... 33 


1714 ... 


... 94 


1722 ... 


... 45 


1715 ... 


... 82 


1723 ... 


... 41 


1716 ... 


... 52 


1724 ... 


... 31 


1717 ... 


... 34 


1725 ... 


... 36 



COR 



154 



COR 



Entries. 

1726 60 

1727 49 

1728 65 

1729 71 

1730 93 

1731 41 

1732 17 

1733 30 

1734 17 

1735 36 

1736 29 

1737 33 

1738 57 

1739 25 

1740 37 

1741 47 

1742 39 

1743 56 

1744 53 

1745 66 

1746 80 

1747 109 

1748 59 

1749 56 

1750 69 

1751 61 

1752 47 

1753 46 

1754 42 

1755 32 

1756 26 

1757 35 

1758 51 

1759 25 

1760 29 

1761 36 

1762 47 

1763 25 

1764 33 

1765 27 

1766 38 

1767 49 

1768 66 

1769 69 

1770 66 

1771 67 

1772 53- 

1773 76 



Entries. 

1774 95 

1775 122 

1776 122 

1777 123 

1778 105 

1779 144 

1780 174 

1781 120 

1782 109 

1783 172 

1784 194 

1785 206 

1786 291 

1787 375 

1788 419 

1789 430 

1790 399 

1791 432 

1792 438 

1793 529 

1794 573 

1795 670 

1796 660 

1797 751 

1798 538 

1799 499 

1800 366 

1801 292 

1802 322 

1803 372 

1804 368 

1805 309 

1806 285 

1807 283 

1808 301 

1809 299 

1810 333 

1811 303 

1812 271 

1813 350 

1814 541 

1815 1244 

1816 1178 

1817 1240 

1818 1191 

1819 1318 

1820 1208 



Coram, Thomas, the benevolent 
founder of the Hospital for Found- 
lings, a philanthropical seaman, 
who died March 29, 1751, aged 84. 

Cordeliers, Order of, founded in 



the time of St. Louis of France, 
1227. 

Corfu, one of the Ionian Islands, 
placed under British administration 
by the treaty of Paris, 1815, with the 
other six islands ; a dreadful explo- 
sion took place here, March 11, 1789, 
when 72,000 ft of powder and 60 
bombshells exploded, and destroyed 
180 persons. 

Corinth, kingdom of, established 
1355 a.c. ; destroyed 146 a.c. ; re- 
built by Julius Caesar; one of the first 
cities that embraced Christianity; 
visited by the Apostle Paul about 
the year 60; surrendered by the 
Turks to the Greeks, Feb., 1822. 

Cork, Ireland, founded in the 
sixth century, enclosed 1170; a 
chapter granted to it 1242 by Henry 
III. ; its great charter by Charles II. ; 
a dreadful fire at, 1621 ; taken by the 
Earl of Marlborough from King 
James 1690, and the Duke of Graf- 
ton, son of Charles II., by one of 
his mistresses, was slain ; the Cathe- 
dral built by a coal duty between 
1725 and 1735 ; explosion of gun- 
powder at, Nov. 10, 1810 ; Queen's 
College inaugurated Nov. 7, 1840 ; 
See of, founded in the seventh cen- 
tury ; united with Cloyne 1431, and 
again separated 1678 ; See of Ross 
added to it 1582 ; Sees of Cork and 
Cloyne again united 1833. 

Cork -Tree brought to England 
before 1690. 

Corn, wheat, said to have been 
introduced into England in the sixth 
century ; the produce of corn of all 
kinds in 1850, 40,000,000 quarters; 
the first account of any importation 
1347 ; of export,1437 ; bounties upon 
its importation, 1686; value of export- 
ed corn, 1745, £681,000 ; the first act 
for regulating the duties was 13 Geo. 
III. c. 43, in 1773. Before that time 
the price of corn was ruled by cir- 
cumstances, a larger quantity being 
grown than was consumed ; the ex- 
portation was prohibited when scar- 
city prevailed ; in 1604-5, the intro- 
duction of corn when the price was 
below 32s. the quarter was prohi- 
bited by the landowners ; after 1660, 



COR 



155 



COR 



the duty laid on foreign wheat was 
16s. ; when the price was 53s. or 
under, the price in favour of the 
landholder advanced 21s. in half a 
century, and the duty was to be 8s. 
when between 53s. and below 63s. ; 
in 1773, the duty was 24s. 3d. when 
wheat was under 50s. and when at or 
above 50s. it was only to be 6cl. ; 
after the commencement of the 
French revolutionary war, 1793, 
when wheat was below 63s., the duty 
on foreign wheat was to be 30s. 3d., 
falling to 7g when the price reached 
65s. ; in 1815 the landowners did not 
consider this enough, an act was 
passed to prohibit all importation 
until the price in the home-market 
had been three consecutive months 
above 80s., and riots and tumults 
ensued in Westminster ; in 1822, the 
importation of foreign wheat was 
prohibited when prices were under 
70s., admitting it between 70s. and 
80s. at a duty of 12s. ; when between 
80s. and 85s. a duty of 5s., and Avhen 
above 85s. at a duty of Is. ; this law 
never operated, for early in 1823, 
Canning proposed a sliding-scale, 
which was to a certain extent adopt- 
ed by the Cabinet of the Duke of 
Wellington, July 15, 1828, which 
remained operative until Sir Robert 
Peel's bill of 29th April, 1842, which 
last bill disappeared in the annihila- 
tion of the corn laws in 1846 ; it was 
a sliding-scale which made the duty 
20s. with wheat at 51s. — Wheat, im- 
portation of, the shortness of the 
home supply introduced foreign 
wheat to the extent and prices stat- 
ed during the last 25 years of the 
last half-century. 

qrs. qrs. s. d. 

1826 ... 247,572 ... * ... 24 

1827 ... 164,838 ... 115,125 ... 23 6 

1828 ... 344,074 ... 242,728 ... 38 6 

1829 ... 311,713 ... 218,400 ... 38 

1830 ... 405,016 ... 334,288 ... 40 

1831 ... 133,800 ... 125,330 ... 42 

1832 ... 165,820 ... 93,170 ... 35 

1833 ... 104,272 ... 64,552 ... 32 

1834 ... 710,52 ... 29,503 ... 27 

1835 ... 45,140 ... 13,545 ... 26 

1836 ... 129,045 ... 102,448 ... 30 



QRS. QRS. S. (I. 

1837 ... 314,606 ... * ... 29 

1838 ... 458,440 ... 399, 4f0 ... 45 

1839 ... 419,055 ... 390,558 ... 46 

1840 ... 496,776 ... 419,118 ... 48 

1841 ... 423,265 ... 364,930 ... 48 

1842 ... 433,587 ... 367,867 ... 43 

1843 ... 501,270 ... 420,430 ... 39 6 

1844 ... 483,609 ... 316,344 ... 31 

1845 ... 345,786 ... 253,113 ... 46 

1846 ... 260,064 ... 145,866 ... 55 

1847 ... 392,994 ... 295,227 ... 55 

1848 ... 291,816 ... 249,375 ... 40 

1849 ... 242,004 ... 236,985 ... 38 

1850 ... 385,182 ... 340,679 ... 39 
The following return for 1849 and 
1850, shows the quantities of wheat 
and wheat flour imported in those 
years with the countries from 
whence they came : — ■ 

1849. 1850. 

QRS. QRS. 

Russia 594,217... 638,614 

Sweden and Nor- 
way 6,479... 356 

Denmark 241,751... 162,207 

Prussia 61 6, 612... 105,650 

Germany, viz., Han- 
seatic Towns, 
Oldenburgh, Ha- 
nover, and Mec- 

klenburgh 496,817... 383,944 

Holland 306, 411... 293, 466 

Belgium 362,809... 201, 922 

France 738,834.1,145,405 

Spain 498... 2,184 

Italy 279, 680... 11 7, 324 

Malta 8,931... 10,596 

Greece 58,895... 6,292 

TurkishDominions 
including Syria 

and Egypt 291,660.. .312,793 

Cape of Good Hope 1 

British Possessions 
in the East In- 
dies 1,857... 6S9 

Australian Settle- 
ments 15,463... 14,584 

British North Ame- 
rican Colonies... 141,265... 80,394 
United States of 

America 613,601. ..537,0.31 

All other parts 26,964... 19,812 

Total from all 

parts 4,802,475 4,830,203 



COR 



156 



Corn prices, foreign ; the average 
prices in France, Belgium, and 
Prussia, from the year 1828 or 1829 
down to 1850. From this it appears 
that from 1829 to 1850, the average 
price of wheat in France has been 
45s. 7d. per quarter. The highest 
quotation was in 1847, when it was 
67s. 4d. and the lowest was in 1850, 
when it was 33s. 2d. In Belgium, 
from 1828 to 1 850, the average has 
been 46s., the highest being 72s. 2d. 
in 1847, and the lowest 32s. and 2d. 
in 1834 ; last year it was 37s. 5d. 
In Prussia, from 1828 to 1850, the 
average has been 34s. 3d. The high- 
est price in that country, as well as 
in France and Belgium, was in 1847, 
when it was 58s., and the lowest was 
23s. 4d. in 1836. In 1850, it was 
31s. 6d. 

Corn importation bill, free of duty : 
this bill passed June 26, 1846, by 
which the duty was reduced to 4s. 
until Feb. 1, 1847, after which it was 
~to be only Is. per quarter on all 
kinds of grain imported, intothe unit- 
ed kingdom at any prices. 

Corn, foreign, allowed to be ware- 
housed and taken out for home con- 
sumption, 1813. During the scarcity 
of 1800-1, there were 2,611,667 qrs. 
imported, and of oatmeal 9,039,071 
cwt. 

Corn, wheat prices, 1700, 40s. ; 
1706, 26s.; 1709, 78s. 6d. ; 1712, 
26s. 4d. ; 1718, 38s. lOd. ; 1725, 43s. 
6d. ; 1730, 36s. 6d. ; 1832, 26s. 8d. ; 
1736, 40s. 4d. ; 1742, 34s. ; 1744, 
24s. lOd. ; from 1743 to 1762 inclusive, 
the average was £1 : 11 : 10 for the 
twenty years ; after this, prices rose to 
41s. and 48s. during the American 
war; in 1784, they fluctuated be- 
tween 48s. 2d. and 41s. lOd. : in 
1785, between 37s. 6d. and 34s. 6d. ; 
in 1786, between 36s. 2d. and 33s. ; 
in 1787, from 44s. to 36s. 
Id. ; in 1788, from 45s. Id. to 42s. 
9d. ; in 1789, the prices varied from 
54s. lid. to 47s. ; the fluctuations in 
the intervening years, down to the 
repeal of the corn laws, were very 
various, the extremes (not the aver- 
age) being in the market as high as 



175s. in 1801, and in 1835 as low as 
34s. 

Corn Exchange, London, complet- 
ed and opened, Jane, 1828, at the 
cost of £90,000. 

Corn Law League, a combination 
of individuals desirous of the repeal 
of the corn laws, and resolved 
by all peaceable means to agitate 
for the same ; meetings in differ- 
ent places for the purpose, held 
April, 1841, and at Manchester, May 
18, 1841 ; a bazaar was held at 
Manchester, by which £10,000 was 
realized, Feb. 2, 1842; above 600 
deputie s assembled and held nume- 
rous meetings from Feb. to Aug. 
1842 ; the sum of £50,000 raised to 
depute lecturers and to print pam- 
phlets, Oct. 20, 1842; meetings at 
Drury-Lane Theatre, March 15, 
1843 ; the same at Covent-garden, 
Sept. 28 ; great free-trade meeting at 
Manchester, Nov. 14 ; again, Jan. 
22, 1845 ; bazaar at Covent-garden 
opened May 5, 1845; great Man- 
chester meeting, at which the 
League proposed to raise a mil- 
lion, Dec. 23 ; the corn importation 
bill having passed, the League dis- 
solved, July 2, 1846. 

Cornish, Alderman, of London, 
hanged and quartered, Oct. 19, 
1685, for high treason. 

Cornwall, the retreat of the 
ancient Britons beyond the Ex, 
where they defended themselves 
from the Saxons until 924, when 
Athelstan drove them from the Ex 
to the Tamar, finally subjugating 
the county; governed by its own 
princes or by dukes until Edward 
III., in 1336, annexed it to the 
eldest son of the reigning monarch, 
who is heir to the crown, born 
Duke of Cornwall, but Prince of 
Wales by creation. 

Coronation Banquets first given 
by Edward I., in 1273; that of 
George IV. rivalled the older in 
extravagances. 

Coronation Oath first adminis- 
tered in England by Dunstan, 
Archbishop of Canterbury, to King 
Ethelred, 979 ; the oath of 1377, 



COR 



157 



COR 



very nearly resembled that now in 
use ; it was altered in 1689. 

Coronation Chair, Westminster 
Abbey, brought from Scone in 
Scotland by Edward L, 1296; said 
to have been originally at Cashel, 
Ireland, and being borrowed by one 
Fergus, a Scotch prince, was not 
returned, but removed from Dun- 
staffnage to Scone by Kenneth II., 
whence Edward I. took it. 

Coronation sermon first preach- 
ed, 1041. 

Coronation of the king's son, 
1170. 

Coronation of James II., April, 
23, 1685. 

Coronation of William and Mary, 
April 11, 1689. 

Coronation of Queen Anne, 
April 23, 1702. 

Coronation of George I., Oct. 
20, 1714. 

Coronation of George II., Oct. 
11, 1725. 

Coronation of George III., Sept. 
22, 1761. 

Coronation of George IV., July 
19, 1821. 

Coronation of William, Sept. 
8, 1831. 

Coronation of Queen Victoria, 
June 28, 1838. 

Coronations, prices of admission 
to — Edward I., half a farthing; 
Edward II., a farthing ; Edward 
III., a halfpenny ; Richard II., a 
penny ; Henry IV., a penny ; Henry 
V., twopence ; Henry VI., ditto ; 
Edward IV, ditto; Richard III., 
ditto ; Henry VII., ditto ; Henry 
VIII., fourpence; Edward VI., 
ditto ; Mary, ditto ; Elizabeth, six- 
pence ; James I., a shilling ; Chas. 
I., ditto ; Charles II., half-a-crown ; 
James II., ditto ; William and 
Mary, ditto ; Anne, ditto ; George 
I., five shillings ; George II., half- 
a-guinea; George III., in abbey, 
ten guineas ; George III., in street, 
one to ten guineas ; George IV., in 
street, one to twenty guineas. 

Coroners, officers of the realm, 
in 925; for every county in England, 
first appointed by statute of West- 



minster, 1296, by Edward I.; in- 
stituted in Scotland, 1004, in the 
reign of Malcolm II. . Coroners 
may appoint deputies in case of 
illness, Aug. 22, 1843. 

Coronets, allowed by the crown 
to the nobility, temp. Henry III. 
Some statements give the coronet 
later to Earls in 1604, the first 
being then worn. 

Corporations of boroughs in 
England, or municipal; given by 
charter as early as Edward the 
Confessor. Granted by Henry I., 
1100. 

Corporation and Test Act Re 
peal Bill, passed by George IV., 
1828 ; bill for reform of corpora- 
tions, Sept. 9, 1835; Irish muni- 
cipal bill, Aug. 10, 1840. 

Corpulence, Bright of Essex, 
died in his 27th year, Nov. 1750, 
and weighed 42 stone 12 pound. 
Daniel Lambert died at Stamford, 
in his 40th year, June 21, 1809, 
weighing 10 lb. more than Bright. 

Corpus Christi day, May 25 ; ap- 
pointed a festival, 1265 ; exhibitions 
of the cat on, suppressed, 1757. 

Corpus Christi College founded 
at Oxford, 1516; Corpus Christi 
College, called also Benedict's Col- 
lege, founded in Cambridge, 1350. 

Corunna, battle of, between Sir 
John Moore, who was killed, and 
Marshal Soult, Jan. 16, 1809; the 
French were repulsed, and the Eng- 
lish embarked. Arsenal of, de- 
stroyed by fire, March 11, 1794. 

Corsica subjected to the Romans, 
231, a.c. ; a dependent of Genoa, 
1730 ; sold to France, 1733 ; made a 
kingdom under Theodore, 1746 ; 
Pascal Paoli chosen general of the 
islanders, 1753 ; defeated and came 
to England, 1769 ; George III. ac- 
knowledged by the inhabitants as 
king, June 17, 1794 ; a parliament 
opened there, 1795 ; a revolt took 
place, 1796 ; the English gave up the 
island, Oct. 22, 1796, when it be- 
came subject to France. 

Cortes of Spain assembled after 
a long interval, Sept. 24, 1810; 
settled a new constitution, March 



COS 



158 



COT 



16, 1812; set aside by Ferdinand 
VII., May, 1814; opened again, 
1820. 

Cosmetics and Perfumes, licence 
for the sale of, demanded by statute 
25 George III., 1786. 

Cossacks, a semi-civilized race of 
irregular horsemen in the service of 
Kussia, on the confines of which they 
inhabit ; first embodied by Baltori, 
1576. 

Cost of Domestic Articles to the 
peasantry, difference in prices : — 

In 1S10. In 1851. 

s. d. s. d. 

Hat 20 ... 7 

Gown 21 ... 6 

Shirt 10 6 ... 3 

Calico print, f- yd. 2 9 ... 6 
Brown holland lin- 
ing of gown 1 8 ... 4 

Packing cloth, then 

used for aprons... 1 6 ... 6 
Articles of food — 

A gallon of flour... 3 3 ... 10 

A bushel of flour... 20 ... 5 

'Salt, f bushel 18 ... 1 

Bacon, y f pound ... 1 6 ... 8 

Tea (not good) 8 ... 4 

Brown sugar, f^ ft.. 10 ... 4 

Butter, f pound.... 1 ... 8 

Soap, f pound 2 6 ... 6 

Starch, f pound... 2 6 ... 8 

Cost of the Irish Churches, esti- 
mate of the, per annum : — 

Tithe income of 1250 bene- £ 
ficed clergymen, from 
2436 parishes 880,000 

Glebe lands, exceeding 

120,000 English acres ... 120,000 

Glebe houses, assuming 
them to be 1600, in 2436 
parishes, and only worth 
£30 a-year 48,000 

Income of 22 bishops, in 
fines and rents from one 
million English acres ... 222,000 

Church rates from 2000 out 

of 2436 parishes 575,000 

Profits of the "Parson's 
Freehold," arising from 
graves, tombs, &c 100,000 

Carried forward £1,945,000 



£ 
Brought forward... 1,945,000, 

Profits of ditto, arising from 

herbage, &c 2,000 

Marriage licences, church 

fees 12,000 

Ministers' money in Dublin 10,000 

Consistory courts 30,000 

Jail chaplaincies and in- 
spectorships 5,000 

Chaplaincies of other public 

institutions 2,500 

Military chaplaincies 2,100 

Vicars choral 25,000 

Masterships of the royal 

foundations 13,000 

Profits arising from other 

schools 10,000 

Fellowships, parsonages, 
and sources of wealth 
connected with Trinity 
College 30,000 

First-fruits expenditure, ac- 
cording to the average 
since 1816 53,986 

Grants to biblical institu- 
tions 99,000 

Total £2,239,586 

Cottages, formerly applied to a 
person's house destitute of land, 
1275 ; must attach four acres of land 
to all new ones, 31 Elizabeth, 1589 ; 
but repealed, 1774. In 1786, the 
number was 284,459; in 1800, 
428,214; and in 1840, 770,000. 

Cotton, the product of a plant 
imported early in the last century, 
to spin by hand; spun by Har- 
greave's spindles, 1767 ; by Ark- 
wright's machinery, 1769 ; a second 
engine for, invented, 1775 ; Cromp- 
ton's mule, 1779 ; utensils of manu- 
facturers of, prohibited from expor- 
tation, 1774 ; duty levied on cotton, 
1785 ; in 1791, the quantity manu- 
factured, 32,148,906ft. The increase 
was as follows :— 1781. 5,101,920ft, 
value £2, 000,000; 1784, 11,280,236ft, 
valued at £3,950,000; in 1787, 
22,600,000, valued at £7,500,000. 
From 1793 to 1824, the cotton manu- 
factures of Great Britain exported, 
amounted in value to £365,500,000 



COT 



159 



COU 



in value, the raw material of which 
cost£128,000,000. The total amount 
of the raw cotton imported from 
1814 to 1823, or nine of the forego- 
ing years, was 1,235,000,000ft. 
This leaving a stock on hand of 
24,000,0001bs., in 1814, to be added, 
the whole was disposed of as follows 
in the years intervening, viz. : 
1,062,000,000ft, spun ; 105,000,000ft 
re-exported raw or in yarn, and 
92,000,000ft in hand, 1823. The 
separate amounts of raw cotton in 
the years respectively, were as 
follows : — 

lbs. Spun Goods, lbs. 

1814 . . 59,745,373 . . 

1815 . . 96,720,370 . . 90,537,350 

1816 . . 94,140,330 . . 90,350,230 

1817 . . 125,132,230 . . 110,532,210 

1818 . . 177,257,375 . . 112,235,750 

1819 . . 150,735,728 . . 110,235,570 

1820 . . 143,637,325 . . 128,735,235 

1821 . . 128,573,275 . . 128,527,725 

1822 . . 139,797,735 . . 140,795,375 

1823 . . 180,233,795 . . 150,325,795 

Yarn. Value of Manu- 

Bpal Value factures. 

Keal Value, Real Value 

1814 . . 2,791,248 . . 17,393,796 

1815 . . 1,674,021 . . 19,124,061 

1816 . . 2,628,448 . . 13,072,758 

1817 . . 2,014,181 . . 14,178,021 

1818 . . 2,385,305 . . 16,643,579 

1819 . . 2,516,783 . . 12,388,833 

1820 . . 2,826,643 . . 13,843,569 

1821 . . 2,307,830 . . 13,786,958 

1822 . . 2,700,437 . . 14,534,253 

1823 . . 2,625,947 . . 13,751,415 
In 1831, the raw material imported 
reached 280,249,600ft ; in 1840, 
592,000,000ft ; in 1843, 669,000,000ft; 
in 1850-1, it reached to 755,000,000ft. 
In 50 years, from 58,000,000 of 
pounds of cotton to 755,000,000ft 
have been annually imported, and 
of these the United States sent 
600,000,000ft; the rest came from 
other countries. In 1851, the pro- 
duct of cotton in America, was 
3,000,000ft, or 600,000 tons. In 
1841, Brazil and Portugal sent 
16,000,000ft ; East Indies and Cev- 
lon, 97,000,000ft ; Egypt, 8,000,000ft, 
thus supplying a part of the rest. 
The application of the material, ex- 



cept to spun goods, cannot be accu- 
rately ascertained ; but of the power- 
looms in England in 1835, out of 
113,428, 108,632 were employed in 
cotton; and in 1850, out of 288,336, 
no less than 249,627 were worked 
with cotton. The exports of cotton 
goods in 1850, reached 1,358,238,837 
yards, value £20,528,150. The cot- 
ton varn exported, 1850, was 
131,233,168 ft, value £6,380,948. 
Total value of all kinds exported, 
£28,252,878. 

Cotton Factories, acts of parlia- 
ment relating to, and employment 
in, 1825, 1831, 1833, 1844. The 
value of the goods manufactured is 
more than £35,000,000. 

Cotton Manufactory at Dur- 
ham, a large one, consumed by tire, 
Jan. 7, 1804. 

Cotton's Wharf, London, burned 
and damaged, in amount £49,000, 
Aug. 12, 1751. 

Cottonian Library, the formation 
of Robert Cotton, 1600; secured by 
statute, 1707 ; part of the books in- 
jured by fire, Oct. 23, 1731 ; re- 
moved to the British Museum, 1753. 

Couchman, Lieutenant, of the 
Chesterfield man-of-war, and Mr. 
Morgan, lieutenant of marines, shot 
on board, at Portsmouth, pursuant 
to the sentence of a court-martial, 
July 14, 1749. 

Councils of the Church. That 
at Jerusalem, when the first contro- 
versy was discussed, 48 ; at Antioch, 
269; at Aries, 314, at which three 
English bishops were present. The 
first Mcene or (Ecumenical, when 
328 fathers attended, against Arius, 
325, where Constantine the Great 
presided ; at Tyre, regarding Atha- 
nasius, 355 ; the first at Constanti- 
nople, when Pope Damasus pre- 
sided, 150 fathers attended ; at 
Rome, concerning Athanasius, 342 ; 
that at Sardis, when 376 fathers at- 
tended; at Rimini, 359; the se- 
cond Constantinople, 381 ; the first 
at Ephesus, when Pope Celestine 
presided, and 200 fathers attended, 
431 ; that at Chalcedon, when Pope 
Leo presided, and 600 fathers at- 



cou 



160 



COU 



tended, 451 ; the fifth at Constan- 
tinople, when Pope Vigilius presid- 
ed, and 165 fathers attended, 552; 
one called the Milevetan council, 
568 ; at Constantinople in 600 ; at 
Rome in 649 ; the sixth at Constan- 
tinople, when Pope Agatho presid- 
ed, and 289 fathers attended, 680; 
the second at Nice, when Pope 
Adrian presided, and 350 fathers 
attended, 787 ; the eighth general, at 
Constantinople, when the emperor 
Basil presided, and 101 fathers at- 
tended, 869 ; that at Vercelli, when 
Pope Leo IX. presided, 1053; the 
Lateran one, when Pope Calixtus 
II. presided, and 300 fathers at- 
tended, 1122; the second Lateran 
one, when Pope Innocent II. pre- 
sided, and 1000 fathers attended, 
1139 ; the third Lateran or eleventh 
general, when Pope Alexander III. 
presided, and 300 fathers attended, 
1179 ; the fourth Lateran, twelfth 
general, when Pope Innocent III. 
presided, and 1185 fathers attended, 
1215; at Lyons, 1245 and 1274; 
at Vienne, when Pope Clement V. 
presided, and 300 fathers attended, 
1311, and the Knights Templars 
was suppressed; at Pisa, the 
sixteenth general, Alexander elect- 
ed, 1409; one at Constance, when 
Pope John XXII., and Martin V. 
presided, 1414; of Basil, the eigh- 
teenth general, 1431 ; the fifth La- 
teran or nineteenth general, 1512; 
continued, 1517; of Trent, 1545; 
the sixth Lateran one, when Pope 
Julius III. and Pius IV. presided 
against Luther, 1546. There have 
been other provincial councils, as 
that of Avignon, and at Bituria in 
Tuscany, 1431 ; at Tours in France, 
1448; at Florence in Italy, 1449; 
at Toledo in Spain, 1473 ; at Augs- 
burgh in Germany, 1548 ; at Co- 
logne in Germany, 1548 ; at Treves 
in Germany, 1548 ; at Cologne in 
Germany, 1549; at Mentz in Ger- 
many, 1549; and at Numantia in 
Spain, 1550 

Council of the Ancients, 250 
members in revolutionary France at 
Paris, Nov. 1, 1795. 



Council of Five Hundred at St. 
Cloud, France ; dispersed by Bona- 
parte, Nov. 9, 1799. 

Counsel or Barristers, referred to 
the time of Edward I., 1284 ; allow- 
ed to persons charged with treason 
for defence, in 1696 ; allowed in 
cases of felony, Aug., 1836. 

Counties, first division of Eng- 
land into, by Alfred, 900 ; first sent 
members to parliament, 1285. Ire- 
land divided into, 1562. 

County Courts established by 
king Alfred, 896. 

County Debt Courts, for debts 
under £20, established, 1847; ex- 
tended to £50, 1850. 

County Electors in England, in 
1852— 

Living in boroughs . . 76,827 

Wales— in do. . '. 4,948 



81,775 



In England 396,987 

In Wales 31,856 



Total voters . . . 428,823 



County Jails, cost erecting in 
later years : — Gloucester £18,000, 
with 170 cells ; Monmouth, £4000, 
with 26 cells; Ipswich, £13,000, 
with 86 cells ; Oxford city, £4500, 
with 30 cells; Oxford county, 
£10,000, with 80 cells ; Manchester, 
£15,000, with 150 cells; Preston, 
£9000, with 70 cells; Stafford, 
£18,000, with 140 cells ; Liverpool, 
£25,000, with 300 cells; Dorchester, 
£12,000, with 100 cells; Devon, 
£20,000, with 160 cells; Tothill 
Fields, £145,750, with 288 cells; 
Millbank penitentiary, £550,000, 
with 1100 cells ; Pentonville model 
prison, £85,000, with 1000 cells, 
1846. 

Couriers were employed before 
Christ, in the reign of Augustus 
Caesar ; instituted, as in modern 
times, by Charlemagne ; couriers 
and posts for letters were estab- 
lished by Louis XI. of France in 
1463. 



CO V 



161 



CO V 



Courland made a duchy, 1561. 

Court Party, a term used to de- 
signate that party in the govern- 
ment opposed to the Tory Country 
Party, Avhen the latter arose in 1620. 
Under the first two Georges the 
Court Party was generally Whig; 
the leader of the Country Party 
most distinguished, Sir Thomas 
Hanmer, died 1746. 

Courts of Judicature, citizens 
of London allowed to plead their 
own causes, except in pleas of the 
Crown, 1257. Courts of England 
and Ireland separated by law, in 
April, 1783. 

Court of Honour, once belong- 
ing to the Court of Chivalry in 
England, was so called ; one estab- 
lished in Bavaria to prevent duel- 
ling, April, 1819. 

Courts of Requests, or Con- 
science, began under Henry VII., 
1493; remodelled, 1517; they ex- 
tended to the recovery of 40s. only 
in the country, and 100s. in London. 
They have been superseded by the 
County Debt Courts, which extend 
to £50. Courts of Conscience were 
established for 40s. in Bristol, Glou- 
cester, and Newcastle, Nov. 30, 
1680; made to extend to £5, 1800. 

Courvoisier, Erancois Benjamin, 
executed at Newgate, July 6, 1840, 
for the murder of his master, Lord 
William Russell, May 5. 

Covell islands, in the Pacific 
Ocean, discovered. 1832, fourteen in 
number, 4 deg. 30 m. N. lat. ; 168 
deg. 40 m. E. long. 

Covenant between England and 
Scotland formed, 1643 ; declared to, 
be illegal, 1662. 

Covenanters, those persons so 
called, who engaged to resist the 
aggressions of Charles I., 1638 ; 
after the book of common prayer had 
been forcibly read in their churches, 
refusing to conform to the liturgy, 
1637. Laud persecuted all those 
who would not conform, 1638 ; Mar- 
quis of Hamilton sent to Scotland ; 
his propositions rejected, Aug. 8, 
1638 ; unable to pacify the people, 
the Marquis of Hamilton returned, 



Dec. 31, 1638 ; the Scotch resolved 
on war, Feb. 20, 1639; the king led 
an army against Scotland, March 
27, 1639. 

Covent Garden, the Piazza or 
Place, built in 1633, by Inigo Jones ; 
the arcade (vulgarly the Piazza or 
Place) designed by the same archi- 
tect. The stalls and market rebuilt 
in 1829-30, by the Duke of Bedford. 

Covent Garden Church, built by 
Inigo Jones, 1633 ; repaired, 1789 ; 
burned down, Sept. 17, 1795; rebuilt 
on the former model, 1798. 

Covent Garden Theatre, grant to 
build, 1662; built 1733, by Rich; 
enlarged, 1792 ; burned down, Sept. 
20, 1808; rebuilt, 1809; opened 
Sept. 18, the year when the O. P. 
riot commenced, and lasted until 
Dec. 10; opened as an Italian 
Opera, April 6, 1847. 

Covent Garden Theatrical Euncl, 
instituted 1765. 

Coventry, city of, founded before 
1040 ; a parliament held there temp. 
Hen. IV., from which lawyers were 
excluded; the walls, three miles 
round, with 26 towers, demolished 
by order of Charles II., 1662. 

Coventry Act passed, 1669 ; re- 
gulated the same year. 

Coventry, Abbey of, built, 1043. 

Coventry, Sir John, maimed and 
defaced, Dec. 25, 1670, whence the 
Coventry Act was passed. 

Coventry, Peeping Tom of, a 
tradition that Lady Godiva, wife of 
Leofric, Earl of Mercia, who taxed 
the citizens so heavily that she in- 
terposed in their behalf, when lie 
consented to her prayer if she would 
ride naked through the streets, not 
supposing it possible. She con- 
sented, the inhabitants all keeping 
themselves secluded ; but one wa s 
struck dead for peeping, 1057. 
Hence the mayor and corporation 
accompany a female, dressed in a 
tight linen dress, annually through 
the town on horseback, at the great 
fair. 

Coventry, Bishopric of, founded, 
656, by Oswy, King of Mercia; it 
has the double name of Coventry 



CKA 



162 



CEE 



and Lichfield, reversed by the pre- 
sent bishops. The see removed to 
Chester, 1075 ; in 1102 to Coventry, 
and afterwards to Lichfield. See 
Chester. 

Coventry, six men and a woman 
burned at, by order of Henry VIII., 
to show his zeal against Luther, 
Sept., 1519; they were charged 
with teaching their children the 
Lord's Prayer, the Ten Command- 
ments, and the Apostle's Creed, in 
their mother tongue. 

Coverham Abbey, Yorkshire, 
built, 1280. 

Cow-pox, inoculation for, disco- 
vered to be a security against the 
small-pox, by Dr. Jenner, in 1799 ; 
it was first noticed by him in 1796 ; 
rewarded by a grant of ,£10,000, 
June 2, 1802. 

Cowdley House, Kent, with its 
valuable paintings, destroyed by 
fire, Sept. 25, 1793. 

Cowes Castle, Isle of Wight, 
built, 1540. 

Cows, value of, imported in 1829, 
£1721; in 1830, £2348; 1831, 
£1726. In 1795, 8500 were kept 
near London, yielding 28,713,000 
quarts of milk, which sold to re- 
tailers at lfd. per quart, yielded 
£209,365 : 12 : 6, or £24 : 13 : 0| 
per annum per cow, at about 9 
quarts per day. The consumers 
paid 3d. per quart, or £358,912, 10s., 
giving a profit of £149,547 : 17 : 6. 
The horned cattle in England esti- 
mated at 10,000,000 in 1819. In 
America, 1851, at 18,355,287; horses, 
mules, and asses, 4,000,000; sheep, 
21,600,000. 

Cracow, Poland, founded by Cra- 
cus, 700; taken by Charles XII., 
1702 ; the sovereigns crowned there 
till 1764 ; Kosciusko expelled the 
Russians from, Mar. 24, 1794; sur- 
rendered to Prussia, June 15, 1794 ; 
formed into a republic, 1815 ; occu- 
pied by 10,000 Prussians, Sept. 1831 ; 
seized ard incorporated by the Em- 
peror of Austria, Nov. 16, 1846 ; a 
dreadful fire at, July 18, 1850. 

Cranbourne Priory, Dorset, built, 



Craniology propagated as a doc- 
trine by Dr. Gall, a German, 1803. 

Cranmer, Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, introduced to Henry VIII., 
1529; burned at Oxford, Mar. 21, 
1556. 

Crape, a species of stuff made of 
raw silk, said to have been manu- 
factured by St. Badour, Queen of 
France, 680, and to have been made 
first at Boulogne. 

Crayons, known in France be- 
fore 1422 ; improved, 1748, when 
the art of fixing them was disco- 
vered. 

Creake Priory, Norfolk, built, 
1206. 

Creation by patent to titles, first 
used in England, 1344. 

Creation, era of, the differences 
of the date assigned for this event 
amount to 140 in all. Usher, Blair, 
and Dufresnoy make it — 

Years before 
Christ. 

4004 

Josephus 4658 

Samaritan Pentateuch . . 4700 

Septuagint 5872 

Authors of the Talmud . . 5344 
120 Chronologists vary from 

the Septuagint date to . 3268 
Dr. Hales 5411 

(4000 
Catholic Church . . . , < and 

(4004 



The Chinese give the w r orld as some 
hundreds of thousands of years old; 
and the Chaldean records carried 
back the age of the world to nearly 
half a million of years. A period 
much older than that assigned to 
it has been proved to be correct 
by geology. The era of the crea- 
tion being a fixed reckoning, must 
count from some of the fixed dates 
above. That of 4004 is of the most 
general adoption. 

Crediton, Devonshire, 460 houses 
destroyed by fire, Aug. 14, 1743 ; 
the larger portion of the same town 
burned, May 2, 1769; 49 houses 
burned, May 1, 1772. 

Creed, the apostles', written long 



CRI 



163 



CRI 



after their time; translated into 
Saxon, 746. 

Creed, the JSdcene, so called from 
the council that composed it, 325 ; 
the Athanasian supposed to have 
been written about 340. 

Crementz, in Hungary, totally de- 
stroyed by fire, 1777. 

Crescent, order of knighthood 
began at Naples, 1448. 

Cressy, or Crecv, battle of, Aug. 
26, 1346, obtained by Edward III. 
and his son, the Black Prince, when 
three sovereign princes, a number 
of the French nobility, and 30,000 
private men, were slain on the 
French side. 

Crests in heraldry, worn on 
coronets, caps, or helmets, 1189 ; 
Richard II. wore a lion, 1377 ; 
James I. of Scotland a lion, 1424. 

Crete, island of, now called Can- 
dia, conquered by the Saracens, 
808 ; by the Greeks, 961 ; the Vene- 
tians, 1194 ; and from them by the 
Turks, 1669. 

Crime in England increased with 
the population, but not in any 
excess over that increment, after 
1840. Committals, as to educa- 
tion : the number able to read and 
write, of persons committed, was — 

IN IRELAND. 

1841 20,796 7,155 

1842 21,186 7,005 

1843 20,126 6,096 

1844 19,448 5,885 

1845 16,696 5,297 

1846 18,492 6,243 

1847 31,209 13,598 

1848 38,522 16,725 

1849 41,989 18,034 

1850 31,326 ...... 14,273 

1851 24,684 12,018 

The centesimal proportion of those 
unable to read and write, was to 
the whole, in 1841, 34-41 ; in 1851, 
48 '68 ; so that education has not 
advanced in Ireland in the last ten 
years. Something must be allowed 
in the statements of the last four or 
five years, for the sufferings from 
famine, and the emigration. 



IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 

1841 27,760 9,220 

1842 31,309 10,128 

1843 29,591 9,173 

1844 26,842 7,901 

1845 34,303 7,438 

1846 25,107 7,698 

1847 28,883 9,050 

1848 30,349 9,691 

The returns for England did not 
express later than 1848 the state of 
education among the prisoners ; the 
committals in 1849 were, 27,816; 
1850, 26,183; 1851, 27,960; 1852, 
27,510. 

Criminals in England numbered 
one in 1226, in 1826 ; in Spain, one 
in 885 ; in France, one in 1172. 
From 1814 to 1820, the charges for 
criminal offences were as follow, in 
England and Wales :— 1815, 7818 ; 
1816, 9091; 1817, 13,932; 1818, 
13,567 ; 1819, 14,254; 1820, 13 ; 710; 
1821, 13,115; of these committals 
there were convicted, 1815, 4883; 
1816, 5797 ; 1817, 9056 ; 1818, 8958 ; 
1819, 9510 ; 1820, 9318 ; 1821, 8788 ; 
the rest were acquitted, or no bill 
found. In the foregoing period 
there was much distress, and the 
navy and army had been greatly re- 
duced. In these years the condem- 
nations to death gave our laws the 
truly Draconic character they had 
long unenviably obtained. There 
were condemned to die — 



1815 553, executed ... 

1816 890, ... „ 

1817 1302, ... „ 

1818 1254, ... „ 

1819 1314, ... „ 

1820 1236, ... „ 

1821 1134, ... „ 



37 
95 
115 
97 
108 
107 
114 



To die 7683 Executed 673 



In London, from 1814 to 1820 in- 
clusive, 16,692 committals took 
place, and 167 executions. The fol- 
lowing executions took place in 
London and Middlesex from 1750 
to 1820, inclusive : — 



CRI 



164 



CRI 



1750 56 

1751 63 

1752 47 

1753 41 

1754 34 

1755 21 

1756 13 

1757 26 

1758 20 

1759 6 

1760 10 

1761 17 

1762 15 

1763 32 

1764 31 

1765 ...... 26 

1766 20 

1767 22 

1768 27 

1769 24 

1770 49 

1771 34 

1772 37 

1773 32 

1774 32 

1775 46 

1776 38 

1777 32 

1778 33 

1779 23 

1780 50 

1781 40 

1782 45 

1783 53 

1784 56 

1785 97 



1786 50 

1787 92 

1788 25 

1789 26 

1790 33 

1791 34 

1792 24 

1793 16 

1794 7 

1795 22 

1796 22 

1797 19 

1798 19 

1799 24 

1800 19 

1801 14 

1802 10 

1803 9 

1804 8 

1805 10 

1806 13 

1807 14 

1808 5 

1809 8 

1810 13 

1811 17 

1812 19 

1813 17 

1814 ...... 21 

1815 11 

1816 29 

1817 16 

1818 21 

1819 23 

1820 46 



From 1820 to 1824, no less than 
362, or 90 persons per annum, were 
executed in England. From 1824 
to 1828, the public feeling becom- 
ing directed to a deprecation of 
such extensive capital punishments, 
the executions fell to 229, or 50 
per annum ; they continued to fall, 
until, between 1832 and 1836, it was 
155, only half, or 38 per annum. In 
London and Middlesex, in 1830, 
1831, and 1832, only 16 were exe- 
cuted ; in 1833, but 2 ; 1834, none ; 
in 1835, none ; since which period 
none, except for some peculiarly 
heinous offence, or murder, or at- 
tempted murder, have been executed. 



By recent statutes all barbarous 
punishments have been swept away ; 
such as burning for petty trea- 
son, or coining the king's image, 
or the murder of a husband. The 
last woman thus executed \Vas burn- 
ed at the Old Bailey, opposite New- 
gate ; one or two were living in 
1852 who saw it ; her name was 
Murphy or Bowman. She was 
drawn on a hurdle from the door 
of Newgate to the stake, made to 
stand on a chair, her neck fastened 
to a ring at the top, and being sur- 
rounded with fagots the chair was 
taken away and the fagots set 
fire to, while she was strangling, 
March 18, 1789. In 1722, Eleanor 
Elson was burned at the stake in 
Lincoln, for murdering her husband, 
and in 1747, at Lincoln, in April, 
Mary Johnson was burned alive for 
poisoning her husband, and one 
Lynn for poisoning his wife was 
hung at the same time. The pro- 
portions of offences in England, Ire- 
land, and Scotland, for the year 
ending 1849, were ; — for England 
and Wales 30,349 committals — of 
these no less than 23,910 were 
crimes without violence — 7423 were 
acquitted, and all thus disposed of; 
— 60 condemned to death; 3251 
transported; 19,589 inprisoned or 
some light punishment ; 26 insane ; 
7423 acquitted. Of the 60 con- 
demned to die, only 12 were exe- 
cuted. Irish committals, 38,522 ; of 
these 19,547 were without violence ; 
20,286 were acquitted; 60 con- 
demned to die — 28 of whom were 
executed ; 30 were insane ; 2698 
were transported ; and 15,448 con- 
demned to imprisonment, or light 
penalties. The Scotch commit- 
tals were 4909 ; of which 4 were 
for murder — 2 of whom were exe- 
cuted ; offences without violence, 
2294 ; 349 were transported ; 3336 
were outlawed ; 24 Avere insane ; 
and 1196 were acquitted. In Scot- 
land, the offences against the person 
in 3,000,000 of population were, in 
1849, more than half as many as in 
England, or 1169 against 2234, the 



CRI 



165 



CEO 



latter in a population nearly six 
times as numerous, or 18,000,000. 
In Ireland, on the other hand, these 
offences were nearly three times as 
numerous as in England, with one 
third of the population. 

Criminals ordered for transpor- 
tation, in the place of execution, 
1590; to Australia, 1787. Exe- 
cuted in the reign of Henry VIII. 
72,000. 

Criminal law, acts to improve, 
George IV., 1827, 1828 ; hanging 
in chains abolished, 1834. 

Crimpino-houses in London de- 
stroyed by the mob, Sept. 16, 1794. 

Cripplegate, London, built 1010 ; 
new, built 1244; pulled down and 
sold for £91, July, 1760. 

Crispin, a Romish saint who 
travelled as a shoemaker to propa- 
gate the Romish faith, 303 ; hence he 
became the tutelary saint of that 
trade. 

Crockery-ware made before the 
Christian era, by the Egyptians and 
Etruscans. The art revived of 
fine pottery, at Faenza, Italy, 1310. 

Croisades began, 1096, intended 
to drive the Mahometans from Je- 
rusalem ; incited by a fanatic named 
Peter the Hermit, who urged on 
Urban II., and he convened a coun- 
cil of 310 bishops at Clermont, at 
which envoys from the Christian 
princes attended and kindled those 
frightful wars, 1094; an army of 
300,000 men was raised under 
Godfrey de Bouillon, 1095; the 
second was excited by St. Bernard, 
1147 ; the third, in which Richard 
Coeur de Lion joined, 1191. These 
wars cost 2,000,000 lives. 

Criticism, legality of, established 
in a court of law, Eeb. 1794. 

Critics, and Reviews by ; the first 
of these works was the Journal des 
Sgavans, by Denis de Salis, in Paris, 
May 30, 1665 j Daniel de Foe pub- 
lished his in England, Feb. 1703. 
The Waies of Literature was the 
next work begun, 1714; and dis- 
continued 1722. The Monthly Re- 
view appeared in 1749 ; the Critical 
in 1756 ; the Edinburgh Review in 



1802; and the Quarterly 1809. 
Numerous similar works followed 
these. 

Cromwell, Oliver, the great sol- 
dier and protector of England, bom 
April 25, 1599 ; was in parliament 
1628 ; reinforced Gainsborough, 
July 30, 1643 ; raised a regiment 
of horse, Aug. 10, 1643 ; defeated 
Charles I. at Marston Moor, July 
3, 1644 ; new modelled the army as 
Lieutenant-general, 1645 ; defeated 
Charles I. at Naseby, June 14, 1645 ; 
defeated the king's horse at Islip 
Bridge, April 24, 1645; Bristol 
surrendered to him, Sept. 9; Berk- 
ley Castle, Sept. 21, 1646 ; defeated 
the Welsh, 1648 ; and Sir M. Lang- 
don, Aug. 17, and next routed 
the Scotch at Preston ; marched 
to Edinburgh, Berwick, and Carlisle, 
Oct. 1648 ; dispersed the Levellers 
on Hounslow Heath, and besieged 
Pontefract, 1648 ; made Lord-lieu- 
tenant of Ireland, and reached 
Dublin, Aug. 13, 1649 ; took Drog- 
heda by storm, and put the garri- 
son to the sword, Aug. 14, 1649 ; 
permitted the Irish to serve foreign 
princes, May, 1650; received with 
state on his return, and made Cap- 
tain-general, June 26 ; invaded 
Scotland, routing the Scotch at 
Dunbar, killing 3000 and taking 
9000 prisoners; took Edinburgh 
castle, before untaken, Dec. 24; 
took Fife and defeated the Scotch, 
killing 2000 and making 1200 pri- 
soners, June, 1651 ; attacked Charles 
II. at Worcester, killed 3000 and 
took 7000 prisoners, with the king's 
standard and 158 colours, Sept. 3, 
1651 ; came to London in triumph, 
Sept. 12; chosen Protector of Eng- 
land, Dec. 16 ; magnificently enter- 
tained at Grocers' Hall, in the city, 
Feb. 8, 1654 ; united Scotland and 
Ireland into a commonwealth with 
England, April 12, with one par- 
liament, which met Sept. 3 ; voted 
Protector for life, Oct. 19, 1654; 
buried his mother in Westminster 
Abbey, Nov. 17, 1654; summoned 
sixty persons to constitute a House 
of Lords, Dec. 11, 1657 ; died Sept. 



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3, 1658, in his sixtieth year ; his 
body exhumed, and hung on a 
gibbet at Tyburn, by Charles II., 
Dec. 2, 1660. 

Cromwell, Eichard, made Pro- 
tector, Sept. 4, 1658 ; laid down his 
authority, Jan. 1659, by order of 
the army ; died 1712. 

Cromwell, Lord, made Vicar- 
general, Oct. 1535 ; beheaded July 
28, 1540, aged 50 years. 

Cromwell, Mrs. E., daughter of 
Eichard the Protector, died at her 
house in Bedford Eow, Aug. 8, 1731, 
aged 82 years ; and Mrs, Cromwell, 
the great great grand-daughter of 
the Protector, Oliver, the last of the 
name, died at Cheshunt, Peb. 26, 
1834, aged 90 years. 

Cropedy bridge, battle of, be- 
tween Charles I. and the parliamen- 
tary forces, June 6, 1644. 

Cronstadt, a seaport and fortress 
of Eussia, near Petersburgh, found- 
ed by Peter the Great, 1704 ; injured 
by fire, 1741. 

Crook, Japhet, his ears cut off 
in the pillory, 1731. 

Crosier, the staff with a cross 
borne before a Eoman archbishop ; 
sometimes put for the episcopal 
crook of a bishop ; a popish append- 
age introduced about 500. 

Cross, St., Hospital of, at Win- 
chester, built 1132. 

Cross, sign of the, first used by 
the Christians in 110. 

Cross, the real, pretended to be 
found by St. Helena, at Jerusalem, 
328 ; carried off by Chosroes, king 
of Persia, but recovered by Hera- 
clitus, who defeated him, Sept. 14, 
615; one two miles long, seen by 
Constantine the emperor, who 
adopted it as his standard, under 
which he vanquished Maxentius, 
Oct. 27, 312. 

Cross, Exaltation of the, a popish 
feast, held on the 14th Sept., on the 
restoration of the true cross to 
Mount Calvary, 642. 

Cross, Maids of the, a female com- 
munity that vowed poverty, chasti- 
ty, and obedience, 1265. 

Cross, Order of the, instituted by 



the empress Eleanora de Gonzaga, 
the consort of Leopold I., 1668. 

Crosses painted in churches and 
houses, introduced 481 ; on steeples, 
568 ; set up by Laud, the archbi- 
shop, 1630, in English churches; 
demolished, 1641 ; many again intro- 
duced into English churches be- 
tween 1830 and 1850. 

Crosses, once erected in all parts 
of the kingdom ; Cheapside boasted 
a splendid one, it had several stories, 
and was much admired; in the 
stories were Scriptural images, and 
the whole structure was surmounted 
by a cross, supporting a dove ; the 
height of it was parallel with the 
houses forming Goldsmith's -row, 
opposite to Wood- street, which 
street was built by Thomas Wood, 
goldsmith and sheriff, in 1491 ; on 
May 2, 1643, Parliament ordered 
the cross to be demolished. On 
Peb. 19, 1547, King Edward VI. 
rode in grand procession from the 
Tower of London, to be crowned at 
Westminster, past this cross, and 
proclaimed a general pardon for all 
offenders, except six; the names 
and titles of those excepted were — 
Duke of Norfolk, Cardinal Pole, 
Edward Courtenay (heir to the 
Marquis of Exeter), Master For- 
tescue, Master Throgmorton, and 
Dr. Pate, bishop of Worcester. 

Crown, the first worn in Eng- 
land by Alfred the Great, 872 ; the 
first papal cap by Damasins II., 
1053 ; a crown put round it by 
Julius XIX., 1276 ; a second added 
by Boniface VIII., 1295 ; a third, 
forming the triple crown, by Bene- 
dict XII., 1334. 

Crown of England : that of Alfred 
had two small balls attached ; that 
of Athelstan was like an Earl's 
coronet in the present day, 929; 
William I. wore a cap with points, 
1066; Eichard III. introduced the 
crosses, 1483; Henry VII. intro- 
duced the crosses, 1485 ; the crown 
of Charles II. is the oldest remain- 
ing, made 1660. 

Croavn and Eegalia of England 
pledged to the city of London by 



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Richard IL, for £2000, 1336 ; stolen 
from the tOAver by Col. Blood, hut 
recovered 1673. 

Crown of England Succession : — 
Egbert was sole monarch of Eng- 
land, 827. From Egbert the crown 
descended regularly, with little 
deviation. In the three succeeding 
reigns it was suspended by force, till 
the Saxon line was restored in 
Edward the Confessor, who was not 
the next heir, because Edmund IL, 
had a son living, Edward, an outlaw 
in Hungary. On Edward the Con- 
fessor's decease, Harold II. usurped 
the throne, though the right re- 
mained in Edgar Atheling, son of 
Edward the outlaw, and grandson 
of Edmund II. At this time, Wil- 
liam I., duke of Normandy, claimed 
a right from a grant of Edward the 
Confessor, and by conquest trans- 
ferred the crown to a new family. 
Erom him it descended to his second 
and third son, William II. and 
Henry I., his eldest son Eobert being 
kept out of possession by his bro- 
thers. Henry I. was succeeded by 
Stephen, grandson of William I., 
by his daughter Adelicia, his elder 
brother Theobald waiving his claim, 
and Maud, the daughter of Henry 
I., and grand-daughter of Edward 
the outlaw, to whom the succession 
belonged, being excluded by force. 
Her son, Henry IL, as heir to Wil- 
liam L, succeeded Stephen ; though 
the proper heirs in the Saxon line 
were the sons of Malcolm, king of 
Scotland, by Margaret, the daughter 
of Edward the outlaw. Henry I. 
having married the daughter of 
Edgar Atheling, by whom he had 
Maud, and her son Henry II. coming 
to the crown, in some measure re- 
stored the Saxon line. From Henry 
II., the crown descended to his old- 
est son then living, Richard I., on 
whose death it was seized by his 
brother John, Henry II.'s youngest 
son, in exclusion of his nephew 
Arthur. On the death of Arthur 
and his sister Eleanor, without issue, 
the crown properly descended to 
Henry III., son of John ; and from 



Henry HI., in an hereditary line of 
six generations, to Richard IL, and 
this right of succession was declared 
in parliament by the 25th of Edward 
III. Richard II. resigned the crown, 
and the right resulted to the issue 
of his grandfather Edward III., and 
should have fallen on the posterity 
of Lionel, duke of Clarence, the first 
son of Edward III. ; but Henry, duke 
of Lancaster, descended from the 
third son of Edward III., usurped it, 
under the title of Henry IV. Par- 
liament (7th Henry IV.,) settled it 
on him and his heirs. Henry IV. 
was regularly succeeded by his son 
and grandson, Henry V. and VI. 
Under Henry VI., the house of 
York, descended from Lionel, duke 
of Clarence, by the mother's side, 
began to claim their dormant right, 
and established it in Edward IV, 
by parliament. This king was 
succeeded by his eldest son Edward 
V., who was deposed and succeeded 
by his uncle, Richard III., his 
father's brother, on a pretence of 
bastardy. During this reign, Henry 
VII., earl of Richmond, a descen- 
dant of the house of Lancaster, 
usurped the throne, and got his 
possession established by parlia- 
ment, 1485. He marrying Elizabeth 
of York, Edward IV.'s daughter, the 
undoubted heiress of William the 
Conqueror, the families of York and 
Lancaster were united in Henry 
VEIL, her eldest son, who trans- 
mitted the crown in succession to 
his three children, confirmed by 
parliament 25th Henry VIII., c. 
12. This statute was repealed bv 
28 Henry VIIL, c. 7, by which, 
after the king's divorce from Ann 
Boleyn, Mary and Elizabeth were 
bastardized. They were again 
legitimated, and the succession re- 
stored by 35 Henry VIIL, c. 1. 
Parliament now asserted its right of 
directing the succession by 13 Eliza- 
beth, c. 1. On the death of Elizabeth, 
succeeded James VI. of Scotland, 
in England James I., (the lineal 
descendant of Margaret, daughter 
of Henry VII., and his wife Eliza- 



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168 



CUL 



beth of York, the wife of James IV. 
of Scotland,) and in him were 
united, not only the different com- 
petitors since the conquest, hut 
likewise the right of the Saxon 
monarchs, he being the direct lineal 
descendant of Malcolm, who married 
Margaret, the daughter of Edmund 
II. From James I., the crown 
descended to his second son Charles 
I., his eldest son Arthur being dead. 
After him the succession was inter- 
rupted by the usurpation of Oliver 
Cromwell and his son Richard, but 
restored in 1660, in Charles II., 
eldest son of Charles I. He dying 
without legitimate issue, it passed 
to his brother James II., whom 
parliament excluded, and called in 
William of Orange and his wife 
Mary, the eldest daughter of James 
II., 1668, to the exclusion of her 
father and her brother. On the 
death of this William III., Anne, 
second daughter of James II., 
reigned ; and she leaving no issue, 
the crown was settled by parliament, 
12 and 13 William III., on the 
princess Sophia of Hanover, the 
youngest daughter of Elizabeth, 
queen of Bohemia, who was the 
daughter of James L, and her heirs, 
being Protestants. She dying 
before queen Anne, her son George 
I. succeeded, in which family the 
crown has regularly descended to 
the present queen. 

Crowns and Half-crowns coined 
in England in the last year of 
Edward VI., 1558. 

Crown lands of England were 
resumed by law, 1449 ; valued at 
£120,626 : 14 : 1 per annum. 
Those ordered by parliament to be 
sold, the leases of which were between 
three and thirty-one years unex- 
pired, 1786. 

Crown, royal, order of knight- 
hood instituted in France, 802. 

Crows, an act passed to destroy 
them, 1532. 

Croxton Abbey, Staffordshire, 
built 1180. 

Croyland Abbey, Lincolnshire, 
built 718 ; destroyed by the Danes, 



867; rebuilt, 945; destroyed by 
fire, 1091; rebuilt 1112; again 
burned, about 1142 ; finally rebuilt, 
1170. 

Cruelty to Animals, statute to 
prevent, passed, called Martin's act, 
1822, 1827, 1835 ; extended to Ire- 
land, July 15, 1837; society for 
prevention of, formed 1824. 

Cryofhorus, an instrument in- 
vented by Dr. Wollaston, to show 
the connection between evaporation 
at a low temperature and the pro- 
diiction of cold, 1778. 

Cuba, island of, discovered by 
Columbus, 1492 ; conquered by 
Velasquez, 1511 ; settled soon after- 
wards ; the Havannah taken by 
Morgan, the bucanier, in 1669 ; 
taken by Admiral Pococke and Lord 
Albermarle, 1762 ; restored 1763 ; 
earthquake at, June 21, 1791, when 
3000 persons perished, and 11,700 
head of cattle, and 3700 horses ; a 
piratical expedition fitted out in the 
United States under a man of colour, 
named Lopez, attacked the island 
in order to revolutionize it, and 
wrest it from Spain, defeated, 1850, 
and Lopez executed. 

Cucumbers brought to England 
from the Netherlands, 1538. 

Cudb-alore, India, reduced by the 
English, 1681 ; by the French, 1758, 
and 1781 ; besieged by the English, 
1783, but not taken before peace 
was proclaimed. 

Culbees, Scotch monks of St. 
Andrews, who also preached in Ire- 
land, and had an abbey in Tipperary, 
1185. 

Cullen's Wood Massacre,Ireland, 
the slaughter of a great number of 
the English by the Irish, at Easter, 
thence called Black Monday, 1209. 
They were a colony from Bristol, 
inhabiting Dublin, who went to 
amuse themselves with women and 
children in Cullen's Wood, when the 
O'Bryans and O'Tooles from the 
mountains fell upon them without 
provocation, desti'oying, besides 
women and children, above 500 
men. 

Cullerne, Wilts, burned, and 



CUN 



169 



CUL 



thirty-two families reduced to des- 
titution, April 1, 1774. 

Culloden, battle of, April 16, 
1746, between the Duke of Cumber- 
land and the Pretender. The Scots 
were beaten, and left 2500 men on 
the field or precincts, while the Eng- 
lish loss was not 200 ; the Duke of 
Cumberland's troops behaved with 
great inhumanity, putting even the 
wounded to death. The pretender 
fled to the isle of Uist, and finally 
escaped with £40,000 offered for his 
person dead or alive. 

Cumberland merchant vessel, 
Captain Barret, with only 26 hands, 
beat off five privateers, and made 
those who boarded prisoners, Jan. 
16, 1811. 

Cumberland, Duke of, defeated 
at Hastenbeck, July 25, 1757; 
signed the ignominious convention of 
Closter-seven, 1757 ; attempt to 
assassinate, by Sellis his valet, May 
31, 1810; married the Dowager 
Princess Salms, Aug. 1814 : became 
king of Hanover on the 30th of 
June, 1837, and abrogated immedi- 
ately the constitutional government 
given to the Hanoverians by the 
former king of England and Han- 
over ; died 1851. 

Cunnersdorf, battle of, Aug. 12, 
1759, when the king of Prussia 
with 50,000 men attacked the 
Russians with 90,000 in their camp, 
and routing them for the moment, 
pursued them too far, when they 
rallied and retrieved their fortune, 
taking 200 pieces of cannon and 



killing and wounding 20,000 Prus- 
sians. 

Cup, the sacramental, restored to 
the laity, 1547. 

Curacoa, island of, settled by the 
Dutch, 1634; surrendered to the 
British, 1800; restored in 1802; 
retaken, 1807 ; restored, 1814, at 
the general peace. 

Curates, known in the Romish 
church in the seventh century as 
coadjutors ; acts passed for their 
relief and protection, 12 Anne, 
1713 ; 36 and 58 George III. ; 53 
George III., for their better main- 
tenance, 1813 ; and 2 William IV., 
Oct., 1831. There are 5230 curates 
in England and Wales, to 10,535 
benefices, who divide among them 
the larger part of the labour, and 
only £424,695 as stipends; the 
greatest number of curates is in 
Lincoln diocese, which has 629, 
and the smallest St. Asaph, which 
has 43. 

Curfew Bell, established by 
William I., 1068 ; when it rung at 
8 p.m., all fires and candles were to 
be extinguished, under a severe 
penalty. The curfew was abolished 
by Henry I., 1100. 

Currants first planted in Eng- 
land, originally from the Levant, 
1533 ; the hawthorn currant came 
from Canada, 1705. 

Cultivation of England and Ire- 
land; of 76, 775, 000 acres, 52,000,000 
cultivated, or 5 out of 8, in Ireland, 
1 out of 4 in Scotland, and 5 out of 
6 in England — or 5 out of 8 in all : 





Arable. 


Pasturage. 


Total culture. 


Uncultivated. 


Total Acres. 


England . 


. 10,253,000 . 


15,380,000 . 


25,633,000 . 


6,709,000 . 


32,342,000 


Wales . . 


. 891,000 . 


2,227,000 . 


3,118,000 . 


1,634,000 . 


4,752,000 


Scotland . 


. 2,494,000. 


2,272,000 


4,766,000 . 


14,473,000 


19,239,000 


Ireland . 


. 5,390,000 


7,730,000 


13,120,000 . 


7,322,000 . 


20,442,000 



Add for increase 1850 



46,637,000 
6,000,000 



76,775,000 



Total 52,637,000 Acres. 



cus 



170 



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The produce of Great Britain in 
grain is supposed to be — . 

WHEAT. 

England . . 16,000,000) 19 
Scotl'd, under 1,500,000 [ millions 
Ireland, above 1,500,000 ) of Qrs. 

OATS. 

England . . 12,000,000) 34 
Scotland . . 6,500,000 V millions 
Ireland . . . 15,500,000) of Qrs. 

BARLEY. 

England . . 6,300,000) 9h, 
Scotland . . 1,800,000 [■ millions 
Ireland . . . 1,400,000 ) of Qrs. 

PEAS AND BEANS. 

2 millions of Quarters. 

Qrs. Value. 

Total, 64,500,000 == £138,000,000. 

In addition, the United Kingdom 
imports on an average two million 
quarters of wheat, which, not being 
subject to deduction for seed, equals 
2,400,000 quarters; giving thus, as 
the total consumption of the United 
Kingdom, 21,400,000 quarters for 
the second quarter of the nineteenth 
century. 

Cushee piece of ordnance, in- 
vented by Richard Leake, governor 
of the Royal Prince, who nobly dis- 
tinguished himself against the 
Dutch admiral, Van Tromp, 1673. 

Custom, the unwritten law of 
lawyers and civilians, opposed to 
the written law; it has been con- 
sidered as good from 1189 down- 
wards ; sixty years' custom binds 
in civil, and forty in ecclesiastical 
cases. 

Custom - house, London, one 
erected 1304; one larger, 1559; 
burned down, 1666; another, built 
under Charles II., burned down in 
1718; rebuilt, and burned Feb. 12, 
1814, with records and much pro- 
perty; a new building opened, 
May 12, 1817— the Long Room, 
superior to the present, gave way 
in 1825 (Jan. 26), and was recon- 
structed at an expense of £180,000, 
in addition to the original expen- 
diture of £255,000, owing to the 
gross neglect of the architect in 
securing the foundation. 



Custom - House, Dublin, com- 
menced 1781, and opened 1791 ; the 
eastern wing of the warehouses de- 
stroyed by lire, Aug. 9, 1832, with 
property to the amount of £400,000. 

Customs' Duties first collected 
979, under King Ethelred II. ; the 
claim of the Crown to them first 
granted by parliament, 1274, by 3rd 
Edward I. ; their amount in 1580 
was £14,000 ; farmed for £20,000 
till 1590; in 1592, produced £50,000, 
and £148,075 in 1614 ; £168,222, 
in 1622 ; £300,000, in 1642; farmed 
for £390,000 in 1666; fell off in 
1675, but reached £557,752 in 1688 j 
from 1700 to 1714, on an average 
returned £1,352,764; in 1820, 
£1,555,600; in 1721, £1,593,000; 
in 1744, £1,904,000; in 1748, 
£2,000,000; in 1786, £4,609,300; 
in 1787, £4,867,000 ; £6,890,000 in 
1790; £4,044,923 : 15 : 6 in 1794; 
£3,412,255 : 6 : 8 in 1795 ; 1828, 
£16,516,271; 1830, £17,894,405; 
1835, £18,612,906 ; £19,915,296 in 
1840; £20,196,856 in 1845; 1850, 
January 5, £20,995,132; 1851, 
£22,019,783, 19s. 7d. 

Customs, Ireland, were — 3d. on 
every sack of wool, in 1224; on 
every last of hides, 6d. ; and 2d. on 
every barrel of wine. The business 
of the Irish Customs was transferred 
to the London board, Jan. 6, 1830. 

Customs' Seizures reached, in 
1742, £26,000 in value ; the officers 
of, cannot vote for members of par- 
liament, 1782 ; memorial of the 
merchants of London presented to 
parliament against the customs, 
for their oppressive conduct, and 
mode of doing the clock business, 
1851. 

Customs and Excise, expenses of, 
1842 and 1843 :— £344,136 : 13 : 11 
for wages and salaries of persons 
employed for the prevention of 
smuggling, in 1842 ; and in 1843, 
£347,809 : 1 : 4. Expense of the 
equipment of the persons so em- 
ployed, and repairs, in 1842, 
£168,608 : 4 : 10; and in 1843, 
£164,358 : 14 : 1. The amount of 
the produce of goods seized and 



CYC 



171 



CZA 



sold by the Customs, in 1842, was 
£2201 : 19 : 7; by the Excise, 
£785 : 1 : 6 ; and in 1843 the pro- 
duce was, Customs, £7636 : 11 : 1 ; 
Excise, £520 : 12 : 3. The rewards 
paid to persons employed for the 
prevention of smuggling, in 1842, 
£6817 : 3 : 10; in the following 
year, £11,281 : 15 : 9. Tobacco 
frequently will not fetch the duty, 
and is destroyed. In 1842, 11,048 
gallons of spirits, and 19,667 ft> of 
tobacco, were seized ; in 1843, 
10,676 galls, of spirits, and 62,888 B> 
of tobacco — the proceeds not suffi- 
cient to pay the rewards. The ex- 
penses of prosecutions by the Excise 
in 1842, were £5687 : 14 : 3 ; and in 
1843, £8760 : 9 : 2. The produce 
of fines and seizures was in 1842, 
£27,003 : 6 : 11; and in 1843, 
£36,839, 19s. The share paid to 
excise-officers in 1842, was £11,256, 
10s. 10d.; and in 1843, £15,034, 
7s. 4d; the amount remaining to 
the Crown, in 1842, £11,031:4:4; 
and in 1843, £15,157 : 10 : 6. The 
other expenses of establishments 
belonging to the Excise amounted, 
in 1842, to £5760:12:3; and in 
1843, to £8757 : 16 : 8. The revenue 
police of the Excise cost, in 184-2, 
in wages and victualling, £33,216, 
18s. Id. ; for salaries and allow- 
ances, £1640 ; in vessels, £989, 7s. 
7d. ; and in horses and barracks, 
£1029 : 18 : 2 ; in 1843, the police in 
the various departments mentioned, 
cost £35,422, £1640, £1760, 19s., 
and £1233 : : 10. 

Cutting for the Stone, or Litho- 
tomy, first practised in modern 
times in Paris, on a criminal, 1474. 

Cyder made in England, 1234 ; 
the more ancient potations were 
mead and ale. 

Cycle of the sun or moon, or of 
Jupiter, the time when the days, 



planets, or festivals return again to 
the same day of the month; that 
called the Paschal, or time of keep- 
ing Easter, calculated first by Vic- 
torius, for a period of 532 years, 
in 463. 

Cyclopedia, a word meaning a 
circle of knowledge; there w r ere 
some written in the fifteenth cen- 
tury ; the most comprehensive was 
that of Alstadius, 1620 ; the earliest 
in England was that of Chambers, 
in two volumes, folio, 1728. 

Cymbal, the oldest musical in- 
strument, used at Mount Ida, 1546 
a.c, and in military bands, 1852. 

Cymmer Abbey, Merionethshire, 
built 1200. 

Cyphers, the figures or signs 
used in arithmetic, invented by the 
Arabians, 813. 

Cypress, brought to England, 
originally from the Levant, about 
1441; the deciduous species from 
North America, 1640. 

Cyprus, island of, conquered by 
the Saracens in 648 ; recovered by 
the Romans, 957 ; reduced by 
Richard Coeur de Lion, 1191 ; taken 
by the Turks from the Venetians, 
1570. 

Czar, a title assumed by Russian 
sovereigns, derived from Caesar; 
first adopted towards those sove- 
reigns in 1722. 

Czar of Muscovy visited Eng- 
land, 1698. 

Czar Peter the Great visited 
Holland, 1716; had his secretary 
seized, at the request of England, 
1717; visited Erance, May 20, 1717; 
condemned his eldest son to death, 
June 26, 1717; took the title of 
Emperor of all the Russias, Oct. 
22, 1721; diedEeb. 8, 1724-5. 

Czar John deposed, and Eliza- 
beth appointed, Nov. 24, 1741. 



DAN 



172 



DAN 



D 



Dahlia, the flower introduced 
from Mexico, discovered there by 
Humboldt, 1789 ; in England, 1804 ; 
made a florist's flower, 1815. 

Dahomt, King of, defeated at 
Abbeokuta, with the loss of 1209 of 
his warriors, March, 1851. 

Daedalus, British frigate, wrecked 
on a shoal, July 16, 1813. 

Damas, Barbary, destroyed by an 
earthquake, with 6000 inhabitants, 
Dec. 5, 1759. 

Dalkeith, Scotland, great Are at, 
Sep. 30, 1812. 

Damascus, one of the oldest of 
cities, dating from the time of Abra- 
ham; first Assyrian, then Persian, 
afterwards Greek, then Roman, 
70 a. c. ; possessed by the Saracens, 
633 ; by the Turks, 1006 ; destroyed 
by Tamerlane, 1400; then subject 
to Turkey; a number of Jews tor- 
tured there, Feb. 1, 1840. 

Damask cloth, or silk, first made 
at Damascus, and brought to Eng- 
land by the Dutch and Flemings, 
who fled from the savage Duke of 
Alva, 1571-1573. 

Damask Rose, brought to Eng- 
land from the South of Europe, by 
Dr. Linacre, physician to Henry 
VIII., 1540. 

Damekham, near Fordingbridge, 
Wiltshire, nearly destroyed, by Are, 
July 14, 1755. 

Damien attempted the life of 
Louis XV., by stabbing him Avith a 
knife in the right side, Jan. 5, 1757. 
He underwent the most cruel tor- 
tures, and was then torn to pieces by 
four horses, Mar. 28, 1757. 

Damm, Thomas, of Leighton, 
Cheshire, died, 1608, aged 154. 

Danb y, Earl of, impeached, 1670 ; 
absconded, Mar. 20, 1679; pardon- 
ed, 1679 ; pleaded his pardon, 1679. 

Dancing by cinque pairs, intro- 
duced into England from Italy, 
1541 ; the country-dance came from 
France — properly, contre-danse. 



Danegelt first paid, 999; estab- 
lished, 1042; re-established, 1068; 
revived, 1107 ; wholly abolished, 
1136. Every hide of land under 
this tax paid, a shilling, equivalent 
to three now. 

Danes, invasion of, attacked 
France under Rollo, 895, ravaging 
to the walls of Paris ; again ra- 
vaged France, 896 ; attacked Italy, 
903 ; obtained Neustria from France, 
912, whence Normandy; appeared 
first on the English coast, 783 ; 
landed near Purbeck, Dorset, 787 ; 
made a descent on Northumberland, 
and driven back and perished by 
shipwreck, 794; invaded Scotland 
and Ireland, 798; took the Isle of 
Sheppey, 832 ; defeated in Corn- 
wall, at Hengistdown, by Egbert, 
836; defeated Ethelwolf at Char- 
mouth, 836 ; land in Kent, and take 
Canterbury and London, 851 ; de- 
feated by Ethelwolf, 852; they took 
York, 867; defeated the Saxons at 
Merton, 271 ; took Wareham and 
Exeter, 876 ; took Chippenham, but 
120 of their vessels were wrecked, 
877 ; defeated by the Earl of Devon, 
878 ; Alfred the Great treated with 
them, 882 ; their fleet destroyed by 
Alfred at Appledore, 894 ; they ra- 
vaged Anglesey, 900 ; submitted to 
the Saxons, 921 ; defeated the Irish 
in Leinster, and killed their king, 
956 ; invaded Dorset anew, 982 ; 
attacked Essex, 991 ; their fleet de- 
feated, after a breach of treaty, 902 ; 
landed in Essex and the west, and 
were paid £16,000 to depart from 
England, 995 ; general massacre of, 
1002 ; they made new demands, and 
were paid £36,000, which they de- 
manded as tribute, 1003; ravaged 
Suffolk, and defeated the Saxons, 
1010 ; sacked Canterbury, and put 
the inhabitants to death, 1011 ; the 
conquest of England completed, 
1017; settled in Scotland, 1020; 
defeated at Clontarf, Ireland, 1039 ; 



DAE 



173 



DAY 



driven out of England, 1041 ; landed 
at Sandwich, and carried off their 
plunder to Flanders, 1047 ; burned 
York, and put 3000 Normans to the 
sword; invaded England, but were 
bribed to depart by William, 1074. 

Dangerous Association Bill, Ire- 
land, passed, Mar. 5, 1829 ; the So- 
man Catholic Relief Bill passed at 
the same time. 

Dantzick, a commercial town, 
997 ; some say not until 1169 ; first 
walled, 1390 ; admitted to vote at 
the election of the Polish kings, 
1632 ; placed itself under Russian 
protection, 1703 ; compelled to ac- 
knowledge Stanislaus king of Po- 
land, 1707; besieged by the Rus- 
sians, Eeb., 1733; surrendered, 
June 29, 1734 ; seized by the king 
of Prussia, 1789; taken by the 
French, May 5, 1807 ; recovered by 
the allies, 1814, reverting to the 
king of Prussia ; an explosion of 
gunpowder at, 300 persons killed 
and wounded, and 600 houses da- 
maged, 1815 ; dykes of the Vistula 
broke at, 1829, and 10,000 head of 
cattle, 4000 houses, and many lives 
lost, April 9, 1829. 

Darby, Justin, keeper of the Mar- 
shalsea, and William Acton, clerk, 
prosecuted for high crimes, cruelty, 
and extortion, in regard to the pri- 
soners under his care, 1729. 

DArcon, the Chevalier, engineer 
of the floating batteries before Gi- 
braltar, that attacked it in 1782, 
died 1800. 

Dardanelles, passage of, from the 
Mediterranean into the Sea of Mar- 
mora, defended by two castles, built 
by Mahomet IV., 1659 ; the passage 
forced by the English fleet, Feb. 19, 
1807 ; repassed, Mar. 2, when some 
damage was sustained, between 
forty and fifty killed, and more than 
200 wounded. 

Darlington worsted mills burned 
down, Feb. 19, 1817, and damage 
sustained to the extent of £35,000. 

Darlington Temple, built, 1123. 

Darnley, Earl, married to Mary 
Queen of Scots, 1561 ; murdered, 
Feb. 10, 1567. 



Dartford Priory, built, 1372. 

Dartford Cotton-mills, damaged 
by fire, Dec. 21, 1795. 

Dartford, Kent, the town noted 
for the first commencement of the 
insurrection of Wat Tyler, 1381 ; 
convent of nuns endowed at, by 
Edward III., 1355 ; converted by 
Henry VIII. into a palace ; first 
paper-mill in England erected at, 
1590, by Spellman, a German ; a 
noted place for the manufactory of 
gunpowder, where the mills blew up 
four times between 1730 and 1738 ; 
a great explosion in 1790, Oct. 12, 
Jan. 1, 1795, and two subsequently. 

Dartmouth, Devon, burned by 
the French in the reigns of Richard 
I. and Henry IV. ; defeated in a 
third attempt, 1404, when M. Castel, 
three lords, and thirty-two knights 
were taken by the townspeople; 
taken by the king's party after a 
siege of four weeks, 1643; stormed 
by General Fairfax, 1646. 

Dates, these first affixed to grants 
of land as assignments, 1290, temp. 
Edward I. 

Dauphin of France, the old title 
of the king's eldest son, so called 
from Dauphine, the province ceded 
to Phillip of Valois, on condition 
that the heirs to the throne of 
France should bear the name and 
arms of the province, 1343 ; this has 
been contradicted. The Dauphin 
of France, 1419, murdered the Duke 
of Burgundy, and was disinherited 
of the crown. 

Dauphiny, province of, ceded to 
France, 1343. 

David, St., cathedral of, built, 
1180, partly Saxon, 290 feet long; 
76 wide, 127 high; the bishopric 
founded, 520 ; the palace of, built, 
1335. 

Davis' Straits, discovered by John 
Davis, on a voyage to find the 
North-west passage, 1585; he was 
killed by Japanese pirates on the 
coast of Malacca, Dec. 27, 1605. 

Day, John, a printer, who first 
introduced into England the Greek 
and Saxon characters ; he died, 
1584. 



DEA 



174 



DE A 



Day, the term anciently for the 
time of the sun's light only, among 
the Greeks and Jews ; the Koman 
began at midnight; the Italian, 
from sunset to sunset ; the Chinese, 
twelve parts of two hours each; 
the English civil day, like the 
Roman, begins at midnight; the 
astronomical, at noon. In chrono- 
logy the day is of the utmost im- 
portance as to the duration of time 
signified. 

Deaf and Dumb, attempts to in- 
struct, first made by Pedro de Ponce, 
a benedictine monk of Spain, 1570; 
Bonet, a monk of Madrid, published 



a system for their instruction, 1620 ; 
a work of the kind was published 
in England by Wallis, 1650; the 
first regular attempt in Great Britain 
made in Edinburgh, 1773 ; the Abbe 
de l'Epee and M. Sicard, in Erance, 
were eminent in their labour in this 
philanthropic work. An asylum 
was opened in London for this pur- 
pose in 1792 ; and one at Claremont, 
Dublin, 1816. 

Deaf and Dumb persons dis- 
persed over the leading countries m 
Europe, 1830; the proportion is 
every where nearly uniform : — 



^ Number of 

" Inhabitants. 

Portugal 3,000,000 

Spain 14,000,000 

Erance 32,000,000 

Italy 20,000,000 

Switzerland .... 2,000,000 

Hungary 9,444,000 

Germany 44,223,000 

Netherlands .... 6,000,000 

Denmark 1,800,900 

Sweden and Norway . 3,800,000 
Russia in Europe . . 44,118,000 

Poland 5,700,000 

Great Britain .... 21,000,000 



Deaf and 
Dumb. 


Proportion. 
One in 


1,950 , 


. 1539 


7,150 . 


. 1539 


20,800 . 


. 1539 


13,000 . 


. 1539 


4,003 . 


. 500 


6,139 . 


. 1539 


31,657 . 


. 1397 


3,900 . 


. 1539 


1,260 . 


. 1420 


2,470 . 


. 1539 


28,667 . 


. 1539 


3,705 . 


. 1539 


13,650 . 


. 1539 



Dean and Chapter land sold by 
Cromwell, April 3, 1649. 

Dearth or Eamine, in Scotland, 
where thousands were starved, 306 ; 
in England and Wales, where 
40,000 were starved, 319 ; all over 
Britain, 325; at Constantinople, 
446; in Italy, where parents ate 
their children, 450; in Scotland, 
576 ; all over England, Wales, and 
Scotland, 739 ; another in Wales, 
747 ; in Wales and Scotland, 792 ; 
again in Scotland, 803 ; again in 
Scotland, when thousands were 
starved, 823 ; a severe one in Wales, 
836 ; in Scotland, which lasted four 
years, 954; famines in England, 
864, 974, 976, 1005 ; Scotland, which 
lasted two years, 1047 ; in England, 
1050. In 1069, fourth year of 
William I., from the Norman waste 
in England, the dearth was so great, 
especially in Northumberland and 



the neighbouring counties, that men 
ate horses, cats, and dogs in all the 
land between Durham and York, 
which lay waste nine years ; 1086, 
there was a dearth of cattle, a pesti- 
lence and famine, twenty-first year 
of William I. In 1093, reign of 
William Rufus, sixth year, the living 
were scarce able to bury the dead 
owing to famine and pestilence. In 
1112, the 13 Henry I., a dearth of 
men, cattle, and fowl, from the 
mortality. In 24th of the same 
king, 1124, numbers perished of 
famine. In 1177, the 23 Henry H., 
the royal household victuals re- 
duced, that a measure of wheat 
made bread for 100 men, 12d. ; a 
fat ox, 12d. ; a fat sheep, 4d. ; and 
provender for twenty horses, 4<L 
In 1205, a frost, so that the ground 
could not be tilled, and a quarter of 
wheat sold afterwards for a mark, 



DE A 



175 



DE A 



that had been but 12d. before ; a 
quarter of beans or peas for a noble ; 
and a quarter of oats for 3s. 4d., 
which were usually sold for 4d. 
In 1222, wheat was sold for 12s. the 
quarter, (silver was then Is. 9d. an 
ounce; in modern money, 5s. 7d.) 
or 36s. at present. In the 18 Henry 
III., the frost at Christmas destroyed 
all the ground, and all the roots in 
the gardens, and continued till Feb. 
2, without snow. The ground 
could not be ploughed, and poor 
people died for want of food. At 
that time, Walter Gray, archbishop 
of York, hoarded his out of avarice ; 
so that whether "he went to God 
or the devil men could not deter- 
mine." Henry III., by debasing the 
coin, caused great penury and suffer- 
ing. In 1258, after a wet year, a 
quarter of wheat sold for 20s., and 
it could not in some places be had 
for money; poor people ate the 
bark off the trees, and also horse- 
flesh, but twenty thousand were 
starved in London alone. In 1289, 
wheat rose from 3d. to 16d., and 
then to 2s. 6d. the bushel. In 
1295, the king searched the monas- 
teries for money, and caused wool 
and leather to be kept at home ; so 
that there was a great dearth of 
corn and Avine, (exchanged for them 
before,) 1298 ; there was a great 
dearth of wine, so that the com- 
munion could not be administered, 
1299. An Act of the common 
council of London, by which a fat 
cock was to be sold for Id. ; two 
pullets, Id. ; a fat capon, 2d. ; a 
goose, 4d. ; a mallard, Id. ; a part- 
ridge, Id. ; a pheasant, 4d. ; a heron, 
6d. ; a plover, Id. ; a swan, 3s. ; a 
crane, 12d. ; two woodcocks, Id. ; a 
fat lamb, from Christmas to Shrove- 
tide, 6d., the rest of the year, 4d. 
In 1314, food was so scarce and 
dear, that the common people could 
not live, and higher prices were for- 
bid to be asked in the city than was 
afore fixed, but no meat was to be 
had, nor fowls ; a quarter of wheat, 
beans, or peas, was sold at 2s. ; of 
malt, for a mark ; of salt, 35s. In 



1315, prices were no more to be 
fixed, but the dearth was so great 
through rain, that whef.t sold at 
40s. The mortality was so great 
that the dead could hardly be buried ; 
the beasts and cattle died; horse- 
flesh was esteemed a great delicacy; 
the poor stole the dogs to eat that 
had fattened on the corrupted cattle ; 
some ate their own children ; thieves 
in prison devoured each other ; the 
making malt was stopped, by order- 
ing ale to be sold at a Id. per gallon. 
In 1330, the corn could not ripen, 
peas in the green shells were served 
in place of apples and pears at All- 
hallow and Martinmas-day; there 
was no harvest till after Michaelmas. 
In 1355, the Irish brought in corn 
in plenty to the relief of the people. 
In 1358, there was a great dearth 
and pestilence, called the " second 
pestilence." In 1369, so great was 
the scarcity in London, that a bushel 
of wheat sold for 2s. 6d. ; of barley 
for 20d. ; and of oats for 12d. In 
1379, a bushel of wheat was bought 
for 6d. ; a gallon of white wine for 
6d. ; and of red for 4d. In 1391, 
there was a great dearth of corn 
for two years, and when green fruit 
came, the people devoured it so 
eagerly that they got fluxes and 
died. Corn was now procured from 
beyond sea, and 2000 marks were 
taken out of the orphan's chest of 
London to pay for it, besides £20 
a-piece from the aldermen. In 
1438, by reason of great storms, a 
scarcity was produced. In 1439, 
wheat sold in London at 3s. the 
bushel ; malt at 3s. the quarter ; and 
oats at 8s. Men eat beans, peas, 
and barley. Ships laden with rye 
came in, but the poor lived upon 
fern roots. In 1486, wheat was 
again costly, and so in 1491, 1494. 
In 1521, wheat was 20d. the bushel. 
In 1521, temp. Henry VIII., there 
was both famine and pestilence ; 
wheat sold at 20s. the quarter. In 
1526-27, there fell so much rain be- 
fore the end of January, that the 
ground was not dry at the end of 
April, when it again rained till 



DEA 



176 



DEA 



June, and the corn failed, and 
throughout England numbers died 
of want. In London wheat came 
in from Dantzic, which made it 
cheaper there than in the country 
parts; it was brought in by the 
merchants of the Stiliard. In 1573, 
there was a great scarcity for all 
that had not money. In 1586, the 
poor were relieved by the govern- 
ment, the price of grain being ex- 
cessive, and wheat in London 8s. 
the bushel. In 1594, grain became 
8s. the bushel again. In 1595, 
wheat was from 14s. to 4 marks the 
quarter, though some importations 
occurred; the London prentices, 
pinched in the stomach, stole food, 
and were whipped and set in the 
pillory. In 1596, the last five 
months of the year were wet, and 
meal sold for 10s. the bushel ; but 
corn now flowed in from Dantzic 
through the merchants, and corn 
could be had for money, with the 
price high. In 1565, two millions 
were expended on the importation 
of corn ; one in 1748 ; another in 
1798 ; in 1800-1, when wheat sold 
in England at the beginning of the 
year at £7 and .£8 the quarter. 
The following were the average 
prices in the counties named, from 
March 7 to March 14, 1801:— 
Middlesex, 168s. lOd. ; Surrey, 167s. 
2d. ; Hertford, 148s. lOd. ; Bedford, 
150s. ; Huntingdon, 160s. ; Nor- 
thampton, 140s. ; Eutland, 138s. 6d. ; 
Leicester, 148s. Id. ; Nottingham, 
138s. 8d. ; Derby, 145s. 4d. ; Stafford, 
161s. 9d.; Salop, 174s. 4d. ; Here- 
ford, 170s. 7cl. ; Worcester, 184s. 8d. ; 
Warwick, 178s. Id. ; Wilts, 166s. 4d. ; 
Berks, 170s. 6d. ; Oxford, 171s. 6d. ; 
Bucks, 156s.; Essex, 159s.; Kent, 
161s. lOd. ; Sussex, 164s. ; Suffolk, 
160s. Id.; Cambridge, 151s. 5d. ; 
Norfolk, 144s. ; Lincoln, 129s. lid. ; 
York, 133s. 2d. ; Durham, 190s. 9d. ; 
Northumberland, 136s. 8d. ; Cum- 
berland, 145s. 3d. ; Westmoreland, 
152s. 2d. ; Lancashire, 157s. ; 
Cheshire, 156s. ; Gloucester, 187s. 
Id.; Somerset, 176s. lid.; Mon- 
mouth, 179s. 3d. ; Devon, 150s. 2d. ; 



Cornwall, 137s. 5d. ; Dorset, 172s. 
9d.; Hants, 170s. 5d. ; N. Wales, 
136s. ; S. Wales, 133. In the pro- 
vince of Vellore, in India, in 1810, 
6000 persons perished of famine. 
In the diocese of Drontheim, Nor- 
way, in consequence of Sweden in- 
tercepting the supplies, 5000 persons 
perished. In Ireland, in 1845, be- 
gan the failure of the potatoe crop, 
which continued for four years, 
causing pestilence, fever, and famine, 
to a degree never before known in 
these islands. Thousands died, 
many more emigrated, although 
£10,000,000 was voted by England 
for their relief; but death did its 
work faster. When the census of 
1831 was taken there were 7,784,934 ; 
in 1841, there were in Ireland 
8,175,124 persons; and in 1851, the 
return showed but 6,515,794. Many 
had emigrated, but famine and 
pestilence had taken more. 

Deaths and Births, tax laid upon, 
1783. 

Death, Captain, killed in an en- 
gagement with a French privateer, 
one of the most desperate ever 
known on both sides, Dec. 28, 1756. 

Death, punishment of, (see Cri- 
minals). The modes formerly used 
puzzled invention to inflict torment. 
Hanging, drowning, and quartering 
commenced in England in 1241. The 
punishment itself for many offences 
was abolished by the acts of 4 and 
10 George IV., 1824 and 1829; again 
by acts 2 and 3 William IV., 1832 ; 
but forging wills and powers of 
attorney to transfer stock were still 
made capital. Death abolished in 
all cases of forgerv by 1 Vict., July 
17,1837. 

Deaths, Parish Begister of, esta- 
blished by Cromwell, Earl of Essex, 
1536; more formally executed, 
1593, after the great plague that 
year. The great registration act, 
passed April 17, 1836, renders the 
parochial registers of small moment, 
because all deaths, births, and mar- 
riages must be registered by the 
proper officer, whether of church- 
men or dissenters, and that alone is 



DEC 



17; 



DEI 



legal evidence in a law-court from 
the above date. 

Deaths in War: at Talavera, 
Salamanca, and Waterloo, 211 per 
cent, of the private soldiers were 
killed ; and in the last years of the 
war in Spain, 4*2 per cent. ; the 
deaths by disease were 11 "9 per 
cent. 

Debtors, imprisonment of, a bar- 
barous practice, contrary to magna 
charta; 25,000 in prison, Dec. 6, 
1758; in eighteen months, subse- 
quent to December, 1825, no less 
than 101,000 writs of arrest for 
debt were issued. In the year end- 
ing Jan. 5, 1830, there were 7114 
persons sent to the different prisons 
of London. On Jan. 1st, 1840, the 
number of prisoners for debt in 
England and Wales was 1372; in 
Ireland under 1000 ; in Scotland 
under 100, in consequence of the 
beneficial change in the law. 

Debenham, Suffolk, a great fire 
at, and thirty-eight houses burned, 
March 1, 1743-4. 

Decameron of Boccaccio, a col- 
lection of tales ; a small folio edition 
printed in 1471, was sold to the 
Marquis of Blandford at the Duke 
of Roxburgh's sale for £2260, 17s., 
June, 1812. 

December 25th commenced the 
year in England before the reign of 
William the Conqueror. 

Decimal Arithmetic, invented by 
Simon Steven of Bruges, 1602 ; 
adopted in France after the revo- 
lution of 1789, the franc being the 
standard, and the centime, or 100th 
part, the smallest coin ; in Ame- 
rica, the dollar, and the cent or 
100th of the dollar; Russia, one 
silver rouble, and the kopeck, 100th 
part. Proposed in England, 1852, 
the pound being the standard ; half- 
sovereign, 0*5 ; florin, 04 ; shilling, 
•05 ; sixpence, '025 ; fourpence, - 020 ; 
threepence, '015 ; a penny, *005, but 
in this case the copper coin alone to 
be altered, and made 1000 farthings, 
in place of 960, to the pound, as at 
present; Laurie's plan before the 
government, 1853. 



Declaration of Rights, bill of 
passed, 1689. 

De Courcy, baron of Kinsale, 
Ireland, his privilege of standing 
covered before the king granted to 
him and his successors by King 
John, 1203. Sir John de Courcy 
was the first nobleman created by 
an English sovereign, 1181, and he 
was entrusted with the government 
of Ireland in 1185. The privilege 
was allowed by George IV. in 
Dublin, 1821. 

Dedication of Churches, intro- 
duced in the year 331. 

Deeds were written in the Latin 
and French languages, the earliest 
known in English dates 1343 ; this 
language was ordered to be used in 
law pleadings, 1364; and in all law- 
suits, 1731. 

Deering, Sir Cholmley, killed in 
a duel, May 9, 1811. 

Defence, a British ship of war, 
of 74 guns, stranded on the coast 
of North Jutland, when all on 
board, except five seamen and a 
marine, perished, Dec, 1811. 

Defender of the Faith, a title 
conferred by Pope Leo X. on Henry 
VIII. of England, Oct. 9, 1521. 

Defenders, the name of an Irish 
faction, grounded on a quarrel be- 
tween two individuals, July 4, 1784. 
The friends of each party met armed, 
and gave origin to other factions, 
that subsequently disturbed the 
peace of Ireland. 

Degrees Academical, first intro- 
duced at Paris before 1213 ; of 
latitude measured by Maupertuis, 
1735; Swanberg, 1803; Cassini, 
1718, and 1740, and by others. 

De la Plata, or the river Plata, 
discovered, 1512. 

Deism : the belief in one God, as 
contradistinguished from Atheism, 
which believes in no first cause. 
The name was taken by sevei-al 
metaphysicians and others, about 
the middle of the sixteenth century, 
to prevent their being confounded 
with the unbelievers in a deity, as 
they acknowledged a state of re- 
wards and punishments and a super- 



DEN 



178 



DEN 



intending providence. Herbert, baron 
of Cherbmy, was the first in Eng- 
land, 1624; others were Hobbes, 
1660, 1733, and Bolingbroke, 1751. 

Delegates, Court of, formerly the 
highest ecclesiastical court in Eng- 
land ; causes were heard here, after 
appeals to the pope were disallowed, 
1532; it was abolished Aug. 14, 
1833 ; appeals to be afterwards to 
the judicial committee of the privy 
council. 

Delft, city of, founded 1072; 
nearly destroyed by fire, 1586; the 
well-known manufacture of the ware 
there was brought from Eaenza, in 
Italy. 

Delhi, the Mogul capital in 
Hindostan, had a million of inhabi- 
tants in 1700; taken by Nadir 
Shah, 1738, who put to the sword 
100,000 of the inhabitants, and 
plundered it to the extent of 
£16,000,000 sterling; in 1761, it 
was invaded and plundered by 
Abdalla, king of Candahar ; taken 
by the Mahrattas in 1803; they 
being defeated by Gen. Lake, who 
replaced its former sovereign, it 
became a dependent city of the 
British East Indian empire. 

Delphin Classics : a collection of 
the Latin authors printed for the 
use of the Dauphin, son of Louis 
XIV. ; illustrated with valuable 
notes, in sixty volumes, 1674 and 
1691 ; Ausonius, 1750 ; Valpy re- 
published them, with some addi- 
tional notes, 1824. 

Denbigh Abbey built 1330 ; the 
castle, 1280. 

Demerara and Essequibo, South 
America, settled by the Dutch, 
taken by the English, April 22, 
1796; restored in 1802; retaken, 
Sept. 20, 1803; retained at the 
peace of 1815. 

Denarius, a Roman coin, value 
about 7|d. sterling, the origin of 
the English penny, the principal 
coin down to the reign of King 
John, 1199. 

Denmark : the early history is 
fabulous before Eadnor Lodbros:, 
750; Canute the Great, 1014; 



Waldemar, 1157; Waldemar II., 
1223; Gothland conquered, 1347; 
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 
one kingdom, 1397 ; Swedish revolt, 
1414; the two nations united, 
1439; accession of Christian I., 
1448 ; Christian II. deposed, 1523 ; 
Luther's doctrines established by 
Christian III. ; Christian IV. at 
the head of the Protestant League, 
1629 ; Charles Gustavus of Sweden 
besieged Copenhagen, 1658; Fre- 
derick IV. expelled the Swedes 
from Norway and other places, 1716; 
a fire consumed 1650 houses, five 
churches, the university, and four 
colleges, 1728 ; Christian VII. con- 
fined his queen (the sister of George 
III. of England), in a fit of jealousy, 
and banished her, putting Counts 
Struenzee and Brandt to the tor- 
ture, and then beheading them ; the 
queen died at Zell, May 10, 1775 ; 
Christian VII. became deranged, 
and Prince Frederick made Regent, 
1784; Copenhagen again nearly de- 
stroyed by fire, June 9, 1795 ; Nel- 
son attacked Copenhagen, and the 
armed neutrality dissolved, April 2, 
1801 ; Copenhagen surrendered to an 
English expedition, Sept. 7, 1807 ; 
Pomerania and Rugen annexed to 
Denmark, in exchange for Norway, 
1814 ; a commercial treaty with 
England, 1824; death of Christian 
VIII., 1848; Frederick VII. suc- 
ceeded to the throne, Jan. 20, 1848 ; 
duchies of Schleswig and Holstein 
revolt, March 25, 1849; victory of 
the Danes over the Holstein forces 
and Germans, April 10, 1849; the 
Prussians drove the Danes from 
their positions, April 22, 1849 ; the 
Danes blockaded Schleswig and 
Holstein, April 20; the Germans 
defeated by the Danes, May 28 ; 
the Danes attacked by the Prus- 
sians and Hanoverians, and an 
armistice, June and August, 1849 ; 
peace with Prussia, July 2, 1850; 
integrity of Denmark guaranteed 
by England, France, Prussia, and 
Sweden, July 4, 1850; the Danes 
defeat the Holsteiners at Ilstadt, 
July 26, 1850; the Holsteiners 



DEP 



179 



DE V 



again defeated, Oct. 6, and the 
great powers interfered. The kings 
of Denmark, from Frederick I., 
whose reign began 1523 — 

Christian III. . . 1554 
Frederick II. . . 1559 
Christian IV. . . 1558 
Frederick III. . . 1648 
Christian V. . . 1670 
Frederick IV. . . 1699 
Christian VI. . . 1730 
Frederick V. . . 1746 
Christian VII. . . 1766 
Frederick VI, . . 1808 
Christian VIII. . 1839 
Frederick VII. , < 1848 
Denis, St., church of, Franee, 
built by Dagobert, 1140, 

Denis, St H order of, begun in 
France, 1267. 

Denis, St., town of,- famous for 
its abbey and church ; desecrated at 
the revolution ; restored by Bona - 
parte,- 1806 ; the Duke de Berri and 
Louis XVIII. interred there, 1820 
and 1824. 

Dennewitz, battle of, between 
Bernadotte^ king of Sweden, and 
Marshal Ney, Sept. 6, 1813. 

D'Eon,- the Chevalier, so called, 
about whose sex for many years 
the World disputed, died 1810, at 
the age of 82, and proved to be of 
the masculine gender. 

Depredations On property in the 
Metropolis estimated at £2,000,-000 
sterling in 1818, namely :— 

£ 
Small thefts . . . 710,000 
On rivers and quays . 500,000 
In dockyards on the 

Thames .... 300,000 
Burglaries & highway 

robberies .... 220,000 
Coining bad money .200,000 
Forging bills and swin- 
dling ..... 70,000 
Deptford, a town and dockyard, 
the former incorporated by Henry 
VIII. ; naval stores' buildings, 1513 ; 
Queen Elizabeth dined there, in Sir 
Francis Drake's ship in which he 
had circumnavigated the world, 
April 4, 1581 ; the victualling-office 
burned, Jan. 16,- 1748-9 ; the store- 



house burned, Sept. 2, 1758; also 
the Bed-house, Feb. 26, 1761; and 
the King's-mill, Dec. 1, 1 T 75. 

Deputies from Bordeaux arrived 
in London, to invite Louis XVIII. 
to return to France, Mar. 1, 1814. 

Derby, Free Grammar School of, 
founded by Queen Elizabeth, July 
15, 1585. 

DerrYj Bishopric of, transferred 
from Maghera to Deny, 1158; the 
cathedral btiilt, 1164 ; rebuilt in the 
reign of James I. ; the see of Ka- 
phoe added to it,- Aug.- 14, 1833. 

Derby, trials for high treason^ 
Oct. 15, 1817, and Brandfeth, Tur- 
ner, and Ludlow, executed Nov. 6 ; 
twenty-one prisoners tried for the 
murder of several miners in the 
Bedsoil mine, but acquitted, March 
23, 1834. 

Derby, Countess of,- defended 
Latham House against the parlia- 
ment, Dec. 4, 1646; 

Derby, Earl of, joined Charles 
II. on his invasion of England ; be- 
headed at Bolton^ Oct. 19, 1651. 

Derwentwater, Earl of, taken at 
"Preston, Nov. 13, 1715 ; with Lord 
Kcnmure, beheaded on Tower Hill,' 
Feb; 24, 1816 ; his estates given to 
Greenwich Hospital, 1735. 

Deseada, Island of, discovered bv 
Columbus, 1494. 

Desmond, Earl of, beheaded in 
Ireland, 1468. 

Despard, Col. Edmund Thorn as^ 
and six other persons, executed on 
a charge of high treasoti, Feb. 21,' 
1803. 

Detttngen, Battle of, between the 
Anglo-Hanoverian and the French 
army, under Marshal Noailles, in 
which the latter was defeated, losing 
5000 men, June 16, 1743. George 
II. was present in this battle at the 
head of the British infantry, but 
the Earl of Stair commanded the 
allies. 

Devis, Arthur William, an Eng- 
lish landscape painter of merit, one 
of the crew of the Antelope wrecked 
on the Pellew Islands, when Prince 
Le Boo was brought to England, 
born, 1762 ; died, 1822, 



DIA 



180 



DIE 



Devizes Castle, built, 1136 ; town 
taken by Cromwell, Oct. 11, 1645. 

Devonport, once Dock, see Ply- 
mouth, made a borough with Stone- 
house, 1832. 

Devonshire House, Piccadilly, 
burned down, 1733. 

Devonshire and Pitt administra- 
tion, Nov., 1756. This is commonly 
called Lord Chatham's first adminis- 
tration. 

Dey of Algiers assassinated by a 
soldier, Dec. 11, 1754. 

Dey of Tunis first appointed, 
1570. 

Diamonds came first to Europe, 
from the East, and were early known ; 
called " adamas," adamant, by the 
Greeks ; declared to be combustible 
by Newton, 1675 ; afterwards proved 
to be so. The mines of Sumbulpoor, 
the first discovered, then those of 
Golconda, 1534 ; the diamond mines 
of Brazil, 1728. From 1801 to 1806 
the expenses of working these mines 
were £204,000, and 115,000 carats 
of diamonds, at 33s. 9d. the carat, 
were the returns, with ,£17,300 of 
gold ; found in the Ural mountains, 
1829. The largest ever found was 
sent to the court of Portugal uncut, 
1808 ; 
worth 



55 



it weighs 11 oz. ; found, 
at 1716 carats, by weight, 
£300,000,000. 

The great diamond oH 
Russia, bought by Ca- > 
therine, 1775, - ; 

The Pitt, sold to France, 
1717, estimated in 1791 
as worth 12,000,000 frs. ; 
the finest, though not 
largest, in the world, 

The diamond of the Ra-} 
jah of Mattan, found in V 
Borneo, ) 

The Koh-i-noor, found in } 
Golconda, 1550 ; brought V 
to England, 1850, ) 

The Austrian or Maxi- 
milian, 

The diamond of the Great 
Mogul, of a rose colour, 
found at Colore, Bengal, 



Carats. 



179 



136$ 



367 



186±> 



139^ 

297 
and 
9-16th. 



34 



Carats. 

A star borne in the crown ) 67 and 

of France, - - ) 2-16th. 

The Sanci diamond, taken ^ 

at Morat in 1475 ; pledged { 

to M. de Sanci in 1589 ; | 

now belonging to France, ) 
Nassac diamond, - 89| 

The Pigott diamond, soldi 

by lottery in London, > 47h 

May 13, 1802, - ) 
One in Holland, - 36 

Hope diamond, - 44 

One sold to Napoleon, ) 

from London, - ) 
There are not more than nineteen 
diamonds known of the weight of 
36 carats and above. The diamond 
is only pure carbon, declared by 
Davy, 1800. First used for writing 
on glass about 1550. 

Diamonds, first cut and polished 
at Bruges, 1489. 

Diana, Temple of, at Ephesus, as 
rebuilt ;' burned by the Goths, 256. 

Dice, invented before the Christian 
era ; played with in England by the 
kings of Scotland, France, and 
Cyprus, when on a visit to Edward 
III., about 1347 ; stamped in Eng- 
land, 1775 ; act to regulate the 
licence of makers and sale, 1828. 

Dictionary, the oldest, that of 
the Chinese, perfected 1100 years 
before Christ, by Pa Out She, con- 
tains 40,000 characters ; Calepini 
wrote one in Latin, another in eight 
languages, 1500 ; Castell's Lexicon 
was published, 1659 ; Bayle's dic- 
tionary, 1695 ; Chambers' in 1728 ; 
Johnson's, 1755 ; the number since 
is considerable on all subjects. 

Dictum de Kenilworth, enacted 
1266. 

Diet of Germany, composed of 
the three colleges of electors, of 
princes, and of the imperial towns, 
commenced with an edict of 
Charles IV., 1356. The Diet of 
Wurtzburg held, 1179; that of 
Worms, 1521 ; of Spiers, against 
the reformers, 1529 ; of Augsburg, 
1530 ; of the Confederation of the 
Rhine, July 12, 1806; the subse- 
quent diets not numerous. 



DIR 



1S1 



DIS 



Dietjdonne, the name given to 
Louis XIV. of France, because his 
mother had been childless twenty- 
three years before, 1638. 

Dieu et mon Droit, the parole 
of Richard I. at the battle of Gisors, 
in which he defeated the French 
army, 1198. It has ever since been 
retained in the royal arms. 

Digby, Sir Edward, hanged and 
embowelled with the others con- 
cerned in the popish plot of Jan. 30, 
1606. 

Digits, single figures, so called 
from the numbers expressed origin- 
ally on counting the fingers, origi- 
nating with the Moors, 900, in- 
troduced into Spain, 1050, and 
England, 1253. 

Dilkes, Admiral, destroyed forty 
sail of ships on the coast of Nor- 
mandy, 1703. 

Dioceses, the Roman empire 
divided into, by Constantine, as 
some assert, 323. In England, the 
circuits of the bishops' jurisdiction, 
of which there are twenty-four, of 
which twenty-one are suffragan to 
Canterbury, and three to York. 

Dionysius Priory, Hants, built, 
1124. 

Diocletian Era, or era of the 
martyrs, used by Christians before 
the introduction of the Christian 
era in the sixth century; still em- 
ployed by the Copts and Abyssinians, 
dating from the clay when Diocletian 
was proclaimed emperor at Chalce- 
don, Aug. 29, 284. 

Diorama, a pictorial illusion so 
perfect, that by means of the accurate 
perspective and management of the 
light, it is difficult to distinguish 
the painting from the reality, first 
opened in London, Sept. 29, 1823. 

Dipping Needle, invented by 
Robert Norman, a compass-maker 
of Radcliffe, 1580. 

Directory of the Church, estab- 
lished by an ordinance of Parlia- 
ment, 1644. 

Directory, a body so called in 
France, that was installed at the 
Little Luxemburg at Paris under 
a new constitution of the govern- 



ment, Nov. 1, 1795, and held the 
executive power four years. It 
was deposed by Bonaparte, Nov., 
1799. 

Discipline, Book of, drawn up by 
the ministers of the church of Scot- 
land, setting aside prelacy, 1650. 

Discovery ships from Deptford, 
to explore the arctic seas of America, 
April 28, 1821 ; Lieut. Parry re- 
turned from his northern voyage, 
Nov. 6, 1820. 

Dispensations, first granted by 
the pope Innocent III., 1 200 ; among 
other breaches of the law and 
former church discipline, this aided 
in forcing on the reformation in 
1517 in Germany, and elsewhere.* 

Dissentees first separated from 
the church of England, 1571 ; their 
first place of worship established at 
Wentworth, Nov. 20, 1572 ; meeting- 
houses of, pulled down by the mob, 
March 1, 1709-10 ; in Birmingham, 
July 14, 1791, by a "church and 
king " mob, when a number of 
private houses were also ravaged. 
Test and Corporation acts affecting, 
repealed, May 9, 1828. 

Dissolution of the monasteries, 
and plunder of, by Henry VIII. ; he 
executed some of the great abbots, 
and turned 10,000 friars and nuns on 
the world without subsistence ; 
seized Becket's shrine and its wealth 
for his ow^n use, 1538 ; also all the 
money and property found in the 
monastic dwellings, July 29, 1539 ; 
the seizure of 645 abbeys, 28 mitred, 
was declared legal ; 152 colleges 
and 129 hospitals, whether estab- 
lished by public or private means, 
were suppressed ; the plate, jewels, 
and church ornaments were turned 
into money for the king's coffers, 
and lands and property to the 
amount of £161,000 per annum ap- 
propriated to the royal purposes. 
Camden gives the number at 643 
monasteries, 80 colleges, 2374 chant- 
ries and free chapels, and 110 hos- 
pitals. 1540, the knights of St. 
John of Jerusalem were suppressed, 
and their effects confiscated to the 
king's use. 



DOC 



182 



DOG 



Distaff, spinning with, intro- 
duced into England, and first taught 
to the women of England by an 
Italian named Bonavisa, 1505. 

Distemper among horses and 
cattle broke out, 1750. 

Distillation, originally brought 
to Spain by the Moors, 1150 ; intro- 
duced into England in the sixteenth 
century, and was known in Ireland 
in 1590. In 1786, it yielded in 
duties £421,193 : 1 : 3h ; in 1794, 
£680,573 : 16 : 8 ; in 1733, England 
and Wales consumed 10,500,000 
galls, imp. ; 1734, 13,500,000 do. ; 
1740, 15,250,000 do.;1742, 19,000,000 
do.; 1850, 22,962,012 do., of the 
home-made spirits, and of the pro- 
duce of the still, foreign and do- 
mestic, 28,246,987 galls, imp. 

Diving-bell, an invention of the 
same nature was first tried at Cadiz 
before the emperor Charles V„ 1509 ; 
reported to have been used to search 
for some of the wreck of the Spanish 
armada on the coast of Scotland, 
1669. Dr. Halley greatly improved 
the diving-bell. Mr. Spalding and 
his assistants drowned in a diving- 
bell in Ireland, June 1, 1783; the 
Royal George at Portsmouth suiv 
veyed by a diving-bell, May, 1817 ; 
emploved in submarine works, gene- 
ral in 1840. 

Divorces from marriage, at- 
tempted to be made more easy of 
attainment, 1539 ; a bill to prevent 
women marrying their seducers 
brought into parliament, 1801. 

Dixmuid surrendered to the 
Erench, July 28, 1695. 

Dizier, St., Battle of, between 
Napoleon and the allied armies, 
Jan. 27, 1814. Siege of the city of, 
by Charles V., 1544. 

Docks of London, these recep- 
tacles of vessels for commercial pur- 
poses are the West India, the act 
for which was passed July, 1799, 
opened, Aug. 27, 1802 ; the London 
docks begun, June 26, 1802, opened, 
July 31, 1805 ; the East India docks, 
under an act passed July 27, 1803, 
opened, Aug. 4, 1806 ; St. Catherine's 
docks begun, May 23, 1827, opened, 



Oct. 25, 1828, 2500 men being 
constantly employed upon them. 
The Surrey docks, Eotherhithe ; the 
East County docks, Rotherhithe ; 
the Commercial docks, Rotherhithe, 
formed, 1725, and able to accom- 
modate 350 sail of vessels; nine 
dry docks and a floating dock were 
all in full employment, 1751. 

Docks of Liverpool, the Canning 
dock was built 1728 ; the Salthouse 
dock, 1738; George's dock, 1762; 
King's dock, 1785 ; Queen's dock, 
1785; Brunswick dock, April 13, 
1832 ; Prince's dock, 1815 ; Water- 
loo dock, Aug. 18, 1834; Victoria 
dock; Trafalgar dock; Clarence 
dock; and the Graving docks, have 
an area of ninety acres, and seven 
miles of quay and upwards. Dock 
dues, 1724, £810:11:8; in 1835, 
£217,825 ; in 1730, only 300 vessels 
entered the port, and in 1835, 
13,941. 

Dockyards, for the navy, seven 
in number ; Woolwich, 1509 ; Chat- 
ham, 1550 ; Portsmouth established 
by Henry VIII. ; Plymouth by 
William III. ; Sheerness, George 
IV., 1823 ; and Pembroke or Mill- 
ford Haven by George III. Dept- 
ford is now devoted to the victual- 
ling service. 

Doctor, Title of, conferred by 
John, 1207. Bede is said to have 
been the first who obtained a de- 
gree at Cambridge, 725. 

Dodd, Dr., exectxted at Newgate 
for forgery, June 27, 1777. 

Dog, statute against stealing, 
1770 ; tax imposed, 1796 and 1808 ; 
employment of making them draw 
carts abolished, Jan. 1, 1840. 

Dog, order of knighthood, began, 
1070. 

Doge of Venice, the title of the 
chief of the state, the first of whom 
was Anafesto Paululio, 697 ; revolt 
of the Genoese, and choice of 
a doge among their own nobility, 
1030 ; the ceremony of the doge 
marrying the sea instituted, 1173, 
and annually observed until 1797. 

Dogget and Badge, an annual 
rowing match on the Thames, for a 



DOM 



183 



DOR 



legacy left by a person named 
Dogget, to row from the Old Swan, 
London Bridge, to the White Swan, 
at Chelsea, when the tide is most 
set against them, Aug. 1, 1715. 

Doelart-zee, between Groningen 
and East Friezland, formed by an 
inundation, 1277. 

Dolwyddelean Castle, Caernar- 
vonshire, built, 500. 

Domingo, St., Island of, dis- 
covered by Columbus in his second 
voyage, 1493; the city founded, 
1494. Port au Prince and the city 
nearly destroyed by the revolted 
negroes in Oct., Nov., and Dec, 
1791 ; given up by Rochambeau to 
the black troops, 1803, after Tous- 
saint l'Ouverture had governed the 
island till 1802, when he was made 
a prisoner by Bonaparte, and died 
in prison. Dessalines afterwards 
massacred the whites, March 29, 
1804 ; proclaimed himself emperor 
in Oct., 1804; died, 1805. Chris- 
tophe became president of the island, 
1807 ; and was crowned emperor, 
March, 1811 ; and Petion president 
at Port au Prince ; Petion died, and 
Boyer was elected in his place, 
May, 1818 ; Christophe died by his 
own hand, Oct., 1820 ; independence 
was proclaimed in Dec, 1821 ; a de- 
cree of the king of France acknow- 
ledged it, April, 1825; under the 
name of Hayti proclaimed an em- 
pire by the president Solouque, 
who took the title of Faustus I., 
Aug. 26, 1849. 

Domingo, St., fleet of France 
taken by the English, June 27, 
1747. 

Dominica, island of, discovered 
by Columbus, Nov. 3, 1493 ; taken 
by the English, 1761 ; by the French, 
1773 ; restored, 1783 ; hurricane at, 
1806 ; again, July 23, 1813 ; again, 
Sept. 15, 1816. 

Dominicans, a religious order of 
universal influence, called in Eng- 
land the Blackfriars, founded by 
St. Dominick, and sanctioned by 
Innocent III. in 1215; the order 
confirmed by Honorius III., 1216 ; 
in 1276, the people of London gave 



them two entire streets by the 
Thames, where they erected a mon- 
astery. 

Domitian, the emperor, assassi- 
nated, 96, aged 45. His palace at 
Rome built, 80. 

Domus Dei House built at Dover, 
1240. 

Don River, overflowed its banks 
and caused much injury, Aug. 10, 
1750. 

Don, a title adopted in Spain by 
the king, 750 ; it is from the Latin 
dominus. 

Donna Maria, frigate, blown up 
at Macao, with 200 men, Oct. 29, 
1850; only sixteen escaped. 

Donnington Castle, Berks, built, 
1260. 

Donnington, Battle of, between 
the royalists and parliamentarians, 
1643 ; of Donnington, Gloucester- 
shire, 1645. 

Doomsday Book,- or survey of 
England, made by order of William 
I., 1080 ; ir was a register to de- 
termine the tenure of estates. It 
is still preserved in the exchequer 
in two volumes, very legible, with 
all the counties of England, except 
Northumberland and Durham. It 
was finished, 1086. The taxes were 
levied according to this survey un- 
til 13 Henry VIIL, 1522, when 
another survey was made. 

Dorchester Cathedral, built, 636 ; 
destroyed by fire, Aug. 7, 1613 ; 
bishopric of, founded, 625 ; it was a 
see for 460 years. It merged into 
Lincoln, 1074, and Remigius was 
its last prelate. 

Dorchester School founded by 
Edward Hardy, Aug. 3, 1579. 

Dorset, the young duke of, killed 
by falling from his horse in Ireland, 
at Killiney, Feb., 1815. 

Dorsington, Warwickshire, great- 
ly injured by fire, Aug. 3, 1759. 

Dort, Holland, the sea broke 
clown the dykes at ; in the territory 
of Dordrecht, 10,000 persons per- 
ished, and more than 100,000 round 
Dollart in Zealand and Friesland. 
In the two last provinces, 300 village 
towers and steeples were seen Avith 



DRA 



184 



DRU 



their tops above water. The pro- 
testant synod was held here in 1618. 

Botjav, France, university at, 
built by Philip II. of Spain, 1569 ; 
taken from the Spaniards by Louis 
XIV., 1667 ; by the Puke of Marl- 
borough from the French, 1710 ; re- 
taken by the French the following 
year. The town gives its name to 
a translation of the Bible authorized 
alone by the Catholic church. 

Douglas Castle, near Edinburgh, 
destroyed by fire, Dec. 11, 1758. 
- Douglas, governor of the Leeward 
islands, prosecuted for tyranny, 
Nov. 19, 1716. 

Dove of Castile, order of knight- 
hood, established, 1379. 

Dover Castle, near which Julius 
Caesar is supposed to have first 
landed ; some untenably assert it to 
be built by him ; the town built, 47 ; 
the castle rebuilt and strengthened 
by Henry II.,; the town fortified 
1525 ; the priory before, in 1130 ; 
here King John meanly resigned 
his kingdom to the pope's legate, 
May 13, 1213; the pier projected, 
1533 ; built, 1549 ; the fort barracks 
burned, July 30, 1800 ; a large part 
of the cliff fell, Nov. 27, 1810. Mrs. 
Poole, five of her children, and 
niece, killed by a fall of part of the 
cliff, Dec. 14, 1810. 

Do web, a Saxon usage, the widow 
entitled to a moiety of the husband's 
property for life, 941 ; the widows 
of traitors debarred dower, 1550. 

Dowlais Steam-Engine, Glamor- 
ganshire, exploded, and the boiler, 
five tons in weight, was blown into 
the air seventy feet, crushing the 
building in its fall; eight were 
killed, and four wounded, 1850. 

Down, Bishopric of, established, 
499 ; the cathedral built, about 
1183; united to Connor in 1441, 
and both to Dromore, 1834. 

Down, Cathedral of, destroyed 
by Lord Grey, lord- deputy of Ire- 
land, for which and his other offen- 
ces he was beheaded, 1541. 

Dbagon, order of knighthood in 
Hungary, begun, 1413. 

Dragoons, first regiment raised 



in England, 1681 ; sent to Oxford to 
keep the university in awe, 1715. 

Dbake, Sir Francis, circumnavi- 
gated the globe, 1577 ; died Jan., 
1596, aged 51. 

Dbama of England, began with 
mysteries, 1270 ; the first regular 
in Europe, at Borne before Leo. X., 
1515. In England at Bankside, 
1574 ; grant of, to Shakspeare, 1603 ; 
suspended after the death of Charles 
I. till the restoration, 1660; licensed 
by Charles II., 1662 ; the first fe- 
male on the stage appeared, 1656 ; 
theatre opened in Lincoln's-Inn- 
Fields, 1695 ; act for revising and 
licensing plays, 1737 ; dramatic 
copy protection right act, June, 
1833. 

Dresden, founded 808 ; china in- 
troduced and made at, 1702; peace 
of, Dec. 25, 1745 ; siege of, by the 
king of Prussia, 1759; 25,000 French 
troops surrendered here to the allies, 
Nov. 6, 1813 ; dreadful explosion of 
gunpowder at, and many lives lost, 
June 27, 1814 ; the king of Saxony 
resigned the royal authority, Sept. 
9, 1830, and his nephew succeeded 
him. 

Dresden, Battle of, Aug. 27 and 
28, 1813 ; the Allies, 200,000 men, 
attacked Napoleon, and were routed 
with dreadful slaughter, when 
General Moreau was killed. 

Dress restrained by law in Eng- 
land, 1465 and 1574, and 1580. 

Drinking spirituous liquors at- 
tempted to be suppressed, June 24, 
1751. 

Drogheda, Ireland, taken by 
storm by Oliver Cromwell, having 
been before besieged in 1641 ; the 
garrison and many of the towns- 
people were put to the sword, Aug. 
14, 1649. 

Droit dAubaine abolished in 
France, Aug. 5, 1790. 

Dromore, Bishopric of, founded 
556 ; united with Down, 1834. 

Drontheim, Norway, 62 houses 
and 12 magazines destroyed by fire 
at, Dec, 1788. 

Druids destroyed by Suetonius 
Paulinus in England and Wales, 59. 



D UB 



185 



DUE 



Drum, an invention of the Moors ; 
brought into Spain, 713. 

Drunkenness of the clergy res- 
trained by canon law, 747 ; punished 
with death by Constantine, king of 
Scotland, 870 ; restrained in the 
laity by law, 975. 

Drury - Lane Theatre, from a 
cockpit converted into a theatre, 
called the Phoenix, April 25, 1662 ; 
burned down, 1671 ; rebuilt by Sir 
Christopher Wren, 1674 ; the in- 
terior by Adams, Sept. 23, 1775 ; 
in 1791 rebuilt, and opened, 1794; 
destroyed by fire, Feb. 24, 1809; 
rebuilt and opened, Oct. 16, 1812. 
Receipts of, on opening : — The first 
year, ,£79,925, 14s. ; the second 
year, £68,389, 3s. ; the third 
year, £61,585 : 8 : 5 ; the fourth 
year, £49,586, 17s. 

DRURY-Lane and St. Giles first 
paved with stone, according to act 
of Parliament, 1605. 

Drury - Lane Theatrical Fund 
originated by David Garrick, 1777. 

Dublin City Walls, built about 
838; its first charter, 1173; foun- 
dation of the castle, 1205, and 
finished, 1213; first mayor, 1409; 
university founded, 1591; charter 
granted by King James, 1609 ; be- 
sieged by the Marquis of Ormond, 
1649 ; Cromwell relieved Dublin 
with 9000 foot and 400 horse, Aug., 
1649; the chief magistrate addressed 
as lord while in office, 1665 ; James 
II. arrived at, 1688; parliament 
house begun, 1729; Royal Dublin 
Society incorporated, 1749; the 
streets paved generally, 1773; Royal 
Exchange opened ; new custom- 
house opened, 1791 ; fire at the par- 
liament house, 1792 ; converted 
into the national bank, 1792; re- 
bellion, Lord E. Fitzgerald arrested 
in Nov., 1798 ; Dublin institution 
founded, 1811 ; visit of George IV., 
Aug. 12, 1821 ; custom - house 
burned, Aug. 9, 1833 ; British As- 
sociation met there, 1835 ; royal 
arcade burned, April 25, 1837 ; the 
Queen visited Dublin, Aug. 3, 1849. 

Dublin, Archbishopric of, united 
to the see of Gladdagh, 1214; Kil- 



dare annexed to this see, under the 
provisions of the church temporali- 
ties act, 1833. 

Dublin University offered £6000 
for the apprehension of the Preten- 
der, Mar. 7, 1743 ; chose the Prince 
of Wales for chancellor, 1715-6. 

Ducat, first coined in Sicily, 
1240; of silver value 4s. 6d., of 
gold 9s. 6d. ; the ducatoon of Italy, 
4s. 8d. 

Dudley, Edmund, beheaded, 
Aug., 1510, aged 48. 

Dudley, Duke of Northumber- 
land, whose son married Lady Jane 
Grey; beheaded on Tower Hill, 
Aug. 22, 1553. 

Dudley Castle, Staffordshire, 
built, 700; the priory of Dudley 
built, 1160. 

Duelling, the first of these bar- 
barian combats took place, 1096 ; 
in civil quarrels forbidden in France, 
1305; the later custom imitated 
from the challenge of Francis I. 
of France to the Emperor Charles 
V.; duel with small swords intro- 
duced into England, 1587 ; procla- 
mation of no pardon to any one who 
killed another in a duel, 1679; 
checked in the army, 1792 ; discou- 
raged in the army and society in 
1838 ; remarkable one between the 
Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mo- 
hun, 1712, both killed; between Mr. 
Martin and Mr. Wilkes, M.P., 1763 ; 
C. J. Fox and Mr. Adam, 1779; 
Duke of York and Colonel Lennox, 
1789; William Pitt and George 
Tierney, 1798; Colonel Montgo- 
mery and Captain M'Namara, the 
Colonel killed, 1803 ; Lord Camel- 
ford and Captain Best, the former 
killed, 1804; Sir R. Burdett and 
Mr. Paul, the former wounded. 
May 5, 1807; Alcock and Colclough, 
June 8, 1807, the latter killed, and 
the former lost his reason ; M. le 
Gunfrere and M. le Pique, in bal- 
loons in Paris, the latter killed, 1808 ; 
Major Campbell and Captain Boyd, 
the latter killed, 1808 ; Lord Paget 
and Captain Cadogan, May 30, 
1809; Lord Castlereagh and Mr. 
Canning, the latter wounded, Sept. 



DUN 



186 



DUP 



22, 1809; Captain Stackpool and 
Lieutenant Cecil, the former killed, 
April, 1814 ; Mr. O'Connell and Mr. 
D'Esterre, the latter killed, Feb. 1, 
1815 ; Mr. Scott and Mr. Christie, 
the former killed, Feb. 15, 1821 ; 
Sir A. Boswell and Mr. J. Stuart, 
the former killed, Mar. 26, 1822; 
General Pepe and General Caras- 
cosa, the latter wounded, Feb. 28, 
1823 ; the Duke of Wellington and 
the Earl of Winchelsea, Mar. 21, 
1829; Sir J. A. JetFcot and Dr. 
Hennis, the latter mortally wounded, 
May 10, 1833 ; Mr. Roebuck, M.P., 
and Mr. Black of the Morning 
Chronicle, Nov. 19, 1835 ; the Earl 
of Cardigan and Captain Tucket, 
the latter wounded, Sept. 12, 1840 ; 
Col. Fawcett and Captain Munro, 
the former killed, July 1, 1843; 
Lieut. Seton and Lieut. Hawkey, 
the former killed. Of 172 duels, 63 
of the combatants were killed and 
96 wounded ; in 3 both combatants 
fell, and in 18 the survivors were 
hanged. 

Duke, first title of, after the con- 
quest, given by Edward III. to his 
son, the Black Prince, as Duke of 
Cornwall, Mar. 17, 1337 ; Robert de 
Vere made Duke of Ireland, 1385 ; 
the first in Scotland given to the 
king's eldest son, as Duke of Roth- 
say, 1398. 

Duke, Grand ; Cosmo de Medicis, 
the first who bore the title of Grand 
Duke, received it from Pope Pius 
V., 1569. 

Dulwich College, founded by 
Edward Alleyne, a comedian, called 
God's Gift College, 1617 ; he was 
the first master, and died there, 
1626; the pictures of Sir Francis 
Bourgois bequeathed to it, 1813. 

Dumourier, General, seized by 
the French commissioners, and 
quitted the army, April 1, 1793. 

Dunbar, Battle of, between the 
English and Scotch, in which John 
Baliol was defeated, and Scotland 
subdued, April 27, 1296 ; a second 
battle, when Cromwell defeated the 
Scotch, Sept. 3, 1650, with great 
loss ; town of, built 1167. 



Dunblane, Battle of, called also 
the battle of Sheriffmuir, in which 
the Scotch rebels were defeated, 
Nov. 12, 1715. 

Duncan, king of Scotland, mur- 
dered by Macbeth, 1039. 

Dundalk, Edward Bruce behead- 
ed at, 1318 ; and 6200 Scotch, who 
had invaded Ireland, lost their lives; 
walls of, destroyed, 1641 ; the first 
manufacture of Irish cambric estab- 
lished here, 1728. 

Dungan Hill, Battle of, between 
the English and Irish armies, the 
latter defeated, losing 6000 men, 
July 10, 1647. 

Dunkirk, founded, 965 ; in pos- 
session of the English, June 24, 
1658 ; basely sold by Charless IL 
to France for £200,000, 1662 ; the 
works demolished, and basin filled 
up, under the treaty of Utrecht, 
1713 ; the works resumed, but again 
demolished at the peace of 1763 ; 
resumed again, 1783; Duke of York 
defeated here by General Hoche, 
Sept. 7, 1793. 

Dunmow Priory, built in Essex, 
1110 ; the town is noted for the flitch 
of bacon ceremony, instituted by 
Robert de Fitzwalter, temp. Henry 
III, 1244; there is a record of the 
flitch being claimed in 1445; and 
June 20, 1751, by John Shakeshanks 
and his wife. 

Dunoon Castle, Scotland, built 
about 1334. 

Dunsinane, Battle of, in Scotland, 
1057. 

Dunstable Priory, founded 1132. 

Dunstan, abbot of Canterbury, 
948. 

Dunstaffnage Castle, Scotland, 
built 1307. 

Dunstanburgh Priory, Northum- 
berland, built 1280. 

Dunstan in the West, Church of, 
repaired, 1701 ; rebuilt 1833. 

Duomo II, the Cathedral of Pisa, 
so called, built 1061. 

Duomo II, the Cathedral at Flo- 
rence, begun, 1296, completed, 1444. 

Dupre's Villa, near Beaconfield, 
once the residence of Edmund 
Burke, burned down April 21, 1813. 



EAG 



187 



EAR 



Durand, M., a French Protestant 
clergyman, hanged in France for as- 
sembling a congregation of hearers, 
1732. 

Durham Castle, built 1069. 

Durham Cathedral, built between 
1093 and 1126; partly Saxon, 411 
feet long, 74 wide; tower, 214 feet 
high; twenty-five dwelling houses 
burned near, 1691. 

Durham, Bishopric of, fixed at 
Holy Island, 635 ; next at Chester- 
le-Street, for 200 years ; the pala- 
tinate jurisdiction of, separated June 
21, 1836. 

Durham, Battle of, between the 
English and Scotch at Nevil's Cross ; 
15,000 of the Scotch were slain, 
and David Bruce, with many thou- 
sands of private men, nobles, and 
knights, made prisoners, Oct. 17, 
1346. 

Duxburgh, near Chorley, 26 per- 
sons drowned at, bv the bridge break- 
ing down, Dec. 13, 1812. 

Dutch excluded from fishing on 
the English coast, 1508 ; implored 
England to assist them against 
Spain, 1585 ; had declared their in- 
dependence, 1565; acknowledged in- 
dependent by Spain, 1607; gave 



Charles II. a refuge, and escorted 
him to Scotland, 1650; destroyed 
several English men-of-war at 
Chatham, June 11, 1667 ; assisted 
England with thirty men-of-war, 
June 6, 1685 ; received a fee of 
£600,000 for their assistance at the 
revolution, Aug. 20, 1687; Anglo- 
Dutch Guards disbanded, 1699; 
East India ship sunk by an English 
privateer, for refusing to show her 
colours, July 2, 1746. 

Dwarfs, John de Estrix of 
Mechlin, at 35 years old, 1592, only 
3 feet high ; Jeffery Hudson, 1626, 
when a youth only 18 inches high ; 
he shot a Mr. Crofts dead in a 
duel ; Count Borowlaski, an accom- 
plished Pole, born Nov. 1739, at 
30 years of age was but 39 inches 
high ; died in England, aged 98, 
1837. 

Dyeing, art of dyeing woollen 
•cloth, brought from the Low Coun- 
tries, 1608 ; before which it was sent 
over white to be dyed there; two 
dyers at Exeter flogged for teaching 
this art in the North of England, 
1628 : an act against abuses in 
dyeing passed, 1783. 



E 



Eagle shot on the Cheviot Hills 
that had seized upon a dog, July 
10, 1751 ; an ancient coin of Ireland, 
base metal so called, current 1272 ; 
an American modern gold coinage 
of eagles, half-eagles, and quarter- 
eagles, Dec. 6, 1792 ; the eagle is 
10 dollars, 4*84 of which go to the 
£1 sterling ; the representation of 
the standard of the old Romans ; 
the double-headed that of Charle- 
magne 802 ; the standard of Napo- 
leon in France, and of Austria, 
Prussia, and Russia. 

Eagle, White, order of knight- 
hood of, instituted 1325, by Ulad- 
islaus, king of Poland ; Black 
Eagle, order of, instituted 1701, by 
Frederick I., Elector of Branden- 



burgh, on being crowned king of 
Prussia. 

Ear of Corn, order of, begun in 
Britany 1050. 

Earl, the first of that rank 
titular, 867, Alfred the great being 
invested with the dignity by Ethelred 
I., the grandson of Egbert ; William 
Fitzosborn, the first created eail in 
England, 1066 ; Sir John de Courcy 
created earl of Ulster, in Ireland, 
by Henry II., 1181. 

Earl Mareschal of Scotland the 
commander of the cavalry, attach- 
ed to the family of Keith, forfeited 
I at the rebellion of 1715. 

Earl Marshal of England, the 

1 first 1383, to the Mowbray family 

as Lord Marshal; to the Earl of 



E AE 



188 



E AE 



Nottingham as Earl Marshal 1397 ; 
and in 1672 to the Howards. 

Earth asserted to be spherical by 
the Greeks ; the first ship that sailed 
round the world was Magellan's, in 
1519, who did not himself live to 
return ; Sir Francis Drake was 
the first commander who circum- 
navigated the globe and returned 
with his ship ; Newton demonstra- 
ted that it was an oblate spheroid ; 
Dr. Bradley discovered the varia- 
tion of its axis 1737; the pope 
declared it was a plane, and gave 
all the west of it to Spain, being 
God's vicegerent, and imprisoned 
Galileo for asserting that the earth 
moved round the sun. 

Earthenware vessels, made in 
remote antiquity by the Etruscans, 
715 a.c. ; first revivedin Italy, 1310; 
Wedgwood's patent for his ware, 
1762. 

Earthquake in Asia, it over- 
turned 12 cities, 17 ; Herculaneum 
and Pompeii destroyed by one, 
accompanied by an eruption of 
Vesuvius, 79 ; nine cities in Asia, 
Greece, and Galatia overturned, 
107 ; Antioch destroyed 114 ; 
Nicomedia, Cesarea, and Nicea, de- 
stroyed, 126 ; in Macedonia destroy- 
ing or damaging 150 cities and 
towns, 357 ; at Jerusalem and Con- 
stantinople, 363 ; Nice destroyed, 
370 ; in Syria, Palestine, and Asia, 
more than 500 towns and cities 
destroyed or injured, 742 ; in Pales- 
tine and Syria, where thousands 
lost their lives, 746; at Mecca, 
where 1500 houses and ninety tow- 
ers were thrown down, 867; Con- 
stantinople overthrown, and Greece 
shaken, 986 ; one at Batavia, 1021 ; 
at Worcester and Derby, 1043 ; one 
on April 8, 1076, in England ; and 
again in 1081 and 1088, throughout 
England, followed by a scarcity, 
corn not ripe till Nov., 1090 ; one 
in Shropsh., 1110; one overwhelm- 
ed Liege and Eottenburgh, in Swe- 
den, 1112; one in December at 
Antiochia, destroyed several cities 
and towns, and overturned the 
castle of Trialeth, and the cities of 



Mariseum and Mamistria, 1114 ; in 
Lombardy for forty days, 1117 ; one 
in December, 1118; one, 1120; in 
August, in many parts of the king- 
dom, 1133 ; in 'August, 1134 ; one 
that swallowed up Catania and 
15,000 souls, 1137; at Lincoln, 1142; 
Antioch, Tripoli, and Damascus de- 
stroyed, 1150; at Oxenhall, near 
Darlington, in Durham, 1178 ; in 
Hungary and England, 1179; one 
overthrew the church of Lincoln, 
and others, 1185 ; at Calabria, in 
Sicily, a city with its inhabitants, 
lost in the Adriatic Sea, 1186; 
Verona greatly damaged, 1187 ; in 
Somersetshire, 1199 ; at Brisa, in 
Lombardy, where 2000 lives were 
lost, 1222'; one in England, Feb. 14, 
1248 ; one in Somersetshire, 1249 ; 
one at St. Alban's, 1250 ; general 
one that threw down St. Michael's 
on the hill, without Glastonbury, 
1247; the greatest ever known in 
England, Nov. 14, 1318 ; a dread- 
ful one in Germany, 1346; several 
churches thrown down, May 21, 
1382 ; a very dreadful one, accom- 
panied with thunder and lightning, 
Sept. 28, 1426 ; one at Naples when 
40,000 persons perished, 1456; in 
Italy, 1510 ; In the Isle of Cuba, 
1530 ; at Eeigate, Croydon, and 
Dorking in Surrey, May 1551 ; in 
China, 1556 ; in Herefordshire, which 
overthrew Kingston Chapel, &c, 
Eeb. 17, 1571 ; in Yorkshire, Wor- 
cestershire, Gloucestershire, Here- 
fordshire, &c, Eeb. 26, 1574; in 
London and Westminster, when part 
of St. Paul's and the Temple 
churches fell ; it was felt at Sand- 
wich and Dover in Kent, April 6, 
1580 ; in Peru, 1581-2 ; in Dorset- 
shire, where it removed a consider- 
able piece of ground, Jan. 13, 1583 ; 
in Bohemia, Moravia, and Hungary, 
1590 ; in Japan, where several 
cities were swallowed up, 1596 ; in 
Kent, where the hills became valleys 
full of water, 1596 ; at Peru, at 
Quito, and Arequipa, 1600; at 
Banda, in the East Indies, 1621 ; 
at Manilla, 1637; in Calabria, in 
Italy, March 27, 1638 ; at Mechlin, 



EAR 



189 



EAR 



ia Germany, 1640; in Norway, 
May 24, 1657; in France, June, 
1660 ; at Ragusa, in Illyrium, near 
6000 inhabitants were lost, and 
several towns in Dahnatia and Al- 
bania, April 6, 1667 ; in China, 
1668; in Staffordshire and Derby- 
shire, 1677-8; in Oxfordshire and 
Staffordshire, 1679 ; at Oxford, 1683 ; 
at Naples, when a third part of that 
city and much shipping were de- 
stroyed, June 6 and 7, 1688; 
Smyrna destroyed, July 10, 1688; 
Lyme in Dorsetshire, nearly destroy- 
ed, 1689 ; Port-Royal, in Jamaica, 
destroyed, and 3000 people lost, 
Sept. 1692 ; Messina, iu Sicily, over- 
turned in a moment, 18,000 persons 
perished, and in the island 60,000, 
Jan., 1692 ; a dreadful one in the 
Isle of Teneriffe, Dec. 24, 1704; one 
at China, June 19, 1718 ; Palermo, 
in Sicily, nearly swallowed up, Sept. 
1726 ; at Boston, in New England, 
Oct. 29, 1727 ; the whole kingdom 
of Chili, with St. Jago, swallowed 
up, July 30, 1730; at Aynho, in 
Northamptonshire, Oct. 10, 1731 ; 
one at Naples, 1731 ; another in 
the city of Avelino, which it destroy- 
ed, and Oriana, in great part, Nov. 29, 
1732 ; in Calabria, where the terri- 
tory of Nova Casa sunk 29 feet 
without destroying a building, April 
18, 1783; at Arundel and Shore- 
ham, Oct. 25, 1735 ; in Ireland, 
which destroyed five churches and 
above 100 houses, Aug. 1734; in 
Hungary, which turned round a 
mountain, Oct. 23, 1736 ; at Smyr- 
na, April, 1739 ; at Palermo, which 
swallowed up a convent, but the 
monks escaped, Feb. 4, 1739-40 ; at 
Leghorn, Jan. 5, and 6, 1742; in 
Somersetshire, June 15, 1745 ; a 
terrible one at Lima, which destroy- 
ed that city, and 5000 persons lost 
their lives ; there were 74 churches. 
14 monasteries, and 15 hospitals 
thrown down, and the loss in effects 
reckoned immense, from Oct. 27, to 
Nov. 20, 1746; it extended itself to 
Callao, Avhich was destroyed, with 
about 5000 of its inhabitants; in Lou- 
don, Feb. 8, and March 8, 1750 ; at Li- 



verpool, Chester, and Manchester, 
April 2, 1750 ; at Fiume, in the 
Gulf of Venice, Feb. 5, 1751 ; the 
greatest part of the city of Adrian- 
ople destroyed, Aug. 22, 1752; 
Grand Cairo had two-thirds of the 
houses and 40,000 inhabitants swal- 
lowed up, Sept. 2, 1754 ; the city of 
Quito in Peru, destroyed, April 24, 
1755 ; the island of Mitylene, in the 
Archipelago, when 2000 houses were 
overthrown, May, 1755, which did 
considerable damage at Oporto in 
Portugal, and Seville in Spain, but 
more particularly at Lisbon, where 
in about eight minutes most of the 
houses and 30,000 inhabitants were 
destroyed, and whole streets swal- 
lowed up ; the cities of Coimbra 
and Braga suffered, and St. Ubes 
was swallowed up; at Faro 3000 
inhabitants were buried, great part 
of Malaga was destroyed ; one-half 
of Fez, in Morocco, and 12,000 
Arabs, were swallowed up, and 
above half of the island of Madeira 
destroyed ; it extended 5000 miles ; 
at the Azores isles, where 10,000 
were buried in the ruins, and the 
island divided in two, July 9, 1757; 
at Bordeaux, in France, Aug. 11, 
1758; at Tripoli, in Syria, which 
extended near 10,000 miles, when 
Damascus lost 6000 inhabitants, and 
several other cities, with the remains 
of Balbec, were destroyed, between 
Oct. and Dec, 1759 ; Truxillo, in 
Peru, was swallowed up in Nov. 
1759; in Syria, Oct. 30, 1760; in 
the Molucca Islands, 1763 ; one 
at Constantinople, that buried 880 
persons, May 22, 1766; at Mar- 
tinico, Aug. 1767, where 1600 lost 
their lives ; and at St. Pierre, 1767; 
at Comora and Buda, June 28, 
1768 ; one in the Brazils, 1772 ; in 
the Archipelago, 700 houses and 
100 inhabitants were lost, in Dec, 
1770 ; one at Fez, in Morocco, 
May 6, 1763 ; in Kerry in Ireland, 
June, 1773 ; Guatimala, in New 
Spain, entirely swallowed up, and 
many thousand inhabitants perish- 
ed, Dec 15, 1773 ; at Ridicofani, 
near Florence, in Italy, great dam- 



E AE 



190 



EAR 



age was done, Oct. 5, 1777; at 
Smyrna, June 25, 1778 ; which de- 
stroyed a great part of that city ; 
at Tauris, in Persia, where 15,000 
houses were thrown down, and great 
part of the inhabitants perished, 
March 3, 1780 ; at Calabria, and 
in the isle of Sicily, 1783 ; again 1784, 
which totally destroyed Messina, &c; 
at Archindschan, when it destroyed 
the town and 12,000 inhabitants, 
July 18, 1784; Arequipo destroy- 
ed, 1785 ; in the North of England, 
Aug. 11, 1786 ; at Iceland, and some 
parts of Germany, Nov., 1784; at 
Barbadoes, Oct., 1784 ; in Calabria, 
in Italy, April 10, 1785; in Scot- 
land, and different parts of the 
north of England, Aug. 11, 1786 ; 
in Mexico, and other parts of New 
Spain, April 18, 1787; Borgo-di- 
San- Sepulchre-, in Tuscany, had its 
cathedral, bishop's palace, &c, de- 
stroyed, Sep. 30, 1789, with the 
adjacent town of Castello, &c., and 
Borgo itself had 150 houses destroy- 
ed, and 30 houses, &c, swallowed 
up by an opening of the earth ; in 
Westmoreland, at Arnside, March Q i 
1790; and in Scotland, in Oct.^ 
1791 ; in Sicily and Calabria, Oct., 
1791, particularly at Mile to and 
Monte Leone; at Lisbon, on Nov* 
27, 1791, when many chimneys 
were thrown down, and much dam- 
age done ; at Zante, in the Adri- 
atic Sea, many buildings thrown 
down, above 60 persons perished, 
Dec. 2, 1791 ; in the counties of 
Bedford, Leicester, Lincoln, Not- 
tingham, &c, March 2, 1792; at 
Domingo, where 32 houses were 
overthrown at the Cape, April, 1793 ; 
at Shaftesbury and Salisbury, on 
Sept. 29, 1793, but no very material 
damage done ; in Turkey, where 
three towns, containing 10,000 
inhabitants, wef e lost, July 3, 1 794 ; 
near Naples, where the city of 
Torre del Greco was nearly destin- 
ed, June 13, 1794 ; in different parts 
of the north of England, Nov. 18, 
1795 ; at Sumatra, in the East In- 
dies, great damage was done, and 
above 300 persons perished, Eeb. 



20, 1797; the whole of the coun- 
try between Sta. Ee and Panama 
destroyed, including the cities of 
Cuzco and Quito, with 40,000 in- 
habitants, in Feb. 1797; there were 
several violent shocks in the W. India 
islands in the same month ; at Sien- 
na, in Italy, when 50 persons lost 
their lives by the fall of buildings, 
May 25, 1758 ; at Constantinople, 
Oct. 26, 1800, which destroyed the 
royal palace and an immensity of 
buildings ; it extended into Romania 
and Wallachia, to Bucharest and 
Adrianople ; June 12, 1802, an 
earthquake nearly destroyed Cre- 
ma in Upper Italy; Minguin was 
entirely swallowed up in a lake ; 
Brescia had three churches and 
twelve houses destroyed ; so violent 
a shock in Holland, as to cause the 
chandeliers in Maaslin church to 
vibrate two or three feet, in Jan., 
1804; at Dunoon, in Scotland, 
Jan. 18, 1808; the church of La 
Tour, and most of the houses in 
Lucerne, partly destroyed, April, 
1808; in March, 1812, the city of 
Caraccas and upwards of thirty 
other towns, scattered over a space 
of 300 square miles, were destroy- 
ed, 80,000 persons killed, and thou- 
sands more wounded ; three shocks 
were felt at Swansea, in South 
Wales, in Dec. 1832 ; in Southern 
Syria, Jan 22, 1837 ; when hun- 
dreds of houses were thrown down, 
and thousands of persons perished ; 
at Martinique island, where nearly 
half of Port- Royal was destroyed, 
and 700 persons perished, Jan. 11, 
1839 ; at Ternate, with great loss 
of life, Eeb. 14, 1840; at or near 
Mount Ararat, in Armenia, 3147 
houses destroyed, and several hun- 
dreds of persons perished ; at Zante, 
October, 30, 1840, where several 
lives were lost ; at Cape Haytien, 
St. Domingo, which nearly destroy- 
ed the town and between 4000 and 
5000 persons, May 7, 1842; at 
Point a Petre Guadaloupe, which 
was wholly destroyed, Nov. 8, 1843; 
in Yorkshire, North Wales, and the 
east coast of Ireland, Nov. 6, 1852. 



EAS 



191 



EAS 



Easly Abbey, Yorkshire, built, 
1152. 

East Angles, kingdom of, com- 
menced by Uffa, 575, and ended 
792 ; the bishoprics of Elmham 
and Dunwich were united in 955, 
and removed to Norwich 1088. 

East Grinstead, Tower at, fell 
down, Nov. 12, 1785; borough of, 
disfranchised, 1832. 

East India Bill passed, June 16, 
1773 ; bill for Board of Control, 
Aug. 13, 1784. 

East India Company established, 
1600 ; charter renewed, 1608 ; dis- 
solved, and fresh one granted, 1694; 
act for the new and old passed, 
1718; trade united, 1700; prohi- 
bited by proclamation to any but 
the East India Company, Feb. 22, 
1716 ; lent government £3,000,000 
at 3 per cent., for renewing this 
charter, Feb., 1743-4 ; towns of, in- 
corporated, Aug. 20, 1726; house, 
Leadenhall-street, built, 1726; en- 
larged, 1799 ; alms-houses founded, 
1656; violent hurricane in the 
Ganges, Oct. 11, 1737; college at 
Haytesbury established, 1809. 

East India Stock sold from 360 
to 500 per cent., 1683 ; company in 
great confusion, 1773; they apply 
for assistance to parliament ; judges 
sent out from England to adminis- 
ter the law, April 2, 1774 ; charter 
renewed, 1813 ; commercial part of 
the charter revoked, 1833 ; esti- 
mated revenues, 1830, £22,054,416; 
charges, £22,862,985. 

East India Company at Embden, 
established, 1750 ; of Sweden, May, 
1731. 

East India Company of France, 
established, 1627 ; abolished by the 
National Assembly, and the trade 
laid open, Jan. 26, 1791. 

East India Company, Dutch, in- 
corporated, 1604. 

East Land Company incorpo- 
rated, 1579. 

Eastboukn House, Essex, built, 
1572. 

Eastbury Priory, Sussex, 1270. 

East Angles, kingdom of, began, 
571, ended, 746. 



East Saxons, kingdom of, began, 
527, ended, 746. 

Easter established, 68 ; the con- 
troversy about, decided, 667. 

Easter Island, discovered by 
Davis, 1686 ; visited by Boggewein, 
1722 ; by Cooke, 1774. 

Eastern Empire, commenced 
under Valens, 364; Persians besiege 
Constantinople, 626; besieged by 
the Saracens, 673 ; by the Arabs a 
second time, 716 ; Isaac Comnenus 
is chosen emperor by the military, 
1057 ; Constantinople taken by the 
Latins, 1203 ; taken by the French 
and Venetians, 1204 ; recovered by 
the Greek emperors, 1261 ; Andro- 
nicus abdicated, 1320; the Turks 
first enter Europe, 1352 ; the empire 
falls, and the sovereigns of the race 
of the Comneni and Paleologi ceased 
to reign, 1453. The last known of 
the line died near, and was interred 
in the church of Landulph, Corn- 
wall, Jan. 21, 1636; his name, 
Theodore, the son of Prosper, the 
son of John, the son of Thomas, se- 
cond brother of Constantine Paleo- 
logus, the eighth of the name that 
reigned in Constantinople. The 
emperor Valens, before named, was 
succeeded by Theodosius the Great, 
379; and by nine other sovereigns, 
to the well-known Justinian, 527; 
and by other emperors, to Leo III., 
718 ; the great Iconoclastic contro- 
versy, and the prohibition and res - 
toration of images, disturbed several 
subsequent reigns; Leo. V. killed 
in the temple at Constantinople on 
Christmas-day, 820, by the instru- 
mentality of his successor; Alexins 
Comnenus I. reigned in 1081 ; suc- 
ceeded by his son, who died of a 
poisoned arrow, 1143; Manual 
Comnenus succeeded, and Alexius, 
1180; Andronicus seized the throne, 
and had Alexius strangled, 1183 ; 
Angelos, as Isaac II., was impri- 
soned, and his eyes put out, by his 
brother Alexius III., 1185 ; who 
was in his turn deposed, and his 
put out, 1195 ; and Isaac II. re- 
stored, and associated with his son 
Alexius IV. The Latin emperors 



EC C 



192 



ECC 



succeeded Baldwin the Earl of Flan- 
ders, 1204 ; Henry L, 1206 ; Peter 
de Courtenay, 1217; Robert de 
Courtenay, 1221 ; Baldwin II., and 
John de Brienne, 1228 ; the empire 
was now recovered from the Latins, 
and Theodore Lascaris became em- 
peror, 1204; John Ducas Yataces, 
1222 ; Theodore Lascaris II., his 
son, 1259 ; Michael VIII., Paleolo- 
gus, who put out John's eyes, 1261 ; 
Andronicus II., 1282 ; Androni- 
cus III., 1332; John Paleologus, 
1341 ; John Catacuzenus, 1347 ; 
John Paleologus restored, 1355 ; 
Manuel Paleologus, his son, 1391 ; 
John Paleologus II., 1425; Con- 
stantine VIII. ; Constantinople 
taken by the Turks, May 29, 1453 ; 
and Constantine slain, who was the 
last Greek emperor. 

Ecclesiastical Courts, there was 
no difference between the lay and 
ecclesiastical courts until after the 
Norman conquest, 1066. 



Ecclesiastical States, or tem- 
poral domains of the church began, 
762 ; taken' by the French, and 
made the Roman republic, 1798; 
Pope Pius VI. forced to remove into 
Tuscany, and then into France, 
1799 ; in 1800 Pius VII. resumed the 
government of the Roman States 
until 1809, when Bonaparte deprived 
him of his temporal power ; restored 
by the Allies, 1814. In 1849, Nov. 
24, Pius IX. fled in disguise to 
Gaeta, and a provisional govern- 
ment was appointed. They declared 
the Pope divested of all temporal 
power, Feb. 9, 1850 ; restored by 
foreign arms, 1851, and Rome 
garrisoned since by French troops. 

Eckmuhl, Battle of, between 
France and Austria, April 22, 
1809 ; the Austrians were com- 
pletely routed. 

Ecclesiastical Statistics in 1840, 
London : — 



district. 


Population. 


Churches, &c, of 
Establishment. 


Nonconformist 
Chapels. 


No. 


Sittings. 


No. 


Sittings. 


City of London 

City of Westminster .. 


122,700 
202,460 
240,294 
224,839 
355,836 
134,117 
154,613 


75 
37 
34 
36 
38 
14 
21 


47,624 

39,668 
43,703 
39,382 
43,299 
17,675 
28,715 


47 
38 
42 
57 
106 
40 
42 


31,814 
21,119 

25,542 
35,945 
55,050 
20,590 
23,493 




Tower Hamlets 






Total 


1,434,859 


255 


260,066 


372 


213,553 






Lancashire, 68 par. of. 


816,000 

168,000 

272,000 

81,121 

71,720 

55,680 

146,986 


320 
29 
29 
9 
10 
5 
17 


195,000 
45,000 
33,000 
13,325 
13,770 
5,800 
23,600 


530 
46 
71 
29 
30 
23 
64 


50'boo 

43,700 
29,496 
34,465 
12,000 
31,100 


Manchester and Salfd. 

Leeds (1839.) 

Sheffield 









being, in 1838, accommodation for 
rive-tenths of the population. In 
246 poor-law unions, with between 
5,000,000 and 6,000,000 of inhabi- 
tants, there were, in 1839, churches 



and chapels of the establishment, 
4200, accommodating 1,720,000 per- 
sons, and 4900 dissenting places 
where divine worship is performed, 
accommodating 1,530,000 indivi- 



ECC 



193 



ED I 



duals. In England and Wales in 
1839 there were : — 

Catholic chapels 500 

Independents, Baptists, 

and Presbyterians 3582 

Three denominations of 
Methodists 8072 



12,154 
with 453 home missionary } 
stations and rooms in >• 
addition. ) 

The Established Church 12,327 



Places of worship — total 24,481 
There have been a great number 
built since 1838. 

Ecclesiastical Censorship, or- 
dered in Spain by the bishop of 
Valencia, under Ferdinand VII., 
1828 : — " 1. No person shall print 
any book, pamphlet, or any paper, 
without special license from his Ex- 
cellency, who will himself consult 
the ' God-fearing Censors.' — 2. The 
Censors will read all MSS. submit- 
ted to them, word by word, taking 
special care that there be no occult 
meaning, as the human mind be- 
comes daily more and more cunning, 
and there is often in modern writ- 
ing a diabolical meaning concealed 
in seemingly innocent words. — 3. 
No person shall read any book 
printed out of Spain, nor any work 
printed in Spain during the years 
1820, 1821, 1822, or 1823, without 
a special license. As it has been 
observed, that in this wicked age 
people care but little for excommu- 
nication and ecclesiastical censure, 
we enjoin and direct all in autho- 
rity to fine, and enforce payment, 
one thousand rials ( £60 ), all 
who may read, or even possess any 
book, &c, forbidden in the 3d arti- 
cle; — all who print, or assist in 
printing, any book or paper without 
licence ; — all who possess handker- 
chiefs with crosses, or lines making 
crosses (cross-barred or chequered), 
and use them to wipe their noses, 
or for any other dirty purpose." — 
The fine is to be rigidly enforced 
for a first offence ; and for those 



obdurate and wicked men who shall 
sin a second time, " his Excellency 
well knows how to deal w : th them!" 

Eclipses known to the Chinese 
120 years before Christ — the first of 
the moon recorded, 721 years a.c at 
Babylon ; March 19, at 8.40 p.m., at 
Syracuse ; 413 a.c, at Rome ; 168 
a.c, predicted by Q. S. Gallus ; one 
which terrified the troops, and pre- 
vented their revolt, 14 a.c ; the first 
eclipse was observed at Sardis by 
Thales, 535 a.c; at Athens, 424 
a.c ; one at Rome at noon-day, 
291 a.c; at Constantinople, 968. 
In France, Jan. 29, 1033, dark at 
noon-day ; in England, March 21, 
1140, when it was totally dark at 
noon-day ; 1191, June 2, in the reign 
of Richard I., the stars became vi- 
sible at ten in the morning; an- 
other total eclipse, 1331, the dark- 
ness was so great that the stars 
faintly appeared, and the birds went 
to roost in the morning ; one 14th 
of July, 1648 ; ten digits eclipsed 
and Venus seen, April 22, 1715 ; 
annular, in the middle of Europe, 
Sept. 7, 1820; the revolution of 
eclipses was first calculated by 
Calippus the Athenian, 336 a.c ; 
the Egyptians had observed 373 
eclipses of the sun, and 832 of the 
moon, up to the time of Alexander, 
323 a.c 

Eddistoxe Lighthouse, off Rame 
Head and the coast of Cornwall, first 
erected 1696, and finished 1699; 
this destroyed by the terrible storm 
of Nov. 27, 1703, and the builder 
with it ; a second, built by act of 
parliament, 4th Anne, 1706 ; this 
was burned down, 1755 ; and a third 
was then erected by Smeaton, the 
engineer, Oct. 9, 1759, of granite ex- 
ternally, solid of stone a good part 
of the way from the foundation. 

Edgehill, Battle of, between 
Charles I. and the parliament. The 
king lost 3000 men, but the battle 
was indecisive, the loss being great 
on both sides. Oct. 23, 1642. 

Edict of Nantes, issued in France, 
giving toleration to the Protestants, 
1598 ; revoked by Louis XIV., Oct. 



EDI 



194 



ELE 



24, 1685, when 800,000 Protestants 
quitted France, carrying their trades 
and manufactures into other coun- 
tries. 

Edinburgh, the chief city of Scot- 
land, built 950 ; fortified and castle 
erected, 1074; abbey founded, by 
David L, 1128 ; castle surrendered 
to Henry II., of England, 1174; 
taken by the English, 1296 ; James 
II. crowned there, 1437 ; charter of 
James III., 1482 ; made the metro- 
polis of Scotland by James III. ; 
charter of James IV., who built 
Holyrood House, 1565; university, 
founded, 1582, by James VI., who 
left Edinburgh, as king of England, 
April 5, 1603; parliament house fin- 
ished, 1640; castle surrendered to 
Cromwell, 1650; bank of Scotland 
founded at, 1695 ; Captain Porteous 
hanged at, by the mob, 1736 ; the 
pretender occupied the city, 1745 ; 
takes possession of Holyrood House ; 
royal exchange completed, 1761 ; 
theatre-royal erected, 1769 ; south 
bridge commenced, 1785; first stone 
of the present university laid, Nov. 
10, 1789; bridewell, Calton Hill, 
erected, 1796; Louis XVIII. and 
Charles X. of France resided at Ho- 
lyrood, from 1795 to 1799; new 
bank commenced, June 3, 1801 ; 
Edinburgh Review published, 1802; 
alarming riots, Dec. 11, 1811; Union 
Canal completed, 1822; George IV. 
visited the city, Aug. 14, 1822; 
royal institution erected, 1823; Scot- 
tish academy founded, 1826 ; Edin- 
burgh and Dalkeith railway opened, 
July 1831 ; statue of George IV. 
erected, 1832; Edinburgh, Leith, 
and Granton railway begun, 1836 ; 
Society of Arts founded, 1821 ; rail- 
way between Edinburgh and Glas- 
gow opened, Eeb. 1842; Queen Vic- 
toria visited, Aug 31, 1842; held a 
court at Dalkeith house, Sept. 8, 
1842 ; monument to the political 
martyrs of 1793, the first stone laid 
by Mr. Hume, 1844; visited by 
Queen Victoria again, Aug. 30, 
1S50 ; the foundation stone of the 
Scotch National Gallery laid by 
I rince Albert, Sept. 1, 1850 ; bishop- 



ric of, founded by Charles I., 1633 ; 
the sixth and last bishop ejected 
at the revolution of 1688 ; became 
a post-revolution bishopric, about 
1705. 

Ebmonbpbuky, St., Monastery of, 
Suffolk, built, 663 ; enlarged, 1031 ; 
arches near the East Gate, built, 
1148. 

Eel, an extraordinary one taken 
out of the Medway, August 1810, 35 
inches in circumference, and 341bs. 
weight. 

Eggs, number imported from 
Erance— 1848, 88,012,585; 1851, 
115,526,238- Duty, 1851, £25,600. 

Egkemont Castle, Cumberland, 
built, 1070. 

Egypt, reduced to a province 31 
years after Christ; Saladin estab- 
lished the Mamelukes in, 1171; 
Selim I., emperor of Turkey, took 
it, 1557 ; governed by the beys until 
1799, when it was conquered by 
Bonaparte ; taken by the English, 
1801 ; revolted from Turkey, and be- 
came, under Mehemet Ali, an inde- 
pendent government, 1832. 

Egyptian Era, identical with that, 
of Nabonassar, beginning Eeb. 26, 
747 a.c, the year consisting of 365 
days only. To reduce it to the 
Christian era 746 years 125 days 
must be subtracted. 

Elba, Island of, taken by the 
English, July 6, 1796, afterwards 
abandoned ; made the place of Na- 
poleon's retreat, April 5, 1814 ; he 
embarked from the island with 1200 
men for France, Feb. 25, 1815, land- 
ing in Provence, and marching tri- 
umphantly to Paris. The grand 
duke of Tuscany took possession of 
the island, July, 1815. 

Election Statistics, 1835, on the 
data of 1832 :— 

Electors. Mem. 

England, 40 counties 344,564 ... 144 
185 cities, boro'; 
and towns.... 



274,649 ... 327 



Total for England.. 619,213 ... 471 



ELE 



195 



ELE 



Electors. Mem. 
Wales, 12 counties. 25,815 ... 15 
14 districts of bo- ) -. -■ qaq -i a 
roughs ) ' 



37,124 ... 29 

33,115 ... 30 

31,332 ... 23 

boroughs, &c. 

Total for Scotland. 64,447 ... 53 



Total for Wales ... 

Scotland, 30 conn.. 
And 76 cities, 



Ireland, 32 counties 60,607 ... 64 
34 cities and towns. 31,545 ... 41 

Total, Ireland... 92,152 ... 105 



Giving in England and Wales, 
656,337, and in the United King- 
dom 812,936 registered electors, in 
1832 ; and taking the total number 
of representatives at 658, the pro- 
portion will be, on the average of 
Great Britain, 1303, and in the 
United Kingdom 1235 electors to 
one representative. Taking the 
gross population of the 40 counties 
in England (exclusive of the popu^ 
lation of the cities, boroughs, towns, 
and universities which are repre- 
sented) at 8,336,263, and the nmn- 
ber of electors 344,564, there will be 
one elector in every 24 of the popu- 
lation ; whilst the gross population 
in the 185 cities, boroughs, and 
t)wns, being 4,754,742, and the 
number of electors, 274,649, there 
will be one elector in every 17 of the 
population. In Wales, the county 
population is 609,871, and the elec- 
tors are 25,815, so that there is one 
elector in every 23 persons ; whilst 
in the 14 districts of boroughs, the 
population being 196,311, and the 
electors 11,309, the proportion is 
one in 17. In Scotland, the county 
population is 1,500,107, and the 
number of electors 33,115, which 
will give one elector in every 45 
persons; whilst in the burghs, the 
population being 865,007, and the 
electors 41,332, the proportion is 
one in every 27 persons. In Ire- 
land, the population of the 32 coun- 



ties is 7,027,509, the number cf 
electors 60,607, and the proportion 
is one elector in every 115 of the 
population ; whilst 34 cities and 
boroughs, with 31,545 electors, and 
a population of 739,892, give a pro- 
portion of one elector in eveiy 22 
persons. The total population of 
the 114 counties in the United 
Kingdom being 17,473,750, and the 
number of electors 464,101, the pro- 
portion of electors will be one in 
every 37 persons ; whilst the popu- 
lation of the 309 cities and boroughs 
of the United Kingdom being 
6,655,952, and the number of elec- 
tors 341,835, the proportion will be 
one in every 18 persons. The popu- 
lation of Gi"eat Britain being 
16,262,301, and the electors 720,784, 
the proportion will be one elector 
in every 86 persons. The popula- 
tion of Ireland being 7,767,401, and 
the electors 92,152, the proportion 
will be one elector in every 86 per- 
sons. In the United Kingdom, the 
proportion of electors to the gross 
population, is one elector in every 
29 persons. The 114 counties in 
the United Kingdom send 253 mem- 
bers, and the 309 cities and boroughs 
send 405 members to Parliament. 
In Great Britain there are 1303 
electors, on the average, for every 
representative ; whilst in Ireland 
there are only 877 electors for every 
representatives In England there 
is one representative in every 
2?, 794, and in Wales one in every 
27,799 of the gross population ; 
whilst in Scotland there is one re- 
presentative in every 44,624, and in 
Ireland one in every 73,975 of the 
gross populations If the whole po- 
pulation of the United Kingdom 
were equally divided into 658 dis- 
tricts, there would be 36,519 souls 
for every representative. 

Elections, Bribery at, made void 
by statute, 1696 ; Sykes and Rum- 
bold committed for, 1776; Mr. 
Swan fined and imprisoned for ; Sir 
M. M. Lopez fined £10,000, and im- 
prisoned for, at Grampound, Oct. 
1819; members for Liverpool and 



ELE 



196 



EMA 



Dublin unseated for, 1831 ; those 
for Cambridge and Ludlow, 1840. 

Electobs, Qualifications of Coun- 
ties, 40s. a year in land, 39th Henry 
VI., 1460, equal to £4 : 17 : 5 of 
modern money, or 87s. 5d. ; act de- 
priving contractors, excise and cus- 
tom-house officers, of votes, 1782; 
act to regulate polling, 9th George 
IV., 1828; reform in parliament 
bill, 2nd and 3rd William IV., 1832. 
Electors of Germany, began 
1298 ; seven princes usurped the 
power of electing the emperor, and 
an eighth was added, 1648, a ninth 
in 1692 ; in 1777 the number was 
reduced to eight ; increased to ten 
at the peace of Luneville, 1801 ; the 
electorship ceased when the crown 
of Austria was made hereditary, 
1804-6. 

Electricity discovered imper- 
fectly, 1467 ; found in various sub- 
stances, by Dr. Gilbert of Colches- 
ter, 1600 ; the electric shock disco- 
vered at Leyden, 1745 ; found to 
contain caloric, and that it could in- 
flame spirits, 1756; identified with 
lightning, and proved by Dr. Frank- 
lin and the electrical kite, 1769; 
galvanic electricity discovered by 
Galvani, 1789, but fixed by Volta, 
in the voltaic pile ; Volta died in 
1826, aged 81. The electric tele- 
graph brought out in England by 
professor Wheatly, based upon the 
discovery of Oerstadt, that a magne- 
tic needle deviated to the right or 
left, according to the direction of 
the current, 1837, and applied to the 
Blackwall railway ; the submarine 
telegraph, between Erance and Eng- 
land, attempted first, Aug. 28, 1850 ; 
electro-magnetism discovered by 
Oerstadt of Copenhagen, 1807; sub- 
sequently established in other coun- 
tries, 1819. 

Electrical Dispensary founded 
in London, 1793. 

Elephant, order of knighthood, 
began in Denmark, 1478. 

Eletjsinian Mysteries, abolished 
by Theodosius the Great, 389 ; ori- 
ginally introduced from Eleusis into 
Rome ; they had lasted 1800 years. 



Elevation of the Host introduced 
by the popes, 1222. 

Elgin Marbles brought to Eng- 
land from the Acropolis of Athens, 
the work of Phidias, 500 years be- 
fore Christ, 1802 ; purchased by the 
British government for £36,000, 
and placed in the British Museum, 
1816. 

Elizabeth Castle, Jersey, built, 
1586. 

Elizabeth, East India ship, 
wrecked off Dunkirk, and only 22 
persons saved, Dec. 30, 1810. 

Ell, a measure fixed by Henry I., 
1101 ; a yard and quarter ; the yard 
was fixed from the length of his 
arm. 

Ellis, Mr. "W., died at Liverpool, 
Aug. 1780, aged 130 years 6 months. 

Ellis, Ellen, of Beaumaris, An- 
glesey, aged 72, brought to bed of 
her tenth child, May, 1776. She 
had been 46 years married, and her 
eldest child was 46 years old ; she 
had not borne a child for 25 years 
previously. 

Elmes, Miss, murdered at Chel- 
sea, May 5, 1833. 

Elopement of a wife from her 
husband deprived her of dower, un- 
less her husband became reconciled 
to her, 13th Edward I., 1284. 

Elphin, Bishopric of, founded in 
the fifth century, United with Kil- 
more, Aug. 1833. 

Elsinore, Denmark, built 2 a.c. 

Elstree, Cambridgeshire, almost 
destroyed by a fire, April 3, 1774. 

Eltham Palace built, 1269. 

Ely, Bishopric of, founded by 
Henry I., 1109 ; cathedral of, 1087, 
Saxon, 517 feet long, 73 wide. 

Ely, Monastery of, founded 506 ; 
destroyed by the Danes, 870; re- 
built, 1109 ; the 12th abbot the first 
bishop of Ely. 

Ely House, Holborn, built, 1290 ; 
pulled down, and converted into a 
site for dwelling-houses, 1780. 

Emancipation Bill of the Roman 
Catholics in England, passed the 
Commons, April 10, 1829. Bill for 
setting colonial slaves free, Aug. 1, 
1834. 



EMI 



197 



EMP 



Emanuel College, Cambridge, 
founded, 1584; damaged by fire, 
Oct., 1811. 

Emanuel Hospital, Westminster, 
founded, 1534. 

Embargo, one laid in England 
to prevent corn going out, 1766 ; for 
the detention of all Russian, Swedish, 
and Danish ships, Jan. 14, 1801. 

Ember Weeks, established by the 
Roman Catholic Church in the 3d 
century. 

Emerald, a jewel of a green co- 
lour, found in the East, and some 
other parts of the world ; known in 
Europe in 1513. 

Eminence, Title of, first borne by 
cardinals, 1644, by a decree of Pope 
Urban VIII., Jan. 10, 1630. 

Emigration from the United 
Kingdom. Those for 10 years, 
ending 1830, to English colonies, 
averaged 154,695. In the next 10 
years, 277,695 ; in the next 10 
years the emigration was enor- 
mous. In 1850 there sailed from 
Liverpool only, 174,187 — in 1851, 
206,015— in 1852, 229,099. Of these 
there sailed in 1852 to the — 

United States 187,962 

South America 347 

Canada 3,873 

New BrunsAvick 32S 

Nova Scotia 60 

Newfoundland 52 

Prince Edward's Island ... 51 

West Indies 73 

Africa 91 

Sidnev 4,013 

Port Philip 29,378 

Van Diemen's Land 608 

South Australia 2,264 

Emigration to New York, — 

1849 220,603 

1850 211,796 

1851 189,601 

1852 299,504 

Of the emigrants in 1852 there 
were : — 

Irish 115,537 

German 118,126 

English 31,275 

Scotch 7,640 

Welsh 2,531 

French 8,778 



The remainder were natives of 22 
countries, 4 being from Turkey. The 
greatest number came in June, 
49,225. A large portion of the 
emigrants that reach Canada pass 
directly into the United States. The 
average number that reached the 
States direct from Britain, for 12 
years prior to 1841, was nearly 
27,000 a year ; since that period the 
number greatly increased. 

Canada. United States. 

1829 15,945 11,501 

1830 28,000 21,433 

1831 50,254 22,607 

1832 51,746 28,283 

1833 21,752 16,100 

1834 30,935 26,540 

1835 12,527 16,749 

1836 27,722 59,075 

1837 21,901 34,000 

1838 3,266 13,059 

1839 7,439 24,376 

1840 22,234 41,500 

1841 28,086 32,509 



Total.. .321,807 



Aver.... 24,754 



347,732 

26,748 



Emir, this Eastern title of dignity 
awarded by Eatima, the daughter of 
Mahomet, to the descendants of the 
Prophet, 650; the Emir wears a 
green turban. 

Emly, Bishopric of, an extinct 
Irish see, 448 ; afterwards absorbed 
in Cashel. 

Emma, the mother of Edward the 
Confessor, accused of incontinence, 
1042; stripped of her possessions, 
1043, and sent to Wharwell nun- 
nery, 1051. 

Empalement, a punishment of 
very ancient date : a stake being 
passed longitudinally through the 
body, which is then placed upright. 
The assassin of General Kleber in 
Egypt, was staked or impaled in 
1800. 

Emperor, from the Latin imper- 
ator, at first a military title ; Au- 
gustus Caesar Avas the first Roman 
emperor, 27 a.c ; Valens, the first 
emperor of the East, 364 ; the title 



ENG 



198 



ENG 



has been often adopted in modern 
times, the last being Napoleon III., 
Emperor of the Erench, 1851. 

Empson, beheaded on Tower Hill, 
Aug. 28, 1510. 

Enamelling, art of, known in 
England in the time of Alfred the 
Great, 837. 

Encaustic Painting, art restored, 
1749, by Count Caylus and others. 

Encyclopaedia. See Cyclopaedia. 

Enghein, Battle of, between Wil- 
liam III. of England and Marshal 
Luxemburg, fought, Aug. 3, 1692, 
the English being defeated. The 
Duke d'Enghein shot after his con- 
demnation by a military court at 
Vincennes, Mar. 20, 1804. 

Engineers, civil and military, the 
latter were once called trench mas- 
ters, 1622; the chief engineer, camp 
master-general, 1634 ; the corps of 
engineers of the army was once a 
civil corps, but made a military one, 
and directed to act with the artil- 
lery, April 25, 1787. 

Engineers, an association called 
civil, established, 1828. 

Engines for extinguishing fires, 
invented, 1663 ; improved, 1752. 

Engines, building and machinery 
used in collieries, to destroy, made a 
capital offence, 1815. 

England, said to haA^ebeen so 
named by king Egbert, 829, in an of- 
ficial form ; generally supposed to be 
derived from the Saxon Angles, and 
lond or land for country. Origi- 
nally inhabited by a branch of the 
Gauls or Celts ; the extreme west, 
or Cornwall, seems to have been 
known to the Phoenicians and Car- 
thaginians, who traded there from 
Gades, or Cadiz, for tin, a thousand 
years before Christ. The western 
part, in the time of Julius Caesar, 
inhabited by the Belgae, the north- 
ern by the Brigantes, South Wales 
by the Silures, and Norfolk and 
Suffolk by the Iceni. Invaded by 
Julius Csesar, 55 b.c. ; subdued by 
Claudius, 46 a.d. ; completely so by 
Agricola, in 85 ; the Romans kept 
possession till 427 ; ravaged by the 
Picts, 448 ; conquered by the 



Saxons, 455, invited over by the 
ancient inhabitants ; they divided 
it into seven kingdoms, called the 
heptarchy ; erected into a kingdom 
by the union of all the kingdoms of 
the heptarchy, near 400 years after 
the arrival of the Saxons, 827 ; it 
was called England by order of 
Egbert, the first king of England, 
in a general council held at Win- 
chester, a.d., 829 ; the name of Eng- 
land and of Englishman, had been 
used as far back as 688, but had 
never been ratified by any assembly 
of the nation ; conquered by the 
Danes, 867 ; recovered by Alfred, 
878 ; divided into counties and hun- 
dreds, 886 ; a general survey made, 
and the rolls deposited at Winches- 
ter, 896 ; an inglorious peace made 
with the Danes, and tribute agreed 
to be paid annually, besides £10,000 
in money, provided they l-etired, 
and discontinued their invasions, 
993 ; in 1002 the Danes broke the 
agreement, committed horrid cruel- 
ties and devastations, and the timid 
Ethelred II. paid them no less than 
£36,000 for peace, which sum was 
levied by a tax on all the lands in 
England for Danegelt, by which ig- 
nominious name this first land-tax 
was known and collected in Eng- 
land, till it was suppressed by Ed- 
ward the Confessor, in 1042, when 
it was £40,000 annually ; William 
I. revived it as a crown revenue ; in 
1013, Swein totally conquered Eng- 
land, was proclaimed king, and 
obliged Ethelred to retire to the Isle 
of Wight, who sent his wife and 
sons to Normandy ; it remained in 
the hands of the Danish kings till 
1042 ; William, Duke of Normandy, 
claimed the crown, invaded Eng- 
land, defeated the reigning king, 
Harold II., and the English were 
next governed by the Norman line, 
1066 ; a new survey made of Eng- 
land, and the register called Dooms- 
day-book, being, however, only an 
alteration and improvement of 
Alfred's, 1080 ; the taxes were levied 
according to this survey till 13 
Henry VIII., 1522, when a more 



EN0 



199 



ENG 



accurate survey was taken, and was 
called by the people the new Dooms- 
day-book ; put under an interdict 
by the Pope, for John's opposing 
his nomination to the see of Canter- 
bury, 1201 ; interdict taken off on 
John's submission, 1214,; all in 
arms, 1215; Magna Charta was 
confirmed in this year; underweut 
a reformation in government, 1258; 
put under an interdict on Henry 
VIII.'s shaking off the Pope's su- 
premacy, 1535 ; the crowns of Eng- 
land and Scotland united in the 
person of James VI. of Scotland, 
who succeeded to the throne of 
England by the title of James I., 
1603 ; the two kingdoms united by 
the consent of both nations, and 
thenceforth named Great Britain, 
1707 ; Ireland united to England 
and Scotland, and the whole de- 
nominated the British empire, Jan. 
1, 1801 ; Prince of Wales sworn in 
regent of the United Kingdom, 
during the indisposition of George 
III., Feb. 5, 1811. 

England, the first geographical 
map of it, 1520. The island of 
Great Britain is about 520 miles in 
length, and the circuit of its coast 
makes about 1800 miles. The part 
constituting England and Wales is 
in length, from Newhaven, in Sus- 
sex, to Berwick-upon-Tweed, 355 
miles, and in breadth, from the 
South Foreland in Kent to the 
Land's End in Cornwall, 325 miles. 
The area of England and Wales, 
computed in acres, has been very 
differently stated by different au- 
thors; for as it has never been 
ascertained by an actual survey, 
various modes of computation have 
been adopted, which have disagreed 
materially in the result. The fol- 
lowing are the principal estimates 
on this point: — By Sir William 
Petty, 28,000,000 acres ; Dr. Grew, 
48,000,000 acres; Dr. Halley, 
39,938,500 acres ; Templeman, 
31,648,000 acres; Arthur Young, 
48,916,000 acres; Rev. H. Becke, 
33,498,572 acres. In the returns 
relative to the poor, laid before the 



House of Commons in 1804, it was 
stated that by the best computation 
England and Wales contained 
58,335 square statute miles, and 
37,334,400 statute acres. Scotland, 
with its islands, contains about 
21,000,000 acres. The soil of South 
Britain is annually cropped in the 
following proportions: — Wheat, 
3,080,000 acres; barley and rye, 
850,000 acres ; oats and beans, 
2,800,000 acres; clover, rye-grass, 
&c, 1,120,000 acres ; turnips, car- 
rots, cabbages, &c, 1,120,000 acres; 
fallow, 2,100,000 acres ; hop grounds, 
35,000 acres; nursery grounds, 
8,500 acres ; fruit and kitchen gar- 
dens, 45,000 acres ; pleasure grounds, 
16,000 acres; land, depastured by 
cattle, 17,000,000 acres; hedge- 
rows, copses, and woods, 1,600,000 
acres ; ways, water, &c, 1,282,100 
acres. Cultivated land, 31,056,600 
acres ; commons and wastes, 
6,277,800 acres. Total, 37,334,400 
acres. The number of horses for 
which duty was paid 1,780,000. 
Their annual consumption of food, 
reckoned by the produce of acres, 
is — 200,000 pleasure horses, 5 acres 
each, 10,000,000 acres; 30,000 ca- 
valry, 5 acres each, 150,000 acres; 
1,200,000 husbandry, 4 acres each, 
4,800,000 acres ; 350,000 colts, mares, 
&c, 3 acres each, 1,050,000 acres. 
Total, 7,000,000 acres. The total 
population of Great Britain, as it 
appeared by the returns made in 
1801, including the army, navy, and 
merchant seamen, was 10,942,646 ; 
to which if the islands of Guernsey, 
Jersey, Alderney, and the Scilly 
islands, are added, it might then be 
taken at 11,000,000. It is evident 
that the welfare of a nation, and its 
political strength, do not depend so 
much on its numerical population, 
as on the manner in which that po- 
pulation is employed ; and the pro- 
portion of productive to unproduc- 
tive labourers of which it consists. 
No accurate account of this kind 
has been taken ; but the following 
estimate of the different classes of 
persons who compose the present 



EIG 



200 



ENG 



population of Great Britain, was not 
at the above period far from the 
truth, and a proportionate addition 
under each head will give the enor- 
mous increase. — See Census. No- 
bility and gentry, 5000 ; clergy of 
the churches of England and Scot- 
land, 18,000 ; ditto, dissenters 
of every description, 14,000 ; 
army and militia, including half- 
pay, &c, 240,000; navy and 
marines, 130,000 ; seamen in the 
merchant's service, 155,000; lighter- 
men, watermen, &c, 3500 ; persons 
employed in collecting the public 
revenue, 6000; judges, counsel, at- 
torneys, &c, 14,000 ; merchants, 
brokers, factors, &c, 25,000 ; clerks 
to ditto, and to commercial com- 
panies, 40,000; employed in the 
different manufactures, 1,680,000 ; 
mechanics not immediately belong- 
ing to ditto, 50,000 ; shopkeepers, 
160,000; schoolmasters and mis- 
tresses, 20,000 ; artists, 5000 ; play- 
ers, musicians, &c, 4000 ; employed 
in agriculture, 2,000,000 ; male and 
female servants, 800,000 ; gamblers, 
swindlers, thieves, and prostitutes, 
&c, 150,000 ; convicts and pri- 
soners, 10,000; aged and infirm, 
293,000 ; wives and daughters of 
most of the above, 2,427,500 ; chil- 
dren under ten yrs. of age, 2,750,000. 
Total, 11,000,000. The present po- 
pulation, after the census of 1851, 
is 20,919,531 for Great Britain.— 
See Census. The productions of 
the country have no doubt increased 
in nearly the same proportion.. — See 
Bevenue. The total income of all 
classes of the community, both as 
arising from capital and labour, 
appears to be nearly as follows : — 
Erom rent of lands, £29,000,000; 
from rent of. houses, £8,500,000 ; 
profits of farming, or occupation of 
land, £6,120,000; income of labour- 
ers in agriculture, £15,000,000; 
profits of mines, canals, collieries, 
&c, £2,000,000; profits of merchant 
shipping, &c, £1,000,000; income 
of stockholders, £20,500,000 ; from 
mortgages and other moneys lent, 
£3,000,000 ; profits of foreign trade, 



£11,250,000; profits of manufac- 
tures, £14,100,000; pay of army, 
navy, and merchant seamen, 
£5,000,000 ; income of the clergv 
of all descriptions, £2,200,000; 
judges, and all subordinate officers 
of the law, £1,800,000; profes- 
sors, schoolmasters, tutors, &c, 
£600,000 ; retail trades not imme- 
diately connected with foreign trade 
or manufactures, £8,000,000 ; vari- 
ous other professions and employ- 
ments, £2,000,000 ; male and fe- 
male servants, £2,400,000. Total, 
£132,470,000. If this statement, 
the total of which is corroborated 
by the produce of the late income or 
property tax, is not far from the 
truth, it will not be difficult to form 
a similar estimate of the total na- 
tional capital, viz., Value of the land, 
at 28 years' purchase, £812,000,000 ; 
value of houses, at 20 years' pur- 
chase, £170,000,000; manufacto- 
ries, machinery, steam-engines, &c, 
£20,000,000; household furniture, 
£42,500,000 ; apparel, provisions, 
fuel, wine, plate, watches and jewels, 
books, carriages, &c, £40,000,000 ; 
cattle of all kinds, £90,000,000 ; 
grain of all kinds, £10,600,000 ; hay, 
straw, &c, £6,600,000 ; implements 
of husbandry, £2,000,000; mer- 
chant shipping, £12,800,000; the 
navy, £6,000,000; coin and bullion, 
£24,000,000 ; goods in the hands of 
merchants, &c, £16,300,000; goods 
in the hands of manufacturers and 
retail traders, £20,000,000. Total 
national capital, £1,272,800,000. 
By the calculations of a commit- 
tee, it is computed that the cultiva- 
tion of the Avaste lands would yield 
to the nation an income of above 
£20,000,000 a-year, and the agri- 
cultural population find additional 
employment. This class of the 
population has not increased with 
the manufacturing ratio. The fol- 
lowing was delivered by the com- 
mittee of agriculture, being a gene- 
ral view of the extent of the island 
of Great Britain, and the propor- 
tion between the waste and unen- 
closed, and the cultivated part : — • 



ENG 



201 



ENG 



ACRES UNCULTIVATED. 

England and Wales 7,888,777 

Scotland 14,213,224 



22,102,001 



ACRES CULTIVATED. 

England and Wales 39,027,156 

Scotland 12,151,471 



51,178,627 



TOTAL EXTENT. 

England and Wales 46,915,933 

Scotland 26,369,695 

73,285,628 

The above estimate will give some 
general idea of the magnitude of 
this great source of national wealth. 
Of the value of these wastes, were 
they improved in the manner of 
which they are capable, it is difficult 
to form any adequate idea. At the 
same time it may be of service to 
submit some data, as the basis of 
future calculation. On the suppo- 
sition, therefore, that there are 
22,000,000 of acres of waste and un- 
enclosed lands in the kingdom, the 
whole may be divided, according to 
the various qualities of the soil and 
surface, in the following manner : — 

ACRES. 

Incapable of all improve- 
ment 1,000,000 

Eit to be planted 3,000,000 

Eit for upland pasture.... 14,000,000 

Eit for tillage 3,000,000 

Capable of being con- 
verted into meadow, or 
water-meadow 1,000,000 

Total 22,000,000 



The 1,000,000 of acres, as being in- 
capable of cultivation, must be esti- 
mated as of no annual value. The 
3,000,000, supposed to be fit for 
plantation, according to the inge- 
nious calculation of the late bishop 
of Llandaff, may be worth 8s. an 
acre, or in all, £1,200,000 per an- 
il- um. This, however, is the value 



of the annual produce, and not rent. 
The 14,000,000 of acres of upland 
pasture, when improved, ' cannot be 
calculated at less than 5s. per acre 
of rent, or £3,500,000 per annum. 
The 3,000,000 of acres supposed to 
be convertible into arable land, 
would certainly, when enclosed, be 
worth at an average 10s. per acre, 
or £1,500,000 per annum. The 
1,000,000 of acres supposed to be 
converted into meadow, or water- 
meadow, cannot be calculated at less 
than 30s. per acre, or £1,500,000 in 
all. The account may then be thus 
stated : — 

£ 
Kent of the upland pas- 
ture 3,500,000 

Rent of the arable land. . . 1,500,000 
Rent of the meadows 1,500,000 



This must be multiplied 
by 3, in order to give 
the annual produce 



6,500,000 



Add the annual produce 
of 3,000,000 of acres, 
supposed to be planted, 



19,500,000 



amounting to 



1,200,000 



Total £20,700,000 



English Kings. — Before the Ro- 
mans appeared, the Britons, who 
then possessed the country, were di- 
vided into several nations, each of 
them governed by their own kings. 
Julius Cassar landed in England, 
Aug. 26, 55 a.c., but he did not long 
remain. Even in 14 a.d., in the 
reign of Tiberius, the Romans had 
little footing in England ; Claudius 
first subdued the island in 43, and 
Britain became a member of the 
Roman empire ; many of the tribes 
had still their proper kings, who 
were suffered to govern by their own 
laws, provided they were tributary- ; 
such were Cogidunus and Prastita- 
gus, mentioned by Tacitus. Lucius, 
who is said to be the first Christian 
kino- died in 181, and left the Ro- 



ENG 



202 



ENG 



man empire heir to his kingdom ; and 
Coilus, the father of Helena, mother 
of Constantine the Great. Two 
emperors of Rome died in Eng- 
land, at York, Alexander Severus 
and Constantius. After the Ro- 
mans had quitted Britain, upon the 
irruption of the Goths into Italy 
during the reign of Honorius, that 
is, in 410, they sent a legion to 
protect them, in 423, during the 
reign of Valentinian. In 427, they 
left Britain, after endeavouring to 
arouse the inhabitants to warlike 
habits in their own defence, in vain. 
The government returned to the 
Britons, who chose for their king, 
Constantine, brother of Aldroinus, 
king of Brittany, in France, a prince 
of the British blood, to whom suc- 
ceeded Constantine, his son ; then 
Vortigern, who usurped the crown ; 
but being harassed by the Scots and 
Picts, in 448, to maintain his usur- 
pation, first called in the Saxons, at 
that time hovering along the coast 
of Britain, in 449. These having 
got sure footing in the island, never 
left the Britons quiet till they were 
possessed of the whole ; and though 
they were overthrown in many bat- 
tles by king Vortimer, the son and 
colleague of Vortigern, and after- 
wards by king Arthur, yet the Bri- 
tons were soon after his death so 
broken and weakened, that they 
were forced at last to retreat, and 
exchange the plain and fertile part 
of Britain for the mountains of 
Wales and Cornwall; a portion had 
before gone from Cornwall into 
Brittany and founded that province. 
Cadwallader, the last king of the 
Britons, began to reign 683, killed 
in battle Lothaire, king of Kent, and 
Ethelwold, king of the West Saxons ; 
turned monk, and died at Rome. 
Thus the Britons left the stage and 
the Saxons entered. By these the 
country was divided into seven king- 
doms, called the Heptarchy ; Kent, 
the first kingdom, was in Julius 
Csssar's time the sovereignty of four 
petty princes, and never ealled a 
kingdom till Hengist erected it into 



one. The Heptarchy — The king- 
dom of Kent contained only the 
county of Kent ; its kings were — 

1 Hengist began . . . 455 

2 Eske 488 

3 Octa 512 

4 Ymrick 534 

5 Ethelbert .... 568 

6 Eabald 617 

7 Ercombert .... 640 

8 Egbert ... . . . 664 

9 Lothaire 673 

10 Edrick 685 

11 Withdred .... 686 

12 issr d }- • » 

13 Edelbert alone . . . 743 

14 Alkric 760 

15 Edelbert Pren . . 794 

16 Cuthred 798 

17 Baldred 805 

This kingdom began 455, ended 
823. Its first Christian king was 
Ethelbert. The kingdom of the South 
Saxons contained the counties of 
Sussex and Surrey; its kings were — 

1 Ella began .... 491 

2 Cissa 514 

3 Chevelin 590 

4 Ceolwic 592 

5 Ceoluph 597 

6 IqSU • • «» 

7 Ethelwolf .... 634 

8 Canowalch .... 643 

9 Adelwach .... 649 
This kingdom began 491, ended 
754. Its first Christian king was 
Ethelwolf. The kingdom of the West 
Saxons contained the counties of 
Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, 
Wilts, Hants, and Berks : its kings 
were — 

1 Cerdic began . . . 519 

2 Kenric 534 

3 Ceaulin 560 

4 Ceolric 592 

5 Ceoluph 598 

6 Cinigisil 611 

7 Cuichelme .... 614 

8 Kenwald 643 

9 Adelwald .... 648 

10 Lexburga .... 672 

11 Censua, Eskwin . . 674 

12 Kentwin 676 



ENG 



203 



ENG 



13 Ceadwald .... 686 

14 Ina 688 

15 Ethlard 727 

16 Cuthred 740 

17 f Sigebert and) 754 
( Kenwolfe J 

18 Brithrick .... 784 

19 Egbert 800 

This kingdom began 519, ended 
828. Its first Christian king was 
Cinigisil. The kingdom of the East 
Saxons contained the counties of 
Essex and Middlesex : its kings 
were — 

1 Erchenwin began . . 527 

2 Sledda 587 

3 Sebert 604 

( Sexred ) 

4 1 Seward [• ... 616 
( Sigebert ) 

5 Sigebert the Little . 623 

6 Sigebert the Good . 653 

7 Swithelme . . . 655 

8 Sighere and Sebba . 665 

9 Sebba 683 

K» IS"! • • ™ 

11 Offa 705 

12 Seolfred 707 

13 Swithred 746 

This kingdom began 527, ended 
746. Its first Christian king was 
Sebert. The kingdom of Northum- 
berland contained Yorkshire, Dur- 
ham, Lancaster, Westmoreland, 
Cumberland, and Northumberland : 
its kings were — 

1 Ella, or Ida, began . 547 

2 Adda 559 

3 Glappa 566 

4 Theodwald .... 572 

5 Frethulfe .... 573 

6 Theodrick .... 579 

7 Ethelrick .... 586 

8 Ethelfrid 593 

9 Edwin 624 

10 Osric 633 

11 Oswald ..... 634 

12 Oswy 643 

13 Ethelward .... 653 

14 Egfrid 670 

15 Alfred 685 

16 Osred 1 705 

17 Kenred 716 

18 Oswick 718 



19 Ceolulphe . . . 730 

20 Egbert 737 

21 Oswulph 758 

22 Edilwald 759 

23 Ailred 765 

24 Ethelred 774 

25 Alfwald 1 779 

26 Osred II 789 

27 Ethelred restored . . 790 

28 Osbald 796 

29 Ardulph 797 

30 Alfwald II 807 

31 Andred .... ^ 810 
This kingdom began 547, ended 
810. Its first Christian king Avas 
Edwin. The kingdom of the East 
Angles contained the counties of 
Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, and the 
Isle of Ely : its kings were- 

1 Uffa began 

2 Titullus . 



3 Redwald . 

4 Erpenwald 

5 Sigebert . 

6 ( Egrick 
| Annas 

7 Ethelric 

8 Ethwald 

9 Adwolfe 
10 Alfwald 
-. -j <s Beorna and 



571 
578 
599 
624 
633 

644 

654 
655 
664 



749 



Ethelbert 

12 Beorna alone . . . 758 

13 Ethelred 790 

14 Ethelbert .... 792 
This kingdom began 571, ended 
792. Its first Christian king was 
Bedwald. The kingdom of Mercia 
contained the counties of Hunting- 
don, Rutland, Lincoln, Northamp- 
ton, Leicester, Derby, Nottingham, 
Oxford, Chester, Saiop, Gloucester, 
Worcester, Stafford, Warwick, 
Buckingham, Bedford, and Hert- 



1 : its kings were — 






1 Crida began . . . 584 


2 Whibba . . . 




597 


3 Cheorlus . 






616 


4 Penda 






625 


5 Peada 






653 


6 Wolfhere 






659 


7 Ethelred . 






675 


8 Kenred . 






704 


9 Ceolred . 






709 


Ethelbald 






716 



ENG 



204 



ENG 



11 Offa 757 

12 Egfrid 794 

13 Kenwolfe .... 795 

14 Kenelme 819 

15 Ceoluph 819 

16 Bernulfe 821 

17 Ludecan 823 

18 Whitlafe 825 

19 Bertwolfe .... 826 

20 Burdred 828 

This kingdom began 584, ended 
828. Its first Christian king was 
Peada. The Saxons, though they 
were divided into seven kingdoms, 
were for the most part subject only 
to one monarch, who was styled 
king of the English nation; the 
most powerful giving the law unto 
the others, and succeeded as follows : 
— Hengist, first monarch of Britain, 
landed in the Isle of Thanet, 449 ; 
laid the foundation of the monarchy 
in 455 ; defeated Vortimer at Oay- 
ford, January 457; massacred 300 
British nobles on Salisbury plain, 
May 1st, 474. He bore in his 
standard the white horse, blazoned 
in the same manner as now borne 
by the dukes of Brunswick. He was 
born at Angria, in Westphalia, 
reigned 34 years, died in 488. — Ella, 
second monarch, landed at Shore- 
ham, in Sussex, 477; assumed the 
title of king of the South Saxons, 
491 ; died 499. — Cerdic, third mon- 
arch, arrived in Britain, and 
overcame Arthur near Chard, 
Somerset, 519; began the king- 
dom of the West Saxons the same 
year; died 534. — Kenric, second 
king of the West Saxons, fourth 
monarch, eldest son of Cerdic, suc- 
ceeded in 534, and died in 560. — 
Ceaulin, the third king of the West 
Saxons, and fifth monarch, suc- 
ceeded his father, 560; seized on 
Sussex in 590; abdicated in 591; 
and died in banishment, 593. — 
Ethelbert I., fifth king of Kent, and 
sixth monarch, 593 ; St. Augustine 
first arrived in his dominions, who, 
with his followers, were entertained 
by the king at Canterbury, where 
they settled ; to whose doctrine 
Ethelbert became a convert. He 



gave Augustine an idol temple 
without the walls of the city, as a 
burial-place for him and his succes- 
sors, which was converted into the 
first monastery. This king was the 
first that caused the laws of the 
land to be collected and translated 
into Saxon. He died Eeb. 24, 617, 
and was buried at Canterbury. — 
Redwald, third king of the East 
Angles, seventh monarch, 616; he 
died 624. — Edwin the Great, king 
of Northumberland, succeeded as 
eighth monarch in 624. He was 
the first Christian, and the ninth 
king of Northumberland. He lost 
his life in a battle at Hatfield, Oct. 
4, 633.— Oswald, tenth king of 
Northumberland, and ninth mon- 
arch of Britain, 634. He was slain 
at Maserfield, in Shropshire, Aug. 
1, 642. — Oswy, eleventh king of 
Northumberland, tenth monarch of 
Britain, Oct. 13, 634. He defeated 
Penda, the Mercian, and Ethelred, 
king of the East Angles, Nov. 6, 
655. He died February 15, 670.— 
Wolf here, sixth king of the Mer- 
cians, eleventh monarch, 671 ; died 
675, and was buried at Peter- 
borough. — Ethelred, seventh king of 
Mercia, and twelfth monarch, 675. 
He desolated part of Kent, and in 
677 destroyed Rochester, and many 
religious foundations ; to atone for 
which he became a monk, 705, and 
died abbot of Bradney, 716. — 
Kenred, his nephew, eighth king of 
Mercia, and thirteenth monarch, 
705 ; reigned four years, and follow- 
ing his uncle's example, became a 
monk. — Ceolred, son to Ethelred, 
ninth king of the Mercians, and 
fourteenth monarch, 709 ; was killed 
in battle with the West Saxons in 
716; and was buried at Lichfield. — 
Ethelbald I. tenth king of the Mer- 
cians, fifteenth monarch, 716 ; built 
Croyland abbey, in Lincolnshire. 
He was slain by his own subjects 
when he was leading his troops 
against Cuthred, the West Saxon, 
at Secondine, three miles from Tam- 
worth, in Warwickshire, and was 
buried at Bepton, in Derbyshire, 



ENG 



205 



ENG 



757. — Offa, the eleventh king of 
the Mercians, and the sixteenth 
monarch, 757. He was born lame, 
deaf, and blind, which continued till 
he arrived at manhood. He took 
up arms against Kent, slew their 
king at Otterford, and conquered 
that kingdom. He caused a great 
trench to be dug from Bristol to 
Basingwerk, in Flintshire, as the 
boundary of the Britons who har- 
boured in Wales, 774. Offa first 
ordained the sounding of trumpets 
before the kings of England, to 
denote their appearance, and require 
respect. He admitted his son, 
Egfrid, a partner in his sovereignty ; 
and, out of devotion, paid a visit to 
Rome, where he made his kingdom 
subject to a tribute, then called 
Peter-pence, and procured the cano- 
nization of St. Alban. At his 
return he built St. Alban's monas- 
tery, in Hertfordshire, 793. He 
died at Offley, June 29, 794, and was 
buried at Bedford, in a chapel since 
swallowed up by the river Ouse. — 
Egfrid, twelfth king of the Mer- 
cians, and seventeenth monarch, 
July 13, 794; but died Dec. 17, 
following, and was buried at St. 
Alban's. — Kenwolfe, thirteenth king 
of the Mercians, and eighteenth 
monarch, 795. He conquered Kent, 
and gave that kingdom to Cudred, 
798. He built Winchcomb monas- 
tery, in Gloucestershire, where he led 
the captive prince, Pren, to the 
altar, and released him without 
ransom or entreaty. He died in 
819, and was buried at Winchcomb. 
— Egbert, seventeenth king of the 
West Saxons, and nineteenth, but 
first sole monarch of the English. 
he conquered Kent, and laid the 
foundation of the sole monarchy in 
823, which put an end to the Saxon 
heptarchy, and was solemnly 
crowned at Winchester, when, by 
his edict, he ordered all the south 
of the island to be called England, 
827. He died Feb. 4, 838, and was 
buried at Winchester. — Ethelwulf, 
eldest son of Egbert, succeeded to 
his father, notwithstanding, at the 



time of Egbert's death, he was 
bishop of Winchester. In 853, he 
ordained tithes to be collected, and 
exempted the clergy from regal 
tributes. He visited Rome in 854, 
confirming the grant of Peter-pence, 
and agreed to pay Rome 300 marks 
per annum. His son Ethelbald 
obliged him to divide the sovereignty 
with himself, 855. He died Jan. 13, 
857, and Avas buried at Winchester. 
— Ethelbald II, eldest son of Ethel- 
wulf, succeeded in 857. He died 
Dec. 20, 860, and was buried at 
Sherborne, but removed to Salis- 
bury. — Ethelbert II, second son of 
Ethelwulf, succeeded in 860, and 
was harassed greatly by the Danes, 
who were repulsed and vanquished. 
He died in 866, was buried at Sher- 
borne, and was succeeded by Ethel- 
red I, third son of Ethelwulf, in 
866, when the Danes again harassed 
his kingdom. In 870, they de- 
stroyed the monasteries of Bradney, 
Croyland, Peterborough, Ely, and 
Huntingdon, when the nuns of 
Coldingham defaced themselves to 
avoid being polluted; and in East 
Anglia they murdered Edmund, 
at Edmundsbury, in Suffolk. Ethel- 
red overthrew the Danes, 871, at 
Assendon. He had nine set battles 
with the Danes in one year, and 
was wounded at Wittingham, which 
occasioned his death, April 27, 872. 
He was buried at Wimborne, in 
Dorsetshire. — Alfred, the fourth son 
of Ethelwulf, succeeded in 872, in 
the twenty-second year of his age ; 
was crowned at Winchester, and is 
distinguished by the title of Alfred 
the Great. He was born at Want- 
age, in Berkshire, 849, and obliged 
to take the field against the Danes 
within one moilth after his corona- 
tion at Wilton, in Wiltshire. He 
fought seven battles with them in 
876. In 877, another succour of 
Danes arrived, and Alfred was 
obliged to disguise himself in the 
habit of a shepherd, in the isle of 
Athelney, in the county of Somerset, 
till, in 878, collecting his scattered 
friends, he attacked and defeated 



ENG 



206 



ENG 



them in 879, when he obliged the 
greatest part of their army to quit 
the land ; in 897, they went up the 
river Lea, and built a fortress at 
Ware, when King Alfred turned off 
the course of the river, and left their 
ships dry, which obliged the Danes 
to remove. He died Oct. 28, 900. 
He formed a body of laws, after- 
wards made use of by Edward the 
Confessor, which was the ground- 
work of the present. He divided 
his kingdom into shires, hundreds, 
and tithings, and obliged his nobles 
to bring up their children to learn- 
ing ; and to induce them thereto, ad- 
mitted none to offices except they 
were learned ; and to enable them 
to procure that learning, he founded 
the university of Oxford. He was 
buried at Winchester. — Edward the 
Elder, his son, succeeded him, and 
was crowned at Kingston-upon- 
Thames, in 901. In 911, Leolin, 
prince of Wales, did homage to 
Edward for his principality. He 
died at Earringdon, in Berkshire, 
in 925, and was buried at Winches-^ 
ter. Athelstan, his eldest son, suc- 
ceeded him, and was crowned with 
far greater magnificence than usual, 
at Kingston-upon- Thames, in 925. 
In 937, he defeated two Welsh 
princes, but soon after, on their 
making submission, he restored 
them their estates. He escaped 
being assassinated in his tent, 938, 
which he revenged by attacking his 
enemy, when five petty sovereigns, 
twelve dukes, and an army that 
came to the assistance of Anlaf, 
king of Ireland, were slain. This 
battle was fought near Dunbar, in 
Scotland. He made the princes of 
Wales tributary, 939 ; and died Oct. 
17, 941, at Gloucester. — Edmund I, 
the fifth son of Edward the Elder, 
succeeded at the age of 18, and was 
crowned king at Kingston-upon- 
Thames, 940. On May 26, 947, 
he was stabbed by Leolf, a noted 
robber, whom he had sentenced to 
banishment, and died of the wound. 
He was buried at Glastonbury. — 
Edred, his brother, aged 28, suc- 



ceeded in 948, and was crowned at 
Kingston-upon-Thames, August 17. 
He died in 955, and was buried at 
Winchester. — Edwy, the eldest son 
of Edmund, succeeded, and was 
crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames, 
in 955. He had great dissensions 
with the clergy, and banished Dun- 
stan, their ringleader, which oc- 
casions little credit to be given to 
the character the priests gave him. 
He died of grief in 959, after a tur- 
bulent reign of four years, and was 
buried at Winchester. — Edgar, at 
the age of 16, succeeded his brother, 
and was crowned at Kingston-upon- 
Thames in 959, and again at Bath, 
973. He imposed on the princes of 
Wales a tribute of wolves' heads, 
that for three years amounted to 
300 each year. He obliged eight 
tributary princes to row him in a 
barge on the river Dee, in 960. He 
died, July 18, 975, and was buried at 
Glastonbury. — Edward the Martyr, 
his eldest son, succeeded him, being 
but 12 years of age^ and was crown- 
ed by Dunstan, at Kingston-upon- 
Thames, in 975. He was stabbed 
by the instructions of his mother-in- 
law, as he was drinking at Corfe- 
castle, in the isle of Purbeck, in 
Dorsetshire, May 18, 979. He was 
buried at Wareham, Avithout any 
ceremony, but removed three years 
after, in great pomp, to Shaftes- 
bury.— -Ethelred II, succeeded his 
brother, and was crowned at King- 
ston-upon-Thames, April 14, 979. 
In 982^ his palace, with a large 
part of London, was destroyed by a 
great fire. England was ravaged 
by the Danes, who, in 999, received 
at one payment about £30,000, 
raised by a land-tax, called Dane- 
gelt* A general massacre of the 
Danes, Nov. 13, 1002. Swein re- 
venged his countrymen's deaths, 
1003j and did not quit the kingdom 
till Ethelred had paid him £36,000, 
which he the year following de- 
manded as an annual tribute. In 
the spring of 1008, they subdued 
great part of the country. To 
stop their progress it was agreed to 



ENG 



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ENG 



pay the Danes £48,000 to quit the 
kingdom, 1012. In the space of 
twenty years they received £469,687 
sterling. Soon after Swein entered 
the Humher again, when Ethelred 
retired to the isle of Wight, and 
sent his sons, Avith their mother 
Emma, into Normandy, to her 
brother, and Swein took possession 
of the whole kingdom, 1013.^ — Swein 
was proclaimed king of England in 
1013, and no person disputed his 
title. His first act of sovereignty 
was an insupportable tax, which he 
did not live to see collected. He 
was killed Feb. 3, 1014, at Thetford, 
in Norfolk. — Canute, his son, was 
proclaimed, March, 1014« and en- 
deavoured to gain the affections of 
his English subjects^ but without 
success, retired to Denmark, and 
Ethelred returned at the invitation 
of his subjects. Canute returned, 
1015, soon after he had left England, 
and landed at Sandwich. Ethelred 
retired to the north, but by evading 
a battle with the Danes, he lost the 
affections of his subjects, and re- 
tiring to London he expired, April 
24, 1016. — Edmund Ironside, his 
son, was crowned at Kingston-upon- 
Thames, April, 1016; but by a dis- 
agreement among the nobility, 
Canute Avas crowned at Southamp- 
ton. In June following, Canute 
totally routed Edmund, at Assendon, 
in Essex, Avho soon after met Canute 
in the isle of Alney, in the Severn, 
where a peace was concluded, and 
the kingdom divided between them. 
Edmund did not survive above a 
month after, being murdered at Ox- 
ford, Nov. 30, 1016, before he had 
reigned a year. He left two sons 
and tAvo daughters; from one of 
which daughters James I. of Eng- 
land descended, and from him 
William IV. — Canute was esta- 
blished 1017; made an alliance 
with Normandy, and married Emma, 
Ethelred's AvidoAv, 1018 ; made a 
voyage to Denmark, attacked Nor- 
way, and took possession of the 
crown, 1028 ; died at Shaftesbury, 
1036, and was buried at Winchester. 



Harold L, his son, began his reign, 
1036 ; died May 18, 1039 ; and was 
succeeded by his younger brother, 
Hardicanute, king of Denmark, who 
died at Lambeth, 1041 ; was buried 
at Winchester, and succeeded by a 
son of Queen Emma, by her first 
husband, Ethelred II.. — Edward the 
Confessor was born at Islip, in Ox- 
fordshire, began his reign in the 
40th year of his age. He was 
crowned at Winchester, 1042 ; mar- 
ried Editha, daughter of Godwin, 
Earl of Kent, 1043 ; remitted the 
tax of Danegelt, and was the first 
king of England that touched for 
the king's evil, 1058 ; died Jan. 5, 
1066, aged 65 ; was buried in West- 
minster Abbey, which he rebuilt, 
where his bones were enshrined in 
goldj set with jewels, 1066. Emma, 
his mother, died, 1052. He was 
succeeded by Harold II., son of the 
Earl of Kent, crowned in 1066; 
defeated his brother Tosti and the 
king of NorAvay, who had invaded 
his dominions, at Stamford, Sept. 
25th, 1066 ; but Avas killed by the 
Normans at Hastings, Oct. 14 fol- 
lowing. — William I., Duke of Nor- 
mandy, a descendant of Canute, 
born, 1027 ; paid a visit to EdAvard 
the Confessor, in England, 1051; 
betrothed his daughter to Harold 
II., 1058; made a claim of the 
crown of England, 1066 ; invaded 
England, landed at Pevensey, in 
Sussex, the same year ; defeated 
the English troops at Hastings, Oct. 
14, 1066, Avhen Harold was slain, 
and William assumed the title of 
Conqueror. He Avas croAvned at 
Westminster, Dec. 25, 1066; in- 
vaded Scotland, 1072 ; subverted 
the English constitution, 1074 ; re- 
fused to swear fealty to the pope 
for the croAvn of England ; wounded 
by his son Robert, at Gerberot, in 
Normandy, 1077; invaded France, 
1086 ; soon after fell from his horse 
and contracted a rupture ; he died 
at Hermentrude, near Rouen, in 
Normandy, 1087 ; Avas buried at 
Caen, and succeeded in Normandy 
by his eldest son, Robert, and in 



ENG 



208 



ENG 



England by his second son, William 
IL, born, 1057; crowned at West- 
minster, Sept. 27, 1087; invaded 
Normandy with success, 1090 ; killed 
by accident as he was hunting in 
the New Forest, by Sir Walter 
Tyrrel, Aug., 1100, aged 43; was 
buried at Winchester, and succeeded 
by his brother, Henry L., born, 
1068 ; crowned, Aug. 5, 1100 ; mar- 
ried Matilda,, daughter of Malcolm, 
king of Scots, Nov. 11 following; 
made peace with his brother Robert, 
1101 ; invaded Normandy, 1105 ; 
attacked by Robert, whom he de- 
feated and took prisoner, 1107, and 
sent him to England ; betrothed his 
daughter Matilda to the emperor of 
Germany, 1109; challenged by 
Louis of France, 1117; lost his 
queen, May 1, 1118 ; his eldest son 
and two others of his children ship- 
wrecked and lost with 180 of his 
nobility, in coming from Normandy, 
1120 ; married Adelicia, daughter 
of Godfrey, earl of Louvain, Jan. 
29, 1121 ; in quiet possession of 
Normandy, 1129; surfeited himself 
with eating lampreys, at Lyons, 
near Rouen, in Normandy, and 
died, Dec. 2, 1135, aged 68; his 
body was brought over to England, 
and buried at Reading. He was 
succeeded by his nephew, Stephen, 
third son of his sister Adela, by the 
earl of Blois. He left £100,000 in 
cash, besides plate and jewels to an 
immense value. — Matilda, or Maud, 
daughter of Henry I., born, 1101 ; 
married to Henry IV., emperor of 
Germany, 1109; had the English 
nobility swear fealty to her, 1126 ; 
buried her husband 1127; married 
Jeffrey Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, 
1130 ; set aside from the English 
succession by Stephen, 1135 ; landed 
in England, and claimed a right to 
the crown, Sept. 30, 1139 ; defeated 
Stephen at Lincoln, and confined 
him in Gloucester, 1141 ; besieged 
in Oxford, and fled from a window 
of Oxford castle by a rope, in the 
winter of 1142 ; retired to France, 
1147 ; her son Henry concluded a 
peace with Stephen, 1153. She 



died at Rouen, in Normandy, Sept. 
10, 1167, and was buried in the 
abbey of Bee. — Stephen, born, 1105; 
crowned, Dec. 26, 1135; taken 
prisoner at Lincoln by the earl of 
Gloucester, Matilda's half-brother, 
Feb., 1141, and put in irons at 
Bristol, but released iu exchange 
for the earl of Gloucester, taken at 
Winchester ; made peace with Henry, 
Maud's son, 1 1 53 ; died of the piles 
at Dover, Oct. 25, 1154, aged 50; 
was buried at Feversham, and suc- 
ceeded by Henry, son of Matilda. — ■ 
Adela, Stephen's queen, was crowned 
on Easter-day, 1136 ; died, May 3, 
1151, at Hemingham castle, Essex, 
and buried in a monastery at Fevers- 
haim — Henry IL, grandson of Henry 
I., born, 1133; married Eleanor, 
heiress of Guienne and Poitou, on 
Whitsunday, 1152, the divorced wife 
of Louis VII., King of France. He 
invaded England, Jan. 7, 1153 ; and 
had homage done him as successor 
to King Stephen, in a council held 
at Oxford, Jan. 13, 1154; returned 
into Normandy the spring following. 
He began his reign, Oct. 24, 1154; 
arrived in England, Dec. 8, and 
was with his Queen, Eleanor, 
crowned at London, the 19th of the 
same month ; crowned in Lincoln, 
1158 ; again at Worcester, 1159 ; 
quelled the rebellion in Maine, 
1166 ; had his son Henry crowned 
king of England, 1170; invaded 
Ireland, Oct. 26, 1171, and reduced 
the island to his subjection in 1172 ; 
imprisoned his queen on account of 
Rosamond, his concubine, 1173 ; did 
penance at Becket's tomb, July 8, 
1174 ; took the king of Scotland 
prisoner, and obliged him to give up 
the independency of his crown, 
1175; named his son John lord of 
Ireland, 1176; had, the same year, 
an amour with Alicia of France, 
the intended princess of his son 
Richard, 1181 ; lost his eldest son, 
Henry, June 11, 1183; his son 
Richard rebelled, 1185 ; his son 
Jeffrey trodden under foot and 
killed, at a tournament in Paris, 
Aug. 19, 1187 ; made a convention 



ENG 



209 



ENG 



with Philip of France to go to the 
holy wars, 1188 ; died with grief at 
the altar, cursing his sons, July 6, 
1189, aged 61 ; was buried atFonte- 
vraud, in France, and succeeded 
by his son, Richard. — Eleanor, queen 
to King Henry II., died, 1105. — 
Richard I. was born at Oxford, 1157 ; 
crowned at London, Sept. 3, 1189 ; 
released the king and people of Scot- 
land from the oath of homage they 
had taken to his father, for 10,000 
marks, Dec. 5; embarked at Dover 
Dec. 11, 1189 ; set out on the crusade, 
and joined Philip of France on the 
plains of Vezelay, June 29, 1190 ; 
took Messina the latter end of the 
year; married Berengaria, daugh- 
ter of the king of Navarre, May 12, 
1191 ; defeated the Cypriots, and 
took their king prisoner, 1191; 
taken prisoner near Vienna, on his 
return home, by Leopold, duke of 
Austria, Dec. 20, 1192 ; ransomed 
for ,£40,000, and set at liberty, at 
Mentz, Feb. 4, 1194; returned to 
England, 29th March following ; 
wounded with an arrow at Chaluz, 
near Limoges, in Normandy, and 
died, April 6, 1199 ; was buried at 
Fontevraud, and succeeded by his 
brother John, the youngest son of 
Henry II., born at Oxford, Dec. 24, 
1166 ; was crowned May 27, 1199; 
divorced his wife Avisa, and mar- 
ried Isabella, daughter of the Count 
of Angouleme, and they were both 
crowned at Westminster, Oct. 8, 
1200 ; went to Paris, 1200; besieged 
the castle of Mirable, and took his 
nephew, Arthur, prisoner, Aug. 1, 
1202, whom he caused to be mur- 
dered, April 3, 1203 ; the same year 
he was expelled the French pro- 
vinces ; imprisoned his queen, 1208 ; 
banished all the clergy in his domi- 
nions, 1208 ; was excommunicated, 
1209; landed in Ireland, June 8, 
1210; surrendered his crown to 
Pandulf, the Pope's legate, May 25, 
1213; absolved, 20th July follow- 
ing ; obliged by his barons to con- 
firm Magna Charta, June 9, 1215 ; 
lost his treasure and baggage in 
passing the marshes of Lynn, 1216 ; 



died at Newark, Oct. 19, 1216; was 
buried at Worcester, where his 
corpse was discovered nearly entire 
in 1797, having been buried 580 
years. — He was succeeded by his 
son, Henry III., born, Oct. 1, 1206; 
crowned at Gloucester, Oct. 28, 
1216 ; received homage from Alex- 
ander of Scotland, at Northampton, 
1218 ; crowned again at Glouces- 
ter, May 7, (he laid the first stone 
of the new abbey church at West- 
minster in 1221,) 1219; married 
Eleanor of Provence, dowager of 
the Earl of Pembroke, Jan. 14, 
1236; sold his plate and jewels to 
the citizens of London, 1248, when 
he married his daughter Margaret 
to the king of Scots, 1253 ; obliged 
by his nobles to resign the power of 
a sovereign, and sell Normandy and 
Anjou to the French, 1258-9 ; shut 
himself up in the Tower of London, 
for fear of his nobles, 1261 ; taken 
prisoner at Lewes, May 14, 1264; 
wounded at the battle of Evesham, 
1265; died aged 67, at St. Ed- 
mondsbury, Nov. 16, 1272 ; and was 
succeeded by his son Edward. — 
Eleanor, Henry IIL's queen, died 
in a monastery at Ambersbury, 
about 1292, where she had retired. 
— Edward L, born June 16, 1239; 
married Eleanor, princess of Castile, 
1253; succeeded to the crown, Nov. 
16, 1272; wounded in the Holy 
Land with a poisoned dagger ; re- 
covered, and landed in England, 
July 25, 1274; crowned at West- 
minster, 19th Aug. following, with 
his queen ; went to France, and did 
homage to the French king, 1279 ; 
reduced the Welsh princes, 1282. 
Eleanor, his queen, died of a fever 
on her journey to Scotland, at 
Herdby, in Lincolnshire, 1291, and 
was conveyed to Westminster, when 
elegant stone crosses were erected 
at each place where the corpse 
rested ; married Margaret, sister to 
the king of France, Sept. 12, 1299 ; 
conquered Scotland, 1296, and 
brought to England their corona- 
tion chair; died of a flux at 
Burgh-upon-the-Sands, in Cumber- 



ENG 



210 



ENG 



land, July 7, 1307; was buried at 
Westminster, where, on May 2, 
1774, some antiquarians, by consent 
of the chapter, examined his tomb, 
when they found his corpse uncon- 
sumed, though buried 466 years. — 
He was succeeded by his fourth 
son, Edivard II, born at Carnarvon, 
in Wales, April 25, 1284 ; was the 
lirst king of England's eldest son 
that had the title of Prince of Wales, 
with which he was invested in 1284. 
—He ascended the throne, July 7, 
1307; married Isabella, daughter 
of the Erench king, 1308 ; and was 
crowned with his queen at West- 
minster, Eeb. 24, 1308 ; obliged by 
his barons to invest the government 
of the kingdom in twenty-one per- 
sons, March 16, 1309; went on a 
pilgrimage to Boulogne, Dec. 13, 
1313 ; declared his queen and all 
her adherents enemies to the king- 
dom, 1325; conveyed his Erench 
dominions to his son Edward, Sept. 
10, 1325; dethroned, Jan. 13, 1327 ; 
and succeeded by his son, Edwd. III. ; 
murdered at Berkeley Castle, Sept. 
22, following, and was buried at 
Gloucester. — Edward III. born at 
Windsor, Nov. 13, 1313 ; succeeded 
to the crown, Jan. 13, 1327; 
crowned at Westminster, 1st Eeb. 
following ; he married Philippa, 
daughter of the earl of Hainault, 
Jan. 24, 1328 ; claimed the regency 
of France, 1328 ; confined his mo- 
ther Isabella, and caused her favou- 
rite, earl Mortimer, to be hanged 
at Tyburn, Nov. 29, 1330; the Scots 
defeated at Halidown, 1333; in- 
vaded France, and pawned his 
crown and jewels for 50,000 florins, 
1340 ; quartered the arms of Eng- 
land and France, and at the same 
time used the motto, Dieu et mon 
droit, 1340 ; made the first distinc- 
tion between Lords and Commons, 
1342 ; defeated the Erench at Cressy, 
3>,000 slain, among whom was the 
king of Bohemia, 1346 ; the queen 
took the king of Scotland prisoner, 
and 20,000 Scots slain, same year ; 
Calais besieged and taken, Aug. 4, 
1347, and St. Stephen's chapel, 



afterwards the House of Commons, 
built, 1348; the order of the Garter 
instituted, 1349 ; the Erench de- 
feated at Poictiers, their king and 
prince taken, and the king of Na- 
varre imprisoned, 1356 ; the king of 
Scotland ransomed for 100,000 
marks, 1358; the king of France 
ransomed for £300,000, 1359 ; four 
kings entertained at the Lord May- 
or's feast, viz.: England, France, 
Scotland, and Cyprus, 1364; Phi- 
lippa, his queen, died at Windsor, 
Aug. 16, 1369, and was buried at 
Westminster ; Edward died at Rich- 
mond, June 21, 1377, and was suc- 
ceeded by his grandson, Richard II., 
son to Edward the Black Prince, 
who was born June 15, 1330; created 
duke of Cornwall in full parliament, 
Mar. 7, 1337, the first in England 
that bore the title of Duke ; created 
Prince of Wales, 1344 ; brought the 
king of France prisoner to England, 
from the battle of Poictiers, Sept. 
19, 1356; went to Castile, 1367; 
died of a consumption, June 8, 
1376, and was buried at Canter- 
bury. — John of Gaunt, duke of Lan- 
caster, fourth son of Edward III., 
born, 1340, married Blanch, daugh- 
ter of the duke of Lancaster, 1359, 
by whom he became possessed of 
that dukedom and title ; she died, 
1396, and in 1372 he married the 
daughter of the king of Castile and 
Leon, and took that title ; in 1369, 
he married a third wife, Catherine 
Swinford, from whom descended 
Henry VII.— He died, 1399, and 
was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, 
London. — Richard II, born at Bor- 
deaux, Jan. 6, 1367 ; had two royal 
godfathers, the kings of Navarre 
and Majorca ; made guardian of 
the kingdom, Aug. 30, 1372, 
created Prince of Wales, 1376 ; 
succeeded his grandfather, Edward 
III., June 21, 1377, when not 
eleven years old, and t crowned at 
Westminster, 16th July following ; 
the rebellion of Wat Tyler and 
Jack Straw, 1381 ; married Anne, 
sister to the emperor of Germany, 
I and king of Bohemia, Jan. 1382, 



ENG 



211 



ENG 



who died without issue at Sliene, 
and was buried at Westminster 
Abbey, 3rd Aug., 1395 ; married 
Isabella, daughter to the king of 
France, 31st Oct., 1396. — He was 
taken prisoner by Henry duke of 
Lancaster, his cousin, and sent to 
the Tower, 1st Sept., 1399 ; re- 
signed his crown 29th Sept. follow- 
ing, and was succeeded by Henry 
IV. — Richard was murdered in 
Pomfret Castle, 13th Feb., 1400, 
and buried atLangley, but removed 
to Westminster 14 years afterwards. 
■ — Thomas, duke of Gloucester, uncle 
to Richard II., was smothered, 28th 
Feb., 1367.— Thomas Beaufort, duke 
of Exeter, half-brother to Richard 
II., died without issue, 24th Dec, 
1424, and was buried at St. Ed- 
mondsbury, where his body was 
discovered uncorrupted in 1772, 
after being buried 348 years. — Henry 
IV., duke of Lancaster, grandson of 
Edward III., born 1367, married 
Mary, the daughter of the earl of 
Hereford, who died 1394, before he 
obtained the crown ; fought with 
the duke of Norfolk, 1397, and ban- 
ished ; returned to England in arms 
against Richard II., who resigned 
him his crown, and Henry was 
crowned, 13th Oct., 1399, when he 
created 47 knights of the Bath, in- 
cluding his three sons ; conspired 
against, Jan., 1400 ; marched 
against the Welsh, 1402 ; married 
a second queen, Joan of Navarre, 
widow of the duke of Bretagne, 
1402 ; she was crowned with great 
magnificence, 27th Eeb. following, 
and died in 1417 ; in 1403 began 
the rebellion of the Percies, sup- 
pressed July following. — He died of 
an apoplexy, in Westminster, 20th 
March, 1413 ; was buried at Can- 
terbury, and succeeded by his son, 
Henry V., who was born in 1388, 
and, when prince of Wales, was 
committed to prison for insulting 
one of the judges, 1412 ; crowned at 
Westminster, 9th April, 1413 ; 
claimed the ci*own of France, 1414 ; 
gained the battle of Agincourt, 25th 
Oct., 1415 ; pledged his regalia for 



£60,000, to push his conquests, 
1416. — The emperor I Sigismund 
paid a visit to Henry, and was in- 
stalled Knight of the Garter, 1416 ; 
invaded Normandy with an army of 
26,000 men, 1417 ; declared regent, 
and married Catharine of France, 
2nd June, 1420 ; she was crowned 
at Westminster, 22nd Feb. follow- 
ing ; outlived Henry, and was mar- 
ried afterwards to Owen Tudor, 
grandfather of Henry VII. — Henry 
died of a pleurisy at Rouen, 31st 
Aug., 1422, aged 34 ; Was buried at 
Westminster, and succeeded by 
Henry VI., born at Windsor, Dec. 
6th, 1421 ; succeeded to the throne, 
Aug. 31, 1422 ; proclaimed king of 
France the same year; crowned 
at Westminster, Nov. 6, 1429 ; 
crowned at Paris, Dec. 17, 1430; 
married to Margaret, daughter 
of the duke of Anjou, at South- 
wick, Hampshire, April 22, 1445, 
and was crowned at Westmin- 
ster, 30th May following ; Jack 
Cade's insurrection, 1450 ; Henry 
taken prisoner at St. Alb an 's, 1455 ; 
but regained his liberty, 1461 ; and 
deposed 2nd March following, by 
his fourth cousin, Edward IV. ; 
fled into Scotland, and taken pri- 
soner in Lancashire, 1463 ; restored 
to his throne, 6th Nov., 1470 ; taken 
prisoner again by Edward, 11th 
April, 1471 ; Queen Margaret and 
her son taken prisoners at Tewkes- 
bury by Edward, June, 1471 ; the 
prince killed in cold blood, 21st 
May, and Henry murdered in the 
Tower, 20th June following, and 
buried at Chertsey, aged 49 ; after- 
wards removed to Windsor. — 
Hwrphtey, duke of Gloucester, 
fourtn son of Henry IV., was 
strangled by the order of his 
nephew, Henry VI., and buried at 
St. Alban's, 1447.— Edward IV., 
born at Rouen, April 29, 1443 ; 
descended from the third son of Ed- 
ward III ; elected king, March 3, 
1461 ; and before his coronation 
obliged to take the field, and fight 
the battle of Towton, when 36,776 
fell, and not one prisoner taken but 



ENG 



212 



ENG 



the earl of Devonshire, March 29 ; 
crowned at Westminster, June 28, 
1461 ; sat publicly with the judges 
in Westminster-hall, 1462 ; mar- 
ried Lady Elizabeth Grey, widow 
of Sir John Grey of Groby, March 
1, 1465; crowned the 26th follow- 
ing.. — Henry was taken prisoner by 
the earl of Warwick in Yorkshire, 
whence he was brought to London, 
with his legs tied under his horse's 
belly, 1464 ; released and restored, 
1470. Edwai-d caused his brother, 
the duke of Clarence, who had 
joined the earl of Warwick, to be 
drowned in a butt of malmsey wine, 
March 11, 1478 ; died of a surfeit 
at Westminster, April 9, 1483 ; and 
was buried at Windsor, where his 
corpse was discovered undecayed, 
March 11, 1789, and his dress 
nearly perfect, as were the linea- 
ments of his face. He was suc- 
ceeded by his infant son, Edward 
V., born Nov. 4, 1470 ; proclaimed 
king at London, April 9, 1483 ; de- 
posed June 20, following ; and, with 
the duke of York, his brother, 
smothered soon after by their uncle, 
who succeeded him. — Richard III., 
duke of Gloucester, brother to Ed- 
ward IV., born 1453 ; took prince 
Edward, son of Henry VI., prisoner 
at Tewkesbury, and helped to mur- 
der him in cold blood ; afterwards 
married his widow ; made protector 
of England, May 27, 1483 ; elected 
king, June 20, and crowned July 6, 
following ; ditto at York, Aug. 18 ; 
lost his queen, March 16, 1484 ; 
slain in battle, at Bosworth, Aug. 
22, 1485, aged 32; was buried at 
Leicester, and succeeded by Henry 
VII, born 1455; who landed at 
Milford Haven, Aug. 7, 1485 ; de- 
feated Richard III. in Bosworth- 
field ; was elected king, 1485 ; 
crowned Oct. 30, the same year; 
married Elizabeth, daughter of Ed- 
ward IV., Jan. 18, 1486, who was 
crowned Nov. 25, 1487, following ; 
defeated Lambert Simnel, the im- 
postor, June 16, 1487; received of 
the French king, as a compromise 
for his claim on that crown. 



£186,250, besides 25,000 crowns 
yearly, 1492 ; married his eldest 
son, Arthur, to princess Catherine 
of Spain, Nov. 14, 1501 ; prince 
Arthur died, April 2, 1502 ; queen 
Elizabeth died in child-bed, Feb. 
11, following, and was buried at 
Westminster. — Mary, his third 
daughter, married Louis XII. of 
France, Oct. 9, 1514, by whom she 
was left without issue, and she mar- 
ried, May 2, 1515, Charles Brandon, 
duke of Suffolk, by whom she had 
issue, and died 1533, and was buried 
at St. Edmonclsbury, where her 
corpse was discovered, Sept. 6, 1784, 
in a perfect state. She was grand- 
mother of the unfortunate Lady 
Jane Grey. — Henry married his 
daughter Margaret to James IV. of 
Scotland, 1501 ; died of a consump- 
tion at Richmond, April 22, 1509, 
aged 54; was buried at Westminster, 
and succeeded by his son, Henri/ 
VIII, born June 28, 1491 ; married 
Catherine, Infanta of Spain, widow 
of his brother Arthur, June 3, 1509; 
crowned June 24, following ; had a 
personal interview with Francis I. 
king of France, at Guisnes in Flan- 
ders, June, 1520, and again at 
Boulogne, Oct. 11, 1532 ; received 
the title of Defender of the Faith, 
1521 ; in Nov. 1534, he was de- 
clared Head of the Church by par- 
liament ; divorced queen Catherine, 
and married Anne Bulleyn, Nov. 
14, 1532; Anne crowned, June 1, 
1533 ; assumed the title of Head 
of the Church of England, in the 
presence of his whole court, and re- 
ceived the first-fruits and tenths ; 
was excommunicated by Pope Paul, 
Aug. 30, 1535 ; Catherine, his first 
queen, died at Kimbolton, Jan. 8, 
1536, aged 50; he put Anne, his 
second queen, to death, May 19, and 
married Jane Seymour, May 20, 
1536, who died in childbed, Oct. 12, 
1537; he dissolved and plundered 
the religious foundations in England, 
1539 ; married Anne of Cleves, Jan. 
6, 1540 ; divorced her, July 10, 
1540 ; married Catherine Howard, 
his fifth wife, Aua:. 8, following;, and 






ENG 



213 



ENG 



beheaded her on Tower-hill, with 
Lady Rochford, Feb. 13, 1542 ; his 
title of king of Ireland was con- 
firmed by act of parliament, Jan. 24, 
1544, to this king and his succes- 
sors ; married Catherine Parr, his 
sixth wife, July 12, 1543. He died 
of a fever and an ulcerated leg, at 
Westminster, Jan. 28, 1547, in the 
56th year of his age ; was buried at 
Windsor, and succeeded by his only 
son, Edward VI., born Oct. 12, 
1537; crowned, Sunday, Feb. 20, 
1547 ; died of consumption, at 
Greenwich, July 6, 1553 ; was buried 
at Westminster, and succeeded, 
agreeably to his will, by his cousin, 
Jane Grey, born 1537 ; proclaimed 
queen, July 9, 1553 ; deposed soon 
after, and sent to the Tower, where 
she, with Lord Dudley, her husband, 
and her father, were beheaded, Apr. 
12, 1554, aged 17, by the order of 
Mary, born Feb. 11, 1516 ; pro- 
claimed July 9, 1553 ; and crowned 
Oct. 1, following ; married Philip of 
Spain, July 25, 1554 ; died of drop- 
sy, Nov. 17, 1558 ; buried at West- 
minster, and succeeded by her half- 
sister, Elizabeth, born Sept. 7, 1533 
sent prisoner to the Tower, 1554 
began to reign, Nov. 17, 1558 
crowned at Westminster, Jan. 15, 
1559 ; Mary, queen of Scots, fled to 
England, May 17, 1568, and was 
imprisoned at Tutbury castle, Dec. 
3, 1569 ; Elizabeth relieved the pro- 
testants in France with 100,000 
crowns, besides artillery, 1568 ; a 
marriage proposed between the 
queen and the duke of Anjou, 1571 ; 
but finally rejected, 1581 ; beheaded 
Mary, queen of Scots, at Fotherin- 
gay castle, in Northamptonshire, 
Feb. 8, 1587, aged 44 ; the Spanish 
armada destroyed, 1588 ; Tyrone's 
rebellion in Ireland, 1598 ; Essex, 
the queen's favourite, beheaded, Feb. 
25, 1601 ; the queen died at Rich- 
mond, March 24, 1603 ; buried at 
Westminster, succeeded by the son 
of Mary, queen of Scots, then James 
VI. of Scotland. James I, born at 
Edinburgh, June 19, 1566 ; crowned 
king of Scotland, July 29, 1567, at 



13 months 8 days old; married 
Anne, princess of Denmark, Aug. 
20, 1589 ; succeeded to the crown 
of England, March 24, 1603 ; first 
styled king of Great Britain, 1604 ; 
arrived at London, May 7, follow- 
ing ; lost his eldest son, Henry, 
prince of Wales, Nov. 5, 1612, aged 
18 (his funeral expenses amounted 
to £16,016); married his daughter 
Elizabeth to the prince Palatine of 
the Rhine, 1612 ; went to Scotland, 
March 14, 1617 ; returned Sept. 15, 
1618 ; lost his queen, March, 1619 ; 
died of an ague, March 27, 1625 ; 
was buried at Westminster, and was 
succeeded by Charles I„ born Nov. 
19, 1600 ; visited Madrid to fetch a 
wife, March 7, 1623 ; succeeded to 
the crown, March 27, 1625 ; married 
Henrietta, daughter of the king of 
France, the same year; crowned 
Feb. 2, 1626; crowned at Edin- 
burgh, 1633; went to Scotland, Aug. 
1641 ; returned Nov. 25, following ; 
went to the House of Commons, and 
demanded the five members, Jan. 
1641-2; retired to York, March, 
1642; raised his standard at Not- 
tingham, Aug. 22, following; tra- 
velled in the disguise of a servant, 
and put himself into the hands of 
the Scots, at Newark, May 5, 1646 ; 
sold by the Scots for £400,000, Aug 
8, following ; seized by cornet Joyce, 
at Holmby, June 4, 1646 ; escaped 
from Hampton-court, and retreated 
to the Isle of Wight, July 29, 1648; 
closely confined in Carisbrook cas- 
tle, Dec. 1, following ; removed to 
Windsor castle, Dec. 23, to St. 
James's, Jan. 15, 1649 ; brought to 
trial, Jan. 20, condemned, 27, be- 
headed at Whitehall, 30, aged 49, 
and buried in St. George's chapel, 
Windsor. His queen, Henrietta, 
died in France, Aug. 10, 1669. 
Oliver Cromwell, born at Hunting- 
don, April 25, 1599, chosen member 
of parliament for Huntingdon, 1628; 
made a lieutenant-general, 1643 ; 
went over to Ireland with his army, 
Aug. 13, 1649; returned May, 1650; 
made protector for life, Dec. 12, 
1653 ; was near being killed by fall- 



ENG 



214 



ENG 



ing from a coach-box, Oct. 1654 ; 
re-admitted the Jews into England, 
in 1656, after their expulsion of 365 
years; refused the title of king, May 
8, 1657 ; died at Whitehall, Sept. 3, 
1658 ; and was succeeded by his son, 
Richard Cromwell, proclaimed pro- 
tector, Sept. 4, 1658 ; resigned 
April 22, 1659 ; died at Cheshunt, 
in Hertfordshire, July 12, 1712, 
aged 90. Charles II, born May 29, 
1630; escaped from St. James's, 
April 23, 1648 ; landed in Scotland, 
1650 ; crowned at Scone, Jan. 1, 
1651 ; defeated at the battle of Wor- 
cester, 1651 ; landed at Dover, May 
25, 1660, and the throne restored; 
crowned April 23, 1661 ; married 
Catherine, infanta of Portugal, May 
21, 1662 ; accepted the city freedom, 
Dec. 18, 1674 ; died Eeb. 6, 1685, 
aged 54, of an apoplexy ; was buried 
at Westminster, and was succeeded 
by his brother James. Catherine, 
his queen, died, Dec. 30, 1705. 
James II, born Oct. 15, 1633 ; mar- 
ried Anne Hyde, Sept. 1660, who 
died, 1671 ; married the princess of 
Modena, Nov. 21, 1678 ; succeeded 
to the throne, Ye^. 6, 1685 ; Mon- 
mouth, natural son of Charles II., 
landed in England, June 11, 1685 ; 
proclaimed king at Taunton, in So- 
mersetshire, June 20, following ; 
defeated near Bridgewater, July 6 ; 
beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, 
following, aged 35 ; James's queen 
had a son, born, June 10, 1688 ; the 
king fled from his palace, Dec. 10, 
1688; was seized soon after at Ee- 
versham, and carried back to White- 
hall ; left England, Dec. 3, follow- 
ing ; landed at Kinsale, in Ireland, 
March 12, 1689; returned toErance, 
July, 1690; died at St. Germain's, 
Sept. 6, 1701. William III, prince 
of Orange, born Nov. 4, 1650 ; 
created Stadtholder, July 3, 1672 ; 
married the princess Mary of Eng- 
land, Nov. 4, 1677 ; landed at Tor- 
bay, in England, with an army, Nov. 
4, 1688 ; declared king of England, 
Eeb. 13, 1689; crowned with his 
queen, April 11, 1689 ; landed at 
Carrickfergus, June 14, 1690 ; and 



defeated James II. at the battle of 
the Boyne, July 1, following ; a plot 
laid for assassinating him, Eeb. 1690; 
fell from his horse, and broke his 
collar-bone, Eeb. 26, 1702; died, 
March 8, aged 52 ; was buried Apr. 
12, following, and left his sister-in- 
law, Anne, his successor to the 
croAvn. Mary, William's queen, 
born April, 30, 1662 ; proclaimed 
(with her husband) queen regent 
of England, Eeb. 13, 1689 ; died 
of the small-pox, Dec. 28, 1694. aged 
32, and was buried at Westminster. 
Anne, born Feb. 6, 1665; married 
to Prince George of Denmark, July 
28, 1683, by whom she had eighteen 
children, all of whom died young ; 
she came to the crown, March 8, 
1702 ; crowned April 23, following ; 
lost her son George, duke of Glou- 
cester, by a fever, July 29, 1700, 
aged 11 ; lost her husband, who 
died of an asthma and dropsy, Oct. 
28, 1708, aged 35 ; the queen died 
of an apoplexy, Aug. 1, 1714, aged 
49 ; was buried at Westminster, and 
was succeeded by George I, elector 
of Hanover, duke of Brunswick- 
Lunenburg, born May 28, 1660; 
created duke of Cambridge, &c, 
Oct. 5, 1706. Princess Sophia, his 
queen, mother of George II., died 
June 8, 1714, aged 83. He was 
proclaimed August 1, 1714 ; landed 
Sept. 18, following; died on his 
journey to Hanover, Sunday, June 
11, 1727, of a paralytic disorder. — ■ 
George II, bora Oct. 30, 1683; 
created Prince of Wales, Oct. 4, 
1714; married the princess Wilhel- 
mina Carolina Dorothea, of Brand- 
enburgh-Anspach, 1705; ascended 
the throne, June 11, 1727 ; sup- 
pressed a rebellion, 1745 ; died Oct. 
25, 1760, aged 77, and was succeeded 
by his grandson, George III. — 
Frederick Leivis, prince of Wales, 
son of George II., born Jan. 20, 
1707; arrived in England, Dec. 
1728; married Augusta, princess of 
Saxe-Gotha, April 27, 1736 ; for- 
bidden the court the year following ; 
died March 20, 1751, aged 44; 
having had issue, Augusta, bom 



ENG 



215 



ENG 



Aug. 11, 1737, afterwards duchess 
of Brunswick; George Augustus, 
afterwards king of England; Ed- 
ward Augustus, born March 25, 
1759, died duke of York, Sept. 17, 
1769; Eliza Caroline, born Jan. 10, 
1740, died Sept. 1759; William 
Henry, born Nov. 23, 1743, duke of 
Gloucester, died Aug. 25, 1805; 
Henry Frederick born Nov. 7, 1745, 
duke of Cumberland, married Oct. 
1771, Anne Horton, daughter of 
Lord Irnham, and died without 
issue, Sept. 18, 1780 ; Louisa Anne, 
born May 29, 1748, died May 21, 
1768 ; Frederick William, born May 
24, 1750, died May 10, 1765 ; Caro- 
line Matilda, born July 22, 1759, 
died queen of Denmark, 1775. His 
princess died of a consumption, Feb. 
8, 1772, aged 52.— George III., 
eldest son of Frederick, late prince 
of Wales, was born June 4, 1738 ; 
created prince of Wales, 1751 ; suc- 
ceeded his grandfather, Oct. 25, 
1760; proclaimed the next day. 
His issue were : 1. George prince of 
Wales (afterwards George IV.), born 
Aug. 12, 1762; married Apr. 8, 1795, 
Caroline Amelia Augusta, the 
second daughter of the duke of 
Brunswick (by Augusta, the eldest 
sister of George III.), born May 17, 
1768, by whom he had issue, Char- 
lotte Caroline Augusta, born Jan. 
7, 1796, who died Nov. 6, 1817. 2. 
Frederick, duke of York, bishop of 
Osnaburg, born Aug. 16, 1763; 
married at Berlin Oct. 1, and again 
by the archbishop of Canterbury, 
Nov. 21, to Frederica Charlotta 
Ulrica Catherina, princess-royal of 
Prussia, who was born May 7, 1767; 
died Jan. 5, 1827. 3. William 
Henry, born Aug. 21, 1765, duke 
of Clarence ; passed through all the 
ranks of the navy, but received no 
command (afterwards William IV.) 
4. Charlotte Augusta Matilda, born 
Sept. 29, 1766 ; married, May 17, 
1797, to Frederick William, duke 
(afterwards king) of Wurtemburg, 
who died 1816. 5. Edward, duke 
of Kent, born Nov. 2, 1767; died 
Jan. 23, 1820. 6. Augusta Sophia, 



born Nov. 8, 1768. 7. Elizabeth, 
born May 22, 1770. 8. Ernest 
Augustus, duke of Cumberland, 
born June 5, 1771 ; married to the 
dowager princess of Salms, Aug. 29, 
1814. 9. Augustus Frederick, duke 
of Sussex, born Jan. 27, 1773. 10. 
Adolphus Frederick, duke of Cam- 
bridge, Feb. 24, 1774 ; died, Julv 
8, 1850. 11. Mary, born April 
25, 1776 ; married to William 
Frederick, duke of Gloucester, 
July 22, 1816. 12. Sophia, 
born Nov. 3, 1777. 13. Octavius, 
born Feb. 23, 1779 ; died May 3, 
1783. 14. Alfred, born Sept. 22, 
1780; died Aug. 20, 1782. 15. 
Amelia, born Aug. 8, 1783; died 
Nov. 2, 1810. George IV, eldest 
son of George III., born Aug. 12, 
1762 ; married the princess Caroline 
of Brunswick, April 8, 1795; as- 
sumed the office of regent, 1810; 
succeeded to the throne, Jan. 29, 
1820; died June 26, 1830. Queen 
Caroline died Aug. 27, 1821. Prin- 
cess Charlotte of Wales born, his 
only issue, Jan. 7, 1796 ; married 
Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, 
afterwards king of Belgium, May 2, 
1816; died in child-bed, Nov. 6, 
1817.— William IV. born Aug. 21, 
1765; married July 13, 1818, 
Adelaide, sister of the duke of Saxe- 
Meiningen, born July 13, 1792 ; was 
appointed Lord High Admiral in 
1827 ; succeeded his brother, George 
IV., June 26, 1830 ; died June 20, 
1837; succeeded by Victoria, only 
daughter of the duke of Kent, born 
May 24, 1819; married Feb. 10, 
1840, her cousin the Prince of Saxe- 
Coburg and Gotha, and has had 
issue, Victoria Adelaide Mary 
Louisa, born Nov. 21, 1840 ; Albert 
Edward, Prince of Wales, Nov. 9, 
1841 ; Alice Maud Mary, April 2.5, 
1843; Alfred Ernest, Aug. 6, 1844; 
Helena Augusta Victoria, May 25, 
1846; Louisa Carolina Alberta, 
March 18, 1848; Arthur Patrick 
Albert, May 1, 1850 ; and Leopold 
George Duncan Albert, April 7, 
1853. 



ENG 



216 



ENG 



England, duration of Reigns of Sovereigns of, corresponding 

WITH THE TEAR OF THE CHRISTIAN Era, 

from 1066 to 1852. 




* It is sometimes the custom to omit twelve years, during the Commonwealth, and to 
give the date from the death of Charles I. to Charles II. 

KB.— Every king's reign begins at the death of his predecessor : for example, George 



IV. began, Jan. 29, 



the first year of his reign is complete, Jan. 28, 1821. 



ENG 



217 



ENG 



England, occurrences in history 
of: — the Danes first appeared on 
the English coast, 783 ; destroy Can- 
terbury and London in two inva- 
sions, 867, 871 ; Alfred fights 56 
battles with them during his reign, 
871 and 899 ; frames his laws, 890.; 
his survey, 896; divided England 
into counties, 899; died, 900; the 
Danes massacred, 1002; Ethelred 
II. fled to Normandy for protection 
from the Danes under Swein, 1003 ; 
returned, 1014; the Danes ravage 
all England, 1017 ; the Saxon line 
restored, 1042 ; the Norman line be- 
gan, under William L, 1066; the 
government settled, 1067; western 
insurrection subdued, 1068 ; English 
turned out of their estates, and 
monasteries plundered by William 
and his minions, 1070 ; feudal law 
established, 1070 ; doomsday book 
compiled, 1081 ; New Forest formed, 
lands unjustly seized for the purpose, 
1082; war with France, 1087; 
William II. invaded Normandv, 
1090; war with Scotland, 1093; 
Robert of Normandy sold his empire 
to William II. for 10,000 marks, 
1097 ; Henry I. seized the English 
crown, 1100 ; Duke Robert, the 
rightful heir, invaded England, 1101 ; 
treaty by which Robert resigned 
England for a pension, signed, 1102 ; 
Normandy conquered by Henry L, 
1106 : stealing first made capital, as 
well as coining ; a charter granted 
to London by Henry; died, 1135; 
Matilda the rightful heir, 1135; 
Stephen usurped the throne, setting 
Matilda aside ; battle of the stand- 
ard, the Scotch defeated, 1138 ; she 
landed in England, 1139; crowned 
at Winchester, 1141 ; and was be- 
sieged there, 1141 ; retired into Nor- 
mandy, 1146, after defeating Ste- 
phen; compromise between Prince 
Henry and Stephen, 1153; Henry 
II. succeeded, 1155 ; Becket mur- 
dered, 1171 ; the constitutions of 
Clarendon, 1164; Ireland conquered, 
1172 ; England divided into circuits 
for judicial administration, 1176; 
war with Scotland, 1173 ; William, 
king of Scotland, defeated and taken 



prisoner, 1174; the Scotch king and 
his nobles made to do homage for 
all his possessions, 1175; Berwick, 
Roxburgh, and EdinbtTrgh, put into 
the hands of the English, 1175 ; 
English laws digested by Glanville, 
1181 ; war with France, 1189 ; 
Richard I. sets out for the crusade, 
1189 ; Richard I. made prisoner in 
Germany, is ransomed for 150,000 
marks, 1194 ; war with France, 
1199 ; coats of arms first introduced ; 
Normandy taken from King John, 
1204 ; the pope interdicts England, 
and excommunicates John, 1208 ; 
insurrection of the barons, and sig- 
nature of Magna Charta, 1215 ; 
usurpations of the barons, 1259, 
1260 ; civil wars of the barons, 1263 ; 
plunder and massacre of 500 Jews 
by the Londoners, 1263; battle of 
Lewes, May 14, 1264 ; the first free 
parliament summoned at Maser- 
bridge, 1265 ; battle of Evesham, 
Aug. 4, 1266 ; assize of bread fixed, 
35 Henry III. ; Wales conquered, 
1276 ; annexed to the crown, 1286 ; 
homage from Scotland, 1291 ; war 
with France, 1295 ; burgesses sum- 
moned to parliament, 1279 ; battle 
of Falkirk, July 22, 1298 ; Scotland 
subdued, 1299 ; war with Scotland, 
1311 ; battle of Bannockburn, 1314 ; 
Edward II. dethroned and murdered, 
1327 ; war with Scotland, battle of 
Halidon Hill, July 19, 1333 ; battle 
of Crecy, Aug. 26, 1346 ; battle of 
Nevil's Cross, and king of Scotland 
taken prisoner, Oct. 17, 1346 ; Calais 
taken, 1347 ; battle of Poictiers, and 
capture of the king of France, 1356 ; 
peace of Brittany, May 8, 1360; 
law-pleading in English, 1362 ; 
war anew with France, 1368; in- 
surrection of Tyler and Straw, June 
12, 1381 ; death of Wickliffe, 1385 ; 
murder of Richard II. at Pomfret 
castle, 1399 ; insurrection in Eng- 
land, 1400 ; in Wales, 1401 ; the 
battle of Shrewsbury, July 21, 
1403; Lollards persecuted, 1414; 
invasion of France, 1415 ; battle of 
Agincourt, Oct. 25, 1415; revenue 
of the crown, temp. Henry V., 
£55,714: 10: 10; Henry VI. crowned 



ENG 



218 



ENG 



at Paris, Dec. 1, 1430; decline of 
the English power in France, 1440 ; 
Henry deposed by Edward of the 
line of York, 1461 ; Queen Mar- 
garet and her son taken at Tewkes- 
bury, May 4, 1471 ; the prince mur- 
dered, May 21, 1471 ; Henry mur- 
dered, June 20, 1471 ; battle of 
Bosworth Field, 1485; yeomen of 
the guard appointed by Henry VIL, 
the first standing troops in England, 
1488 ; Henry VIL sells his claim to 
the sovereignty of France to Louis, 
1492 ; death of Prince Arthur, 1502 ; 
Henry VIII. marries his brother's 
widow, 1509 ; interview in the Field 
of the Cloth of Gold, May 31, 1520 ; 
Henry VIII. styled Defender of the 
Faith by the pope, 1521 ; head of 
the church by the protestants, hav- 
ing seized upon the church property, 
1532 ; divorces his first wife Ca- 
therine, May 23, 1532 ; Sir T. More 
beheaded, 1535 ; Henry VIII. mar- 
ried Anna Boleyn, Nov. 14, 1532 ; 
beheaded her, May 19, 1536, and 
the next day married Jane Sey- 
mour, who died Oct. 12, 1537 ; 
married Anne of Cleves, Jan. 6, 
1540; divorced her, Sept., 1540; 
married Catherine Howard, Aug. 8, 
1540 ; beheaded her, Feb. 13, 1442 ; 
married Catherine Parr, July 12, 
1543; died, Jan. 28, 1547; Crom- 
well Lord Essex beheaded, 1540; 
title of king of Ireland confirmed 
by act of parliament, 1543 ; Edward 
VI. promoted the reformation, 1547; 
Book of Common Prayer and the 
church service established, 1552; 
Queen Mary restored Catholicism, 
1555 ; execution of Lady Jane Grey, 
and her husband, father, and rela- 
tions, 1554; Queen Mary married 
Philip of Spain ; Ridley, Latimer, 
and Cranmer executed, 1555, 1556; 
Calais retaken by the French, 1558 ; 
protestantism established by Eliza- 
beth, 1558; Mary Queen of Scots 
executed, 1587 ; the Spanish armada 
threatens England, 1588; Earl of 
Essex beheaded, 1601 ; England and 
Scotland united under James I., 
1604; gunpowder plot, 1605; the 
Bible first translated, 1611 : death of 



Shakespeare, 1616; Raleigh be- 
headed, 1618; Charles I. married 
Queen Henrietta of France ; Lord 
Bacon died, 1626 ; assassination of 
Buckingham, 1628; Hampden's trial, 
1637; Lord Strafford beheaded, 
1641 ; the war between the parlia- 
ment and the king commenced, 
1642 ; Laud beheaded, 1644; Charles 
I. executed, Jan. 30, 1649; Oliver 
Cromwell protector, 1653 ; death of, 
1658 ; Richard Cromwell protector, 
1658; resigned, April 22, 1659; 
Charles II. returned to the throne, 
1660 ; the plague ravaged England, 
and destroyed 68,000 persons in 
London, 1665; great fire of London, 
1666 ; death of Milton, 1674 ; the 
habeas corpus act passed, 1678 ; 
Lord Russell and Algernon Sydney 
put to death, 1683 ; Duke of Mon- 
mouth's rebellion, 1685 ; abdication 
of James II. ; William III. pro- 
claimed, 1688 ; union of the kingdoms 
of England and Scotland, 1707, as 
Great Britain; accession of the 
house of Hanover, 1714; Scotch 
rebellion, 1715; death of Marl- 
borough, 1722 ; of Newton, 1726 ; 
second Scotch rebellion, 1745 ; the 
Scotch rebel peers, Kilmarnock, 
Lovat, and Balmerino, beheaded, 
1746 ; new style introduced, Sept. 3, 
1752; Gen. Wolfe slain, 1759 ; coro- 
nation of George III. and his Queen, 
(see English Sovereigns), Sept. 22, 
1761 ; Isle of Man annexed in so- 
vereignty to Great Britain ; Ameri- 
can war commenced, 1775 ; death 
of Chatham, 1778 ; independence of 
the United States acknowledged, 
Nov. 30, 1782 ; death of the young 
pretender at Rome, 1788; George 
III. first becomes insane, Oct. 12, 
1788 ; recovers, 1789 ; first coalition 
to restore the Bourbons in France, 
June 26, 1792 ; habeas corpus sus- 
pended, 1794 ; cash payments sus- 
pended by the bank, 1797 ; second 
suspension of the habeas corpus, 
Aug. 28, 1798 ; Hatfield attempted 
to shoot George III., May 11, 1800 ; 
found to be insane ; habeas corpus 
again suspended, April 19, 1801 ; 
the union with Ireland, 1801 ; treaty 



ENG 



219 



ENG 



of Amiens, March 27, 1801 ; war 
renewed against France, April 29, 
1803 ; battle of Trafalgar, in which 
Nelson falls, Oct. 21, 1805; death 
of William Pitt, Jan. 23, 1806; 
Lord Melville impeached, but ac- 
quitted, 1806 ; death of Fox, Sept. 

13, 1806 ; Duke of York impeached 
by Colonel Wardle, Jan. 26, 1807 ; 
Sir Francis Burdett arrested, and 
riots subsequently, April 6, 1810; 
George III. again insane, Nov. 2, 
1810 ; Prince of Wales declared 
regent, Feb. 5, 1811 ; Percival, 
prime minister, assassinated, May 
11, 1812 ; war with America, June 
18, 1812 ; peace with France, April 

14, 1814 ; Emperor of Russia and 
King of Prussia visit England, June 
7, 1814 ; peace with America, Dec. 
24, 1814 ; battle of Waterloo, June 
18, 1815 ; Spa field meeting, Dec. 2, 
1816; green bag enquiries, Feb. 2, 
1817 ; habeas corpus suspended, 
Feb. 21, 1817; cash payments at 
the bank partly resumed, Sept. 22, 
1817 ; Princess Charlotte of Wales 
died in childbirth, Nov. 6, 1817; 
Queen Charlotte died at Kew, Nov. 
17, 1818 ; Manchester reform meet- 
ing, and unprovoked attack by 
yeomanry on the people, Aug. 16, 
1819; death of George III., Jan. 
29, 1820 ; trial of Queen Caroline, 
1820 ; coronation of George IV., 
July 17, 1821; death of Queen Caro- 
line, Aug. 7, 1821 ; death of Byron 
in Greece, April 19, 1824; of the 
Duke of York, Jan. 22, 1827; of 
Canning, Ang. 8, 1827; catholic 
emancipation bill passed, April 13, 
1829 ; death of George IV., June 
26, 1830 ; cholera morbus appeared 
first in England, Oct. 26, 1831; 
parliamentary reform bill passed, 
June 7, 1832 ; slavery abolished, 
Aug. 1, 1834 ; municipal reform act 
passed, Sept. 9, 1835; death of 
William IV., June 20, 1837. (The 
crown of Hanover separated from 
that of England finally.) Corona- 
tion of Queen Victoria, June 28, 
1838 ; marriage of Queen Victoria 
with Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg, 
Feb. 10, 1840; Prince of Wales born, 



Nov. 9, 1841 ; King of Prussia visited 
England, Jan. 24, 1842 ; Queen visits 
the chateau d'Eu and tlii Orleans 
family, Sept. 2, 1843; the King of 
Saxony visited England, May 28, 
1844 ; the Emperor of Russia, June 
1, 1844; King Louis Philippe, Oct. 7, 
1844 ; the Queen visited Germany, 
Aug 9, 1845 ; the royal family of 
France take up their residence at 
Claremont, March 4, 1848 ; chartist 
meeting in London, April 10, 1848 ; 
the cholera reappears in England, 
1848, 1849; death of the Queen 
Dowager, Dec. 2, 1849 ; the Great 
Exhibition of manufactures and in- 
dustry of all nations projected and 
announced, April 23, 1850; death 
of Sir Robert Peel, July 2, 1850 ; 
the Queen visited Belgium, Aug. 
21, 1850; opening of the Great 
Exhibition of manufactures and in- 
dustry by the Queen, May 1 ; closed, 
Oct. 14, '1851 ; Lord John Russell's 
administration resigned, Feb. 23, 
1852; death of the Duke of Welling- 
ton, Sept. 14; public funeral of, 
Nov. 18, 1852 ; resignation of Earl 
Derby's administration, Dec. 25, 
and formation of a ministry bv the 
Earl of Aberdeen, Dec. 28, 1852. 

England, New, United States of 
North America, settled early in the 
17th century by individuals who 
were victims of the religious intoler- 
ance of the Stuarts, 1607; Plymouth 
company settled there, 1620. 

English College, at Rome, found- 
ed 854. 

English Language ordered to be 
used in law pleadings by Edward 
III., in place of the French, 1344. 

English Language and Dress or- 
dered to be used in Ireland, 1536 ; 
English ordered to be used in all 
lawsuits in place of Latin, 1731. 

English parents and guardians 
forbidden to sell their children out 
of England, 1000. 

Engraving on Copperplate in- 
vented 1423; and was produced 
first in Germany about 1450 ; in 
Italy, 1460; the earliest known 
date of a copperplate, 1461 ; etch- 
ing invented, 1582 ; mezzotinto, in- 



EQU 



220 



EPO 



vented by Siegen, and improved by- 
prince Rupert, 1648, and by Le 
Prince; crayon engraving invented 
in France by Bonnet, 1769 ; on 
steel-plates softened and then 
hardened, by Perkins, 1810 ; on 
wood revived by Albert Durer, 
1511, and in England by Bewick 
and others ; on glass by M. Boudier 
of Paris, 1709. 

Engravings, statutes to protect 
copyright, 16 and 18 George III., 
1775, and 1777. 

Engraving by Lithography, in- 
vented by Senefelder, 1798 and'l808 ; 
introduced into England, 1817. 

Engravings and Lithographs, in 
France, 4519 published in 1852. 

Enniskillen town defended itself 
against Elizabeth, 1595 ; against 
James II., 1689 ; 1500 of the rebels 
defeated General M'Carty, with 6000 
men, July 20, 1689. 

Entomology made a science by 
Linneeus, 1739 ; the Entomological 
Society of London instituted, 1806. 

Entailing Estates introduced by 
a statute, 1279. 

Entertainment, Places of, to be 
licensed by law, 1752. 

Epigram, a short inscription, 
either moral, satirical, or mortuary, 
invented by the Greeks : of the 
Romans, Martial, 90, and Ausonius, 
390, have left the best specimens. 

Epiphany, feast of, instituted 813. 

Episcopy, the rule over the clergy 
by bishops, begun early in the 
catholic church which names the 
Apostle Peter as the first. The 
bishop of Rome afterwards became 
Pope. Bishops came into England 
with St. Augustine about 596 ; into 
Ireland somewhat earlier ; Episcopy 
abolished in Scotland at the revolu- 
tion of 1688 : but the followers of 
the English church, who are secta- 
rians there, as in America, have 
bishops, who preside over the in- 
ferior degrees of the clergy. 

Epsom, Mineral Spring discover- 
ed at, 1630. 

Equestrian Statue of Louis II., 
of France, founded at one casting, 
1699 ; till then never done. 



Epoch or Epocha, the periods of 
certain important events, which 
serve to regulate the dates of other 
events of inferior moment which 
may follow or have preceded them. 
The creation, 4004; the deluge, 
2348 ; the Argonautic Expedition, 
1225; the destruction of Troy, 
1184 ; the first Olympiad, 776 ; the 
foundation of Rome, 753 ; of Na- 
bonasar, 747; the Selucidse, 312; 
the battle of Actium, 38, all before 
Christ, are noted Epochs. The 
Christian, or year 1 of Christ; the 
epoch of Diocletian, 284. The space 
from epoch to epoch is the era, thus 
the Christian era began in the year 
1, and has extended to 1853 ; the 
terms are frequently used as syno- 
nymous. The Christian epoch or era 
was introduced into Italy in 525 ; 
into England, 816 ; the era of Na- 
bonasar is remarkable because of 
its connection with the astronomical 
observations made at Babylon, it 
began Feb. 747 ; that of the death of 
Alexander 320 a.c, the Christian or 
the year 1, was 3962 of the world 
according to the Jewish reckoning. 
The Mahometans began their hegira 
from the flight of their prophet from 
Mecca, in 622; the Greek Olym- 
piads began in the year of the world 
3187. When Constantinople was 
taken, the reckoning by Olympiads 
ceased, and the Greeks reckoned by 
indictions each of 15 years, begin- 
ning 313 a.b. The Romans 
reckoned from the building of their 
city, 3113 from the creation, and 
afterwards from the 16th of Augus- 
tus, 3936 of the world; this was 
also used in Spain until the reign of 
Ferdinand the catholic. The Jews 
had many epochs, nor can much 
reliance be placed on their dates 
before the time of Solomon. They 
reckoned from the creation, the 
beginning of time : from the deluge, 
which they give in 2656 before 
Christ; from the confusion of 
tongues, 2786; from Abraham's 
journey out of Chaldea, 2021 ; from 
the Egyptian exode, 2451 ; from the 
year of Jubilee, 2499 ; from Solo- 



ETN 



221 



EVE 



mon's temple perfected, . 2932 ; from 
the captivity of Babylon, 3357. 

Ebmine, order of knighthood in 
France, 1450 ; in Naples, 1463. 

Escubial, Spain, bnilt 1562 ; cost 
6,000,000 ducats. 

Esheb Place, Surrey, built 1414. 
Ebfubth built, 476 ; university of, 
1390 ; ceded to Prussia, 1802 ; 
taken by the French, 1806 ; Napo- 
leon and Alexander of Russia met 
here and offered peace to England, 
Sept. 27, 1808. 

Espiebbes, battle of, the French 
attacked the English and Austrians, 
but were repulsed, May 22, 1794. 

Esquibe, a title first given to 
persons of fortune, not attendants 
upon knights, 1345. 

Essex, Devereux, Earl of, be- 
headed Feb. 25, 1601. 

Essex, Cromwell. Earl of, be- 
headed July 26, 1540. 

Essling, battle of, between the 
French and the Austrians, May 21, 
and 22, 1809, when the bridge over 
the Danube being destroyed, the 
French were compelled to retreat, 
but regained their superiority at 
Wagram soon afterwards. 

Etching on copper with aqua 
fortis invented, 1512. 

Ethelbebt's Tower, Canterbury, 
built 1047. 

Etheb, Nitric, discovered by 
Kunkel, 1681 ; muriatic, 1759 ; 
acetic, by Count Lauraguais; the 
same year, hydriodic by Gay Lus- 
sac, and phosphoric by M. Boullay. 
Etheb and Chloroform used to 
deaden pain in surgical and obstetri- 
cal opei'ations ; the discovery as to 
the aesthetic qualities of ether, made 
by Mr. Morton of Boston, in 1846 ; 
as to chloroform, by Dr. Simpson 
of Edinburgh, in 1848. 

Etna Mount, eruptions of, 1693 
years before Christ, and 734, 777, 
and 425, 125, 121, and 43. After 
Christ, 40, 253, 420, 1012, 1159, 
1329, 1408, 1444, 1536, 1537, 1564, 
1669, 1766, 1787, 1809, 1811 ; seven 
new craters opened in 1830 ; the 
town of Bronte destroyed, Nov. 18, 
1832. 



Etojt College founded by Henry 
VI., 1441; rebuilt 1569; John 
Stanberry the first provost, 1447. 

Eugene, Prince, born 1663 ; united 
in the career of victory with Marl- 
borough; defeated the Grand 
Vizier of Turkey at Peterwarden, 
Aug. 5, 1716 ; died 1736, aged 73. 

Euclid, his Elements first printed 
at Basil, 1533. 

Eustatia, Island of, settled by the 
Dutch, 1632 ; taken by the French, 
1689; by the English, 1690; again, 
Feb. 3, 1781; retaken same year; 
taken by the English in 1801, and 
1810; restored 1814. 

Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, 
Luke and John, are so denominated ; 
the first wrote in the Hebrew, the 
other three in the Greek tongue. 
There were 200 variations in the 
readings of the evangelists found at 
the council of Nice, 325. 

Events, General: The city of 
Alexandria, in Egypt, and the 
library of the Ptolemies, containing 
400,000 valuable books in manu- 
script, burnt by Julius Caesar, 
47 b.c. The second library, con- 
sisting of 700,000 volumes, was 
totally destroyed by the Saracens, 
who heated the water for their 
baths for six months, by burning 
books instead of wood, at the com- 
mand of the caliph Omar, a.d.. 
636. The amphitheatre at Fidonia, 
now Castel Giubelio, fell in, and 
50,000 people were killed, a.d. 26; 
170 Roman ladies suffered death for 
poisoning their husbands, 331; a 
column of fire appeared in the air at 
Rome for 30 days,390; the country of 
Palestine infested with swarms of 
locusts, that darkened the air, de- 
vouring the fruits of the earth ; they 
died, and, causing a stench, thus 
occasioned a pestilential fever, 406 ; 
a similar circumstance occurred in 
France, 873; a prodigious quantity 
of snakes formed themselves into 
two bands, on a plain near Tour- 
nay, in Flanders, and fought with 
such fury that one band was almost 
destroyed, and the peasants killed 
the other by sticks and fire, 1059 ; 



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222 



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Prince William, eldest son of Henry 
I., with his newly-married bride, 
daughter to the Earl of Anjou, 
Richard and Mary, two other of the 
king's children, and 180 of the nobi- 
lity, shipwrecked and lost in coming 
from Normandy, 1120; at Oxen- 
hall, near Darlington, the earth 
suddenly rose to an eminence like 
a mountain; remained so several 
hours, then sunk in as suddenly 
with a horrible noise, leaving a 
deep chasm, which continues to this 
day, 1179 ; the river Gulen, in Nor- 
way, buried itself under ground, 
1334, but burst out soon after, and 
destroyed 250 persons, with several 
churches, houses, &c. ; the monas- 
tery of St. John, near Smithfield, 
burnt by Wat Tyler's rabble, 1381 ; 
Alice Hackney, who had been buried 
175 years, was accidentally dug up 
in the church of St. Mary -at-Hill, 
London ; her skin was whole, and 
the joints of the arms pliable, 1494; 
on Saturday, Eeb. 17, 1571, Mar- 
cley Hill, near Hereford, moved 
from its situation, continued in mo- 
tion till the Monday following, car- 
rying along with it the trees, hedges, 
and cattle on its surface, overthrew 
a chapel in its way, formed a large 
hill twelve fathoms high, and leav- 
ing a chasm forty feet deep, and 
thirty-two long, where it stood be- 
fore ; a similar prodigy happened at 
Blackmoor, in Dorsetshire, 1533 ; 
sixty houses blown up, including a 
tavern full of company, opposite 
Barking Church, Tower Street, by 
the accidental firing of some gun- 
powder at a ship-chandler's Jan. 4, 
1649 ; a child in a cradle was found 
xinhurt on the leads of the church ; 
3000 people killed at Gravelines, by 
an explosion from a magazine, 1654 ; 
a hill at Buckley, near Chester, 
which had trees on it of a consider- 
able height, sunk down, on July 8, 
1657, into a pit of water so deep, 
that the tops of the trees were not 
to be seen ; an unaccountable dark- 
ness (no eclipse) at noonday in 
England, so that no person could 
see to read, Jan. 12, 1679 ; on April 



6, 1679, a village called Boisa, near 
Turin, suddenly sunk, together with 
above 200 of the inhabitants, and 
was never after seen. A remark- 
able comet appeared in England for 
a week, 1680 ; above 100 men were 
killed in Dublin by the blowing up 
of a magazine of 218 barrels of gun- 
powder, 1693; the family seat of 
Borge, near Erederickstadt, in^Nor- 
way, sunk into an abyss 100 fathoms 
deep, which instantly became a 
lake, 14 persons and 200 head of 
cattle were drowned, 1702 ; a body 
of light appeared in the north-east, 
which formed several columns or 
pillars of light, and threw the peo- 
ple into great consternation : it 
lasted from the evening of Mar. 6, 
till three o'clock the next morning, 
1715 ; a fire happened in a barn at 
Burwell, Cambridgeshire, at a pup- 
pet-show, when 120 persons lost 
their lives, 1727 ; the heart of a man 
was found at Waverley, in Surre} r , 
preserved 700 years in spirits, 1731 ; 
100 yards of the north end of the 
island of Portland sunk into the sea, 
which did £4000 damage to the 
pier, Dec. 20, 1735 ; the pier, with 
part of the land (nearly half a mile 
square,) washed into the sea, Eeb., 
1792 ; the roof of the church at 
Eearn, in Scotland, fell in during 
the service, and killed 60 persons, 
Oct. 10, 1742 ; the Victory man-of- 
war, of 100 guns, lost, with Adm. 
Balchen, 1100 men, and about 50 
gentlemen volunteers, Oct. 1744 ; a 
scaffold, built for spectators to see 
Lord Lovat beheaded, fell down ; 
several persons were killed, and a 
great number maimed, 1747; the 
Bath stage waggon burnt on Salis- 
bury plain, with its valuable lading, 
by the wheels taking fire, May 10, 
1758 ; the floor of the session-hall, 
at Poole, in Monmouthshire, fell 
when the court was sitting, and oc- 
casioned the death of several per- 
sons, Aug. 11, 1758 ; the Prince 
George man-of-war burnt ofFLisbon, 
when 435 ofherCTew perished, 1758 ; 
the York Indiaman lost in going 
into Limerick, in Ireland, Nov f 14, 



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223 



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1758 ; an Algerine xebec, of 22 guns, 
was lost in Mount's Bay ^Cornwall, 
Sept. 1760; the roof of the opera- 
house at Rome fell in, Jan. 18, 
1762; Lady Molesworth and her 
three children burnt by accident, 
1764; a flash of lightning pene- 
trated the theatre at Venice, during 
the representation : 600 people were 
in the house, several of whom were 
killed; it put out the candles, 
melted a lady's gold watch-case, the 
iewels in the ears of others, and split 
several diamonds, Aug. 1769; at 
the fire-works exhibited at Paris, in 
honour of the dauphin's marriage 
(afterwards Louis XVI.,) the pas- 
sages were so stopped up, that the 
people, seized with a panic, trampled 
upon one another till they lay in 
heaps ; a scaffold erected over the 
river also broke down, and hun- 
dreds were drowned ; nearly 1000 
persons lost their lives, Mar. 31, 
1770 ; the Aurora frigate lost, and 
never heard of after, 1771 ; at Ches- 
ter, an explosion of gunpowder de- 
stroyed many of the spectators of a 
puppet-show, and greatly damaged 
several houses, Nov. 5, 1772; the 
river Pever, in Gloucestershire, sud- 
denly altered its course, and 10 acres 
of land, with every thing upon its 
surface, were removed with the cur- 
rent, 1773; at Chambery, in Sar- 
dinia, 18 persons, and several houses, 
were destroyed by an explosion of 
gunpowder, 1773 ; at Abbeville, in 
Erance, an explosion of gunpowder 
destroyed 150 of the inhabitants, and 
100 houses ; the loss sustained was 
estimated at 472,917 livres, Nov. 
1773 ; 66 Jews were killed by a 
floor giving way at the celebration 
of a wedding at Mantua, June, 1776 ; 
the London East Indiaman run 
down by the Russell man-of-war, 
and 110 persons perished, Dec. 28, 
1778 ; 400 of the inhabitants of Sara- 
gossa, in Spain, perished by a fire 
that burnt down the playhouse, 
Dec, 1778. The vault under the 
church at Bourbon-les-bains, in Bas- 
signi, Erance, gave way during the 
celebration of mass, which occa- 



sioned the death of six hundred 
persons, 1778; the Boyne man-of- 
war, of 98 guns, was destroyed by 
fire, at Portsmouth, and great mis- 
chief was done by the explosion of 
the magazine, April 30, 1795 ; the 
bridge of Puerta de St. Maria, near 
Cadiz, fell down while receiving the 
benediction, and killed several hun- 
dred persons that were upon and 
under it, Eeb. 22, 1779 ; the Eoyal 
George, of 100 guns, overset at 
Portsmouth; Admiral Kempenfelt 
and the crew lost; there were 
nearly 100 women and 200 Jews on 
board ; news arrived at the Ad- 
miralty, Aug. 30, 1782. The Swan 
| sloop of war lost off Waterford, 130 
persons, perished, Aug., 1782 ; in 
St. Joseph's parish, Barbadoes, a 
large plantation, with all the build- 
ings, was destroyed, by the land 
removing from its original site to 
another, and covering every thing 
in its way, Oct. 16, 1784; at Win- 
ster, in Derbyshire, nearly sixty 
people were met at a puppet-show, 
when the upper floor of the house 
was blown up with gunpowder, and 
no hurt done to the people below, 
Jan. 25, 1785 ; an unaccountable 
but total darkness at Quebec, &c, 
in North America, on Sunday, 
Sept. 8, 1785 ; the tower of the 
church of East Grinstead, in Sus- 
| sex, fell down, Nov. 14, 1785 ; the 
! floor of the session-honse at New 
1 Malton, Yorkshire, gave way, when 
| 300 persons fell 12 feet, but no lives 
I were lost, Dec. 9, 1785 ; at Mont- 
j pelier, in Erance, a booth, wherein 
| a play was performing, fell, and 
j killed 500 persons, July 31, 1786 ; 
! the playhouse at Bury, in Lanca- 
I shire, containing upwards of 300 
persons, fell down during the per- 
formance, and buried the audience 
under its ruins ; five were killed, 
and many had their limbs broken, 
July 5, 1787 ; the ground at Brix- 
ton, in Norfolk, for a very consider- 
able extent, sunk nearly 30 feet, 
June, 1788 ; at Corfu, a magazine 
was destroyed by a fire, when 
72,000& of powder, and 600 bomb- 



EVE 



224 



EVE 



shells blew up, and killed 180 men, 
Mar. 11, 1789 ; the Guardian frigate 
miraculously preserved from ship- 
wreck on an island of ice, Dec. 1789 ; 
on the last day of the year 1790, 
there was so thick a fog at Amster- 
dam, that the people could not see 
their way along the streets, hut ran 
against each other, even though 
they had lights in their hands; 
about 250 perished by falling into 
the canals : in Crown-court, near 
Moorfields, Mrs. Clitherow, with 
her family and lodgers, consisting 
of 11 persons, were blown up while 
making fireworks by candle-light, 
Nov. 3, 1791 ; at a theatrical enter- 
tainment at Clermont Ferrand, in 
France, the floor of the apartment 
gave way, when 36 persons were 
killed, and 57 were much wounded, 
Dec, 1791 ; the Union Packet of 
Dover was lost off Calais, Jan. 28, 
1792; a similar accident had not 
happened for 105 years before; at 
Lublin, in Poland, two synagogues 
and a great number of houses were 
totally destroyed, all the windows 
in the town broken, and above 90 
killed or dangerously wounded, by 
an explosion, occasioned by the 
axle-trees of ten carriages taking 
fire, that were conveying gunpow- 
der to the army, June 28, 1792; 
the lake of Harantoreen, in the 
county of Kerry, Ireland, a mile in 
circuit, sunk into the ground, Mar. 
25, 1792: a proclamation was is- 
sued against " seditious meetings 
and publications," the commence- 
ment of the struggle between the 
House of Commons and the people, 
May 21, 1792 ; a proclamation call- 
ing out the militia, and announcing 
" danger to the constitution," from 
evil -disposed persons acting in con- 
cert with persons in foreign parts, 
Dec. 1, 1792; a piece of land in 
Finland, 4000 square ells in extent, 
sunk 15 fathoms, but most of 
the inhabitants saved themselves, 
Feb., 1793. On 4th April, 1793, 
a spot of ground at Caplow 
wood, in the parish of Fawnhope, 
near Hereford, removed for the 



extent of four acres, filling up the 
adjoining joad 12 feet high ; and a 
yew-tree was removed 40 yards 
without receiving any injury, 
though several large apertures were 
made near it. At Bayonne, in 
France, the chapel of the new 
castle was blown up by gunpowder, 
and 100 persons lost their lives, 
July 10, 1793 ; trials of Muir, Pal- 
mer, and Gerald, 1793 ; the barracks 
of Youghal, in Ireland, blown up 
by accident, in Sept. 1793 ; the bog 
of Castleguard or Poulenard, in the 
county of Louth, in Ireland, moved 
in a body from its original situation 
to the distance of some miles, cross- 
ing the high-road towards Doon, 
covering every thing in its way, at 
least 20 feet in many parts, and 
throwing down several bridges, 
houses, &c, Dec. 20, 1793 ; at the 
Little Theatre, Haymarket, Lon- 
don, 15 persons were trod to death, 
by endeavouring to get admission 
to see the performance, Feb. 3, 1794, 
several others were greatly bruised, 
of whom some died ; the theatre at 
Capo dTstria, in Italy, fell, and 
crushed the performers and the 
audience to death, Feb. 6, 1794; 
green-bag charges against societies 
suspected of sedition ; habeas cor- 
pus suspended ; at Grenelle, near 
Paris, by an explosion occasioned 
by the blowing up of powder-mills, 
nearly 3000 persons lost their lives, 
and all the adjacent buildings were 
nearly destroyed, Sept. 3, 1794 ; 
the arsenal at Bandau blown up, 
Dec. 20, 1794; the arsenal at Co- 
runna, in Spain, destroyed by fire, 
60 persons killed and 50 wound- 
ed, March 11, 1794 ; habeas cor- 
pus again suspended, January ; bill 
against seditious meetings ; Woggis, 
near Lucerne, swallowed up by 
an internal current, Aug. 4, 1795 ; 
the floor of a Methodist meeting- 
house, at Leeds, gave way, when 16 
women, a man, and a child, were 
killed, and nearly 80 pei-sons dread- 
fully wounded, May 29, 1766 ; the 
| theatre at Mentz was desti-oyed by 
i fire during the performance, on the 



EVE 



225 



EVE 



falling in of which many were 
crushed to death, and above 70 were 
burnt, Aug. 1796 ; the Amphion 
frigate blown up, at Plymouth, 
Sept. 22, 1796, and three-fourths of 
the crew perished ; insurrection act, 
and other strong measures, adopted 
in Ireland against " United Irish- 
men," also a bill for the prevention 
of seditious meetings, 1797; Ireland 
put under martial law, — the rebel- 
lion, which continued two years, and 
occasioned the destruction of 100,000 
lives, 1798 ; suspension of habeas 
corpus act renewed in England, Jan. 
1799 ; the Royal Charlotte, of 100 
guns, burnt by accident near Leg- 
horn, March 16, 1800 ; only 150 per- 
sons saved; suspension of habeas 
corpus act renewed, bill against 
seditious meetings revived, bill in- 
demnifying individuals who had 
detained or imprisoned disaffected 
persons contrary to law, 1801 ; mar- 
tial law renewed in Ireland, and ha- 
beas corpus suspended there, 1803 ; 
habeas corpus again suspended in 
Ireland, 1805 ; insurrection act re- 
newed for Ireland, 1807 ; Sir Fran- 
cis Burdett committed to the Tower 
for calling the House of Commons 
corrupt, and its proceedings illegal, 
Mar. 1810; proclamation in Ireland 
for arresting all persons concerned in 
electing Catholic committees, 1811 ; 
bill for establishing watch and ward, 
and preventing disturbances, first 
occasioned by frame-breaking riots 
at Nottingham, but extended to the 
whole kingdom, 1812 ; bill autho- 
rising search for, and seizure of, 
arms, and the entrance of houses by 
force on suspicion, in Britain, June, 
1812; bill for repressing disorders 
in ; Ireland, 1814; petitions for re- 
form, numerously and zealously 
signed by the labouring classes in 
all parts of the country, for the first 
time in the history of Britain, Nov. 
1816; powder-mills at Dartford 
blew up, when three persons perish- 
ed, and the effects were felt at 30 
miles' distance, 1827 ; Rev. Robert 
Taylor convicted of blasphemy, 
and sentenced to one year's impri- 



sonment, Oct. 24, 1827; the tide 
rose three times within two hours 
upon the Kentish coast,' Oct. 31, 
1827; bank-notes, amount £20,000, 
stolen from the Warwick mail, op- 
posite Furnival's Inn, Holborn, Nov. 
21, 1827; first stone of New London 
Bridge, on the city side, laid by R. 
L. Jones, chairman of the Bridge 
Committee, Dec. 28, 1827; cliff at 
Ringstead, opposite to Weymouth, 
commenced burning, 1827; E. G. 
Wakefield convicted of unlawfully 
carrying off Miss Turner, March 23, 
1827; Thames Tunnel gave way, 
when six men were drowned, Jan. 
12, 1828; Brunswick Theatre fell 
down during rehearsal, many lives 
lost, Feb. 28, 1828; Mr. O'Connell, 
a Roman Catholic, returned to par- 
liament for the county Clare, July 
5, 1828 ; queen of Portugal visited 
London, Oct. 6, 1828; St. Kathe- 
rine's Dock opened, Oct. 25, 1828; 
Burke, the Irish murderer, who 
killed his victims by suffocation, 
executed at Edinburgh, June 28, 
1829; Farringdon Market opened, 
Nov. 20, 1829; Manchester Rail- 
way opened, Sept. 15, 1830; suspen- 
sion bridge at Broughton, Manches- 
ter, fell in while the 60th rifle bri- 
gade were passing over, April 1, 
1831; Frolic steamer lost off the 
coast of South Wales, April, 
1831 ; Exeter Hall, Strand, opened 
March 29, 1831 ; Colonel Brereton, 
who commanded the troops at Bris- 
tol during the riots, shot himself, 
rather than go through the court- 
martial to which he was amenable, 
Jan. 13, 1832; Dr. Bell, who pro- 
mulgated the Madras system of edu- 
cation in England, died, Jan. 28, 
1832, leaving £100,000 for the pro- 
motion of education; the Experi- 
ment vessel, bound to Canada, 
wrecked off Calais, and 25 emi- 
grants perished, April 15, 1832; 
royal assent given to the reform bill, 
June 7, 1832; William IV. assaulted 
at Ascot races, by one Collins, a 
seaman, June 19, 1832; nineteen 
boats lost with their crews, off the 
Shetland Islands, in a stomi, July 



EVE 



226 



EYE 



17, 1832; Pinney, mayor of Bristol, 
tried for neglect of duty during the 
Bristol riots, Oct. 26, 1832; the cita- 
del of Antwerp besieged and taken 
hy the French, Oct. 24; St. Dun- 
stan's church rebuilt : statue to Can- 
ning erected in Palace yard ; Surrey 
Zoological Gardens opened; Cold- 
Bath-Fields political meeting, 1833; 
shock of an earthquake in Notting- 
hamshire and at Chichester, 1833; 
Captain Eoss returned from his 
Arctic expedition, after four years' 
absence, 1833; session of parliament 
closed, Aug. 29, 1833; dramatic 
copyright bill passed, 1833; Hun- 
gerford Market built, and St. 
George's Hospital rebuilt, 1833 ; 
earl Grey retired from public life, 
1834; ministiy dismissed, and Sir 
Eobert Peel and the duke of Wel- 
lington came into office for four 
months only, 1834; parliament dis- 
solved, Dec. 30, 1834; houses of 
parliament destroyed by fire, Sept. 
16, 1834; the Workmen of London, 
30,000 in number, petition the king 
in their behalf, 1834; incendiary 
fires; and the duke of Wellington 
elected chancellor of Oxford; par- 
liament sat from Feb. 4, to Aug. 
15, 1834; approaches made to Lon- 
don Bridge, 1834; Duke of York's 
column, Waterloo Place, erected, 
1834; general election, Jan. 1835; 
new minister, Lord Melbourne, took 
office, and Peel went out, April, 
1835; Marquis Camden elected 
chancellor of Cambridge; parlia- 
mentary session lasted from Feb. 
9, to Sept. 10, 1835; copyright in 
lectures bill passed, 1835; for regu- 
lating newspapers; postage to fo- 
reign parts ; and prison regulations, 
1835; Surgeons' Hall restored, Fish- 
mongers' Hall rebuilt, and Gold- 
smiths' Hall, 1835; new silver coin- 
age of groats, 1836; in February, 
March, and April, the sees of Dub- 
lin, Ely, Lichfield, Coventry, Kil- 
laloe, and Clonfert, all became va- 
cant, 1836; parliament sat from Feb. 
4, to Aug. 20, 1836; slave treaty 
with Spain and slave compensation 
bill passed, also a law of cessio bo- 



norum, and of postage on newspa- 
pers, with a reduction of stamp duty, 
1836; an equestrian statue of Geo. 
III. erected at Charing Cross ; Cros- 
by Hall, Bishopsgate, restored, 1836; 
Peel elected lord rector of Glasgow 
university, 1837; king William IV. 
died, June 20, 1837; the duke of 
Cumberland departed to be king of 
Hanover, 1837; king and queen of 
Belgium visited England, 1837; the 
queen dined in the city, on Lord 
Mayor's day; Birmingham political 
union met at Newhall Hill, 100,000 
persons present, 1837; parliament 
sat from Jan. 31, to July 17, 1837 
postage duties bill passed, 1837 
municipal corporation reform, 1837 
a marble arch erected in St. James's 
Park, since removed to Cumberland 
Gate, 1837 ; Liverpool and Birming- 
ham railway opened, 1837; . the 
Eoyal Exchange burned, 1838 ; the 
Great Western steamer crossed the 
Atlantic in 15 days, 1838; Queen 
Victoria crowned, and a grand en- 
tertainment given by the city of 
London to the foreign princes and 
ambassadors present at the corona- 
tion, 1838; agitation by the Char- 
tists, 1838; parliament opened, Nov. 

15, 1837, in November adjourned, 
and then continued open to Aug. 

16, 1838 ; slavery abolition act 
amended; international copyright 
bill passed; and Irish tithe com- 
mutation act passed, 1838; Poly- 
technic Institute established; Jews' 
synagogue, Great St. Helen's, 
built, 1838; violent hurricane, Jan. 
1839 ; grand duke of Eussia vi- 
sited England, 1839; Lord Mel- 
bourne resigned office in May, 
and Sir Eobert Peel was com- 
manded to form an administration, 
but was unsuccessful, and Lord 
Melbourne resumed office, 1839; 
the queen announced her intention 
of marrying, and the 4d. rate of 
postage came in, preparatory to the 
penny rate, 1839 ; there were Char- 
tist riots at Birmingham and New- 
port, and lives lost, 1839 ; the 
session of parliament, from Nov. 5, 
to Aug. 27, 1839; the copyrights 



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227 



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design, penny postage, and metro- 
polis police courts bills, passed, 1839 ; 
and the bill for establishing county 
and district constables ; the Reform 
Club House, Pali-Mall, was com- 
pleted, and Bow bridge opened, 
1839; penny postage came into 
operation, 1840 ; the Queen married 
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg, 
at St. James's ; a lunatic, named 
Oxford, fired a pistol at the Queen ; 
the Princess-Royal born, 1840 ; new 
stamps and envelopes for letters first 
used ; the duke of Northumberland 
elected chancellor of Cambridge, 
1840 ; parliamentary session from 
Jan. 16, to Aug. 11 ; prince Albert 
had £30,000 settled upon him ; act 
passed for regulating railways, and 
for the population returns, 1840; 
Wesleyan Centenary Hall opened 
in Bishopsgate street, 1840 ; the 
new Exchange begun, 1841 ; Wyn- 
yard House burned down, and meet- 
ings for a revision of the commercial 
code, and repeal of the corn laws; 
held, 1841 ; dean of York deprived 
for simony ; Astley's theatre burned 
down ; a general election* 1840 ; the 
Melbourne ministry resigned, and 
Sir R. Peel took office ; the prince 
of Wales born, Nov. 9; 1841 ; session 
of parliament from Jan. 6, to June 
2 ; the new parliament met, Aug. 
19 ; prorogued, Oct. 7, 1841 ; bill 
for taking away the punishment of 
death in certain cases; passed; St. 
George's, and the Assize court 
edifices, Liverpool, opened ; Surrey 
pauper lunatic asylum erected ; the 
Great Western railway opened to 
Paddington, from Bristol* 1841 ; the 
Court visited Portsmouth and Scot- 
land, 1842 ; Chartist riots in the 
potteries ; parliament opened, Feb. 
3; adjourned^ Aug: 12, 1842; laws 
amended for the importation of 
corn ; law for consolidating the 
Queen's Bench* Marshalsea; and 
Fleet prisons ; to amend the law of 
copyright, 1842 ; for the relief of 
insolvent debtors, and to amend the 
statutes of bankruptcy, 1842 ; the 
Temple church restored, and tidal 
dock at Southampton opened, 1842 ; 



duke of Sussex died in April, 1843 ; 
princess Alice born, April 25, 1843 ; 
schisms in the church of Scotland 
produced a disruption of a large 
part of its ministers, 1843 ; Feargus 
O'Connor and 56 Chartists tried, 
1843 ; parliamentary session from 
Feb. 2, to Aug. 24 ; registration of 
voters' act passed ; a law regulating 
theatres ; one in relation to defama- 
tion and libel, and for apprehending 
offender s in France, by treaty* 1843 ; 
the Thames Tunnel completed, cost 
£446,000; and Orphans' Asylum, 
Wanstead, opened by the King of 
the Belgians, 1843 ; prince Alfred 
Ernest Albert born, Aug. 6, 1844 ; 
the princess Sophia Matilda died ; 
the Kings of France, and Sax- 
ony, the Emperor of Russia, and 
Prince of Prussia, visit England ; 
state trial of O'Connell and others, 
1844; the poet Campbell died at 
Boulogne, June 15, 1844 ; the par- 
liamentary session opened Feb; 1, 
and closed Sept. 5; 1844; inter- 
national copyright act passed, and 
bank charter ; savings' banks bill, 
and joint-stock banks, 1844; new 
Exchange opened by the Queen* 
and Dover railway, that year ; Sir 
Walter Scott's monument opened at 
Edinburgh, 1844 ; the Queen visited 
Germany, 1845 ; Sir Robert Peel 
resigned, but Lord John Russell 
failing to form a ministry, Sir 
Robert resumed office, 1845 ; the 
repeal of the corn laws agitated ; 
failure of the potatoe crop, 1845 ; 
parliamentary session commenced 
Feb. 4, terminated Aug; 9, 1845 ; 
the sugar duties ; regulation of 
calico work-people's bill ; new col- 
leges bill in Ireland ; and a bill to 
amend the law of real property, and 
for securing the payment of small 
debts, passed, 1845 ; the princess 
Helena born, May 25, 1846; Sir 
Robert Peel resigned office, and 
Lord John Russell became premier, 
1846 ; distress and dreadful famine 
in Ireland, with riots at Tipperary 
and Clonmel ; the Great Britain 
steamer wrecked in Dundrum Bay, 
Ireland, 1846 ; Ibrahim Pacha 



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228 



EVE 



visited England, 1846 ; the session 
of parliament opened, Jan. 22 ; 
closed Aug. 28, 1846 ; the duties on 
books and engravings act; that 
for baths and washhouses ; for steam 
navigation ; corn importation ; and 
compensation for death by accident 
passed, 1846 ; the new Treasury- 
buildings were completed, and the 
foundation stone of the north wing 
of the London University Hospital 
laid; new parks opened at Man- 
chester, 1846 ; Prince Albert made 
Chancellor of the University of 
Cambridge, 1847 ; new bishops ap- 
pointed ; commercial distress ; fa- 
mine, pestilence, murder, and out- 
rages in Ireland, 1847 ; parliament 
sat from Jan. 19, to July 23, 1847 ; 
bills passed for the relief of the Irish 
poor ; for the improvement of towns, 
and for limiting service in the army, 
1847 ; the new House of Lords was 
opened, and the front of the British 
Museum, a new Corn Exchange at 
Birmingham, 1847 ; the state of 
England peaceful, except an attempt 
by the Chartists to break the peace 
on April 10, of very little moment ; 
the continent convulsed, 1848 ; 
Smith O'Brien and Meagher tried, 
and found guilty of treason; the 
King and Queen of the French be- 
came refugees in England, 1848; 
the parliamentary session from JSTov. 
1847, to Sept. 1848 ; acts passed for 
the prevention of crime in Ireland ; 
for promoting the health of towns ; 
for the removal of nuisances, and 
the prevention of disease ; the Ver- 
non collection of pictures in the 
National Gallery opened, 1848 ; the 
formation of financial associations ; 
continued distress in Ireland, and 
fatal affray at Dolly Brae, 1849 ; 
second visit of the cholera ; the 
Olympic theatre burned down, 1849 , 
the session of parliament opened, 
Feb. 2, and closed, Aug. 1, 1849 ; 
an act passed for the encouragement 
of British shipping and navigation ; 
for a new silver coinage ; granting 
sites for schools ; and to regulate 
the law of bankruptcy in Ireland ; 
the new Coal Exchange opened, and 



the Exchange at Manchester ; foun- 
dation of the Portland breakwater 
laid ; the Menai tubular bridge ele- 
vated to its place, 1849 ; the number 
of vessels of the navy afloat, 199, 
1850 ; a commission appointed to 
promote a general exhibition of 
works of industry, Jan. 3, 1850 ; the 
Ganges Indiaman took fire at 
Blackwall, Jan. 1850 ; Lieutenant 
Waghorn, K.JST., who opened the 
overland route to India, died, Jan. 
8 ; the workhouse at Killarney, Ire- 
land, burned, and 29 females ; Sir 
Peter Parker blockaded the Piraeus, 
at Athens, Jan., 1850 ; treaty be- 
tween England and the Argentine 
republic ratified ; the Palmyra, from 
Canton, wrecked off Boulogne ; the 
lowest tide ever remembered in the 
Thames, Jan. 28, 1850 ; on an alarm 
of fire in Limerick workhouse, 27 
women are killed, and 29 hurt, some 
mortally ; the parliament opened, 
Jan. 31, 1850, and closed, Aug. 15 ; 
treaty between England and Liberia 
presented to parliament, Feb. 6, 
1850 ; the army reduced 3680 men ; 
the French apply to have the block- 
ade of the Greek ports removed, 
1850 ; the treaty of peace and com- 
merce between England and Costa 
Kica, exchanged in London, Feb. 
21, 1850 ; the judicial committee of 
the privy council deliver their judg- 
ment in " Gorham v. the Bishop of 
Exeter," enforcing his institution, 
Mar. 8, 1850 ; parish church of St. 
Anne, Limehouse, destroyed by 
fire ; the first steamer connecting 
the Clyde with New York, jailed 
from Glasgow, April 16, 1850 •" birth 
of prince Arthur, May 1, 1850 ; 
steam communication opened with 
the Brazils, May 3, 1850 ; candidates 
for commissions in the army to be 
examined as to their acquirements, 
by order of the duke of Wellington ; 
a Nepaulese ambassador arrived in 
England, May 25, 1850 ; the Orion 
packet wrecked off Port Patrick, 
and 50 persons perished, June 18 ; 
Sir Kobert Peel expired, July 2, 
1850, of injuries through a fall from 
his horse ; the duke of Cambridge 



EVI 



229 



EXC 



died, July 8, aged 76 ; the Queen 
and her consort visit Ostend, to meet 
the King of Belgium, Aug. 21, 1850 ; 
submarine telegraph between Dover 
and Calais effected, Aug., 1850 ; 
disgraceful attack of the draymen 
on General Haynau, at Barclay's 
brewhouse, who had come as a 
stranger to view the establishment, 
Sept. 4, 1850 ; letter of Lord John 
Russell to the Bishop of Durham, 
on Catholic aggression, Nov., 1850 ; 
Catholic aggression bill passed, 
1851. 

Evesham surrendered its charter, 
June 24, 1682. 

Evil, Touching for the. George 
I. had the good sense not to pretend 
to this marvellous power; but the 
Erench kings kept up the farce till 
1775. Lewis XV. touched no less 
than 2000 persons, and his prede- 
cessor 2500 ; William III. touched 
8577 persons. It appears that 
Edward the Confessor first under- 
took this miraculous work, and all 
the sovereigns of England followed 
the example, till the accession of 
the House of Hanover A form of 
prayer used for the occasion, and 
surreptitiously withdrawn, will be 
found in old prayer-books. The 
royal touch — such is the force of 
imagination — was often effective, 
whether of a Richard III. or a 
Henry VIII., equally with our more 
exemplary monarchs. 

Evil, Licences to Subjects to 
cure the, issued by the church ; the 
following is a genuine copy of one 
of these episcopal commissions to 
heal, in 1743 : — Robert Nash, Doc- 
tor of Laws, Vicar-General in Spi- 
rituals of the Right Reverend 
Eather in God, Thomas, by the 
Divine permission Lord Bishop of 
Norwich, lawfully constituted. To 
our well-beloved in Christ, Mrs. 
Anne Smythies, the wife of the Rev. 
Mr. Thomas Smythies of Laven- 
ham, in the county of Suffolk and 
diocese of Norwich, health in our 
Lord. Whereas we have received 
sufficient and credible testimony of 
your skill and knowledge in the art 



of cureing blotches, breakings out, 
and such like diseases (called the 
King's Evil. And whereas we have 
received your consent and subscrip- 
tion to the articles of religion agreed 
upon by the Archbishops, Bishops, 
and Clergy of both provinces, at the 
Convocation holden in London in 
the year of our Lord Christ 1562, 
and confirmed by regall authority ; 
and also your oath of allegiance to 
his Majesty King George II., ac- 
cording to a late Act of Parliament 
in that case made and provided ; 
have thought fit to license, and by 
these presents do license, you pub- 
lickly to use and practice the said 
art of cureing blotches, breakings 
out, and such like diseases, called 
the King's Evil, within the diocese 
of Norwich, and do will this our 
licence to endure during our plea- 
sure and your good demeanour, and 
no longer nor otherwise. Dated 
the 26th of March, in the year of 
our Lord 1743. — John Nakkler, 
Notary Publick, Dep. Reg. (The 
episcopal seal affixed.) 

Evil May-day, a disgraceful riot 
of the apprentices and populace of 
London, who were guilty of fright- 
ful outrages against all foreigners, 
because they were permitted to trade 
in England, May 1, 1517 ; fifteen of 
them were hanged, and 400, with 
ropes about their necks, were par- 
doned by Henry VIII. 

Ewelme palace, Oxfordshire, 
built 1244 ; fifteen houses burned at 
the village of, 1424. 

Exactions on the subject by the 
crown, 1396, 1399. 

Exaltation of the Cross first in- 
stituted, 629. 

Exchange of Amsterdam fine, the 
first that of London, founded by Sir 
Thomas Gresham, June 7, 1566 ; 
opened by Queen Elizabeth, and 
from her styled " Royal," in 1571 ; 
destroyed in the great fire of 1666 ; 
rebuilt by Hawkesmoor, 1668 ; burn- 
ed, Jan. 10, 1838 ; the new opened, 
1844. 

Exchange, bills of, see Bills of 
Exchange and Revenue. 



EXC 



230 



EXC 



Exchequer, a court of great an- 
tiquity, financial and judicial, but 
subsequently separated, instituted 
1079, by William I. ; once included 
the Common Pleas, separated 1215 ; 
tbe chancellor of the exchequer is 
the chief officer, and once sat in 
court above the barons ; one of the 
earlier was a bishop, temp. Henry 
III., 1221 ; the public payments 
were always made out of it; the 
exchequer stopped payment in the 
time of Charles II., from Jan. 2, 
1672, until May, 1673, £13,000 or 
£14,000 of banker's property being 
lodged there ; the king applied to 
parliament to repay the money he 
had thus seized, 1673-4; exchequer 
bills first invented, 1695 ; first cir- 
culated by the bank, 1706 ; English 
and Irish exchequers consolidated, 
1816. 

Exchequer Chamber, court of, 
erected by Edward III., 1359 ; re- 
modelled by Elizabeth, 1584, when 
it comprised the judges of all the 
courts ; remodelled again, 1830 ; 
the exchequer was so named from 
the chequered cloth which covered 
the table where the chief officials 
sat. The judges of the court of ex- 
chequer have been, since 1800, Sir 
Vicary Gibbs, 1813 ; Sir A Thomp- 
son, 1814 ; Sir R. Richards, 1817 ; 
Sir William Alexander, 1824; Lord 
Lyndhurst, 1831 ; Sir James Scar- 
let, 1834; Sir Frederick Pollock, 
1844. In Ireland, Standish O'Grady, 
1805 ; Henry Joy, 1831 ; Stephen 
Woulfe, 1838; Maziere Brady, 1840; 
David R. Pigot, 1846. 

Exchequer Office robbed, 1303 ; 
papers of, sold as waste, attracted 
parliamentary attention, 1838. 

Excise Duties. These were levied 
by the parliament to support the 
contest against Charles I. ; they 
were continued by Charles II., but 
do not appear to have been so much 
the subject of general reprobation as 
when they were increased and ri- 
veted on the realm by Sir Robert 
Walpole about 1733 ; they were in- 
creased in order to take off taxes 
from the land, the owners of which 



desired to throw the burthen upon 
the people at large ; Gresham col- 
lege was pulled down in 1774, and 
the excise office erected on its site ; 
officers of the excise were not al- 
lowed to vote in parliament, 1782 ; 
in 1851, the duties on foreign wines 
and spirits, on tea, coffee, and to- 
bacco, and numerous articles, being 
taken off and added to the customs 
branch of the revenue, the excise 
was joined to the stamp office in 
Somerset Place, under the general 
name of the Inland Revenue Office, 
and though now reduced to the su- 
pervision of a few articles only, the 
total revenue has increased as the 
public burthen has been lighten- 
ed. In 1786, the excise produced 
£5,540,114; in 1820, £26,364,702; 
in 1830, £18,644,385; in 1840, 
£12,607,766 ; in 1850, £13,985,363; 
in 1852, £13,356,981, despite con- 
tinued reductions of some millions. 
The excise on beer and ale was first 
imposed in 1643, but fixed, 1690 ; 
the tax on beer only paid on malt 
since 1830. 

Excise bill passed 1690. 

Excise duty on hops was first 
levied in 1711, in which year it pro- 
duced 43,457 bags, and a revenue of 
£45,608, 17s. ; in 1719, 90,317 bags, 
and £94,832, 17s. duty; in 1739, 
70,742 bags, and £74,279, 2s. 
duty; hi 1759, 42,115 bags, and 
£44,220,' 15s. duty; in 1831-2-3, the 
average returns in pounds weight 
was 27,991,502fb ; in 1834, Jan. 5, 
the duty paid was on 32,747,310fts. 
The average on malt in 1831-2-3, 
was 36,525,056 bushels ; on tea in 
the above year, 31,829,075Ibs; on 
spirits for the three years' average, 
21,978,809 gallons, and in 1834, 
21,840,719 gallons; in 1850, the 
consumption of all kinds was 
28,246,987 gallons imperial for the 
united kingdom, of which 22,962,012 
gallons were home distilled from 
corn. The duty and excisable 
articles in 1851 were : — 



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231 



EXE 



Game certificates 

(Ireland) 9,670 

Hackney carriages 79,208 

Hops 307,077 

Licences (Victual- 
lers, &c.) 1,130,175 

Malt 5,391,321 

Paper 852,996, 

Post - horse dut y 

and licences ... 150,010 

Railways 251,214 

Stage coaches, &c. 195,579 

Soap 1,065,571 

Spirits (h. made). .5,909, 381 
Fines, seizures, &c. 12,993 
Law costs recov'd 1,045 
Scotch incorpora- 
tion fund 1,853 



10 





3 





2 


2k 


6 


7 


17 


2h 


13 


104 


14 


0| 


16 


Q* 


16 


8 


10 


4i 


12 


m 


3 


Ok 


6 


0i 



13 3\ 



£15,358,100 5 31 
Less, duty rescind- 
ed on bricks, &c. £97,460 14 4 

Exclusion Bill of the Duke of 
York, passed, May 15, 1679. 

Excommunication, an interdict 
from all Christian communion, in- 
flicted oftener from secular than 
religious motives, forbidden in Eng- 
land, 1391; by bell, book, and 
candle in the Catholic church, in- 
troduced by Gregory VII., who 
excommunicated Henry IV. of Ger- 
many ; King John and all England 
excommunicated for six years, in 
1208 ; Queen Elizabeth excommu- 
nicated, 1588, by a bull of the pope. 

Executions, see also crime. Some 
only of the more remarkable charac- 
ters who suffered since 1700, Jack 
Sheppard, robber, Tyburn, Nov. 16, 
1724 ; Lord Balmerino and others, 
rebellion, Tower Hill, Aug. 18, 
1746, March 30, 1747; Eugene 
Aram, murder, York, Aug. 6, 1757; 
Theodore Gardeke, murder, Hay- 
market, April 4, 1760; Earl Fer- 
rers, murder, Tyburn, May 5, 1760; 
John Perrot, fraudulent bankrupt, 
Smithfield, Nov. 11, 1761 ; Elizabeth 
Brownrigg, murder, Tyburn, Sep. 
14, 1767 ; Daniel and Robert Per- 
reau, forgery, Tyburn, Jan. 17, 1776; 
Rev. Dr. Dodd, forgery, Tyburn, 
June 27, 1777; Hackman, for the 



murder of Miss Reay, Tyburn, April 
18, 1779 ; Galloping Dick, highway- 
man, Aylesbury, April 4,| 1800 ; Go- 
vernor Wall, for the murder of 
Sergeant Armstrong twenty years 
before, Old Bailey, June, 1802; 
James Hatfield, who married the 
beauty of Buttermere, for forgerv, 
at Carlisle, Sep. 3, 1803; Robert 
Emmet, treason, Dublin, Sep. 20, 
1803; Colonel Despard, for high 
treason, Horsemonger-lane, 1803 ; 
John Patch, murder, Horsemonger- 
lane, April 8, 1806 ; John Holloway, 
OwenHaggarty, murder, Old Bailey, 
Feb. 22, 1807 ;'— between thirty and 
forty of the spectators were trodden 
to death at this execution, and num- 
bers injured; Major Campbell, for 
the murder of Captain Boyd in a 
duel, Armagh, Oct. 2, 1808 ; John 
Bellingham, for the murder of Spen- 
cer Perceval, Old Bailey, May, 18, 
1812 ; Philip Nicholson, for the mur- 
der of Mr. and Mrs. Bonar, Penen- 
den Heath, Oct. 23, 1813 ; Captain 
Grant, a famous Irish robber, Mary- 
borough, Aug. 16, 1816; John Cash- 
man, Spa Fields rioter, Skinner-st., 
March 12, 1817; Eliza Fenning, 
poisoning, Old Bailey, July 26, 
1817 ; three Ashcrofts, father and 
sons, for murder, Lancaster, Sept. 8, 
1817 ; Brandreth and others, for 
high treason, Derby, Nov. 6, 1817 ; 
Charles Hussey, murder of Bird and 
his housekeeper, Penenden-heath, 
Aug. 3, 1818 ; Arthur Thistlewood 
and others, for murder and treason, 
Old Bailey, May 1, 1820; David 
Haggart, a robber, Edinbi.irgh, 
June 11, 1821 ; Joseph Cadman, 
forgery, Old Bailey, Nov. 21, 1821 ; 
John ThurtelL for the murder of one 
Weare, Hertford, Jan. 9, 1824; 
Henry Fauntleroy, banker, forgerv, 
Old Bailey, Nov. 30, 1824; Probert, 
associate of Thurtell, horsestealing, 
Old Bailey, June 20, 1825 ; Edward 
Lowe, coining, the last drawn on a 
sledge to the scaffold, Old Bailev, 
Nov. 22, 1827 ; William Corder, the 
murderer of Maria Marten, Burv 
St. Edmonds, Aug. 8, 1828; Joseph 
Hunter, for forgery, a quaker ; 



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232 



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Burke, the resurrection-man, at 
Edinburgh (for obtaining anatomi- 
cal subjects by murder, whence 
Burking), Feb. 16, 1829; Comyn, 
for burning his own house, Ennis, 
March 18, 1830 ; John Bishop and 
Thomas Williams for burking an 
Italian boy, Old Bailey, Dec. 5, 
1831 ; Eliza Cook, for burking Cath. 
Walsh, Old Bailey, Jan. 9, 1832; 
John Smith, J. Pratt, unnatural 
crime, Old Bailey, April 8, 1835 ; 
Mary Ann Burdock, Bristol, poison- 
ing, April 15, 1835 ; James Green- 
acre, murder of Hannah Brown, Old 
Bailey, May 2, 1837 ; Francois B. 
Courvoisier, murder of Lord W. Rus- 
sell, Old Bailey, July 6, 1840 ; John 
Tawell, murder of Sarah Hart, 
Aylesbury, March 28, 1845 ; Thomas 
Hemy Hocker, murder of De La Rue, 
Old Bailey, April 28, 1845; Cather- 
ine Foster, for the murder of her 
husband, Bury St. Edmonds, April 
17, 1847 ; James Bloomfield Rush, 
murder of Messrs. Jermy, sen. and 
jun., Norwich, April 21, 1849; Fred. 
Manning and his wife, for the mur- 
der of one O'Connor, Horsemonger- 
lane, Nov. 13, 1849 ; Henry Haler, 
for the murder of his wife, Old 
Bailey, Jan. 10, 1853. 

Executions for treason, Jan. 27, 
1715 ; charges for executing thirty- 
four persons : — 

Erecting galleries, paid 
for materials, hurdle, 
fire, cart, &c, on ex- 
ecuting Shuttleworth, 
and four more at Pres- 
ton, and setting up a 

head £12 4 

[Exclusive of pay- 
ments to under-sheriff 
and jailers.] 

Feb. 9, 1715. Disburse- 
ments on executing 
old Mr. Chorley and 
others, setting up a 

head 5 10 6 

[Besides under-sheriff. 
&c] 



Carried forward ... £17 10 10 



Brought forward... £17 10 10 

Feb. 10. At Wigan, ex- 
ecuting Blundel 7 12 

[Besides under-sheriff, 
&c] 

Feb. 11. At Manches- 
ter, executing Syddal, 

&c 8 10 

[Besides under-sheriff, 
&c] 

Feb. 16 & 18. At Gar- 
stang and Lancaster, 
executing four at each 

place 22 8 

[Besides under-sheriff, 
&c. 

Feb. 25. Executing Ben- 
net and three more at 
Liverpool 10 3 

Paid the two execution- 
ers 60 

Paid for horses to carry 
the executioners, and 
their travelling char- 
ges 7 10 

Executing thirty-four, 
and setting up heads... 132 15 8 

Exeter, Princess Henrietta Maria 
born there, June 16, 1644. 

Exeter, city of, before the reign 
of Athelstan, the capital of the Cor- 
nish Britons, whom that king drove 
beyond the Tamar ; held by the 
Saxons and Danes ; surrendered to 
Alfred the Great, 894; taken by 
Sweyn, 1003, and the inhabitants 
massacred ; besieged by William I., 
1067; the castle surrendered to King 
Stephen, 1136 ; Edward I. held a 
parliament here, 1286 ; besieged by 
Sir W. Courtenay, 1469 ; assaulted 
by Perkin Warbeck, 1497 ; Welsh, 
the vicar of St. Thomas, hanged on 
his own church tower, for being a 
leader in the Cornish rebellion, July 
2, 1549. 

Exeter Castle built, 680 ; cathe- 
dral erected between 1138 and 1369, 
Gothic, 390 feet long, 74 broad, 140 
high ; first ruled by a mayor, 1200 ; 
see removed to 1040 ; once two sees, 
one at Crediton-Devon, the other at 



EXH 



233 



EXP 



St. Germains, Cornwall, united 1032; 
Leofric, the first bishop of Exeter, 
1049 ; the nunnery founded, 1236 ; 
the old bridge built, 1250; the 
Black Prince visited the city, 1371 ; 
conduit made, 1466 ; annual festi- 
val established, 1549 ; the guildhall 
built, 1593; taken for Charles I., 
Sept. 4, 1643; surrendered to the 
parliament, April, 1646; mint es- 
tablished by James I., 1694 ; sur- 
rendered its charter, and had an- 
other, March 20, 1677-8 ; new bridge 
built, 1778; the theatre erected, 
1783; lunatic asylum founded, 1795; 
county jail built, 1796; library 
founded, 1807; new city prison 
built, 1818; remnant of the ancient 
walls taken away, 1818 ; public 
baths erected, 1821 ; new cemetery 
begun, 1837 ; twenty houses burnt, 
Aug. 22, 1844. 

Excess in dress restrained by 
statute, 1465, 1574 ; in drinking, 
975. 

Exeter Change, London, built 
by Stapleton, bishop of Exeter, 
1316 ; demolished 1829. 

Exeter Change, an arcade or 
passage so called, at some distance 
from where Exeter Change stood, 
connecting Wellington and Cathe- 
rine streets, opened 1845. 

Exeter College, Oxford, foimded 
by Stapleton, bishop of Exeter, 1314. 

Exeter Hall, Strand, London, a 
large room, built for public meet- 
ings, opened 1830. 

Exeter, Marquis of, Lord Mon- 
tague, and Sir Nicolas Carew, be- 
headed, Dec. 31, 1558. 

Exhibition, Great Industrial, of 
1851 ; date of proclamation, June 3, 
1850 ; meeting at the Mansion-house 
in support of the scheme, Jan. 25, 
1850 ; building decided to be of glass 
and iron, designed by Mr. Paxton, 
1848 feet long, 408 wide, 72 high, 
with a transept 105 feet high, cover- 
ing an area of 989,784 feet, or about 
18 acres ; commenced on Sept. 26, 
and nearly all completed on Jan. 1, 
1851 ; opened by the queen, May 1, 
when 10,678 packages hud been re- 
ceived, earned up to 11,186, the 



number of exhibitors being 15,000; 

visits to, May, 1851 734,782 

June 1,113,116 

July 1,314,176 

August 1,023,435 

Sept .....1,155,240 

Oct. 11 days 846,107 

Total visits 6,201,856 

There were 70,000 foreigners, and 
3000 or 4000 Americans. The cost 
of the building was £170,743 

Receipts at the doors £356,071 : 12 : 6 

Subscriptions 64,344: 0:0 

Subscription tickets. 40,000: 0:0 

Total £460:415:12:6 



Expeditions of the English du- 
ring the war of 1793—1815; Qui- 
beron Bay, Erench emigrants, 1796 
(unfortunate) ; Ostend, all landed 
made prisoners, May, 1798 ; Helder 
Point and Zuyder Zee, to secure the 
Dutch fleet at the Texel, Sept. 1, 
1799 (successful) ; Ferrol, Aug. 1800 
(unsuccessful) ; Egypt, under Aber- 
crombie (successful), March, 1801 ; 
Copenhagen, Sept. 1807 (successful); 
Walcheren, July, 1809 (unsuccess- 
ful) ; Bergen-op-Zoom, March 8, 
1814 (unsuccessful). 

Expenses of English Wars. Wil- 
liam DL, £30,446,382; Queen Anne, 
£43,360,000; George I., £6,048,267; 
George II., 1739, £46,418,689; war 
of 1756, George II. and III., 
£111,271,996; the American war, 
£139,171,876 , Spanish and Russian 
proportions, £2,800,000 ; debt con- 
tracted from the commencement of 
the war to replace the Bourbons to 
the conclusion of the war in 1815, 
£374,789,425, besides the taxes 
and the interest of the debt ex- 
pended on the same object. — In 
1814, the sums expended for the 
army, navy, and ordnance, amounted 
to £71,686,707, and if to this sum 
is added the interest of the debt, 
all of which had been incurred in 
the prosecution of wars, it will be 
seen that these branches of expen- 



EXP 



234 



EXP 



diture amounted in that one year to 
£101,738,072, a large part of which 
was expended in foreign countries, 
and abstracted from the capital of 
the nation. The drain which had 
been thus in operation for a con- 
tinuous series of years, affords a 
sufficient explanation of the ex- 
haustion in which the country was 
placed during the first few years 
that followed the restoration of 
peace. The ceasing of a war de- 
mand for various articles consumed 
by the army, or exported to provide 
payment of loans and subsidies to 
foreign countries, occasioned loss to 
the comparatively small number of 
individuals who had supplied the 
government, or had conducted cer- 
tain branches of the export trade ; 
but these persons must have been 
insignificant compared with the 
great mass of commercial dealers, 
who were benefited by the change. 
The lavish expenditure of the war 
placed the country in a state un- 
favourable for taking advantage of 
the alteration in the years that fol- 
lowed the final overthrow of Napo- 
leon, or they must have been years 

14 Years, 1S01 

to 1814. 

£ 

Navy 237,441,798 ... 

Army 337,993,912 ... 

Ordnance 58,198,904 ... 



of the highest prosperity. The 
prices of articles of which we were 
buyers, fell; the goods which we 
had to offer in exchange, rose in 
value. During the ten years be- 
tween 1805 and 1814, the go- 
vernment expenditure exceeded 
£800,000,000; and, although some 
considerable part of this amount 
doubtless came back to individuals, 
and prevented that expenditure 
from being altogether a loss of capi- 
tal to the country, the part which 
found its way to foreign lands with- 
out producing any immediate return 
was greater than England could 
bear without suffering, and was in 
all probability the cause of the diffi- 
culties which bore so hard upon 
the merchants in the few following 
years, and before the benign in- 
fluence of peace had adequately 
remedied the evils. According to 
the official returns, the wars cost the 
country, during the present century, 
upwards of 1000 millions of money, 
63 per cent, of which was expended 
in the 14 years of war, and the re- 
maining 37 per cent, only in 22 
years of peace, viz. : — 

22 Years, 1815 Total, 36 Years. 

to 1836. 1801 1o 1836. 

jg j£ 

.. 137,719,606 375,161,404 

.. 204,406,907 542,400,816 

.. 34,176,949 92,375,853 



633,634,614 



376,303,462 1,009,938,076 



The average annual expenditure 
under these three heads was, in the 
14 years ending with 1814, 
£45,259,615 ; in the 22 years end- 
ing with 1836, it fell to £17,104,702. 
If we confine the comparison of the 
expenditure to the six years ending 
with 1836, it will be found that the 
average amount in this latter period 
was £12,714,289, or less by 72 per 
cent, than it was previous to 1814. 
In the 16 years between 1815 and 
1830 the average annual expendi- 
ture for naval and military purposes 
was £18,751,108, compared with 
which the cost in the six years end- 
ing with 1836 exhibits a saving of 



32 per cent. In the six years from 
1809 to 1814 the expenditure for 
army, navy, and ordnance services 
was £348,557,438, being an annual 
average of £58,092,906. One 
source of public expenditure bore 
very hard, consisting of subsidies 
paid to foreign countries. The fol- 
lowing statement shows the expen- 
diture of each year under this head, 
from 1793 to 1814. The aggregate 
sum thus abstracted from the na- 
tional resources in those 22 years 
amounted to £46,289,495, of which 
about two-thirds, £30,582,259, were 
expended in the ten years that pre- 
ceded 1814 :— 



EXP 235 EXP 



£ 

1793— Hanover 492,650 

Hesse Cassel 190,623 

Sardinia 150,000 



1794— Prussia 1,226,495 

Sardinia 200,000 

Hesse Cassel 437,105 

Hesse Darmstadt 101,073 

Baden 25,196 

Hanover .. 559,376 

1795— Germany Imperial Loan (35 Geo. III., c. 93) 4,600,000 

Baden 1,794 

Brunswick 97,722 

Hesse Cassel ,,..., 317,492 

Hesse Darmstadt 79,605 

Hanover 478,348 

Sardinia 150,000 

1796— Hesse Darmstadt ...,...,.. 20,076 

Brunswick 12,794 

1797 — Hesse Darmstadt ......,..,.., ,.., 57,015 

Brunswick 1,571 

Germany Imperial Loan (35 Geo. III., c. 59) 1,620,000 

1798—Brunswick 1,000 

Portugal , ....... 120,013 

1799— Prince of Orange ,.. 80,000 

Hesse Darmstadt 4,812 

Kussia 825,000 

1800— Germany 1,066,666 

German Princes 500,000 

Bavaria .,. 501,017 

Kussia 545,494 

1801— Portugal 200,114 

Sardinia 40,000 

Hesse Cassel 100,000 

Germany 150,000 

German Princes 200,000 

1802— Hesse Cassel 33,451 

Sardinia 52.000 

Russia 200,000 

1803— Hanover 117,628 

Prussia 63,000 

Portugal 31,647 



833,273 



2,550,245 



5,724,961 
32,870 

1,684,586 
127,013 

849,812 
2,613,177 

690,114 
285,451 
212,275 



Carried forward 15,603,777 



EXP 236 EXP 

£ 

Brought forward 15,603,777 

1804— Sweden £20,119 

Hesse Cassel 83,304 

, 103,423 

1805— Hanover 35,341 

1806— Hanover 76,865 

Hesse Cassel 18,982 

Germany 500,000 

595 §47 

1807— Hanover , 19,899 

Eussia 614,183 

Hesse Cassel 45,000 

Prussia 180,000 

. ■ 859,082 

1808— Spain 1,497,873 

Sweden 1,100,000 

Sicily 300,000 

. ■ 2,897,873 

1809— Spain 529,039 

Portugal 600,000 

Sweden 300,000 

Sicily 300,000 

Austria 850,000 

2 579 039 

1810— Hesse Cassel 45,150 

Spain 402,875 

Portugal 1,237,518 

Sicily 425,000 

2,110,543 

1811— Spain 220,690 

Portugal 1,832,168 

Sicily 275,000 

Portuguese sufferers 39,555 

, 2 367 413 

1812— Spain 1,000,000 

Portugal 2,167,832 

Portuguese sufferers 60,445 

Sicily 400,000 

Sweden 278,292 

Morocco 1,952 

- 3,908,521 

1813— Spain 1,000,000 

Portugal 2,644,063 

Sicily 600,000 

Sweden 1,320,000 

Eussia 657,500 

Eussian sufferers 200,000 

Prussia 650,040 

Prince of Orange 200,000 

Austria 500,000 

Morocco 14,419 

6,786,022 

Carried forward 37,846,881 



. 



EXP 



237 



EYL 



£ 

Brought forward 37,846,881 

1814— Spain £450,000 I 

Portugal 1,500,000 

Sicilv 316,667 

Sweden... 800,000 

Russia 2,169,982 , 

Prussia 1,319,129 

Austria 1,064,882 

7,620,660 

France (advanced to Louis XVIII., to enable 

him to return to France) 200,000 

Hanover 500,000 

Denmark 121,198 

. ~ 821,918 



46,289,459 



The direct payments under the 
form of loans and subsidies did not 
form the whole of the contributions 
made by this country to its allies. 
The value of the arms, clothing, 
and other stores that were fur- 
nished to our allies in the year 
1814 alone, were all in addition to 
the subsidies in the foregoing 
statement : — 

AUSTRIA. £ 

Arms and clothing . . . 410,751 

FRANCE. 

Arms sent to the south of 

France 31,932 

HANOVER. 

Arms and clothing . . . 239,879 

HOLLAND. 

Arms and clothing . . . 267,759 

OLDENBURG. 

Clothing 10,008 

PRUSSIA, 

Arms 11,042 

RUSSIA, 

Provisions and stores . . 385,491 

SPAIN. 

Stores 136,338 

Miscellaneous arms and 
clothing supplied to va- 
rious foreign corps . . 88,845 



£1,582,045 

Large sums in addition must be 
placed here in assistance to French 



emigrant expeditions, and supplies 
of stores to Spain and Portugal, 
from 1808 to 1813. 

Explanation, Irish Act of, 1665. 
Exports, England to France : — 

1848 1,025,121 

1849 1,951,269 

1850 2,401,956 

1851 2,028,463 

Exports, France to England: — 

1848 7,130,394 

1849 8,177,075 

1850 8,454,193 

1851 8,083,112 

Duties levied on French imports, 
1851, £2,110,968. 

Exports, Value of— £68,531,601 
in 1851 ; £71,429,548 in 1852 ; the 
principal were, 1852 — 

£ 

Cotton 23,301,278 

Linen manufactures ... 4,212,350 

Metals 9,928,405 

Silk manufactures 1,156,645 

Hardware, &c 2,692,439 

Woollens 8,725,645 

Exports, 1850, in value — from 
London, £14,060,000; from HulL 
£10,366,610; Glasgow, £3,768,646. 

Exportation of Corn permitted 
by law, 1663 ; a bounty paid for, 
1689. 

Eye, Infirmary for Diseases of 
the, founded 1804. 

Etlau, Battle of, between the 
French and Russians, in which Na- 



FAI 



238 



FAL 



poleon was victorious, Feb. 8, 1807; 
the French lost 12,000 men, the 
Russians 20,000, in killed alone. 

Eynsham Abbey, Oxfordshire, 
built 1005. 

Eyre, Justices in, the office insti- 
tuted 1184, by Henry II., an itine- 
rant court of justice. They once 



went their circuit every three years 
to punish abuses in the king's fo- 
rests. The last was held in the time 
of Charles II., 1671. 

Ezerghan, on the borders of Ar- 
menia, destroyed by an earthquake, 
when 6300 of the inhabitants per- 
ished, July 28, 1784. 



F 



Factories in England; 

In 1835 * ..i..i. .......;.. 1,262 

In 1838 1,815 

The number of hands employed in cotton factories in 1835 was... 220, 000 

1838 259,000 

Making an increase of 39,000 hands: 

The woollen factories in 1835 were 1;313 

1838 :...;; ;... 1,378 

The hands employed in woollen factories in 1835 were 71,000 

1838. ..;;... 86,000 

Showing an increase of 15,000 hands. 

The number of flax mills in 1835 Was ; ....;.... i 347 

1838.; .... ...;. 392 

The number of hands employed in flax mills in 1835 was 33,000 

1838 ti 43,000 

Showing an increase of 10,000 hands. 

Of silk factories there were in 1835.. ; 238 

1838 ; ..;,. 268 

Of hands employed in silk factories there were in 1835 30,000 

1838 34,000 

Showing an increase of 4000 hands. 
The total increase in the number of hands, in all, was.*... ..a. ..a.. 68,000 



Fabricitjs, Charles, the portrait 
painter of Delft, killed by the blow- 
ing up of a magazine, 1654. 

Faenza, earthenware first manu- 
factured at, 1289. 

Fahrenheit, G. D., the inventor 
of the thermometer commonly used 
in England, bom 1686, died 1736. 

Fairfax defeated at Barham 
Moor, March 29, 1643, and at Al- 
derton Moor, June 29, 1643 ; routed 
the royalists, at Nantwich, Jan. 
1643-4 ; with Cromwell new mo- 
delled the army, Dec. 31, 1644; 
commanded at Naseby, June 9, 1644. 
died, 1671. 

Fairbrother, Mr., died at Wi- 
gan, in Lancashire, aged 138, May, 
1770. 



Fairs and Markets first instituted 
in England, by Alfred, 886; in 
France, by Charlemagne, 800 ; pro- 
moted by William the Conqueror, 
1071. The first fairs originated in 
wakes, when the number of people 
assembled brought together a va- 
riety of traders annually on these 
days. From these holidays they 
were called Ferise or Fairs. Gre- 
gory "VII. patronised them as monks' 
festivals, to which the people re- 
sorted with wares to sell. Beau- 
cair6j Falaise, and Leipsic, are 
noted on the continent. 

Fakenham, Norfolk, fire at, and 
much injured, Aug. 4, 1738. 

Falezi, peace of, between Russia 
and Turkey, 1797. 



FAM 



239 



FEA 



Falkland Islands discovered, 
1592. 

Falkland, Lord Lucius, killed at 
the battle of Newbury, Sept. 1643, 
aged 33. 

Falkirk, Battle of, between Ed- 
ward I. and the Scotch, under Wal- 
lace, in which 40,000 of the Scotch 
were slain, July 22, 1298 ; also, a 
skirmish between some of the Eng- 
lish forces and the Scotch rebels, in 
which the former were worsted with 
the loss of 300 men, June 18, 1746. 

Falmouth, 22 houses and the 
theatre destroyed at, by fire, Aug. 
21, 1792. 

Family of Love, a religious sect, 
called also Philadelphians, who as- 
sembled at Nottingham, under Da- 
vid George of Holland ; he had be- 
fore propagated his harmless tenets 
in Switzerland, 1556; his books 
were answered, by digging up his 
body and burning both. 

Families, Agricultural, in Great 
Britain : while the total number of 
families in Great Britain increased, 
between 1811 and 1831$ from 
2,544,215 to 3,414,175, or at the 
rate of 34 per cent., the number of 
families employed in agriculture 
increased only from 895,998 to 
961,134, or at the rate of 7g per 
cent. From a table designed to 
show the progress of agriculture in 
England during each of the 75 years 
between 1760 and 1835, it appeared 
that in the ten years from 1760 to 
1769, when the average number of 
inhabitants of England and Wales 
was 6,850,000 souls, the quantity of 
wheat produced was more than 
sufficient for the home use by 
1,384,561 qrs. The committee of 
the House of Commons, which sat 
in 1813, stated in their report, that 
through the improvements in cul- 
tivation, the produce had been in- 
creased one-fourth during the then 
preceding ten years. 

Famine, the "Faithful Annalist 
of 1660 " states as follows :— " 1070. 
Such a dearth in England, that 
men did eat horses, cats, dogs, and 
man's flesh; King William bereaved 



all the monasteries and abbeys of 
England of their gold and silver, 
sparing neither chalice nor shrine." 

Fancourt, Samuel, a dissenting 
clergyman, who first set on foot cir- 
culating libraries, b. 1678, d. 1768. 

Fans, first used to hide the ladies' 
faces in church, came to England 
and France, from Italy, 1572. 

Fazley Castle, Somerset, built, 
1342. 

Farms in Suffolk, several destroy- 
ed by fire, the work of incendiaries, 
May, 1816. 

Farthings, in silver, coined by 
king John, in Ireland, 1210 ; in sil- 
ver, by Henry VIII. , in England, 
1522 ; in copper, by Charles II., 
1665, and 1672 ; half farthings first 
coined in the reign of Victoria, 1843. 

Fasts and Fasting began in the 
second century, in the church of 
Borne, 138 ; a woman is reported to 
have lived without food an incredi- 
ble time, 1777. 

Fauntleroy, a London banker, 
executed for forgery, Nov. 30, 1824. 

Faust, or Faustus, who claimed 
the invention of printing, and on 
that account has been often coupled 
with the devil in stories and legends ; 
he died, 1466. 

Faux, Guy, executed in Parlia- 
ment-yard, Jan. 31, 1606, for being 
a conspirator in the gunpowder plot. 

Fayette, Marquis De La, re- 
warded by the Americans with 
200,000 dollars, and a complete 
township of land, in remembrance 
of his services in the cause of Ame- 
rican independence, 1825. 

Fealty to the Pope refused by 
William I., 1073. 

Fearns, Scotland, roof of the 
church of, fell, and killed 60 persons, 
Oct. 19, 1742. 

Feasts and Festivals. These are 
numerous in the Catholic church ; 
they assert that Christmas, Easter, 
Ascension, and Whitsuntide, were 
ordered to be observed in the church 
as early as 68 ; Bogation days were 
appointed, 469 ; Jubilee, by Boniface 
VIII., 1300, at first observed eveiy 
100 years, then every 50 years. 



FEO 



240 



FE V 



Fees, funeral of Thomas Easton, 
at St. Laurence, Thanet, extor- 
tionate ones, Oct. 16, 1824 : — 

£ s. d. 
Minister, for opening a 
vault for a non- parish- 
ioner 8 8 

Prayers for funeral in the 

church 2 2 

Burial service . . . .050 
Clerk's fees, prayers, bu- 
rial services, &c. . . . 1 13 
Sexton, opening the vault, 1 10 
Knell, fifth bell . . . . 10 
Prayers, tolling the bell, 

and bier 7 

Cleaning the church ..050 

Work in the vault ... 4 

Churchwarden's fee ..110 

Bricklayer's bill .... 1 4 

Sexton's bill — 

Minister's fee, 5s. Od. 

Knell . . .4s. Od. 

Tolling . . 2s. 6d. 



[ 11 



£18 



Female Servants taxed, 1785, dis- 
continued, 1792. 

Fencing Schools prohibited in 
London, as introducing to duelling, 
13th Edward I., 1284. 

Fenwick, Sir John, beheaded on 
Tower Hill, Jan. 29, 1697. 

Feodal or feudal laws, the tenure 
of land by suit and service to the 
lord or owner of it, introduced into 
England by the Saxons about 600. 
The slavery of this tenure increased 
under William I., 1068. This was 
dividing the kingdom into baronies, 
giving them to certain persons, and 
requiring those persons to furnish 
the king with money, and a stated 
number of soldiers. It was dis- 
countenanced in France by Louis 
XI., about 1470 ; restrained and 
limited, Hen. VII., 1495 ; abolished 
by statute, 12th Charles II., 1663 ; 
finally abolished in Scotland, 20th 
George II., 1746. 

Fere Champenoise, Battle of, 
between marshal Marmont and the 
Austrians under prince Schwartzen- 
berg, who were defeated, March 25, 
1814. 



Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, 
born, 1784, died, Sept. 29, 1833. 

Ferdinando, Mau. de Paleotti, 
brother to the duchess of Shrews- 
bury, hanged for murder, at Tyburn, 
Feb. 28, 1717-18. 

Ferdinand III. made emperor of 
Germany, 1637. 

Fernbush, the Sweet, introduced 
frOm North America, 1714. 

Ferns, Bishopric of, Ireland, 
existed in 598; united with Leigh- 
lin, 1600 ; to the bishopric of Osso- 
ry, Aug. 1833. 

Ferozeshah, Battle of, between 
the Sikhs and the British, in India, 
Dec. 21, 22, 1845; the former re- 
pulsed and artillery captured. 

Ferrars, George, a member of 
parliament, taken in execution for 
debt, demanded by the speaker, and 
the demand resisted ; then taken by 
force, and the magistrates, creditor, 
and officers committed, 1542. 

Ferrers, Earl, committed to the 
Tower for the murder of his steward, 
Feb. 13, 1759-60; tried, condemned, 
and hanged, at Tyburn, May 5, 
1769. 

Ferrol, abortive British expe- 
dition to, under Sir James Pulte- 
ney, when 10,000 men landed and 
reimbarked, Aug. 1800. 

Ferryboat crossing the Menai 
Straits overset, and 50 persons 
drowned, between Caernarvon and 
Anglesea, Dec. 4, 1785. 

Fete de Dieu, established at An- 
gers, 1619, to atone on the part of 
the archbishop for his non-belief of 
transubstantiation when first pro- 
pagated by the pope. 

Fete de Vertu, established, 1789, 
by Lady Harcourt, at Newnham, 
Gloucestershire. 

Fete, a grand one given in Paris 
to the Commissioners of the Great 
Exhibition of 1851, Aug. 2. 

Feuilxans, order of, founded in 
Paris, 1587. A society of that 
name formed there to oppose the 
Jacobins, Dec, 1791. 

Feversham Abbey, Kent, built, 
1147. 



FIR 



241 



FIR 



Fez, kingdom of, founded by 
Edrus, 793. 

Fief, known in France, 511; in 
Spain, before 710 ; a Saxon tenure. 

Fiery Ordeal in use, 1042. 

Field of the Clotb of Gold, em- 
barkation of Henry VIII. for, May 
3, 1520. 

Fieschi's attempt to assassinate 
Louis Philippe of France by an in- 
fernal machine of twenty-five mus- 
ket barrels well loaded. Marshal 
Mortier was killed, a number of 
officers wounded, and upwards of 
forty persons besides killed or hurt, 
July 28, 1835. 

Fifth Monarchy Men, conspiracy 
of, dispersed by Cromwell, a re- 
ligious sect that expected the mil- 
lennium, and a universal monarchy 
under Christ, 1653. 

Fig Tree, introduced into Eng- 
land in 1 600. Th e Australian species 
brought in, 1789. 

Figures, the arithmetical in the 
present form introduced by the 
Arabs into Europe, in 1253, super- 
seding the Roman, except for pe- 
culiar purposes. 

Finance, new system of, intro- 
duced by Pitt, 1797 ; turned out a 
delusion, and ended in a 10 per 
cent, income-tax, 1798; increased 
pressure on the public by these 
measures ; in 1790, the labourer in 
husbandry could purchase with his 
wages 82 pints of wheat, in 1800, 
only 53 ; the artisan, in 1790, could 
buy 169 pints, in 1800, only 83. 

Fire- Arms invented by Schwartz, 
1378; introduced into England, 
1388'; matchlocks first used in battle 
atRhejan, 1525; cannon first used 
by the English at Cressy in 1346 ; 
and soon after at the siege of Calais. 

Fire-Engines, invented by Van- 
der Heyden, about 1667 ; improved 
in 1752 and subsequently. 

Firemen, or Fire-watch, estab- 
lished in London, Nov., 1791 ; re- 
organised, 1833. 

Fireships, used at the siege of 
Antwerp, 1585; also against the 
Spanish armada by Sir F. Drake, 
1588. 



Fireworks, invented in China 
and the East ; displayed at Florence 
in the fourteenth century ; June 
21, 1770, more than 1000 persons 
trampled to death in Paris at an 
exhibition of, on the marriage of 
Louis XVI. Display in England 
at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle of 
great excellence, and again, Aug. 1, 
1814, at the general peace. 

Fires in London : — A great part 
of the city destroyed by fire, 982 ; 
again in 1077, 1087, 1092, 1132. 
London bridge burned, 1136. On 
London bridge, which burned 300 J 
persons, July 10, 1212. At Leaden- 
hall, 1484. Westminster palace 
burned, 1540. The great fire of 
Sept. 2, 1666, covered 436 acres 
with its ruins, extending from the 
Tower to the Temple church ; and 
from the North East Gate to Hol- 
born-b ridge ; it broke out at a baker's 
shop in Pudding-lane, behind Monu- 
ment-yard, and destroyed in four 
days eighty-nine churches, with the 
noble cathedral of St. Paul's, the 
city gates, the Exchange, the Custom 
House, the Guildhall, Sion College, 
and numerous other public build- 
ings, with 13,200 houses and 400 
streets. It was at last only ex- 
tinguished by the blowing up of the 
houses before the flames could reach 
them. Drury-lane theatre burned, 
with 60 houses, January, 1671-2. 
In Southwark, which destroyed 60 
houses, 1676. In the Temple, 
Jan. 26, 1679. In Gray's-inn, Feb., 
1680. Whitehall palace burned in 
part, April, 1690 ; totally consumed, 
Jan. 5, 1698. Thames-street, 120 
houses burnt, and above fifty persons 
perished, Jan. 13, 1715; 150 houses 
were burnt down in Nightingale- 
lane, Wapping, Dec. 4, 1716. Cus- 
tom-house burnt, 1718. Billings- 
gate, 1718. Shadwell had 50 
houses burnt, Sept. 10, 1733. Battle- 
bridge, Aug. 12, 1749. Cornhill, 
March 25, 1748, 200 houses, the 
most terrible after the great fire of 
1666; Nov. 10, 1759; and Nov. 7, 
1765. Inner temple, Jan. 4, 1738-7. 
Cotton-wharf burnt, and £40,O0J 



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damage, Aug. 12, 1751. Lincoln's- 
inn- square, June 27, 1752. Billings- 
gate, Jan. 13, 1754. The Hermit- 
age brewhouse, £20,000 damage, 
May 1, 1755. Staple-inn, where 
four persons were burnt, Nov. 27, 
1756. London temporary bridge, 
April 11, 1759. In Duke-street, 
Lincoln's- inn, which burnt the Sar- 
dinian ambassador's chapel, Nov. 
30, 1759. In King- street, Covent- 
garden, 50 houses burnt, £70,000 
damage, Dec. 23, 1759. Fish- 
monger Hall, and several houses in 
Thames-street, Feb. 10, 1761. East 
Smithfield had 28 houses burnt, 
April 11, 1761. 14 houses in Swal- 
low-street, April 24, 1761. 30 
houses burnt at Shadwell, besides 
barges, May 2, 1761. Vault under 
St. James's church, Piccadilly, burnt, 
Jan. 15, 1763. At Rotherhithe, 
June 1, 1765. London-house, in 
Aldersgate-street, 1768. Throg- 
morton-street, May 9, 1774. Chan- 
dos-street, Covent-garden, May 10, 
1772. Cornhill, June 6, 1773. In 
the Tower, Jan. 31, 1774. In King- 
street, Covent-garden, May 4, 1774. 
20 houses were burnt at the dock, 
Wapping, Sept. 28, 1775. At Sidney 
House, in the Old Bailey, Aug. 1, 
1775. In Russel-street, Covent-gar- 
den, Sept. 29, 1775. At the Savoy, 
Mar. 2, 1776. Greenwich Hospital, 
Jan. 2, 1779. At Hermitage-stairs, 
which destroyed 31 houses, besides 
other buildings, March 16, 1779. 
At Horsleydown, April 30, 1780, 
near 30 houses, besides warehouses 
and shipping. London-bridge wa- 
ter- works, fpct. 31, 1779. In the 
.Strand, near the New Church, 1781. 
Gun Dock, Wapping, where 14 
houses were burnt, Sept, 23, 1783. 
At Mr. Seddon's, in Aldersgate- 
street and Bartholomew- close, which 
destroyed £100,000 worth of goods 
and 40 houses, Nov. 5, 1783. Opposite 
Exeter Change, in July, 1784. In 
Abchurch-lane, July 27, 1784. 
Spring-garden gate, April 2, 1785. 
Compton-street, 16 houses, June 
12, 1785. Dockhead, which de- 
stroyed several warehouses, the loss 



very considerable, May 2, 1785. In 
Holborn, June 13, 1785. James - 
street, Haymarket, 1786. Vine- 
street, Piccadilly, Oct. 2, 1786. The 
corner of Bow-street, Covent- 
garden, Jan. 10, 1788. The Opera- 
house in the Haymarket, June 17, 
1789. In Hanway-yard, Oxford- 
street, March 12, 1790. At the 
foot of Westminster-bridge, 20 per- 
sons killed or maimed, Feb. 18, 1790. 
In Aldersgate-street, May 16, 1790. 
Fleet-street, Oct. 4, 1790. Rother- 
hithe, when 20 houses were de- 
stroyed, Oct. 12, 1790. Near the 
Hermitage, with £30,000 damage, 
April 1, 1790. The Albion-mills 
destroyed, March 2, 1791. From 
Cherry garden-stairs to West-lane, 
Rotherhithe, destroyed, and several 
vessels, with 60 houses, Sept. 14, 
1791. At a sugar-house, Wellclose- 
square, &c, where £30,000 damage 
was done, Dec. 12, 1791. The 
Duke of Richmond's house, &c, in 
Privy-gardens, burnt, Dec. 21, 1791. 
The Pantheon, in Oxford-street, 
burnt, Jan. 14, 1792. Near Fins- 
bury- square, Moorfields, at a timber- 
yard, with a loss of £10,000, July 
28, 1792. At Hawley's- wharf, Her- 
mitage-wharf, which did £10,000 
damage, by destruction of sugar, 
Dec. 2, 1793. In Duck-lane, near 
Wardour-sti-eet, 13 houses were 
burnt down, Dec. 13, 1793. At 
Limehouse-hole, where many houses 
were burnt, June 18, 1794. At 
Wapping, where upwards of 630 
houses were destroyed, together 
with an East India warehouse, in 
which 35,000 bags of saltpetre were 
destroyed, July 22 and 23, 1794 ; 
the whole loss was estimated at 
above £1,000,000 sterling; there 
was £40,000 worth of sugar in one 
sugar-house ; the whole is said to 
be the most dreadful accident of the 
kind since the fire of London, in 
1666. At Astley's theatre, near 
Westminster-bridge, which destroy- 
ed to the value of near £30,000, to- 
gether with 19 other houses, Aug. 
17, 1794. The elegant church of 
St. Paul's, Covent-garden, was burnt 



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down by the carelessness of work- 
men employed in its repair, Sept. 
19, 1735. At Shadwell, 20 houses 
were burnt, Nov. 1, 1796. In the 
Minories, 30 houses destroyed, 
March 23, 1797. The water-works at 
Shadwell, which conveyed water 
from the Tower to Limehouse, and 
raised 903 gallons in a minute, 
were burnt down in one hour and a 
half, on Dec. 12, 1797. The King's 
Bench prison had 50 apartments 
destroyed by an accidental fire, 
July 14, 1799. Near the Custom- 
house, three large warehouses of 
West India goods, valued at £30,000, 
destroyed, Feb. 11, 1800. At Wap- 
ping, where 30 houses, besides ware- 
houses, value £80,000, were burnt, 
and many lives lost, Oct. 6, 1800 ; 
it extended from Mew-stairs to Exe- 
cution-dock. In Store-street, ToU 
tenham- court road, £40,000 value 
destroyed by a fire at a brewery, 
Sept. 27, 1802, At the printing- 
office of Mr. S. Hamilton, in Falcon- 
court, Fleet -street, where property 
to the amount of £80,000 was burnt, 
Feb. 2, 1803. The great tower over 
the choir of Westminster Abbey de- 
stroyed, July 9, 1803. An inn in 
Chelmsford,inwhichl20Hanoverian 
troops had been lodged a few hours 
before, twelve of whom were burnt, 
Oct. 22, 1804. Eight persons burnt in 
Adam-street, Edgeware-road, Jan. 
27, 1805. Covent-Garden theatre to- 
tally destroyed by fire, Sept. 20, 1808. 
Part of St. James's palace burnt 
down, Jan. 21, 1809. Drury-lane 
theatre, Feb. 24, 1809. Mr. Smee- 
ton's printing-office, St, Martin's- 
lane, himself and wife destroyed in 
the flames, May 27, 1809. In Con- 
duit-street, at which Mr. Windham, 
in exerting himself to save Mr. 
North's library and manuscripts, 
received a blow on the thigh which 
proved the cause of his death, July 
8, 1809. At the wharf of Messrs. 
Pococke and Buckley, Whitefriars- 
dock, by which timber to the amount 
of £30,000, and nine valuable horses 
were destroyed, Jan. 1, 1810. At 
Reeve's floor-cloth manufactory, 



Little Tichfield-street, by which 
seven houses and Mr. Huntingdon's 
chapel were destroyed, July 13, 
1810. At the house of Mr. Paris, 
printer, in Tooke's-court, by which 
three houses were destroyed, and 
one woman burnt to death, July 
20, 1810. At Gillet's printing- 
office in Salisbury-square, July 29, 
1810, after a former calamity of the 
same kind in 1805. At the Mexi- 
can coffee-house, Lisle-street, Mr. 
Simeon, the proprietor, and his 
wife, destroyed in the flames, Dec. 8, 

1810. Goullee's pork-shop, corner 
of Half-moon-street, Bishopsgate- 
street, in which Mr. Gotillee, his 
wife, three children, nurse, maid- 
servant, and shop-boy perished, 
April 22, 181L In Bury-street, 
St. Mary Axe, by which nearly half 
the street was destroyed, June 18, 

1811. At Mr. Holland's, tallow- 
chandler, South Audley-street, by 
which that and several other houses 
were destroyed, Aug. 25, 1812. At 
Mr. Merle's, picture-frame maker, 
Leadenhall-street, by which every 
house to Billiter-lane was consumed 
and three others, Oct. 17, 1812. At 
the commercial hall, Skinner- 
street, which was entirely Consumed, 
April 4, 1813. At a fishmonger's 
near Vauxhall turnpike, by which 
the Oak tavern and Vauxhall cha- 
pel were destroyed, Aug. 12, 1813. 
At the premises of Messrs. Jones 
and Co., timber merchants, King- 
street, Southwark, by which fifteen 
other houses were destroyed, Dec. 
1813. In Denmark-street, by which 
five houses were destroyed and one 
woman lost her life, Jan. 18, 1814. 
At the Custom-house, Thames- 
street, by which the whole range of 
buildings and many other houses 
were destroyed, Feb. 12, 1814. 
At the mustard mills of Messrs. 
Lingard and Jones, Southwark, by 
which great devastation Avas made, 
several adjoining warehouses being 
destroyed, and a great extent of 
stabling belonging to Tbeel and 
Steel, Aug. 28, 1814. In High- 
street, Shadwell, by which twenty 



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dwelling-houses were consumed, 
Oct. 10, 1814. In Narrow-street, 
Limehouse, by which sixteen dwell- 
ing-houses and several warehouses 
were burnt down, Nov. 11, 1814. 
At Mr. Bigg's, St. Paul's church- 
yard, by which the house and two 
of his children were consumed, Jan. 
19, 1815. Works belonging to the 
gas company in Dorset-street, de- 
stroyed, May 24, 1815. In Leaden- 
hall-street, opposite to the India 
House, by which two houses were 
burnt down, June 4, 1815. In the 
range of buildings between the 
Crescent and America-square, by 
which nearly twenty houses were 
destroyed, July 14, 1815. At the 
Mint, by which the eastern and 
southern wing of the building were 
unroofed, and the interior, contain- 
ing the machinery, destroyed, Oct. 
21, 1815. In Wardour-street, at 
the house of Mr. Seymour, three of 
whose daughters, the eldest only 
eight years of age, perished in the 
flames, Oct. 31, 1815. At Grove- 
place, Kentish Town, by which the 
house of Mr. Slack was destroyed, 
and himself fell a victim to the 
flames, Nov. 23, 1815. In Red 
Lion-street, Holborn, by which the 
house of a goldbeater was destroy- 
ed, and a child perished in the 
flames, Nov. 24, 1815. At an 
umbrella maker's, High Holborn, 
between Featherstone-buildings and 
Brownlow-st. by which six houses 
were entirely burnt to the ground, 
Nov. 28, 1815. In Crown-street, 
Finsbury-square,by which the house 
and warehouse of Mr. Mitchel were 
destroyed, Dec. 31, 1815. At 
Berkeley-square, at the house of 
Mr. Charles Boon, which, with its 
furniture and library, were destroy- 
ed, Feb. 11, 1816. At the Stock 
Exchange Coffee-house, which was 
entirely destroyed, as were several 
adjoining counting-houses, April 
23, 1816. At the Plough Inn, 
Clapham, which was entirely de- 
stroyed, May 29, 1816. Extensive 
premises of Mr. Irvine, Nos. 49, 50, 
St. Mary -le- bonne-street, entirely 



destroyed, with many new and un- 
finished carriages, June 1, 1816. 
At the house of Mr. Dunkin, tallow 
chandler, Aldersgate-street, which 
was destroyed, with the upper part 
of the adjoining house of Cocker- 
ton and Son, oilmen, June 26, 1816; 
these houses had just been rebuilt 
in consequence of a similar confla- 
gration in the preceding year. At 
Mr. Norris's carpet warehouse, 
which was under repair in conse- 
quence of having been burnt down 
ten months before, Sept. 20, 1816. 
At the shop of Mr. Falconer, car- 
penter, Turk's-head yard, Oxford- 
market, by which that and five 
others were greatly damaged, Oct. 
2, 1816. At the warehouse of Mr. 
Henderson, by which several houses 
were burnt down, others damaged, 
and property to the amount of 
£40,000 destroyed, Oct. 23, 1816. 
Near Wapping Docks, by which 
the warehouses of Messrs. Viner and 
Co., and several adjoining ones 
were burnt down, Dec. 16, 1816. 
At Poplar, at the house of Mrs. 
Cock, by which that and nine other 
houses were destroyed ; Mrs. Cock, 
at the age of eighty years, perished 
in the flames, Dec. 20, 1816. The 
house of Mr. Driskall, Mount-place, 
Homerton-road, burnt to the ground, 
the damage estimated at £5000, 
April 6, 1817. The house of Mr. 
Bainbridge, carver and gilder, High 
Holborn, totally destroyed by fire, 
April 7, 1817. The extensive pre- 
mises in Fleet-street, belonging 
to a Mr. Mist, destroyed by fire, 
May 23, 1817. House of Mr. Black, 
oilman, facing Bermondsey church, 
destroyed by fire, and Mr. Black, 
his wife, and eldest child, found 
suffocated in the adjoining house, 
June 28, 1817. At Mr. Wheater's, 
grocer, No. 460, Strand, by which 
ten houses were destroyed, and 
three persons perished in the flames, 
March 1, 1818. At Mr. Clarke's, 
oilman, Somers' Town ; and at Mr. 
Higgs', hat manufacturer, Webber- 
row, Blackfriars'-road, in the latter 
of which two children were burned, 



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April 14, 1818. At Messrs. Spencer's, 
Newton-street, High Holborn, 
which burned five houses, and 
damaged several others, July 1818. 
In Ratcliff Highway, which consum- 
ed fifteen houses, Aug. 1818. In Nel- 
son-street, Whitechapel, at the 
sugar-house of Messrs. Craven and 
Shultz, which did damage to the 
amount of £15,000, Aug. 1819. At 
the house of Mr. Worms, White- 
chapel, in which three children were 
destroyed, Nov. 1819. The sugar- 
refinery of Messrs. Severn, King, 
and Co., was burned down ; the loss 
was estimated at £80,000, Nov. 
1819. At the house of Mr. Kerr, 
boot-maker, corner of Norfolk- 
street, Strand, which destroyed two 
houses and damaged several others, 
Jan. 17, 1820. In Thames-street, 
at the premises of Messrs. Thomas 
and Co., porter merchants ; damage 
done to the amount of £20,000, 
Feb. 1820. At Mr. Westlake's 
ship -builder, Rotherhithe, which 
consumed seven houses, a brig, 
several warehouses, and property 
worth £50,000, March, 1820. In 
Drury-lane, which destroyed a tim- 
ber-yard and ten houses, threat- 
ening the destruction of the neigh- 
bourhood, Nov. 9, 1820. At Messrs. 
Smith & Co., sugar-bakers, Mile 
End, to the loss of £200,000, Jan. 
11, 1821. In Gutter-lane, Cheap- 
side, which destroyed three houses 
and damaged six, Feb. 27, 1821. 
On the premises of Messrs. Southall 
and Fossick, Gracechurch Street, 
which destroyed four houses and a 
meeting-house, and occasioned the 
death of four persons, Sept. 9, 1821. 
Four houses destroyed, and three 
persons burnt, in Prince's-street, 
Soho, Sept. 10, 1821. Three houses 
destroyed in Waterloo-row, Surrev- 
road, Oct. 19, 1821. At Mr. 
George Hoppe's, Old Gravel-lane, 
Wapping, by which several houses 
were destroyed or injured, Nov. 3, 
1821. A West Indiaman, of 300 
tons burthen, destroyed in the river 
Thames, Dec. 16, 1821. The ex- 
tensive premises of Mr. Bagster, 



a bookseller in Paternoster-row, 
consumed, March 2, 182?. At Mr. 
Briggs', tallow-chandler, Old Gra- 
vel-lane, which destroyed the house 
and several workships, June 4, 1822. 
Two houses destroyed in St. John's 
street, Clerkenwell, June 20, 1822. 
The premises of Mr. White, boat- 
builder, at Rotherhithe, and an- 
other house, June 28, 1822. Two 
houses in Adam-street, Adelphi, 
consumed, June 29, 1822. The 
house of Mr. Wardell, provision 
merchant, Old Gravel-lane, June 
30, 1822. The premises of Messrs. 
Astor and Co., musical instrument 
makers, Tottenham-street, were 
destroyed, July 20, 1822. A fire 
broke out in the plate- glass manu- 
factory of Messrs. Reed and Co., 
Upper Smithfield, which reduced 
the premises to a heap of ruins; 
the loss was £100,000, Aug. 11, 
1822. The patent rope manufac- 
tory and all the machinery of Mr. 
Dunn, at Stepney, consumed, Aug., 
14, 1822. A fire destroyed the house 
of Mr. Stokes, calico-printer, Gros- 
venor Market, Aug. 24, 1822. Two 
houses in Upper East Smithfield 
burned down, Aug. 26, 1822. Three 
houses burned in Old Round Court, 
Sept. 2, 1822. The extensive pre- 
mises of Messrs. Luntley and Mil- 
ner, wholesale druggists, Bread- 
street Hill, nearly destroyed, Sept. 
3, 1822. A dreadful fire broke out 
at the floor-cloth manufactory of 
Messrs. Rolls and Goulston, in the 
Bermondsey-road, which consumed 
the premises, a timber yard, and 
destroyed or damaged nearly twenty 
houses, Sept. 16, 1822. Next door 
to the Architectural Library of Mr. 
Taylor, in Holbom, which destroyed 
that house and several others, and 
several works of art of the greatest 
value, Nov. 23, 1822. Long's Hotel, 
Bond-street, nearly burnt down, 
Dec. 21, 1822. A destructive fire 
in Watling-street, which destroyed 
several houses, Jan. 16, 1823. Se- 
veral houses and one person burned 
in New-street, Covent Garden, May 
12, 1823. Fifteen houses consumed 



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in Red Lion-street, Bedford-square, 
and Featherstone Buildings, June 
24, 1823. A house consumed in 
the London-road, and several others 
damaged, Sept. 14, 1823. In King- 
street, Hammersmith, which de- 
stroyed two houses and damaged 
several others ; a child was killed, 
Feb. 3, 1824. A fire broke out at 
the extensive wharfs of Messrs. 
Pickford and Co., on the banks of 
the City Road Basin ; the damage 
was estimated at £30,000, and two 
lives were lost, Feb. 26, 1824. A 
fire broke out at the house of Mr. 
Bond, linen-draper, in Fleet- street, 
and communicated to that of Mr. 
Hill, chemist, and six others, which 
Avere completely destroyed ; this 
fire opened a view of St. Bride's 
church, Nov. 14, 1824, On the 
following day, the extensive ware- 
houses of Messrs. Wilkinson, up- 
holsterers, Ludgate-hill, and several 
adjoining houses were burnt down. 
The tavern at Cumberland Gardens, 
near Vauxhall, May 25, 1825. A 
fire broke out at the house of Mr. 
Cruzett, carver and gilder, Great 
Titchfield-street, which spread to 
several houses in Mortimer-street, 
Wells-street, and Great Portland- 
street, destroying 20 or 30 houses, 
including a timber-yard, St. Mar- 
garet's chapel, and Varley's picture 
gallery, in which were many fine 
works of art, the damage estimated 
at £200,000, June 21, 1825. A 
fire in Cavendish- street, Oxford- 
street, in which three females were 
burnt to death, July 29, 1825. 
A fire broke out at the corner of 
Anchor-court, Old-street, and de- 
stroyed five houses, Aug. 10, 1825. 
A fire at the house of Mr. Bell, 
oilman, Shoreditch, in which Mr. 
Bell perished, Sept. 13, 1825. A 
fire broke out at the patent shot 
manufactory of Messrs. Walker and 
Parker, near Waterloo Bridge, 
which was completely gutted, Jan. 
5, 1826. Royalty Theatre burnt 
down, loss estimated at £18,000, 
Jan. 5, 1826. At Sheerness, July 
30, 1827. Duplin Castle, Perth- 



shire, Sept. 11, 1827. Talacre, 
Flintshire, Sept. 12, 1827. Bram- 
ham-park Mansion, July 21, 1828. 
Glasgow Theatre, Jan. 12, 1829. 
York Minster nearly destroyed, the 
fire communicated by a lunatic 
named Martin, Feb. 2, 1829. West- 
minster Abbey discovered to be on 
fire, April 27, 1829. Destructive 
fire at Manchester, Oct. 12, 1829. 
Ramsgate Theatre, Nov. 30, 1829. 
At Hinchbrook, the seat of Lord 
Sandwich, Jan. 22, 1830. Argyle 
Rooms, Regent-street, Feb. 12, 1830. 
English Opera House, Strand, Lon- 
don, Feb. 16, 1830. Messrs. 
Hoighton's, Bartholomew's close, 
Aug. 11, 1830, damage estimated at 
£200,000. Residence of Lord Wal- 
singham, Harley-street, where his 
lordship perished, and Lady W. 
died of the injuries received, April 
27, 1831. At a fire in Monmouth- 
street some lives were lost, and also 
at another in Bucklersbury, 1833. 
Houses of Lords and Commons, 
Westminster, accidentally set on fire 
and destroyed, Oct. 16, 1834. The 
Royal Exchange and several houses 
near it, biirned down, Jan. 10, 1838. 
At Wapping twelve houses burned, 
June 16, 1840. Astley's Theatre, a 
third time, June 8, 1841. The 
armoury in the Tower, and 280,000 
stand of arms destroyed, Oct. 30, 
1841. At the South Eastern Rail- 
way on the departure of the king of 
the French, Oct. 1844. 

Fires in London, return of, in 
twelve months, for the year 1852 ; 
263 were totally destructive, or of 
great damage, and 660 slightly in- 
jurious in comparison. There were 
98 false alarms, and 89 fired chim- 
neys. Twenty-two fires were at- 
tended with fatal consequences ; 
at one three firemen Avere killed. 
The number and different trades 
carried on in the houses were as 
follows : — 

Dealers in drugs and apothe- 
caries 6 

Bagnios 2 

Bakers 13 

Biscuit, muffin, and pie do 5 



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247 



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Basket-maker 1 

Bleacher 1 

Booksellers, binders, and sta- 
tioners 18 

Bottle-merchant 1 

Brewers 1 

Brokers and dealers in old. 

clothes 9 

Builders 9 

Cabinet-makers 15 

Carpenters and wood-workers 56 

Chemists 2 

Chandlers 15 

Coach-makers 1 

Coopers 2 

Curriers, &c 2 

Churches 2 

Corkcutter 1 

Coffee-roaster 1 

Coffee shops and chop houses.. 18 

Cottars' wool warehouse 1 

Chocolate-maker, 1 — Charcoal- 
dealer, 2 3 

Confectioners and pastry-cooks 3 

Cheesemongers 7 

Caoutchouc manufacturers .... 2 
Cane-dyer, 1 — Cement-works, 1 2 

Colour-maker 1 

Distiller, illicit 1 

Distiller of tar, 2 — of Turpen- 
tine, 1 3 

Drapers and mercers 38 

Druggists, wholesale 5 

Drysalter 1 

Eating-houses 14 

Engineers, mechanical 3 

Firework-makers. 2 

Farming-stock 8 

Founders 4 

Furrier, &c 1 

Fire annihilator works 1 

Grocers 7 

Gasworks 4 

Gluemaker, 1 — hatmaker, 1 ... 2 

Hemp-dressers '. 4 

Horse-hair merchants 2 

Hotels and clubhouses 2 

Japanners 3 

Lampblack-makers 2 

Laundresses 3 

Lodgings 86 

Lucifer-match-makers 5 

Manchester goods warehouses.. 6 

Marine-store-dealers 7 

Musical-instrument-makers ... 2 



Milliners and Dressmakers ... 9 

Nut dealer f 1 

Oil and colourmen, not makers 13 

Oil-works 1 

Private houses 249 

Paper-stainers and paper- 
board makers 4 

Painted barge makers 2 

Pipe-makers 1 

Printers. Letterpress, 5 — Cop- 
perplate, 1 6 

Public building 1 

Pawnbroker 1 

Painters, plumbers, & glaziers 3 

Paper-mills 2 

Rag-merchants 4 

Railways 3 

Rope-makers 3 

Saleshops and offices 37 

Towmills by steam 7 

Ships, 5 — Shipbuilders, 2 7 

Ship-chandlers , 1 

Steam-ship 1 

Stables , 16 

Soot-merchant.., 1 

Straw-bonnet makers 2 

Sugar-refiners 2 

Steamboiler-maker 1 

School of Industry .. f , 1 

Silk-merchant , 1 

Tanner 1 

Tallow-chandler, &c 4 

Tailors 14 

Tarpauling-makers 2 

Tinmen, braziers, &c 7 

Tobacconists 7 

Toy warehouses 3 

Unoccupied houses 6 

Houses under repair, or build- 
ing 11 

Upholsterers 1 

Varnish -makers 3 

Victuallers 40 

Warehouses 6 

Weavers 2 

Do. Mats 3 

Wine and spirit merchants .... 4 

Wood-merchants 2 

Wharfinger 1 

. Total, 923 



Fires occasioned by servants, 
made punishable, 1707. Method to 



FIR 



248 



FIS 



prevent the spread of, invented by 
David Hartley, 1764. * 

First Fruits and Tenths, insti- 
tuted by Clement V., 1306 ; first 
collected in England, 1316 ; given 
to Henry VIIL, 1534; office of, 
established, 1543; granted to the 
poor clergy by Queen Anne, Feb. 
1703-4; consolidation of, with Queen 
Anne's bounty, 1 Vic, 1838. 

First Fruits of livings, these 
were to be paid strictly over by a 
statute of Elizabeth, being one year's 
income of each, which in money 
value had been greatly augmented ; 
the sums received were to augment 
poor livings ; the payments in place 
of being made as required one year's 
existing income, are made in the 
ancient nominal value of the money! 
In 1835, in consequence, only the 
following should be, and were, the 
sums paid : — 
Archbishop of Can- 
terbury £19,182 £2,682 

Archbishop of York 12,629 1,449 
Bishop of Carlisle... 2,213 478 

Bishop of Chichester 4,229 609 

Bishop of Exeter ... 2,713 450 

Bishop of Hereford 2,516 691 

Bishop of Lichfield 

and Coventry ... 3,923 503 
Bishop of LandafF. . . 924 1 39 
Bishop of Norwich.. 5,395 834 
Bishop of Peter- 
borough 3,100 373 

Bishop of Rochester 1,450 322 

Bishop of St. David's 1,897 383 

Bishop of Salisbury 3,939 1,246 
Bishop of Bangor... 4,464 118 

Bishop of Bristol ... 2,351 294 

Bishop of Worcester 6,569 929 

Bishop of Lincoln... 4,542 828 

Bishop of Oxford... 2,648 343 

Bishop of St. Asaph 6,301 168 

Bishop of Bath and 

Wells 5,946 479 

Bishop of Gloucester 2,282 283 
Bishop of Chester... 3,261 378 
Bishop of Winches- 
ter 11,151 2,873 

Bishop ofEly 11,105 1,921 

Bishop of London ..13,929 900 

Bishop of Durham..l9,066 1,638 
Livings of undignified clergymen 



paid in 1835, in place of the full 
year's value after the following rate : 

Middleton 

Rectory £1,070 £36 3 11 

Aldingham 1,092 39 9 2 

Prestwich 1,230 46 4 9 

Ashton-under- 

Line 1,407 26 13 9 

Lancaster 1,709 41 4 

Rochdale 1,730 11 4 

Standish 1,874 45 16 9 

Wigan 2,230 80 10 8 

Winwick 3,616 102 9 8 

Manchester Col- 
legiate Church 4,025 53 6 8 
and thus all in inferior valuations. ■ 

Fish, a most surprising quantity 
taken out of a pond in Shrop- 
shire, Aug. 29, 1731. 

Fish was brought to London by 
land carriage in 1761 ; and machines 
constructed on purpose, parliament 
supporting them, 1764. The fish- 
oil used in London, cost annually 
before gas came in, £300,000. There 
are proper officers to attend to the 
wholesomeness of the fish brought 
to Billingsgate market by water or 
land. 

Fishmarket, erected near the 
bridge, Westminster, April 2, 1749 ; 
opened, Jan. 15, 1750. 

Fisheries, regulations regarding 
were issued, and the towns where 
they were carried on legally regu- 
lated, 1542; to fish on the English 
coast forbidden to strangers, 1609 ; 
the Dutch paid tribute first, and 
then £30,000 for to be permitted to 
fish on the English coast, 1683; 
corporation of free British fisheries 
instituted, 1730; British company 
for the fisheries instituted in Lon- 
don, 1786 ; Irish fishery company 
formed, Dec, 1818; the "Scotch 
obliged the Dutch by treaty," says 
Wellwood, in his reply to Grotius, 
" to keep 81 miles from the shore in 
fishing, and to pay a tribute at the 
port of Aberdeenshire. A tower was 
erected for that and other purposes, 
and the Dutch paid the tribute even 
in the memory of our forefathers." 



FIS 



249 



FIS 



Fish, condemned as unfit for food 
by the proper officers of the city and 
port of London, for the years 1831, 
1832-3, with their description and 
quantity, was, in the three years re- 
spectively, 138,206, 163,584, 190,748 
bushels. The fish consisted of the 
following kinds, in the second of the 
above-named years, affording an 
idea of the enormous quantity im- 
ported, to which they bear a relative 
proportion : — 





Bushels. 


Salmon 


8,150 


Turbot .... 


207 


Cod .... 


. 699 


Soles .... 


24,600 


Herrings 


3,000 


Haddocks 


6,700 


Mackerel 


92,410 


Plaice, Maids, and Skate 


19,950 


Salt Fish . 


292 


Whitings 


400 


Brill ...■•", 


180 


Lobsters .... 


6,025 


Crabs .... 


980 




163,593 


Besides the above, there wei 


e seized 


in the same year, 




] 


Bushels. 


Periwinkles and Wilks 


532 


Muscles .... 


15 


Oysters 


50 


Sprats .... 


1,200 


Shrimps 


17 




1,814 




Kits. 


Salmon (pickled) 


126 



Total number of fish seized 
and condemned in three 
years .... 492,538 

Bushels of sprats and small 

shell fish . . . . 3,525 

Kits of pickled salmon . 126 

The increase year after year is pro- 
digious but not wonderful, when 
their fecundity is considered, thus, 
a flounder of 2 oz. weight contains 
133,407 eggs or spawn ; one of 24 
oz., 1,357,403 ; herrings weighing 



from 4 to 5| oz., from 21,285 to 
36,960 ; Lobsters from 14 to 36 oz., 
contain 21,699 ; mackerel 20 oz., 
454,061; prawn, about 3806; shrimps 
from 2849 to 6807; smelts from 
14,411 to 38,278; sole of 5 oz., 
38,772; one of 14i 0Z-> 100,362; a 
cod produces 3,686,760 ; a ling, 
19,248,625. 

Fish, Tithe of, one of those usages 
which custom has established and 
reason repudiates. Before 1500, it 
was the custom for fishermen to 
present the Catholic clergy, when 
successful, with a portion of their 
taking of fish, out of gratitude to 
the virgin. After the reformation, 
the Protestant clergy claimed tithe 
of fish as a right, hence one and two 
guineas a year are often exacted for 
the boat of a poor fisherman, in lieu 
of tithe. Fishing companies are 
also made to pay tithe heavily. 
Sometimes, in Cormvall, tithe has 
been resisted vi-et-armis. In one 
case of this tax upon poverty and 
labour, at Lowestoft, in Norfolk, a 
demand of 10s. 3d. for the value of 
a portion of a catch of mackerel, was 
unsuccessfully resisted. Accounts 
were produced showing that such 
tithe had been paid 161 years before, 
the entries afforded no proof that the 
payment was other than a voluntary 
one. A letter written by T. Tanner, 
a commissary, at Norwich, to his 
brother John, vicar of Lowestoft, 
related to a dispute about the tithe 
of fish which arose in 1709 ; it stated 
that the case must be tried under 
the provisions of an act of the 2nd 
of Edward VI., which requires proof 
that the custom existed forty years 
before the date of the act (i.e. in 
1509) ; this was insisted upon at the 
previous bearing. The other paper 
was entitled, "Thoughts on the 
Tythe of Fish at Lowestoft," having 
special reference to the mackerel 
fishing. The old document posi- 
tively stated that the vicar "accepted 
what the merchants were willing to 
give." A paper was then read pur- 
porting to be a copy of a document 
in the Polls' Court ; but this was 



FLA 



250 



FLE 



not received as evidence because it 
had not been authenticated. This 
paper declared that, " twenty years 
before the 9th of Elizabeth," there 
was a tithe of fish then called 
" Christ's dole ! " 

Fisher, bishop of Rochester, exe- 
cuted, July 6, 1535. 

Fiswood, near Bolton, Lancashire, 
destroyed by fire, Oct. 17, 1825 ; the 
bleach-mills were valued at £30,000. 

Fitzgerald, Earl of Desmond, 
committed to prison for enlisting 
men for the Irish brigade in the 
French service, March 16, 1749-50. 

Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, mor- 
tally wounded in an attempt to take 
him into custody, in Dublin, May, 
1798. 

Fitzgerald and five of his uncles 
wantonly put to death by Henry 
VIII., Feb. 3, 1537. 

Five-mile Act, a tyrannical sta- 
tute of Chas. II., Oct., 1665, obliging 
non-conformist ministers who re- 
fused to take the oath of non-resis- 
tance, to abstain from coming within 
five miles of any corporation where 
they had preached since the act of 
oblivion, unless when travelling, un- 
der fifty pounds penalty. 

Flag at Sea, the honour of a salute 
was exacted by England in old time, 
and yielded by the Dutch to the 
English, 1673 ; the French obliged 
the Spaniards to lower their flag to 
them, in 1680; and Tourville, the 
French admiral, engaged a Spanish 
force until it yielded to fire a salute 
of nine guns to the French flag, 
June 2, 1688. 

Flagellants, a religious sect esta- 
blished at Perouse, in 1420, who 
publicly lashed themselves in pro- 
cession until the blood flowed freely ; 
their leader, Conrad Schenett, was 
burned at the stake to convince him 
of his error, 1414. 

Flanders became subject to 
France, 412 ; governed by its earls, 
subject to the French crown, from 
793 to 1369 ; came to Austria by 
marriage, but was yielded to Spain, 
1556 ; shook off the yoke of Spain, 
1572 ; annexed to the German em- 



pire by the treaty of Vienna, 1725 ; 
conquered and made part of France, 
1795 ; made part of the kingdom of 
the Netherlands, 1814; made the 
kingdom of Belgium, 1831. 

Flatbush, Battle of, between the 
English and Americans, when the 
latter were defeated with the loss of 
2000 killed and 1000 prisoners, 1776. 

Flax first planted in England, in 
1533 ; a watermill invented in Scot- 
land, to break and scutch it, 1750. 

Flesh victual, in the 5th of Queen 
Elizabeth, 1563, an act was passed 
"for the better saving of flesh victual, 
by ordering every Wednesday to be 
a fish day, unless in cases of sick- 
ness." In the parish register of 
Eynesbury, in Huntingdonshire, 
there is an entry, "John Burton, 
being very sycke, was licensed to eat 
flesh for the tyme of his syckness, so 
that he, enjoying the benefit of the 
licence, and his syckness continuing 
viii dayes, do cause the same to be 
regystered into the register-book: 
and this licence noe longer to en- 
dure than his syckness doth last ; by 
me, William Samuell, parson of 
Eynesbury." Under the date of 
1568. 

Flaxley Abbey, built in the reign 
of Henry I., 1110; totally destroyed 
by fire, April 1, 1777. 

Fleet Mai'ket, the old, opened 
Sept. 30, 1737 ; removed, Nov. 20, 
1829 ; granite obelisk erected to Al- 
derman Waithman at the Fleet-st. 
end of what is now called Farring- 
don-street, June 25, 1833, and com- 
pleted in one day. 

Fleet Prison founded for debtors 
in the reign of Richard I., and be- 
came the prison of the star chamber 
and chanceiw courts ; burned down, 
June 7, 1780, in the Gordon riots ; 
demolished, 1845. 

Fleur-de-Lis, the emblematic 
lily of France, pretended to be deli- 
vered by an angel to Clovis, who in 
consequence won a victory and em- 
braced Christianity, 496. 

Fleurus, Battle of, between the 
allied armies who sought to replace 
the Bourbons, under the prince 



FLO 



251 



FON 



of Coburg, and the French under 
general Jourdain : the French ob- 
tained the victory, and the allies 
lost from 8000 to 10,000 men, June 
17, 1794. 

Flies, singular shower of, in 
London, covering the clothes of the 
passengers in the streets, 1707. 

Flint Castle, North Wales, built 
1185. 

Flodden Field, Battle of, between 
the English and Scotch, under 
James IV., the Scotch king was 
slain, with most of his nobility, and 
10,000 men, Sept. 9, 1513. 

Flogging, a punishment used in 
the navy and army, now restricted 
compared to its former frequency, 
and of doubtful utility ; by a return 
to the House of Commons of the 
number of such punishments in the 
British army in 1830, the amount 
was 655 ; in 1831, 646 ; but in 1833 
only 370. 

Flooring, one gave way at Cler - 
mont, in France, Dec. 1791, and 
thirty-six persons were killed, while 
fifty-seven had limbs broken or 
were severely wounded. 

Florence, Italy, the capital of 
Tuscany, said to have been founded 
1408, a.c; bridge of, built 1330; 
the trinity-bridge 1557 ; the cathe- 
dral commenced 1296 ; taken by the 
French, July 1796, and 1799 ; re- 
stored 1814; occupied by the 
Austrians in 1849. 

Flores, one of the Azores, dis- 
covered 1439, by Vanclerburg ; colo- 
nized by the Portuguese, 1448 ; so 
named for its profusion of flowers. 

Florida, in America, one of 
the United States, discovered by 
Cabot, 1500 ; visited by Ponce de 
Leon, 1512; settled by the Spaniards 
1539; plundered by Sir Francis 
Drake, 1585, and by the buccaneers 
in 1685; invaded by the English 
1702, and by general Oglethorpe, 
1740; ceded to England 1763; 
taken by the Spaniards 1 781 ; ceded 
by England to Spain 1783, and by 
Spain to the United States, 1820. 

Florin, a coin varying in value 
— in Livonia, Is. 2d., and the same 



in Prussia; in Holland Is. 9d. ; 
Belgium Is. 6d. ; in Geneva 4^d. ; 
it is said to have been made first by 
the Florentines ; it was first issued 
in England in the reign of Edward 
III., valued at 6s., 1337 ; issued by 
proclamation of Victoria, Aug. 
1849, as a silver coin of 2s. or one- 
tenth of a pound sterling ; in Frank- 
fort the florin is in value Is. 8§d., 
English ; in Austria 2s. O.^d. 

Flour Mills, Lighthouse Quay, 
Waterford, destroyed by fire, and 
two lives lost, June 9, 1814. 

Flowers, the art of preserving in 
sand, discovered 1633. 

Flushing in Zealand, damaged 
by fire, and the Prince of Orange's 
house burned Jan. 1748-9 ; siege of. 
under the Earl of Chatham, Aug. 
16, 1809; surrender of, and the 
object of the expedition, the de- 
struction of the Antwerp arsenal 
baffled with great loss by the ill 
management of the commander, and 
the progress of disease. 

Fluxions invented by Newton, 
1669. 

Fogs, remarkable ones in Lon- 
don, Jan. 1, 1720, when chairmen 
fell with their burden into the canal 
in St. James's Park, some into 
J Fleet ditch, and others into the 
Thames ; a very dense foe:, Jan. 10, 
1812 ; another Dec. 20, 1813. 

Folkstone Railway, accident at, 
several passengers injured, Aug. 12, 
1851. 

Fontaine Notre Dame, village 
of, nearly destroyed by fire, April 
25, 1816. 

Fontenai, Battle of, and defeat of 
Lothaire, 841. 

Fontainebleau, peace of, 1679 ; 
treaty of, between Germany and 
Holland, Nov. 8, 1785; treaty of 
between the emperor Napoleon and 
royal family of Spain, Oct. 27, 1807; 
concordat of Fontainebleau, be- 
tween Napoleon and pope Pius VII., 
Jan. 25, 1813; entered by the 
Austrians Feb. 17, 1814 ; Napoleon 
Bonaparte here resigned the imper- 
ial dignity, April 5, 1814. 

Fontenoi, Battle of, between the 



FOR 



252 



FOR 



English and Dutch, and the French ; 
the latter under Marshal Saxe, 
gained the victory, the English the 
glory, and the Dutch the shame, 
May 11, 1745; the Anglo-Dutch 
army lost 12,000 men. 

Fonthill, near Salishury, burnt 
down Nov. 12, 1765 ; built by Wil- 
liam Beckford, the author of Va- 
thek; cost £273,000; sale of the 
abbey, 1819, when 7200 catalogues 
of the library, and articles of virtu, 
sold at a guinea each. 

Fonts, substitutes for baptistries 
in the churches where infant baptism 
was adopted, but still by immersion ; 
when that ceased, they were made 
smaller. Fonts are said to have 
been used as early as 167. 

Fools, festival of the Fools, in 
France, held on new-year's day and 
continued for 240 years; all sorts 
of follies were committed at them 
in 1198 ; or Jesters, kept at most 
European courts, up to the end of 
the reign of Charles I. ; in humble 
imitation of royalty, the Lord Mayor 
of London kept his fool, down to a 
late period. 

Foreigners banished from Eng- 
land by proclamation of 2 Henry I., 
1155; forbidden to follow retail 
trades, 1487 ; allowed half a jury of 
foreigners on trials, 1420. 

Forbisher's Straits discovered, 
1578. 

Ford Abbey, Devonshire, built 
1133. 

Forests of England, in the last 
century there were in England 
sixty-eight forests and eighteen 
chaces, the relics of the times of 
barbarian feudalism ; William I. 
destroyed thirty-six parishes, with 
their churches, and dispeopled 
thirty square miles of country, to 
make the New Forest in 1079-85 ; 
the following forests belonged to 
the crown before and in 1793 : — 
Windsor Great and Little Park, 
Cranburn Chace, New Forest, 
Essex, Alice Holt, Woolmer and 
Bere Forests ; Greenwich, St. James, 
Hyde, Bushy, and Hampton Parks ; 
Whittlebury, Salcey, Rockingham, 



Sherwood, Whichwood and Rich- 
mond. Parts of these have since 
been enclosed. 

Forests' Charter, or Charta de 
Foresta, granted by King John, 
1215 ; there have been other forest 
charters, one of Henry II. was dis- 
covered in 1813. 

Forfarshire Steamer wrecked 
on its passage from Hull to Dundee, 
when thirty-eight persons perished ; 
Darling, the keeper of the Outer. 
Fern Lighthouse, and his daughter, 
ventured out in the storm in a coble, 
and saved fifteen of the passengers, 
Sept. 5, 1838. 

Forfeited Estates, redemption 
of, act passed 1669. 

Forfeited Estates of Scotland, 
of the annual value of £29,694 : 6 : 8 
and in England of £47,626 : 18 : 5 ; 
seized by the government in 1716 ; 
those in Scotland were restored by 
parliament in 1784. 

Forgery as of deeds and writings, 
made punishable by fine, pillory, 
cutting off the ears, slitting the nos- 
trils, searing or branding, forfeiture 
of lands or imprisonment, 5 Eliz. 
1562 ; punished with death 1634 ; 
forging letters of attorney made ca- 
pital, 1722 ; one Ward, of great 
wealth, expelled the house of com- 
mons for forgery, May 16, 1726, and 
placed in the pillory, March 17, 
1727 ; the value of the forged notes 
presented to the bank in ten years, 
from Jan. 1, 1801, was £101,661, 
owing principally to the slovenly 
manner in which the real notes 
were printed, and the ease of imita- 
tion. In 1817, no less than 142 
persons were prosecuted by the bank 
for forgery ; punishment of death 
for, ceased 2nd and 3rd William IV., 
Aug. 1832, except in cases of bills 
or stock transfer; in July, 1837, 
reduced to transportation for life ; 
last criminal hanged for, Thomas 
Maynard, Dec. 31, 1829. 

Forks introduced into England 
about 1600, but used on the conti- 
nent in the thirteenth and four- 
teenth centuries, where it was thus 



FOU 



253 



FRA 



early not deemed good manners to 
use the fingers. 

Fornication made a capital 
offence for its second act in 1650; 
the law lapsed at the restoration. 

Forma Pauperis,' admitted in law 
courts, by statute Henry VII., 1495. 

Forrest, John, burned in Smith- 
field, for not admitting the spiritual 
supremacy of Henry VIH., Mav 22, 
1538, aged 42. 

. Fort Erie, Canada, taken by the 
Americans, July 3, 1814 ; unsuccess- 
fully attempted by the English, who 
lost 925 men, Aug. 15; evacuated 
by the Americans, Nov. 5, 1814. 

Fort St. George, India, first 
settled by the English East India 
Company, 1620. 

Forth and Clyde Canal made by 
Smeaton, and opened July 28, 1790. 

Fortification under the present 
system introduced 1500 ; written 
on by Albert Durer, 1527 ; im- 
provements by Vauban and Cohorn 
about 1700 ; Paris fortified, com- 
pletion of the works, 1846. 

Fortune-Tellers put to death, 
in France, in 1680. 

Foster, Captain Henry, one of 
the polar navigators, with Captain 
Parry, drowned in the river Chagres, 
in Darien, Nov. 6, 1831. 

Fotheringay Castle, Northamp- 
tonshire, built 1408, demolished by 
James I. ; here was born King 
Richard III. of England, 1443, and 
Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded 
privately, Feb. 8, 1587. 

Foundling Hospital of Paris, 
built 1677 ; Foundling Hospital of 
London, founded by Captain Coram, 
1736, incorporated 1739 ; began to 
receive its inmates, 1756 ; let part 
of its estate for £2000 a-year, 1797 ; 
building began 1742, opened 1756 ; 
receives about five hundred children, 
who are now what are styled help- 
less orphans rather than found- 
lings ; Dublin Foundling Hospital, 
established 1704 ; in the thirty years 
before January, 1825, it received 
52,150 infants, of which number 
14,613 died infants, 25,859 were re- 
turned as dead from the country 



where they were nursing, 730 died 
in the infirmary, 322 died grown 
children, and thus 10,626 only sur- 
vived. 

Fountain in the Piazza Navona. 
at Rome, constructed 1682 ; that of 
de Trevi, 1751 ; in Trafalgar Place, 
London, 1838-9. 

Foxglove, indigenous, that called 
the Canary imported 1698 ; the 
Madeira 1777. 

Foxgrape Shrub, imported from 
Virginia about 1656. 

Fox Island, North Pacific, disco- 
vered 1760. 

Frames, Stocking-making, a ca^ 
pital offence by statute to break, 
1812; law made to continue till 
1814. 

Frampton, Dorset, nearly all 
destroyed by fire, April 12, 1786. 

Frampton House, burned down, 
a child and servant perishing, Oct. 
10, 1810. 

Fox, John, the martyrologist, 
died 1587 ; Charles, who founded 
the quaker sect, confined in Scarbo- 
rough castle, died 1690 ; < Charles 
James Fox, statesman, bbrn Jan. 
13, 1748, died Sept. 15, 1806. 

France, the country of the ancient 
Gauls ; said to have been originally 
a colony of the Belgse from Ger- 
many, settled in it 200 b. c. It 
was conquered by the Romans 48 
b. c. The Goths, Vandals, Alans, 
and Suevi, and afterwards the Bur- 
gundi, divided it amongst them 
from a. d. 400 to 406, when the, 
Franks, another set of German emi- 
grants, who had settled between 
the Rhine and the Maine, complet- 
ed the foundation of the latter 
kingdom under Clovis ; this is the 
only state in Europe that could 
boast a perpetual succession from 
the conquerors of the western em- 
pire ; the first king of the first race 
was Pharamond, who began his 
reign in 418, and with Clodion, 
Merovee, and Childeric, ruled until 
the reign of Clovis, but the events 
of that day have not been handed 
down. Clovis, the son of Childeric, 
must be regarded as the founder 



FK A 



254 



FRA 



of the empire in 481 ; he defeated 
the Romans at Soissons, 487; married 
Clotilda, daughter of Childeric, 
king of the Burgundians ; routed 
the Germans, at Tolbiac near Co- 
logne, 496; became a Christian, 
496 ; was joined by the Armoricans 
of Britany, 497 ; the Britons took 
refuge in Armorica, 498, and com- 
municating their names and man- 
ners to the people, became his sub- 
jects, 499; Clovis defeated Alaric, 
near Poitiers, 507 ; proclaimed the 
Salic law, 511; died, aged 45, in 
511 ; he left four sons, who reigned 
at Metz, Orleans, Paris, and Sois- 
sons; the empire was once more 
united under Clotaire, 560; the lords 
of the palace of Capitularies now 
governed France. In 616, Clotaire 
II. held a species of ambulatory 
councils or parliaments, called pla- 
cita or plaids. Dagobert and Cha- 
ribert divided the kingdom, the 
former died at Epernay, his two 
sons divided the empire, but the in- 
mates of the palace possessed the 
real authority, of which Charles 
Martel became the head. Pepin 
overcame Thieri, and as chief or 
mayor of the palace, usurped the 
entire authority. He continued to 
rule under the royal name until 
Dagobert III., in whose reign 
Charles Martel escaped from 
his prison and made several 
conquests. Among his victories 
was that obtained over the Sara- 
cens, between Tours and Poitiers, 
in which the invaders lost 300,000 
men, 720; in 737 he reigned 
without naming a new king on the 
death of Thieri IV.; death of 
Charles Martel, 741 ; Childeric IV., 
proclaimed, dethroned 750 ; the 
reckoning of time was at this period 
by nights, not by days as Tacitus 
had before noted to be the fact in 
Gaul. Pepin, called " The Short," 
defeated ' the Saxons 753 ; the 
Sclaves, and Bavarians, 758, 767, 
768 ; Charlemagne and Carloman 
succeeded Pepin, the latter died 
771; Charlemagne made a treaty 
with the Saxons and Saracens, and 



marched into Spain, where he re- 
ceived the homage of all the country 
between the Pyrenees and Ebro, 
778 ; the duke of Gascony fighting in 
his rear-guard on that occasion, the 
chief Roland, so renowned in ro- 
mance, was slain; the duchy of 
Bavaria reunited to the crown of 
France, 787; introduced the Gre- 
gorian Chant 789 ; patronised Alcuin 
790 ; council of Francfort, 794 ; held 
a parliament at Aix-la-Chapelle 
796 ; crowned emperor of the West 
by Leo IV., 800 ; associated his son 
Lewis in the government, 814; a 
great astronomer rirst discovered a 
cornet^ which appeared in 837; at 
this time a letteri, or two gallons of 
wheat, two of barley, a measure of 
wine and a lamb were valued at two 
sols. ; in the next reign the nobility 
re-established, 841 < the Normans 
ravaged France, 853 ; Charles 
Chauve, named the " very christian 
king," by the council of Savoniere. 
Pepin and Charlemagne called 
themselves kings by the "clemency 
of Godj" while the kings of the 
third race styled themselves kings 
" by the grace of God ; " Louis VI., 
used the first title particularly; the 
Normans besieged Paris for two 
years, 885 ; Eudes routed them, 892; 
Paris the French capital, 906 ; the 
Normans ravage France again, 912 ; 
Rollo obtained Normandy, 905 ; the 
usage of the bow and arrow, of 
helmets and cuirasses, that under the 
first race of kings was unknown, 
became common under the second, 
and symptoms of chivalry began to 
appear about 980 ; in 987, Hugh 
Capet's reign introduced by Guibert, 
bishop of Rheins, the Arab figures 
of arithmetic, and the Eastern 
arithmetic; he introduced a clock 
moved by a balance or weight, 990 ; 
the first canonization for nine cen- 
turies made by the pope, of St. 
Udalric, 993 ; of the kings, princes, 
lords, and people, scarcely any could 
read or write, 994 ; they began to 
burn heretics at Orleans, 1022; 
Eudes, count of Champagne, killed 
in a duel with the duke of Lorraine 



FE A 



255 



FE A 



1037; the Saviour's trace established 
under Henry 1. 1041 ; a prohibition 
of all private combats from Wed- 
nesday evening to Monday morning, 
out of respect to the days of the 
week when Christ occupied himself 
with the last mysteries of his life, 
1040 ; first heresy commenced about 
the reality of the holy sacrament 
by Beranger, archdeacon of Angers, 
1060; Gregory VII., issued his 
command establishing the right of 
popes to depose emperors and 
release subjects from their oaths of 
fidelity to their sovereigns 1067; 
Philippe I. excommunicated by the 
pope 1094 ; excommunicated again 
1101 ; the kings of France made their 
chief officers authorize documents by 
signature, and the king's preceptors 
countersigned them 1067 ; the wars 
between England and France com- 
menced, which did not terminate 
until the reign of Charles VII. , 
1113; Louis le Gros routed at 
Bonneville 1119 ; peace between 
Louis le Gros and Heniy I., of 
England 1120 ; the quarrel between 
Calixtus II. and the emperor 
Henry V., 1120; Louis le Gros 
died 1137 ; he first sent judges into 
the provinces ; the doctrines of 
Abelard condemned by the council 
of Sens 1140, as he had himself 
been at Soissons 1121 ; differences 
occur between the king and Borne ; 
letters of franchise to towns and 
cities 1135; towns of Vitry and 
Pertois are delivered over to fire 
and sword, to avenge Louis le 
Jeune upon count Thibaud 1143; 
the church advised him to expiate 
the crime by going to a crusade, 
and the king obeyed 1147 ; the 
council of Bheims convened on the 
king's absence 1148; the king taken 
prisoner by the Greeks on his return, 
and given over to Boger king of 
Sicily 1149; war with England 
1156; peace concluded 1169; war 
renewed with England, terminated 
1172 ; Louis visited the tomb of 
Becket at Canterbury 1179-80; 
Philippe II., and Henry II., of 
England made peace 1189-90 ; the 



Bom an tongue the vulgar language 
1189; Bhilippe of France and 
Bichard I., embarked on the crusade 
1189 ; Acre taken from the 
Saracens by the French 1191 ; the 
king returned home 1192 ; in 
Bichard's absence, seized upon a 
part of Normandy 1192 ; quarrels 
with the court of Borne 1193 to 
1199; battle of Bouvines, 1214; 
Normandy subdued 1214; Louis 
makes war on the Albigenses at 
the pope's request 1225-6 ; emanci- 
pated the peasants 1226; made 
a trace with England; battle of 
Taillebourg, in which Henry III. of 
England was defeated 1242 ; council 
of Lyons 1245-6 ; fifth crusade to 
which Louis VIII. departs, June 
12, 1248; Damietta taken 1249; 
queen Blanche died 1242 ; return of 
Louis to Paris 1254 ; establishment 
of the Carmelites in France 1253 ; 
Louis orders the three estates to be 
consulted when any great question 
occurred in which the people were 
interested 1254 ; treaty, between 
Louis and James I., of Arragon, 
1258; Louis ceded to Henry III. 
of England, Guyenne, Limousin, 
Perigord, Querci, and Agenois, and 
Henry gave up Normandy, Maine, 
and Anjou, 1259-60; duels forbid- 
den in France 1260 ; established a 
metal currency, and a law against 
blasphemers 1262 ; set out on 
the sixth crusade 1269-70 ; defeated 
John of England 1270; besieged 
Turin 1670; the Sorbonne founded 
1250, by Bobert de Sorbonne ; 
masters of requests established ; the 
king died of the plague before 
Tunis 1270; Philippe the hardy 
succeeded 1276; war with Alphonso 
of Castile 1274; the Venaissin 
ceded to the pope 1274 ; the Sici- 
lian Vespers 1282, or massacre of 
the French in Sicily ; the university 
of Montpelier founded ; Philippe le 
Bel ascended the throne 1285 ; war 
between France and England 
1292-3 ; war in Guyenne, truce be- 
tween France and England, 1296, 
1297 ; Phillippe acquired Flanders, 
1299, 1300; the war conducted 



FEA 



256 



FRA 



in Italy by Charles de Valois, who 
banished the poet Dante 1244 ; the 
Celestins introduced into France 
1300 ; Philippe the Fair excommu- 
nicated by the Pope 1301; Edward I. 
of England treats with Philippe, and 
receives Guyenne 1303 ; knights 
templars suppressed 1308; armies 
of France and Navarre 1314 ; war 
with the count de Flanders 1316 ; 
Philippe de Valois mounted the 
throne 1318 ; war begun with Eng- 
land 1336-7 ; Tournai besieged by 
Edward III., 1340 ; a truce, but the 
war recommenced 1341 ; Philippe 
defeated at Cressi, 1346; Calais 
taken by Edw. III., 1347; Dauphine 
annexed to France 1349-50 ; king 
John taken by the English at 
Poictiers 1356; France laid under 
the papal interdict 1407 ; defeat of 
the French at Agincourt 1415 ; 
complete subjugation of France by 
Henry V. of England 1420 ; Henry 
VI. crowned at Paris, 1422 ; siege of 
Orleans 1429; battle of Patay, 
English defeated by Joan of Arc ; 
all the possessions of England in 
France retaken except Calais, be- 
tween 1435 and 1450 ; meeting 
of the field of the cloth of gold, be- 
tween Francis I. and Henry VIII., 
1529 ; Francis I. taken and carried 
into Spain, Aug. 1525; Calais re- 
taken 1558 ; massacre of St. Bar- 
tholomew, Aug. 24, 1572 ; Francis 
II. killed at a tilting match, 1559 ; 
duke of Guise and his brother assas- 
sinated by the king's order Dec. 23, 
1588; Henry HI. assassinated by 
a friar, Aug. 1, 1589; Edict of 
Nantes issued by Henry IV., 1598 ; 
assassination of Henry IV., by Ra- 
vaillac 1610 ; Navarre reunited to 
France 1620 ; queen mother visited 
England 1638; Louis XIV. ascended 
the throne 1643 ; Edict of Nantes 
revoked 1685 ; peace of Utrecht 
1713; Law's banking bubble 1720; 
Damien attempted the life of Louis 
XV., 1757; the Jesuits banished 
1762; Louis XV. aids America 
against England 1778 ; torture 
abolished in the French courts 
1780; destruction of the Bastille 



and commencement of the revolution 
July 14, 1789; France divided into 
eighty departments 1790; the title 
of king of France altered to that of 
"king of the French," Oct. 16, 1789; 
the revolution commenced July 14, 
1789 ; the plate of the church 
applied to public purposes, Nov. 6, 
1789 ; confederation of the Champ 
de Mars, and limited monarchy 
proclaimed 1790 ; c'ommemorated 
July 14, and title of citizen only to 
be used ; church plate ordered to be 
coined, March 3, 1791 ; the royal 
family leave Paris secretly to join 
the Prussians and Austrians and are. 
stopped at Varennes, June 22, 1791 ; 
Louis XVI. sanctions the conven- 
tion, Sept. 13, 1791 ; the Jacobins 
declare their sitting permanent, 
June 18, 1792 ; the mob march 
to the Tuilleries, with the cap of li- 
berty, and made demands of the king, 
June 30, 1792; the Swiss guards 
defeated and massacred, Aug. 10, 
1792 ; decree of the national assem- 
bly against the jurists, Aug. 23, 
1792 ; massacre of the prisoners, 
Sept. 2, 1792 ; the Princess de Lam- 
balle murdered, Sept. 3, 1792 ; roy- 
alty abolished by a decree of the 
convention, Sept. 21, 1792 ; the 
national convention determined the 
king's trial, Dec. 2, 1792 ; the per- 
petual banishment of the Bourbons: 
decreed, Dec. 20, 1792 ; Louis im- 
prisoned in the Temple, Jan, 19,. 
1793; of 745 members of the con- 
vention, 693 voted the king's death, 
26 made declarations and did not 
vote against it, and 26 were absent ; 
the king condemned, Jan. 20, 1793 ;, 
beheaded, Jan. 21, 1793 ; the queen 
beheaded, Oct. 16, 1793 ; the Duke 
of Orleans beheaded, Nov. 6, 1793 ; 
the princess Elizabeth, May 12, 
1794; Robespierre guillotined, July 
27, 1794 ; the dauphin died in pri- 
son, June 8, 1795 ; a directory go- 
verned France, Nov. 1, 1795 ; de- 
posed by Bonaparte, who was made 
consul, Nov. 9, 1799 ; France made 
an empire, May 20, 1804 ; Napoleon 
crowned k'nff of Italy, May 26, 
1805; Holland united to France, 



FRA 



257 



FRA 



1810; war with Russia, June 22, 
1812; destruction of the French 
veteran armj^ by the cold in Russia, 
Oct. 1812; triple alliance against 
France, 1813 ; surrender of Paris, 
March 31, 1814; Napoleon abdi- 
cated, April 5, 1814 ; the allies re- 
place the Bourbons, in the person of 
Louis XYIIL, May 3, 1814; Napo- 
leon returned from Elba, March 1, 
1815; defeated the Prussians at Lig- 
ny; himself defeated at Waterloo, 
June 18, 1815; the Bourbon dy- 
nasty again replaced, 1815; Mar- 
shal Ney shot, Aug. 16, 1815; 
Due de Berri assassinated, Feb. 13, 
1820 ; Louis XVIIL died, Sept. 26, 
1824 ; the national guard disbanded 
by Charles X., April 30, 1827; 
seventy-six new peers created, Nov. 
5, 1827 ; Polignac administration 
formed, Aug. 4, 1829 ; dissolution 
of the chamber of deputies, May, 
1830 ; ordinances destroying the 
liberty of the press and free repre- 
sentatives in the chamber of depu- 
ties, July 26, 1830 ; revolution com- 
menced, and conflict in the streets 
of Paris for three days ; Charles 
X. flies, first to Rambouillet 
and then to England, July 30 
and August 17, 1830; the Duke 
of Orleans accepts the crown, 
Aug. 9, 1830; Polignac and the 
other ministers found guilty and 
sentenced to perpetual imprison- 
ment, Dec. 21, 1830 ; the hereditary 
peerage abolished, Dec. 27, 1831 ; 
Charles X. left Holyrood House, 
in Scotland for the continent, Sept. 
18, 1832 ; the Marshal Soult prime 
minister of France, Oct. 11, 1832 ; 
the Duchess de Berri sent off to 
Palermo, having been delivered of 
a female child, which she declared 
to be the offspring of a secret 
marriage with some Italian count, 
June .9, 1833 ; Due de Broglie, min- 
ister, March 14, 1835; two persons, 
Bergeron and Benoit, tried for an 
attempt on the life of the king and 
acquitted, March 18, 1833 ; Fieschi 
making an attempt on the king's life, 
killed and wounded many persons, 
July 28, 1835 ; Louis Alibaud fired 



at the king on his way to the Tuille- 
ries, June 25, 1836; ministry of 
Count Mole, Sept. 7, 1836 ; Prince 
Polignac set at liberty and sent 
away from France with the other 
exiles, Nov. 23, 1836; Meunier 
fired at the king on his way to the 
chambers, Dec. 27, 1836 ; Marshal 
Soult appointed ambassador to 
England specially, June 28, 1838; 
the chambers decree the removal of 
the remains of Napoleon from St. 
Helena to Paris, May 10, 1840 5 
Louis Napoleon made a descent, 
with General Montholon and fifty 
followers on Vinierouy, near Bou- 
logne, and being taken and tried, 
was imprisoned, Aug. 6, 1840 ; 
Darmes fired at Louis Philippe, 
Oct. 15, 1840 ; M. Guizot, French 
Minister for Foreign Affairs, Oct. 
29, 1840 ; the remains of the Em- 
peror Napoleon deposited in the In- 
valides, Dec. 15, 1840; Paris forti- 
fied at the expense of 140,000,000 
of francs ; statue of Napoleon in 
bronze placed upon the column at 
Boulogne, Aug. 15, 1841 ; the Duke 
of Orleans killed by a fall from his 
carriage, July 13, 1842 ; visit of the 
Queen of England to Louis Phi T 
lippe, at Eu, Sept. 2, 1843 ; Louis 
Napoleon escaped from prison, at 
Ham, May 26, 1846; attempt on 
the life of Louis Philippe by Joseph 
Henri, July 29, 1846 ; Soult made 
Marshal-General of France, in the 
room of Oudinot, who had died in his 
91st year, Sept. 13, 1847; Jerome 
Bonaparte returned to France, 
after an exile of thirty-two years, 
Maria Louisa of Austria died, Dec. 
17, 1847; refusal of Louis Phi- 
lippe's government to add to the 
scanty number of electors in France, 
1847 ; suppression of the banquet 
for a reform in the representation, 
Nov. 21, 1848 ; a revolutionary 
tumult commenced, and great dis- 
orders committed by the populace, 
Feb. 22, 23, and 24, 1848 ; the king- 
abdicated in favour of his grandson, 
the Duke of Orleans, but the offer 
was not accepted, Feb. 29, 1848; 
royal family and ministers escaped 



ERA 



258 



FRA 



to England or Belgium, Feb. 29; 
a republic proclaimed, Feb. 26, 
1848 ; a new government formed, 
and perpetual banishment decreed 
against the royal family, May 30, 
1848 ; election of Louis Napoleon 
for the department of the Seine, and 
for three other departments to the 
chamber, June 12, 1848 ; another 
insurrection in Paris, with loss of 
life, and the insurgents subdued, 
June 24, 1848 ; Paris declared in a 
state of siege, June 25, the insur- 
gents surrender, June 26 ; Prince 
Louis Napoleon takes his seat in 
the national assembly, Sept. 26, 
1848 ; state of siege raised, having 
continued four months, Oct. 20, 
1848; Prince Louis Napoleon de- 
clared president of the republic by 
a majority of more than five mil- 
lions of votes, Dec. 11, 1848; Louis 
Philippe died in England, at 
Claremont, Aug. 26, 1850. 

France divided into provinces, 
was subdivided in 1789. There are 
eighty-six departments, hereafter 
named, 363 communal arrondiss- 
ments, or sub -prefectures, 2844 
cantons, and 38,339 communes ; 
from the Pyrenees in the south to 
Dunkirk in the north, its extent is 
625 miles, and something more from 
the most easterly point of Alsace 
to the most western point of Bre- 
tagne. The climate of France is 
the most happy of the temperate 
zone, and its agricultural riches, 
with a system of agriculture by no 
means equal to that of either Bel- 
gium or England, are very great. 
Besides growing corn sufficient for 
the supply of its inhabitants, to such 
an extent as to render the amount 
of the imports of that article for 
30,000,000 of population, equal only 
to a few days 1 consumption in twenty 
years, the value of the product of 
its vines alone is equal to the sum of 
£22,000,000 sterling per annum, 
and the duties upon them pay one 
tenth of the national revenue. 
The surface of about 131,722,295 
acres, may be divided into seven 
classes or gradations of soil, as to 



fertility. The rich soils of the de- 
partments du Nord, the Pas de 
Calais, the Somme, Aisne, Oise, 
Seine Inferieure, in all fifteen de- 
partments, including some as far 
south as the Herault, form the first 
class; the second consists of more 
arid, but tolerably good, land ; the 
third of chalk ; the fourth of gravel ; 
the fifth of stony land ; the sixth of 
mountain ; and the seventh of sand. 
All the territory of France has been 
surveyed and valued, with a view 
to equal taxation, by an operation 
called the " cadastre." In France, 
corn and olives, the mulberry and 
the vine, hemp, maize and tobacco, 
come to perfection, north or south, 
as the climate for each is found 
suited by nature. Among the con- 
sequences of climate is the produc- 
tion of excellent wines and oils. 
The product of the former alone, 
has, at the lowest valuation, 
been given at 35,075,689 hectolitres 
of wine, of the value of 540,389,289 
francs ; ' of brandy from the vine 
821,960 hectolitres of twenty-two 
imperial gallons each, 1830; the 
silk manufacture introduced by 
Louis XL, 1470, produces 3,000,000 
pounds of raw silk annually, after 
the estimate of 1832 ; the mulberry 
trees amount to 7,000,000 in num- 
ber, for feeding the silk worm. 
The forests cover a large territory, 
not less than 7,000,000 of hectares. 
The wild animals of France are the 
wolf, the bear, the fox, and the wild 
cat (the tame are those of England 
and the surrounding countries.) 
Game is abundant, and the rivers 
teem with the finny tribe. Coal is 
found in abundance in the north, 
and iron furnaces are numerous. 
The mountains form portions of the 
great chain that divides Europe. 
The chain of the Jura, north, is 
connected by the Vosges, near 
Strasburgh, and by other branches 
with the Monts d'Or, the Cevennes, 
and the Pyrenees. The climate in 
the south is very hot during three 
of the warm months, and the sum- 
mer is greatly prolonged, the sky 



FRA 



259 



ERA 



serene, and the winter mild. In 
the north, the winters are long and 
cold, and the summers short and 
warm. The finest district of France 
lies along the Loire, continually 
between the two extremes, having 
the moderate temperature of the 
north, and the serene sky of the 
south, as Touraine, and the depart- 
ments of the Indre et Loire, the 
Maine et Loire, and the Loiret. 
The principal rivers are the Seine, 
Loire, Ehone, and Gironde, and 
there are many others, which give 
name to the departments in the new 
division of the country. France 
was divided into several military 
governments or provinces, namely, 
Alsace, Angoumois, Anjou, Armag- 
nac, Artois, Aunis, Avergne, Bar- 
rois, Basques, Beam, Berry, Bigorre, 
Blasois, Boulounois, Bourbonis, 
Bresse, Bretagne, Burgundy, Cam- 
bresis, Champagne, Couserans, Dau- 
phiny, Forez, Foix, Franche Comte, 
French Flanders, Gascony, Gevau- 
dan, Guienne, French Hainault, 
Isle of France, Languedoc, Limosin, 
Lorrain, Lyonnois, March, Maine, 
Marsan, Navarre, Nivernois, Nor- 
mandy, Orleanois, Perche, Perigord, 
Picardy, Poitou, Provence, Quercy, 
Rouergue, Rousillon, Saintonge, 
Soissonois, Touraine, Velay, and 
Vermandois. These varied much 
from each other in point of extent 
and importance: and there were 
others of inferior consideration. 
The established religion was the 
Roman Catholic ; and the ecclesias- 
tical division of the country was 
into 18 archbishoprics and 131 
episcopal sees, exclusive of Avignon, 
Carpentras, Cavaillon; and Vaison, 
which belonged to the pope. But 
in 1789 a revolution took place, and 
the departmental division was 
adopted. The population was 
25,000,000 in 1840, though but 
25,000,000 in 1789. The French 
were computed to be 28,000,000 in 
1830; the Germans, 3,068,000; the 
Bas Bretons, 900,000; the Italians, 
200,000; the English, 100,000; the 
Basques and others, 208,000. 



The Catholics were reckoned at 
28,400,000; Calvinists, 3,300,540; 
Lutherans, 1,100,000; Jews, 64,000 ; 
Quakers, 2000; Moravians, 2000, 
1830. 

France, Kings of, the Mero- 
vingian race : — 

Pharamond 427 

Clodian or Clodious, the 

Hairy ....... 427 

Meroveus, orMerovee . . 448 
Childeric his son .... 458 

Clovis the Great . . ■. < 481 

Childebert , ? g^ 

Dividing with his brothers . ) 
Theodebert ...... 534 

Theodebald . . . , i » 548 

Clotaire 558 

The four sons of Clotaire . 561 

Childebert II \ 575 

Clotaire II -. . 584 

Thierry II 596 

Clotaire IL sole king . . . 613 
Dagobert the Great left the ) g2« 

crown to his sons i * . ) 
Clovis II. and Sigebert . . 638 
Clotaire EEL son of Clovis II. 656 
Childeric II., sole king, who 
was assassinated with his 
queen, in the forest of 
Livri ....... 673 

Clovis III. Pepin, mayor of 
the palace, ruled in this 
name ....... 691 

Childebert III. the Just 
Pepin really exercised the 

royal power . . . . . 695 

Dagobert III. 711 

Chilperic II. deposed by ) 71 a 
Charles Mattel . . . .J ' ° 
Clotaire IV* raised to the 
throne by Charles Martel, 
died, Chilperic replaced . 719 
Thierry II. succeeded, but 
died, 737, and Charles 
Martel ruled as Duke of 
the French, who died . . 741 
Childeric III. or Stupid, the 
son of Martel sharing the 
government with him . . 742 

Pepin the Short, the first of 
the Carlovingian race, son 
of Charles Martel . . . 752 



FRA 



260 



FRA 



Charlemagne the Great, Car- 
loman reigned with him 
the first three years . . 

Louis le Debonnaire . . 

Charles the Bold . . . 

Louis the Stammerer . . 



768 
814 
840 
877 



Louis III. and Carloman II. 879-882 

Charles le Gros 884 

Eudes, Count of Paris . . 887 

Charles III. the Simple . . 893 

Deposed 929 

Robert crowned at Rheims, 
but killed by Charles in 

battle 922 

Rodolph, Duke of Burgundy 923 

Louis IV. d'Outremer . . 936 

Lothaire, son of Louis . . 954 

Louis V. the Indolent . . 986 
ending the race of Charlemagne. 



Hugh Capet of the Capet 

race, who seized the crown 

Robert II. or sage . . 

Henry I 

Philip I. the Fair . . 
Louis VI. le Gros . . 
Louis VII. the Young 
Philip II. the August 
Louis VIII. Cceur de Lion 
Louis IX. called St. Louis 
Philip III. the Hardy 
Philip IV. the Pair . 
Louis X. or Hutin . . 

John 

Philip V. the Long . 
Charles IV. the Handsome 



987 
996 
1031 
1059 
1108 
1137 
1180 
1223 
1226 
1271 
1285 
1314 
1316 
1316 
1322 



The race of Valois — 

Philip VI. the Courtier . . 1328 

John II. the Good .... 1350 

Charles V. the Wise . . . 1364 

Charles VI. the Well-beloved 1380 
Henry VI. of Eng. crowned 

in Paris, and proclaimed . 1422 

Charles VII. the Victorious . 1436 

Louis XI 1461 

Charles VIII. the Affable . 1483 

Louis. XII. the Father . . 1498 

Francis 1 1515 

Henry II 1547 

Francis II. married to Mary 

Queen of Scots .... 1559 

Charles IX. ...... 1560 

Henry III. 1574 

Here ended the house of Valois, 



succeeded by the house of Bourbon 
in Henry IV. 

Henry IV. . . ....... . 1589 

Louis XIII. the Just . . . 1610 

Louis XIV 1643 

Louis XV. the Well-beloved 1715 

Louis XVI 1774 

guillotined, January 21, . 1793 

France was then ruled by a conven- 
tion, directory, and consulship, the 
last under Bonaparte, who assumed 
the title of Emperor of the French, 
May 18, 1804 ; abdicated, April 5, 
1814, and retired to Elba ; and the 
Bourbon race replaced by the allied 
armies ; returned to France, March 
1, 1815 ; vanquished at Waterloo, 
and throwing himself into the hands 
of the English, he was made a pri- 
soner of, and transported to St. 
Helena, where he died, May 5, 1821 ; 
the Bourbons were again replaced 
in the person of Louis XVIII., such 
being the title assumed, though the 
Dauphin had died in prison at the 
age of eleven, nineteen years before, 
never having reigned ! Louis 
XVIII., the brother of Louis XVI., 
died, Sept. 16, 1824; Charles X., 
born, Oct. 9, 1757, brother of Louis 
XVIII. ; expelled France, July 30, 
1830; died, Nov. 6, 1836, at Gratz; 
Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, 
raised to the throne, Aug. 9, 1830 ; 
deposed, Feb. 24, 1848 ; died in Eng- 
land, Aug. 26, 1850. France re- 
mained a republic under a provi- 
sional government, from Feb. 22 to 
Dec. 11, 1840, . when Prince Louis 
Napoleon, son of the former king of 
Holland, was elected president of 
the republic, Dec. 11, 1848, by 
6,041,872 votes out of 8,040,604 
given over his rival, General Cavaig- 
nac, and proclaimed, Dec. 20, 1848 ; 
elected emperor by a majority of 
7,119,795 for, to 111,900 against 
him; proclaimed emperor, Dec. 2, 
1852. Exports, those from Eng- 
land to France were of the " de- 
clared value," in 1848, of £1,025,121 ; 
in 1850, £1,951,269; in 1850, 
£2,401,956; in 1851, £2,028,463. 



F RA 



261 



FEE 



During the same years the " official 
value" of the imports of France was 
£7,130,394, £8,177,075, £8,454,193, 
and £8,083,112, in the respective 
years. The duties levied on French 
imports in 1851 amounted to 
£2,110,968. 

France and Spain united their 
interests, 727. 

France, great scarcity of food in, 



May, 1743 ; embroiled with the par- 
liaments and clergy, 1754; accom 
modate mutually, Sept. 10, 1757. 

France, the President of, dis- 
solved the national assembly, re- 
established universal suffrage, dis- 
solved the council of state, and 
placed Paris in a state of siege, 
Dec. 2, 1851. 



Min 



France.' — Credit and Revenue for 1853 : — 
Francs. 

ister of State 9,039,900 . 

of Justice 26,654,480 . 



10,310,100 
24,686,736 

44,866,475 

50,208,219 



of Foreign Affairs .... 
of Public Instruction . . . 
of Worship . ... 

of Interior, agriculture, and ) 
commerce .".,..) 

of Police 40,511,390 

of Public Works .... 155,660,442 

of War 320,144,186 

of Marine and Colonies . .121,383,055 
of Finance ....... 678,462,437 



Francs 



1,445,927,420 



Francs. 
15,669,230 
26,628,045 
9,109,600 
22,333,323 
44,157,008 

49,172,526 

3,992,690 
123,315,776 
324,232,663 
117,181,001 
650,415,763 

1,386,207,625 



Francis, a youth who fired a 
pistol at the queen, May 33, 1842. 

Franc i a, a Jew tried for treason, 
Jan. 23, 1716. 

Francis' Abbev, Cashel, Ireland, 
fell clown, Feb. 13, 1757. 

Franciscan Friars first estab- 
lished in England, 1217; when 
turned out of their houses by Henry 
VIII., they possessed 55 houses ; 
they were a begging order, founded, 
1209, by Francis d' Assize. 

Francisco, San, California, dread- 
ful fire at, May 4, 1851. 

Frankfort seized by the French, 
Jan. 2, 1759 ; declared an indepen- 
dent government by the allied 
powers, 1813; published a constitu- 
tion, Mar. 30, 1848 ; plenipotentiaries 
of the different German powers as- 
sembled there, Sept. 1, 1850. 

Franking Letters by members of 
parliament claimed as a right, 
1680-1; commenced, 1734; abridged, 
1764, 1775; annual amount sup- 



posed to be £17,000 ; privilege 
further abridged, 1784 and 1795 ; 
abolished, Jan. 10, 1840. 

Franklin, Sir John, £20,000 re- 
ward offered by the English govern- 
ment to any parties who should suc- 
ceed in rendering any efficient 
assistance to the discovery ships, or 
£10,000 to any who should convey 
intelligence leading to their relief, 
or £10,000 to any who might ascer- 
tain their fate, March 7, 1850. 

Frauds by Bankrupts punished 
by an act passed, 1762 ; in the sale 
of the forfeited estates discovered, 
March 31, 1732. 

Frazer, Lord Lovat's son, par- 
doned, 1750. 

Frederick Barbarossa II. made 
emperor of the West, 1152. 

FREDERick William mounted the 
Prussian throne, 1713. 

Frederickstadt, Norway, siege 
of, and death of Charles XII., ot 
Sweden, before, Dec. 12, 1718. 



FEE 



262 



FRO 



Frederickstadt, Denmark, bom- 
barded by the troops of Holstein, 
from which they were repulsed, 
Oct. 4, 1850. 

Freeholders permitted to alien- 
ate their lands, 1492, 1512; tinder 
forty shillings of land per annum 
not permitted to vote for members 
of parliament, 1429, when 37s. 6cl. 
was equal to 62s. now in silver, and 
a pound in gold was worth £2 : 5 : 0| 
of existing money; freeholders of 
Ireland of 40s. disqualified, April 
13, 1829. 

Freemasonry first known in 
England, 674; forbidden, 1424; 
tolerated, 1699 ; excommunicated 
by the Pope, 1738; the charity for 
the freemasons established, 1788; 
great lodge of, in England, founded, 
1717; of Ireland, 1730. 

Freemasons' Hall, Great Queen- 
street, built, 1775 ; opened, May 23, 
1776. 

French Language and customs 
introduced into England, 1060; 
French subjects expelled from Eng- 
land, 1244 ; again expelled, 1558 ; 
statutes and pleadings written in 
the language of the French peo- 
ple, 1283 ; forbidden to be used 
by king Edward III., in the law 
courts, 1362 ; king attempted to be 
assassinated, Jan. 5, 1756; again, 
Jan. 15, 1762 ; French Protestants' 
Hospital, London, incorporated, 
1718; ambassador's house at Twick- 
enham, burned, June 14, 1734. 

French Calendar during the re- 
volution, the old being for a time 
superseded, 1792, dating from the 
establishment of the republic, Sept. 
22. The names given, commencing 
from the above date, Vendemiare, 
the vintage month, ending Oct. 21 
Brumaire, Oct. 22 to Nov. 20 
Frimaire, Nov. 21 to Dec. 20 
Nivose, from Dec. 20 to Jan. 19 
Pluviose, from Jan. 20 to Feb. 18 
Ventose, from Feb. 19 to Mar. 20 
Germinal, from Mar. 21 to April 1 9 
Floreal, from April 20 to May 19 
Prairial, from May 20 to June 18 
Messidor, from June 19 to July 18 
Ferridor, from July 19 to Aug. 17 



Fructidor, from Aug. 18 to Sept. 
21. This calendar became a law, 
Nov. 24, 1793, and existed until 
the old one was restored by Napo- 
leon, Dec. 31, 1805. 

French Fisheries, Newfoundland, 
destroyed by the English before the 
war, Nov., 1755. 

Frenchtown, Canada, taken by 
the Americans, Jan. 22, 1813, and 
retaken immediately afterwards by 
the English. 

French troops occupied Osna- 
burg, Dec, 1741 ; the king legiti- 
mated and naturalized his illegiti- 
mate sons, which qualified them to 
take the crown, Aug. 2, 1714 ; Louis 
XV. sent home the Infanta of 
Spain, as being too young for a 
wife, April 5, 1725; entered Paris 
in triumph, Sept. 1745. 

Friars and Nuns, more than 
10,000 turned out of the religious 
houses in England to starve, by 
Henry VIII., who seized their pro- 
perty, 1535. 

Fribourg, Switzerland, founded, 
1179. 

Friedland, Battle of, between 
Napoleon and the Russians, the 
latter being vanquished, with the 
loss of 50,000 men and 80 cannon, 
June 14, 1807. 

Friesland East, and Harlingen, 
annexed to Hanover, 1815. 

Friendly Islands, discovered by 
Tasman, 1642 ; so named by Cook, 
in consequence of the friendly con- 
duct of the natives, 1773. 

Friendl? Societies, established 
by statute, 1829 ; acts relating to, 
consolidated, Aug. 15, 1850. 

Frithelstoke Priory, Devon, 
built 1222. 

Friend, Dr., committed to the 
Tower, for high treason, March 15, 
1722-3. 

Frobisher's Straits, discovered 
1596, by Martin Frobisher. 

Frolic, steam vessel, lost, and 
eightv persons drowned, on the 
Ness Sand, Wales, April 11, 1831. 

Frontenac Fort, at the entrance 
of the river St. Lawrence, taken by 
the English, Aug. 27, 1758. 



FRO 



FRO 



Fbost, in Britain, lasted five 
months, 220 ; the Thames frozen 
nine weeks, 250 ; most of the rivers 
in Britain frozen six weeks, 291 ; 
a severe frost in Scotland fourteen 
weeks, 359 ; the Euxine sea was 
entirely frozen over for the space of 
twenty days, and the sea between 
Constantinople and Scutari, 401 ; 
so severe a frost all over Britain, 
that the rivers were frozen up for 
above two months, 508 ; one so 
great that the Danube was quite 
frozen over, 558 ; the Thames fro- 
zen for six weeks, when booths 
were built on it, 695 ; one that con- 
tinued from Oct. 1 to Feb. 26, 760 ; 
one in England, which lasted nine 
weeks, 827 ; carriages were used on 
the Adriatic Sea, 859 ; the Medi- 
terranean Sea partly frozen, and 
passable in carts, 860 ; most of the 
rivers in England frozen for two 
months, 908 ; the Thames frozen 
thirteen weeks, 925 ; one that lasted 
120 days, which began Dec. 22, 
937 ; the Thames frozen five weeks, 
998 ; a frost on Midsummer-day so 
vehement, that the corn and fruits 
were destroyed, 1035; the Thames 
frozen fourteen weeks, 1063 ; a frost 
in England from November to April, 
1076; several bridges in England, 
being then of timber, broken down 
by a frost, 1114; a frost from Jan. 
14 to March 22, 1205 ; one of fifteen 
weeks, 1207 ; part of the Mediter- 
ranean frozen, and the merchants 
passed with their merchandise in 
carts, 1234; the Cattegat, or sea 
between Norway and Denmark, was 
frozen, and that from Oxslo, in 
Norway, they travelled on the ice 
to Jutland, 1294 ; the sea between 
Norway and the promontory of 
Scagerat frozen over, and from 
Sweden to Gothland, 1296; the 
Baltic was covered with ice four- 
teen weeks, between the Danish 
and Swedish islands, 1306; the 
Baltic was passable for foot passen- 
gers and horsemen for six weeks, 
1323 ; the sea was frozen over, and 
passable from Stralsund to Den- 
mark, 1349 ; the Baltic was quite 



frozen over from Pomerania to 
Denmark, 1402 ; the whole sea be- 
tween Gothland and Geland was 
frozen, and from Rostock to Gezoer, 
1408; the ice bore riding on from 
Lubec to Prussia, and the Baltic 
was covered with ice from Mecklen- 
burgh to Denmark, 1423, 1426, 
1434 for ten weeks, and 1459 ; the 
sea between Constantinople and Is- 
kodar was passable on ice, 1420 ; 
frost in England from Nov. 24 to 
Feb. 10, 1434, when the Thames 
was frozen below bridge to Graves-r 
end ; another, thirteen weeks, 1683 ; 
1516, when carts crossed the 
Thames; again, 1524; again, 1609; 
1622; 1658, when Charles X. of 
Sweden crossed the Little Belt from 
Holstein to Denmark, with all his 
army and artillery, 1684; exceed- 
ingly severe in England for thir- 
teen weeks, hollies killed, the ice 
on the Thames eleven inches thick, 
and nearly all the birds died ; 1691, 
when the wolves attacked cattle and 
men in the streets of Vienna ; 1708, 
very severe in Flanders; in 1709, 
lasting three months, with heavy 
snows from December to March ; 
1716, when a fair was held on the 
Thames, and a bullock roasted on 
the ice, continued from Nov. 24 to 
Feb. 9; 1739-40, the "great frost," 
more severe than that of 1716, the 
thermometer being lower. It began 
on Christmas-day, 1739, all over 
the north of Europe. People were 
frozen to death in the fields and on 
the Thames, and ships sunk ; Lough 
Neagh, in Ireland, was frozen over ; 
more than £3000 damage was done 
to London bridge alone ; it lasted 
103 days, and the Thames became a 
scene of diversions, carriages tra- 
velling over it ; 1742, a frost again 
of great severity ; 1747, one in Rus- 
sia dreadfully severe ; 1754 in Eng- 
land, and 1760 in Germany, severe ; 
1763, one in England, which lasted 
ninety -four days ; 1766, one from 
Dec. 25 to Jan. 16, and from Jan. 
18 to 22, remarkably severe ; 1779, 
one of eighty-four days' duration ; 
in 1783-4, one of eighty-nine days ; 



FRO 



264 



FRO 



and 1784-5, the longest known, 
being 115 days, or twelve more 
than the " great frost " of 1740, but 
the thermometer did not descend so 
low ; in 1788 -9, from Nov. to Jan., 
when the Thames was frozen over 
opposite the Custom-house and 
Tower, as well as upwards ; it was 
general throughout Europe ; 1795 -6, 
one of the most severe known 
in human memory ; 1814, when the 
Thames was frozen between the 
bridges, and booths erected upon it. 
On the Tyne the ice was twenty 
inches thick ; at Quebec, Canada, a 
severe frost occurred on Aug. 7, 
1815. 

Frost in France. In 358 the 
Emperor Julian, who passed his 
winters at Lutetia (the old name of 
Paris), complained that the Seine 
was frozen over. The winters of 
763 and 801 were remarkable for 
their severity. In 822 carts passed 
freely across the Seine for several 
months together. In 1067, 1210, 
1305, 1354, 1408, and 1420, the Pa- 
risians had very severe winters, and 
in 1408 the soldiers' rations of wine 
were cut with an axe. In 1433 the 
frost set in on the last day of the 
year, and lasted three months. The 
winters of 1460, 1480, 1493, 1508, 
and 1522 are recorded as excessively 
cold. In 1544 wine was cut with 
an axe throughout France, in the 
casks. The winters of 1621 and 
1622 were felt even in Italy. In 
1622 and 1633 the frost continued 
in Paris from Dec. 5 to March 8. 
In 1695 there were twenty-one de- 
grees of cold (centigrade.) In 1676 
and 1677 the Seine was frozen over 
for thirty-five days consecutively. 
It was only about the beginning of 
the eighteenth century that the 
thermometical observations were 
noted down: — The thermometer 
descended, in 

Deg. Centigrade. 

1709 to 23 1-10 

1716 . . 18 7-10 

1729 . . 15 3-10 

1740 . . Seine completely frozen. 

1742 . . 17 Ditto. 



Deg. Centigrade. 
1744 . . Seine completely frozen. 

1747 . . 13*6-10 

1748 . . 15 3-10 

1754 . . 14 1-10 

1755 . . 15 6-10 

1762 . . Seine completely frozen. 

1767 . . 15 3-10 Ditto. 

1768 .. 17 1 10 Ditto. 
1771 . . 13 6-10 Ditto. 
1776 . . 19 1-10 Ditto 25 days. 
1785 . . 19 Ditto 69 days. 
1788 . . 22 3-10 Do. for a long time 
1795 . . 23 5-10 Ditto 4 days. 
1798 . . 17 6-10 Ditto 23 days. 

1819 . . Ditto completelv. 

1820 . . 14 3-10 
1825 . . 14 6-10 
1830 . . 16 3-10 
1836 . . 18 
1838 . . 19 
1840 . . 17 

The degree of cold on Dec. 15, the 
day on which the Emperor Napo- 
leon's remains entered Paris. The 
average cold of a great number of 
years at Paris, is about ten or eleven 
degrees centigrade above zero. At 
nine degrees centigrade the Seine 
freezes. The severest cold hitherto 
known at Paris was in 1795, when 
the thermometer fell to 23 5-10. 

Frost, in Russia, 1812, setting in 
a fortnight before its accustomed 
time, with unusual severity, des- 
troyed the veteran French army 
that had set out on its retreat from 
Moscow, Nov. 9 ; whole battalions 
and thousands of horses perished, 
300,000 men being frozen to death, 
or made prisoners in a state of irre- 
coverable injury. 

Fruits and Flowers, of which 
few were indigenous, have been 
brought into England from other 
countries, for the most part as re- 
lates to the better kinds, since 1500, 
and many have been acclimated by 
art that are native to very different 
temperatures : thus, the Syrian apple 
came in about 1522 ; the red mul- 
berry, from North America, about 
1600 ; the black walnut from North 
America, about 1620 ; the Cornelian 
cherry, from Austria, 1596 ; the 



FU N 



265 



F UN 



precise dates of their importation are 
now with difficulty to he recognised, 
hut the pine-apple came in from 
torrid America in 1568 ; and the 
mango has heen introduced from 
India during the present century. 
The acacia was introduced from 
America, 1630 ; the auricula from 
Switzerland, 1567 ; the dahlia from 
South America, 1803 ; the geranium 
from Spain and the Cape of Good 
Hope, also the Cape Heath, 1800, 
and other varieties ; the Erica va- 
grans is indigenous in Cornwall, 
also the Erica ciliaris ; the mag- 
nolia, from North America, 1688; 
the passion flower from Ame- 
rica, 1790; the musk rose, from 
Italy, 1522; sweet hay, Europe, 
date unknown ; the camellia from 
the east, supposed China, in the 
present century ; mignionette came 
from Italy, 1528. 

Fbyth, John, burnt in Smithfield, 
July 4, 1533. 

Fulham Bridge, built 1727; the 
act passed May 24, 1726. 

Fuller, one, gave evidence of a 
pretended and spurious Prince of 
Wales ; voted an impostor, Jan. 16, 
1692 ; fined £1000, June 23, 1702. 

Funds, introduced into England 
at the revolution of 1688 ; subse- 
quently distinguished by different 
titles, according to the interest paid ; 
the three per cents, annuity were 
created 1726; the three per cents, 
consols, 1731 ; three per cent, redu- 
ced, 1746 ; three and half per cent, 
annuities, 1758; long annuities, 
1761 ; four per cents., 1762 ; five 
per cents., 1797, 1802; the short 
annuities expired in Jan., 1808 ; 
July 5, 1787, an act passed to set 
aside £250,000 quarterly for a sink- 
ing fund, £200,000 more was sub- 
sequently added ; May 10, 1787, it 
was enacted that all monies reserved 
to pay annuities and not claimed for 
three years prior to Jan. 5, 1787, 
should be set apart for the commis- 
sioners for the reduction of the na- 
tional debt; by 48 George III., 
annuities are made purchasable by 
the transfer of stocks ; an augmen- 



tation shall be added to the sinking 
fund of one per cent, in all future 
loans, 1792; in 1813 further regula- 
tions were made, and the reduction 
of the. debt proposed in forty-five 
years from that date ; the delusion 
was for some time continued or 
concealed, or affectedly not admit- 
ted, that unless there was a surplus 
revenue equal to the sum set by for 
the fund, it was a complicated 
scheme without any advantage at 
all, it being only taking money with 
the left hand to pay it away with 
the right, and accordingly the sur- 
plus of the revenue of the nation 
alone is since applied to the re- 
demption of the debt. 

Funds, Fluctuations in, from 1730 
till the rebellion of 1745, the three 
per cents, never under eighty-nine, 
and once, in 1737, as high as 107. 
During the rebellion they sank to 
seventy-six ; in 1749 rose to 100 ; 
between the peace of Paris in 1763 
and the breaking out of the Ameri- 
can war, they averaged from eighty 
to ninety ; towards the close of the 
war sunk to fifty-four. In 1792 
they were at one time as high as 
ninety-six, but within five years, in 
1797, fell to the low price of 44|, 
the consequence of the success of 
the French, the mutiny at the Nore, 
and the general distress. The high- 
est price of consols in 1797 was 
fifty-six. On the conclusion of the 
peace of Amiens, they advanced to 
seventy- nine ; hostilities commenc- 
ing, they again sunk to fifty in 1803. 
In 1806 they reached* sixty-six, in 
1808 were at seventy, and in 1810 
at seventy-two. The American war, 
in 1812, brought them down to 
fifty-five ; and though seventy-three 
on the abdication of Bonaparte, in 
1814, they were, at fifty-five on his 
escaping from Elba, in 1815. The 
battle of Waterloo caused an imme- 
diate reaction, and in the year 1817 
they rose to eighty-four. At the 
period of the queen's trial, in 1820, 
consols sank to sixty-five, but in 
1824 ascended to ninety-seven. 
The panic of 1825 brought them to 



GAM 



266 



GAM 



seventy-four ; but with the excep- 
tion of another sudden fall, in con- 
sequence of distress in 1831, of very 
slight duration, the funds continued 
to advance to par, an event that had 
not occurred before for a century. 

Funerals, a tax laid on them in 
England, 1793. 

Funerals, Public, the Duke of 
Rutland's, Ireland, Nov. 17, 1787 ; 
Lord Nelson's, Jan. 9, 1806 ; Pitt's, 
Feb. 22, 1806 ; Fox's, Oct. 10, 1806 ; 
Sheridan's, July 13, 1816; Can- 
ning's, Aug. 16, 1827 ; Wellington's 
Nov. 18, 1852. 

Furs forbidden by the emperor 
Honorius, 397 ; the laws against 



them renewed 399, 416 ; used first 
by the Goths ; sent to England from 
Norway 878; ambassadors wore 
them 1001 ; abbesses and nuns in 
London wore them of lamb and 
cat's skin 1127 ; worn by Henry I. 
1125 ; prohibited by statute unless 
the wearer were worth £100 per 
annum, 1336; permitted in Germany 
to robes only 1497, 1530; counts 
and lords not allowed ermine there, 
1548. 

Furness Abbey, Lancashire, 
founded by king Stephen 1127. 

Furnival's Inn Society begun 
1563. 



G 



Gabel, Bohemia, tOAvn of, totally 
destroyed by fire May 11, 1738. 

Gabelle, a duty laid in France 
upon salt 1435, and found very op- 
pressive. 

Galba the Roman emperor put 
to death 69, aged 73. 

Galen born at Pergamus, the 
most celebrated of the old physi- 
cians, died 201. 

Galileo the astronomer imprison- 
ed by the Inquisition for asserting 
that the earth went round the sun, 
1638 ; died 1642. 

Galleys, Vessels with one, two, 
or three rows or banks of oars used 
by the ancients, and in the Medi- 
terranean by the French down to 
1780. 

Galvanism, its effects first 
noticed 1767, and proved success- 
ful by Dr. Galvani upon frogs 
and other creatures 1791 ; carried 
still further by Volta 1808. 

Galway College, Ireland, found- 
ed by Edward VI., '1551. 

Gam, David, distinguished him- 
self at the battle of Agincourt, Oct. 
25, 1415. 

Gamblinghay, Cambridgeshire, 
had twenty-three houses destroyed 
by fire, July 9, 1814. 

Game Laws promoted by the 



clergy who resisted the ameliorations 
of their severity by Henry III. 

Game Acts passed 1496, 1670, 
1753, 1773, 1784, 1785, 1808, 1831, 
1844, 1848 ; sale of, legalized, 1831. 

Game Cock, English, used for 
combat, first noticed by Fitzstephen 
in the twelfth century : schoolboys 
used to fight them under the 
master's arbitration on Shrove 
Tuesday; a proclamation 39 of 
Edw. III., against; of Henry VIII., 
although he had a pit of his own at 
Whitehall ; forbidden by Elizabeth 
1569; ordinance of Cromwell against, 
March 31, 1654. 

Game Certificates necessary to 
kill game 1785 ; keepers in 1820, 
3445 ; 1830, 3920 ; under keepers 
from 345 to 594 in 1830. 

Game Laws, the commitments 
under, in England and Wales, in one 
year amounted to 3140, between 
1832 and 1833. 

Gamino prohibited except to 
people of condition, unless at 
Christmas 1541 ; houses for licensed, 
in London 1620 ; no one losing 
above £100 compelled to pay it 
1663; bonds not recoverable so 
given, and if more than £10 be lost, 
1710 ; prohibited with private 
lotteries 1739; act to amend loans 



GAR 



267 



GAR 



against games and wages, Aug. 4, 
1845. 

Gamut in Music invented by 
Guy L'Aretin 1025. 

Gardening introduced into Eng- 
land from the Netherlands, from 
whence vegetables were imported 
till 1509 ; mnsk melons, and apricots 
cultivated in England ; the pale 
gooseberry, with salads, garden 
roots, cabbages, &c, brought from 
Elanders, and hops from Artois, 
1520 ; the damask rose brought here 
by Dr. Linacre, physician to Henry 
VIII. ; pippins brought to England 
by Leonard Mascal, Plumstead, in 
Sussex, 1525; currants, or Corin- 
thian grapes, first planted in Eng- 
land, 1555; brought from the Isle 
of Zante, belonging to Venice ; the 
musk rose, and several sorts of 
plums, from Italy, by Lord Crom- 
well ; apricots brought here by king 
Henry VIII.'s gardener; at and 
about Norwich, the Flemings first 
planted flowers unknown in Eng- 
land, as gilliflowers, carnations, the 
Provence rose, &c, 1567; woad 
originally from Toulouse, in Erance ; 
tulip roots first brought into Eng- 
land from Vienna, 1578 ; also beans, 
peas, and salads, now in common 
use, 1660. The nature of these 
may be seen by the following list, 
with the countries from whence they 
originally came. This list might 
be almost indefinitely extended, 
and include trees and shrubs. 
Rye and wheat from Tartary and 
Siberia, where they are yet indi- 
genous ; Barley and oats unknown, 
but certainly not indigenous in this 
country, because we are obliged to 
cultivate them. 
Rice, from . . . Egypt. 
Buck-wheat . . Asia. 
Borage .... Syria. 
Cresses .... Crete. 
Cauliflower. . . Cyprus. 
Asparagus . . . Asia. 
Chervil .... Italy. 
Eennel .... Canary Islands. 
Anise and parsley Egypt. 
Garlic .... The East. 
Shallots .... Siberia. 



Horseradish 


. China. 


Kidney-beans 


. . East Indies. 


Gourds . . 


. Astracan. 


Lentils . . , 


. France. 


Potatoes . . 


. America. 


Tobacco . . . 


. America. 


Cabbage,lettuce| Holland> 

Nor are we less indebted to other 


and distant countries for our finest 


flowers : — 




Jessamine, from . East Indies. 


Tulip . . . 


. . Cappadocia. 


Daffodil . . 


. . Italy. 


Lily . . . 


. . Syria. 


Tube-rose . 


. . Java & Ceylon. 


Carnation and pink Italy, &c. 


Ranunculus . 


. . Alps. 


Auricula 


. . Switzerland. 


Coral tree . 




Cape Heaths 


• t n 


several choice ( 


varieties 




Passion flower 


. . Brazil. 


Magnolia 


. . China. 


Pink . . . 


. . Italy. 


Jasmine . . 


. . Circassia. 


Dahlia . . 


. . S. America. 


Creeper . . 


( Virginia,Ame- 
* ( rica. 


China rose . 


. . China. 


Gold plant . 


. . Japan. 


Lupine tree . 


. . Qape. 


Lupine . . 


. . Italy. 


Laburnum . 


. . Hungary. 


Mignionette . 


. . Italy. 


Sweet bay 


. . Italy. 


Arbor vitas . 


. . Canada. 


Acacia . . 


. . N. America. 


Apples . . 


. . Syria. 


Apricots . . 


. . Epirus. 


Artichokes 


. . Holland. 


Celery . . . 


. Flanders. 


Cherries . . 


. . Pontus. 


Currants . . 


. . Zante. 


Damask and musk | Damasens _ 


roses, plums 




Hops . . . 


( Artois, in 
" ( France. 


Gooseberries 


. . Flanders. 


Gilliflowers, car- | Toul in 
nations, the Pro-J- j^» 


vence rose, &c 




Oranges and lemons Spain. 


Beans and peas 


. . Spain. 



GAS 



GA V 



Garrick, David, the English 
Roscius, horn at Hereford, 1716, 
died Jan. 20, 1779, aged sixty-two 
years and ten months ; first appeared 
on the London stage in 1741. 

Garter, Order of, established by 
Edward III., April 23, 1349 ; alter- 
ation in, 1557 and 1788. It is re- 
markable, that this is the only order 
that has been granted to foreign 
princes. Of this order there have 
been : — 

Eight emperors of Germany. 

One emperor of Russia. 

Eive kings of France. 

Three kings of Spain. 

One king of Arragon. 

Seven kings of Portugal. 

One king of Poland. 

Two kings of Sweden. 

Six kings of Denmark. 

Two kings of Naples. 

One king of Sicily and Jerusalem. 

One king of Bohemia. 

Two kings of Scotland. 

Five princes of Orange, 
And thirty-four foreign electors, 
dukes, margraves, and counts. The 
first knight was Edward, the Black 
Prince, who had just before restored 
Don Pedro in Castile ; to the prince 
were added twenty-four other 
knights from among the English 
nobility. 

Garter King-at-arms, appointed 
by Henry V., 1420 ; the order es- 
tablished by Edward IV. in Ireland, 
1486; was abolished by Henry 
VII., 1494. 

Gascony, recovered by England, 
1253 ; revolted to France, 1374 ; 
returned to the English, 1452. 

Gas, exhibited from coal, 1739 ; 
first tried in Cornwall, 1792, by a 
Mr. Murdoch ; Boulton and Watt's 
factory at Birmingham lit up, 1802 ; 
first used in London, in Pall-Mali, 
1809; length in 1823 of streets 
lighted, 213 miles, and 39,504 pub- 
lic lamps ; of pipes in London 1100 
miles were said to be lighted in 
1850 ; works of the company in 
Dorset-street, destroyed by fire, 
May 24, 1815. London has eigh- 
teen public gas-works, twelve public 



gas companies; £2,800,000 capital 
employed in the apparatus; 
£450,000 yearly revenue; 180,000 
tons of coals used in the year for 
making gas; 1,460,000,000 cubic 
feet of gas made ; 30,400 public or 
street consumers, about 2650 of 
these are in the city of London. 
Three hundred and eighty lamp 
lighters employed ; 176 gas holders, 
several of them double ones, capa- 
ble of storing 5,500,000 cubic feet; 
890 tons of coals used in the retorts 
on the shortest day, in twenty-four 
hours; 7,120,000 cubic feet used in 
the longest night ; about 2500 per- 
sons are employed in the metropolis 
alone in this branch of manufacture ; 
between 1822 and 1827 the quantity 
nearly doubled itself, and that in 
five years ; between 1827 and 1837 
it doubled itself again. 

Gascoigne, George, invented the 
telescopic sights, died 1645. Sir 
William, who committed the Prince 
of Wales, for insulting him on the 
bench of Justice, died 1413. 

Gaston, John, the last of the Me- 
dicis family, died July 9, 1837. 

Gateside Monastery, Durham, 
founded, 653. 

Gauden, Dr. Joseph, the real 
author of the Icon Basilike, which 
the adherents of Charles I. endea- 
voured to pass for the monarch's 
own writing, died 1662. 

Gauging of wine and liquors lia- 
ble to duty, established by a law of 
Edward III., 1350. 

Gaunor, Fychan, died, Sept. 16, 
1686, at Aber-Cowarch, near Dinas- 
Mowddy, Merionethshire, North 
Wales, aged 140. 

Gauze, Lawn, and Thread manu- 
facture, began at Paisley, in Scot- 
land, 1759 ; Avhich in 1784 yielded 
£575,185, and employed 27,664 
hands. In gauze alone, £350,900. 

Gaveston, Piers, beheaded on 
Blacklow Hill, near Warwick, June 
19, 1312, the favourite of Edward 
II. He had been banished, 1307, 
was recalled, 1308 ; again banished 
by the barons ; recalled, by the king, 
and decapitated. 



GEN 



GEO 



Gaul, Ancient, contained 1200 
cities, Q6. 

Gazette, See Newspapers. 

Gens d'armes, or Gendarmes, an 
order which began in 360 ; also and 
more commonly the French milita- 
ry police so named. The corps was 
originally a body of gentlemen at- 
tached to the royal household, about 
2300 ; they were made a royal corps 
by Charles VII. ; at present they 
are generally picked men employed 
under the police, and reporting both 
to the police and the military com- 
mander-in-chief. 

General Assembly of the Church 
of Scotland, first held Dec. 20, 1560 ; 
it now meets once a year in Edin- 
burgh, where it sits for ten days, 
being the principal ecclesiastical 
court of Scotland. 

General, a title given at one 
time to officers both naval and mili- 
tary ; it is said to be of Erench 
origin, about 1200. 

Generosity, order of knighthood, 
in Brandenburgh, founded 1685. 

Geneva, part of the empire of the 
west, 800; destroyed by fire, 1321 ; 
injured by fire, 1333, 1430 ; repub- 
lic of founded, 1512; corn fields 
destroyed by fire from lightning for 
twenty miles round, July 29, 1831 ; 
insurrection at, 1781 ; native refu- 
gees from, settled in Ireland in 1783, 
but soon left it; others settled in 
England, 1783; revolution in 1794 ; 
admitted to the general diet, 1813. 

Geneva, New, town of, founded 
by Swiss refugees in Ireland, but 
soon abandoned, 1782. 

Geneva or Gin shops suppressed, 
1743 ; 7000 abolished, 1750. 

Genghis Khan, the great Mongo- 
lian warrior, died 1227. 

Gennet, order of knighthood, 
began in Erance, 176; in Spain, 
786. 

Genoa, city of, independent after 
950 ; cathedral built, 985 ; chose a 
doge and magistrates, 1030 ; repub- 
lic well-founded, 1096 ; Doria ren- 
dered his country victorious, 1528; 
church of Santa Maria built, 1555 ; 
bombarded by the French, 1684; by 



the English, 1688, and in Oct. 1745 ; 
taken by the Austrians, Sept. 30, 
1746; Austrians expelled, second 
siege, Aug. 17, 1747 ; loses Corsica, 
1730 ; bank of St. George failed at, 
16,000,000 of crowns deficient, Dec. 
22, 1750 ; besieged and starved into 
surrender to the Austrians, May, 
1800, but given up soon afterwards 
again ; annexed to the French em- 
pire, May 25, 1805 ; surrendered to 
the Anglo-Sicilian army, April 18, 
1814; handed over to the king of 
Sardinia, 1816 ; seized by the inha- 
bitants and proclaimed a republic, 
April, 1850. 

Gentleman, first used as a dis- 
tinction, 1430. 

Geometry, early invented and 
known in Greece 600 a. c. ; Euclid 
computed, 280 a. c. ; taught in 
Europe, 300; believed a part of 
magic in the time of Edward VI., 
and books of, destroyed, 1552. 

Geoffrey of Monmouth made 
bishop of St. Asaph, 1152 ; a cele- 
brated British historian. 

Geological Society of London, 
instituted 1813 ; one instituted at 
Dublin, 1832. 

George, St., of Cappadocia, a 
notorious oppressor and robber, 
made a bishop, 356 ; met with a 
merited end, being put to death by 
the people whom he had plundered, 
about 372; made a saint by the 
Roman church, and patron saint of 
England. 

George, St., order of knighthood, 
so called from St. George of Cap- 
padocia, begun in Carinthia, 1279 ; 
Venice, 1200; Spain, 1316; in Eng- 
land, under Edward III., 1349, with 
the order of the garter ; Austria, 
1470; Borne, 1496; Genoa, about 
1250. 

George, d'Alfama, St., an order 
of knighthood, began 1201. 

George Town, Granada, West 
Indies, destroyed by fire, Nov. 1, 
1775. 

George, Fort, in Scotland, des- 
troyed by the rebels, March 14, 
1745-6. 

George, Fr., man-of-war, burned 



GEO 



270 



GEO 



off Lisbon, with 435 of the crew, 
Feb. 13, 1758. 

George, the Royal, overset at 
Portsmouth, with Admiral Kem- 
penfelt, the crew, 100 women, and 
200 Jews, Aug. 26, 1782 ; nearly 
all perished. 

George, Fort St., India, built 
1620 ; taken by the French, April 
20, 1747. 

George's Church, St., Blooms- 
bury, built 1730. 

George's Hospital, St., Hyde 
Park corner, instituted October 19, 
1733. 

George Cadoudal, conspiracy of, 
1804 ; a native of Britany, and son 
of a miller ; he planned the insur- 
rections in the Morbihan, in favour 
of the Bourbons, 1793; came to 
England, and with the Bourbon 
princes, planned fresh insurrections 
in 1800 ; in 1803, he returned to 
France, reached Paris at the close 
of 1802, intending to overturn the 
government of Napoleon, when he 
was seized by the police, Feb. 23, 
1804 ; he was connected with the 
projectors of the infernal machine, 
so far that they were his known ad- 
herents, but he denied having had 
any concern with it. He was exe- 
cuted, June 23, 1804. 

George I., equestrian statue of, in 
Grosvenor Square, defaced, the left 
leg torn off; the sword and trun- 
cheon broken and carried away ; 
the neck hacked, as if to cut off the 
head, and a libel left upon it, 1739. 

George, a gold coin, value 6s. 
8d., struck in the reign of Henry 
VIII., 1537. 

George I., the first prince of the 
house of Hanover; his accession, 
Aug. 1, 1714; proclaimed at Edin- 
burgh, Aug 5 ; Dublin, Aug. 6 ; 
quitted Hanover, Aug. 31, 1714; 
reached Greenwich, Sept. 18, 1714; 
displaced all the ministers, Sept. 
19 ; his public entry into London, 
Sept. 20 ; crowned at Westminster, 
Oct. 20, 1714; visited the Lord 
Mayor's feast, with the prince and 
the princess, and ordered £1000 for 
the relief of the prisoners for debt, 



Oct. 29; dissolved the parliament 
without permitting it to sit, Jan. 5, 
1714-5; went in state with the 
prince and princess to St. Paul's, 
Jan. 20, 1714-5; visited his Ger- 
man dominions, July 7, 1716 ; re- 
turned to England, Jan. 18, 1716-7 ; 
visited Cambridge, Oct. 6, 1717; 
was at variance with the prince of 
Wales, Nov., 1717 ; gave £1000 to 
enlarge the dormitory at Westmin- 
ster school, Dec. 3, 1718 ; embarked 
for Hanover, May 11, 1719; re- 
turned, Nov. 14 ; reconciled to the 
prince of Wales, April 23, 1720; 
went to Hanover, June 15; re- 
turned, Nov. 10, 1720; presented 
the university of Cambridge with 
2000 guineas and a library, Nov., 
1720 ; discarded from his establish- 
ment all who were South Sea di- 
rectors, Jan. 11, 1720-1 ; desired the 
parliament to make good the defi- 
ciencies in the civil list, July 11, 
1721 ; lost his mother-in-law, the 
duchess-dowager of Zell, 1725 ; dis- 
covered a conspiracy against him, 
May 4, 1722; visited Salisbury, 
Portsmouth, and Southampton, and 
gave £2000 or £3000 to release 
prisoners, in Aug. and Sept., 1722 ; 
visited Hanover, June 3 ; returned, 
Dec. 28, 1723 ; went again, July 3, 
1725; returned, Jan. 3, 1726; 
Maximillian William, his brother, 
died, July 16, 1726 ; his consort, 
Sophia Dorothy, died, Nov. 2, 
1726 ; visited Hanover again, June 
3, 1727; died at Osnaburg, June 11, 
1727, aged 67 ; buried at Hanover, 
Sept. 4, 1727. George II. had been 
created Prince of Wales, and Earl 
of Chester, Oct. 5, 1714 ; his princess 
arrived in England, with her two 
eldest daughters, Oct. 15, 1714; 
gave £1000 to the sufferers by a fire 
in Gravel Lane, Dec. 22, 1716; 
went to Richmond to reside, May 3, 
1718; proclaimed king, June 15, 
1727, in London ; at Edinburgh and 
Dublin, June 19 ; a settlement of 
£830,000 per annum, made upon 
him by parliament, and £100,000 
for his queen, July 7, 1727; dis- 
solved the privy council, and ap- 



GEO 



271 



GEO 



pointed a new one, Sept. 17, 1727 ; 
his coronation, Oct. 11, 1727 ; 
visited Cambridge, April 23, 24, 
1728 ; went to Hanover, May 19 ; 
returned, Sept. 12, 1729 ; visited 
Hanover, June 3, 1732 ; returned, 
Sept. 26, 1732 ; invested with Bre- 
men and Verdun, Jan. 7, 1732-3 ; 
married his eldest daughter to the 
Prince of Orange, with £80,000 
and £5000 per annum, as a portion, 
Mar. 14, 1733-4 ; visited Germany, 
May 17; returned, Oct. 26, 1735; 
the Prince of Wales married to the 
Princess of Saxe-Gotha, April 26, 
1736 ; visited Germany again, May, 
22; returned, Jan. 14, 1737 ; at va- 
riance with the P. of Wales, Sept., 
1737; queen Caroline d. Nov. 1737 ; 
obtained a settlement of £15,000 
per annum for the duke of Cum- 
berland, and £24,000 per annum 
on the five princesses, May 3, 1739 ; 
married the princess Mary to the 
prince of Hesse, May 8, 1740 ; went 
to Hanover again in 1740, returning 
Oct. 13 ; went again May 6, 1741, 
returned Oct. 9 ; became reconciled 
to the prince of Wales, Eeb. 1741-2; 
visited Germany, April 17, 1743; 
was present with the army at the 
battle of Dettingen, June 16; re- 
turned Nov. 15, 1743; married his 
youngest daughter Louisa to the 
king of Denmark, Oct. 19, 1743; 
visited Hanover, May 3, 1745 ; re- 
turned to England, Aug. 31, 1745 ; 
presented the prince of Hesse with 
a sword for assisting him in putting 
down the Scotch rebellion, June 2, 
1746 ; sent £500 to the sufferers by 
a fire at Honiton, Sept. 29, 1747 ; 
visited Germany, May 16, 1748 ; 
Gottingen, Sept. 17, 1748; returned 
Nov. 23, 1748; visited Germany 
again, April 16, 1750; returned 
Nov. 4, 1750; lost the prince of 
Wales by death, March 20, 1751 ; 
settled a regency in case of his own 
demise, May 22, 1751 ; visited Ger- 
many, March 31, 1752; returned 
Nov. 9, 1752; went again, April 
28, 1755; returned Sept. 15, 1755; 
gave £10,000 towards improving 
Edinburgh, May 13, 1755; sent a 



donation to the king of Portugal 
after the earthquake, Nov. 28, 1755 ; 
gave the royal library to the British 
Museum, Aug. 26, 1752 ; his statue 
erected in St. Stephen's Green, 
Dublin, Jan. 2, 1758 ; died suddenlv 
at Kensington, Oct. 25, 1760"; 
buried at Westminster, Nov. 11, 
1760 ; the prince of Wales, George 
Augustus, so created April 20, 
1751; had the dukedom of Corn- 
wall specially bestowed upon him 
by the king (as he did not inherit 
because he was not the king's 
eldest son, but his grandson,) April 
1, 1753, but did not take his seat 
in parliament as such until 1759 ; 
Oct.. 25, 1760, succeeded to the 
throne ; three clays after the late 
king's death, drawing-rooms were 
ordered by him on Wednesdays 
and Sundays, after service. ■ 

George III., proclaimed, Oct. 
26 ; made his first speech in the 
House of Lords, Nov. 18, 1760; 
thrown from his horse but not 
severely hurt, Dec. 2, 1760 ; declared 
his intention of marrying Charlotte 
the princess of Meoklenburg-Strelitz, 
July 8, 1761 ; issued the proclama- 
tion for his being crowned July 8, 
1761, to be Sept. 22nd following ; 
his treaty of marriage signed Aug. 
15, 1761 ; his intended queen landed 
at Harwich, Sept. 6, 1761 ; married 
the king Sept. 8, 1761 ; crowned at 
Westminster with his queen, Sept. 
22, 1761, when the principal diamond 
in his crown fell out; invited to 
the Lord Mayor's feast with his 
queen, Sept. 29; Lord Bute's as- 
cendency being evident, Mr. Pitt 
resigned office, Oct. 5, 1761 ; 
opened a new parliament, Nov. 6 ; 
visited the Lord Mayor's show in 
great state, Nov. 9, 1761, — the 
banquet cost £7000 ; established a 
professorship of Rhetoric at Edin- 
burgh, April 20, 1762; a declara- 
tion of war against Spain issued 
1762; Lord Bute and the king 
made up a peace, Nov. 3, 1762 ; 
Lord Bute retired before public in- 
dignation, but the king would not 
listen to Mr. Pitt's terms ; in 1764 



GEO 



272 



GEO 



the king proposed to Mr. Grenville 
to tax the American colonies ; the 
same year he had an attack of the 
malady for six weeks, as afterwards 
suspected, which finally removed 
him from public life ; the Rocking- 
ham ministry came into place 1766, 
and the stamp act was repealed; 
Townsend proposed taxing articles 
imported into America, Mr. Pitt, 
who had joined the ministry, retired 
in disgust, 1768 ; the king became 
very unpopular, 1769; wept with 
vexation at the letter addressed to 
him by the mysterious Junius ; the 
duke of Grafton resigned office 
1770 ; certain printers were ordered 
into custody by the sergeant-at- 
arms, and set free by the city 
authorities, 1771 ; the king offended 
at his brother's marriage with Mrs. 
Horton, obtained an act of parlia- 
ment, that none of the royal family 
should marry without the royal 
consent, 1775 ; the king inflexible, 
insisted on American obedience, 
1774; the first active hostilities 
began April 19, 1775; America 
declared itself free of the sovereignty 
of George III., July 4, 1776 ; the 
king applied for £.100,000 additional 
to the civil list, 1777 ; declared he 
would sooner lay down his crown 
than make peace with America, 
1778 ; visited the fleet at Spitkead 
and Portsmouth 1778 ; Lord North 
inclined to treat but the king re- 
fused, 1779; the king urged his 
ministers to perseverance in the war, 
while France and Spain joined the 
Americans 1779 ; riots in the city 
which the king urged should be 
put down by force, 1780; Lord 
North resigned 1782; the king 
obliged to call in the Earl of Rock- 
ingham, consented to a peace 1782 ; 
a general peace concluded with the 
severance of America for ever from 
the British crown, 1783 ; (the super- 
stitious declared the diamond fallen 
from the crown at the coronation 
was thus explained;) a mad woman, 
one Nicholson, attempted to stab 
the king, Aug. 2, 1786 ; he visited 
Cheltenham and Worcester, 1786; 



slight symptoms of indisposition of 
mind appeared, 1787; attacked by 
bilious fever, Oct. 1788 ; his brain 
affected at a concert, of which he 
complained, 1788 ; derangement 
ensued, and continued until Feb. 
22, 1789, when he was reported 
rational ; a message from the king 
to parliament, March 12; the queen 
illuminated Kew on the king's re- 
covery, March 17, 1789 ; on March 
25, he attended St. Paul's cathedral ; 
returned thanks for his restoration, 
on the 23rd of April ; on the 25th 
of June the king visited Weymouth ; 
on the 21st of January, 1790, a 
stone was thrown at his carriage by 
a mad half-pay lieutenant, named 
Trick, who was sent to Bethlem ; 
fifteen persons killed being trodden 
to death and twenty injured, en- 
deavouring to get into the Hay- 
market theatre on a royal night, 
Feb. 3, 1 794 : the king would never 
again visit that house ; he presented 
a diamond-hilted sword to Lord 
Howe, as a token of his approbation 
of his victory, June 1, 1794 ; in- 
sulted with cries "no war," here 
and there " no king," and hissing as 
he proceeded to the House of 
Lords, and a shot passed through 
the glass of the carriage, at which 
on his return stones were thrown, 
Oct. 29, 1795 ; a stone was thrown 
at the king's carriage returning 
from Drury-lane theatre, which 
broke a glass pannel and struck the 
queen, Feb. 1, 1796 ; a grand re- 
view of volunteers by the king in 
Hyde Park, 1797 ; the king went to 
St. Paul's to return thanks for the 
victories of Howe, St. Vincent, and 
Duncan, Dec. 19, 1797 ; struck the 
name of Charles James Fox out of 
the list of privy councillors because 
he opposed his favourite ministers so 
strenuously, 1798 ; attended a volun- 
teers' review of all those bodies in 
and near the metropolis, May 15, 
1800 ; fired at by a madman named 
Hatfield, at Drury-lane theatre, the 
evening of the same day, May 15 ; 
the union act with Ireland being 
passed, July 22, 1800, the king re- 



GEO 



273 



GEO 



fused to concede to the Irish their 
political rights, and Pitt resigned in 
1801 ; the Addington administration 
had scarcely succeeded Pitt's, when 
the king was again attacked with 
insanity ; the illness temporary ; the 
king opposed the negotiations for 
peace at Amiens most strongly in 
1802 ; in the following year he at- 
tempted hy an unworthy argument 
to shield Hanover against Prance, 
by declaring he had only made war 
upon Prance as king of England, 
1803; he was attacked Peb. 14, 
1804, with derangement again, but, 
as before, the complaint appeared to 
go off; on the 12th of November, 
1804, he became reconciled to the 
Prince of Wales, after a long es- 
trangement ; the king gave a splendid 
entertainment at Windsor, the ex- 
pense of which was enormous for 
that time of war and heavy public 
burdens, Feb. 26, 1805 ; this was 
followed by a grand installation of 
the knights of the garter, during all 
which he showed manifest lightness 
of understanding, April 23, 1805 ; 
he lost his favourite, Pitt, in January 
1806, and soon afterwards became 
blind; Lord Grenville, who in 
office supported Catholic emancipa- 
tion, 1807, was compelled to resign, 
March 24, by the king himself, who 
would not hear of emancipation or 
the repeal of the test and corporation 
acts ; the kingjcompleted the fiftieth 
year of his reign, Oct. 25, 1809 ; his 
blindness appeared to be total in 
1810 ; the princess Amelia died 
Nov. 2, 1810, which caused a return 
of the old malady ; this was con- 
firmed Nov. 1, 1811 ; regency 
appointed 1811 ; the malady in- 
creased 1812 to 1814; the king 
imagined himself dead at times ; 
deafness overtook him; had a 
glimmering of reason again at short 
intervals 1817; the queen died, 
Nov. 17, 1818; the king never 
knew it, his appetite failed, and he 
expired Jan. 29, 1820, aged 81. 

George IV. ascended the throne, 
Jan. 29, 1820; educated under the 
Earl of Hoklerness, Dr. Markham, 



and Cyril Jackson, 1770; these 
preceptors resigned, 1776; Bishop 
Hurd, Rev. Mr. Arnold, and Lord 
Bruce succeeded ; parliamentary 
establishment made for him, 1783; 
and £100,000 voted for him, in 
November of which year he took his 
seat ; his amours brought before 
parliament by Dennis Rolle, 1787 ; 
the king refused to sanction the 
grant of £100,000 to his son, insist- 
ing on £50,000 onlv; arrears of the 
duchy of Cornwall, £13,000 per 
annum for eighteen years, £230,000, 
the king refused to reimburse, 
1787 ; broke up his establish- 
ment at Carlton House, owing 
£160,000, in 1788; the Commons 
voted him £161,000 to pay his 
debts, and £20,000 to finish Carlton 
House, 1788 ; question of the 
prince's appointment to the regency 
discussed, January 1788; appointed 
to the regency, Peb. 12, 1788, when 
the king suddenly recovered; he 
became a patron of the turf, 1790 ; 
attended the prize ring; disposed 
of his stud, 1791 ; dissipated and 
embarrassed, he was forced into a 
match with his cousin to clear off 
his incumbrances ; married the 
princess Caroline of Brunswick, who 
was born May 17, 1768, April 
8, 1795 ; treated her with inexcus- 
able neglect ; the Princess Charlotte 
born of the marriage, Jan. 1796 ; 
the prince made proposals for a 
separation, 1796 ; among his debts 
before parliament, his farrier's bill 
was above £40,000, 1795; £50,000 
per annum was settled upon the 
princess, and his debts liquidated ; 
refused military rank by the king 
on the expected invasion, 1803 ; in- 
sisted on educating the Princess 
Charlotte, but the- king declared his 
niece, her mother, should be the 
guardian, 1804 ; the princess retired 
to Blackheath, where spies were set 
over her, 1805 ; an investigation 
took place which cleared the prin- 
cess, not made public till 1806 ; the 
Prince of Wales became regent, 
1810 ; gave a gorgeous fete at 
Carlton House, June 19, 1811 ; re- 



GEO 



274 



GEO 



fused an augmentation of his income 
in consequence of the distress of the 
times, 1811 ; the restrictions on the 
regency ceased, 1812; his old friends 
refused to form a junction with 
Perceval, the Tory minister, who 
being assassinated, May, 1812, the 
Whigs again applied to, were still 
impracticable, and he threw off his 
pld adherents, and retained Lords 
Liverpool, Castlereagh, and the Tory 
leaders, June 8, 1812; became a 
spectator of the body of Charles 
I. discovered at Windsor, in 
good preservation, 1812 ; returned 
a letter from the Princess of Wales 
unopened, Jan. 1813, the prince 
still insisting on restricting the in- 
tercourse between the Princess Char- 
lotte and her mother ; in 1814, on the 
downfall of Napoleon in Russia, and 
the restoration of the Bourbons 
being determined upon, Louis 
XVIII., emerging from Hartwell, 
was escorted to Dover by the prince 
regent, April 24, 1814 ; he received 
the emperor of Russia, king of 
Prussia, and some of the more dis- 
tinguished commanders of the Eu- 
ropean armies, June, 1814 ; £50,000 
per annum was settled on the Prin- 
cess of Wales, July 1814; but she 
accepted only £35,000 ; the regent 
returned thanks for the general 
peace, at St. Paul's, July 7, 1814; 
numerous expensive and splendid 
fetes given, and the centenary of 
the house of Brunswick accession 
celebrated, Aug. 1, 1814 ; the Prin- 
cess of Wales left England for the 
continent, with the regent's consent, 
Aug. 9, 1814 ; the death of Sheridan 
proved the worthlessness of the 
regent's friendship, in 1816 ; the 
prince Avas fired at in the following 
year, 1817, as he returned from 
opening parliament, being extremely 
unpopular ; the death of the Prin- 
cess Charlotte, 1817, and of his 
mother,- 1819, and the public dis- 
tresses, 1819, gave his power a pain- 
ful shock; in 1819 the "Manches- 
ter" massacre added to the unpopu- 
larity of the ministry, and in 1820 
the regent was further inquieted by 



disturbances in the manufacturing 
districts, and the Cato-street con- 
spiracy ; soon afterwards his father 
expired and he mounted the throne, 
Jan. 29, 1820; crowned July 12; 
the ceremony was interrupted by 
the return of Queen Caroline, who 
had been offered £50,000 per annum 
to remain abroad, and renounce the 
title and dignity of queen consort, 
or else she should be proceeded 
against with a bill of pains and pen- 
alties ; the queen indignantly return- 
ed, June 5, 1820 ; notice of a bill 
of pains and penalties given, July 
5, 1820; witnesses were heard, Aug. 
21 ; the case in support of the bill 
closed, Sept. 7 ; the defence ended, 
Nov. 6 ; the measure was ultimately 
abandoned. The king opened parlia- 
ment in person, Jan. 23, 1821 ; the 
sum of £50,000 per annum was 
voted for the queen ; the coronation 
took place, July 19, 1821 ; the queen 
made an ineffectual attempt to enter 
the abbey and was excluded, which 
affected her spirits ; she was attacked 
July 31, 1821, with inflammation in 
the bowels, and died, Aug. 7, with 
calmness and resignation ; the king 
visited Ireland, Aug. 13, entered 
Dublin, Aug. 17, returned to Eng- 
land, Sept. 5 ; set out for Hanover 
soon afterwards, reached that city 
Oct. 8, and returned Nov. 11, 1821 ; 
in August the king visited Scotland, 
returning Sept. 1. This year Eng- 
land seceded, with her ruler, from 
the Holy Alliance ; the Duke of York 
died in 1827, and the king secluded 
himself almost wholly from public 
view ; the test and corporation acts 
repeal was the most important 
domestic measure of the reign, 
passed in 1829 ; in Jan. 1830 the king 
became indisposed, and a dropsy on 
the chest closed his mortal career, 
June 26, 1830. 

Georgia, one of the United States 
of N. America, founded by General 
Oglethorpe, 1739, and incorporated 
1752; in 1790 the population of 
this state was 82,584; in 1800, 
162,686 ; in 1830, 516,567 ; in 1840, 
691,392, of which 280,944 were 



GEE 



275 



GEE 



slaves. In 1835 the baptists had 
583 churches and 298 ministers ; the 
methodists eighty preachers; the 
presbyterians seventy-five churches 
and forty-five ministers ; episcopa- 
lians four ministers; in 1840 there 
were thirty-seven banks and branch- 
es in the state, and a public debt of 
500,000 dollars. 

Gera, near Leipsic, in Germany, 
destroyed by a fire, Sept. 18^ 1780. 

Gerald, Joseph, tried in Scot- 
land, for pretended sedition^ and 
transported under a sentence unpar- 
alleled since the time of Jeffries, 
March 14, 1794. 

Gerbert, afterwards Pope Syl- 
vester IL-, introduced the Arabic 
figures into Europe, 1000. 

Germans, St., priory built, Corn- 
wall, 937. 

Germanicus Caesar,, died, 29; 

Germans, 4317 settled at Phila- 
delphia, Dec. 11, 1750; 

Germany, King and rulers of; 
early histoiy little known from 100 
to nearly 500; came beneath the 
rule of the Franks and Clevis, 511 ; 
under Henry I., who died, 534 ; 
Sigebert, 575 ; Clota ; re II., 613, this 
sovereign beat the Saxons, and in 
625 united the different states pos- 
sessed by his uncle, Clotaire I., into 
one body. His successors little no- 
ticed until Pepin mounted the Mero- 
vingian throne, 750; his two sons 
made sovereigns of Neustria and 
Austrasia. Charles the Great, 
Charlemagne, born, April 10, 742 ; 
governed Neustria, as his share of 
his father's dominions, 768; his 
brother dying, 771, he united the 
monarchy of the West that year, 
and was crowned emperor, 800; 
Louis I., 814 ; Lothario I. died in a 
monastery, 840 ; Louis II., 855 ; 
Chas. the Bald poisoned by a Jewish 
physician, 875 ; Louis III., 875 ; 
Charles the Eat deposed, 879 ; Ar- 
nold, or Arnulf, crowned at Kome, 
887 ; Guy and Lambert, 891 ; Louis 
the Infant, 899 ; Conrad I., Duke 
of Franconia, 911 ; Henry the Fow- 
ler, 918; Otho the Great, 936; 
Otho II. the Bloodv 973; Otho 



III. the Eed, poisoned, 983 ; Henry 
II. the Holy, 1002; Conrad II., 
1024; Henry III., 1039; Henry IV., 
1056 ; Henry V. married Maud of 
England, 1106 ; Lothario II. the 
Saxon, 1125; Conrad III., 1138; 
Frederick I. drowned in the Cydnus, 
1152; Henry VI. the Sharp, who 
made Richard I. of England a pri- 
soner, 1190 5 Philip and Otho IV., 
1198; Otho V., 1208; Frederick II. 
deposed, 1212 ; Henrv VII., 1245 ; 
William-, 1246; Conrad IV., 1254; 
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 1257 ; 
Interregnum of two years, 1272-3 ; 
Rodolph I. of Hapsburgh, Sept. 30, 
1273 ; Adolphus of Nassau, 1292 ; 
Albert I. of Austria killed by his 
nephew, 1298; Henry VIII. of 
Luxemburgh, 1309 ; Louis V., 1314 ; 
John and Philip the Long, 1317; 
Charles IV., 1346 ; Wenceslaus de- 
posed out of Bavaria, 1378; Fre- 
derick and Robert Palatine, Fre- 
derick assassinated, 1400 ; Joseph 
of Moravia, Sigismund of Luxem- 
burgh, 1411 ; Albert Of Austria, 
1437; Frederick III. the Pacific, 
1440; Maximilian L 1493 ; Charles 
V., 1519; Ferdinand L, 1558; 
Maximilian II. of Hungary, ] 564 ; 
Rodolphus II., 1576; Matthias, 
1612 ; Ferdinand II., 1619 ; Ferdi- 
nand III., 1637; Leopold I., 1658; 
Joseph I., 1705 ; Charles VI., 1711 ; 
Charles VII. of Bavaria, 1742 ; 

i Francis I. of Lorraine, 1745 ; Jos. 

! II. 1765 ; Leopold II., 1790 ; 

1 Francis, 1792, who took the title of 
Emperor of Austria only, Aug. 11, 
1804, and resigned the title of 
Emperor of Germany ; Francis 
died, Aug. 2, 1835 ; Ferdinand his 
son abdicated in favour of his ne- 
phew, Francis Joseph, whose father 
relinquished his right to the throne, 
1848. 

Germany, events relating to, an- 
ciently divided into independent 
states ; the Huns then conquered a 
portion of it ; united under Charle- 
magne in 1802, he adopted the 
double-headed eagle for his symbol 
of empire. The name of Alleman- 
ia, from Alleman, or the German 



GEE 



276 



GEE 



for " every man," was the name of 
the country at this time ; Louis le 
Debonnaire held Erance with Ger- 
many, but his son Lothaire was 
restricted to Germany; the dukes 
being governors of provinces grew 
in time into the sovereigns of petty 
states. Of these Saxony, which 
was resigned by Otho III. to the 
house of Billing, 936, ultimately 
became a kingdom. The first em- 
peror who possessed power over the 
whole of the states was Conrad I., 
elected emperor, 912 ; he is deemed 
the first emperor of Germany freely 
chosen, but we have no authentic 
account of the electors of the empire 
till 1273, when Kodolph of Haps- 
burgh was chosen emperor by the 
seven electors, after an interregnum 
of two years. The electors, accord- 
ing to some, reduced to seven in 999. 
The assembly general of the states 
took place at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1001, 
when Otho opened the tomb of 
Charlemagne, and took away the 
gold cross he wore, the crown, 
sceptre, sword, and part of the dead 
emperor's garments. He was poi- 
soned, 1002; the diet of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, held 1007. To bring in 
their sons successors, the emperors, 
in their lifetime, politically got them 
elected kings of the Romans, which 
was a part of the sovereignty ; the 
first emperor so-elected, 1054. The 
elective poAver originated by the 
emperors getting their last will, 
wherein they nominated their suc- 
cessors, confirmed before their 
deaths by the princes and great 
men. The emperor Philip mur- 
dered, 1208. Seven electors first 
appointed to choose an emperor, 
1258. Louis V. made the empire 
independent of the holy see, Aug. 
8, 1338. Golden bulls relating to 
the election of the emperors es- 
tablished by Charles IV. of Ger- 
many, 1356. To get his son 
elected king of the Romans, Charles 
IV. gave each elector 100,000 du- 
cats, and was forced to mortgage 
several cities to raise the money, 
1376 ; the descendants of the mort- 



gagees continue still in the posses- 
sion of them. Under Henry 
III. the countiy flourished very 
much, the emperor protecting learn- 
ing, and being remarkable for his 
sense of justice ; his son was only 
six years old when he died, 1056 ; 
the states of Saxony revolted, 1073 ; 
the Saxons defeated, 1075; Rome 
besieged by Henry IV., 1081 ; diet 
of Mayence, 1097; Henry V. de- 
feated the troops of the sovereign 
his father, and deposed the latter, 
who died at Liege, whence his body 
was afterwards conveyed to Spires, 
and there interred, 1111 ; great dis- 
putes arose regarding the investi- 
ture of ecclesiastics, and the right 
of the Roman sovereigns to nomi- 
nate to bishoprics, which caused 
disputes and disunion in Germany 
for three centuries ; Hungary at- 
tacked, 1108 ; Henry V. concluded 
an alliance with England against 
Erance, 1123; in the midst of great 
designs he died at Utrecht without 
issue, 1125 ; the diet of Ratisbonne, 
held, 1123 ; Eranconia conquered, 
1J.28; Lothaire visited Rome in 
memory of which the people had a 
picture of the emperor painted in 
the Vatican prostrated before him, 
1133 ; at his death the em- 
perors of the house of Eran- 
conia ceased ; Conrad III., em- 
peror of the house of Suabia, 
succeeded him, 1138 ; in this reign 
began the troubles between the 
Guelphs and Ghibelines, 1140; in 
1143 the archbishop of Mayence or- 
dered the trial by burning iron 
to be adopted in criminal proceed- 
ings ; the diet of Spires took place, 
1122; Conrad III. set out for the 
Crusades in 1147, first convoking 
the German states at Erankfort, to 
elect his son in law, Henry, king of 
the Romans ; in Asia, lost most of 
his troops by the perfidy of his 
guides ; on his return was poisoned 
by the king of Sicily, 1152 ; Fre- 
derick I. captured and destroyed 
Milan, 1162, and fearfully ravaged 
the Milanese, died 1190 ; the next 
sovereign was poisoned by his em- 



GEE 



277 



GER 



press, Constance, 1197; under 
Philip, 1197, the order of the knights 
called Porteglaives was established 
in this reign to support the bishops 
of Riga, in converting the Livo- 
nians ; this prince was assassinated, 
1208; Otho IV. broke with the 
Pope ; a diet convoked, 1212 ; lost 
the battle of Bouvines, soon resigned 
the crown, and, entering the fortress 
of Hartzburg, died there, 1218 ; in 
this reign the authority of the states 
made a great advance in power. 
In the next reign, 1216, was held 
the diet of Wurtzburgh, which de- 
clared that the emperor could not 
alienate any of the estates of his 
CTown, or add them to the domains 
of anv prince of the empire ; the 
diet of Frankfort held, 1220; the 
emperor crowned at Rome by 
Honorius III., and his son soon 
after made king of the Romans, the 
first son of a reigning emperor in his 
father's life time so named ; crowned 
at Aix-la-Chapelle as Henry III. ; 
Milan revolted, 1 228. The emperor 
proceeded to the Crusades, was 
victorious, granted the Saracens a 
truce for 10 years; anathematised 
by Gregory IX. for making peace 
with infidels, 1230 ; Henry VII. re- 
volted against the emperor his fa- 
thers, 1235, who forgave him, but 
on a second offence, imprisoned him, 
his days ending in his confinement, 
his brother being made king of the 
Romans, 1256 ; the emperor held a 
diet of princes at Verona, 1245 ; 
the Pope declared the emperor de- 
posed, and insolently affected to give 
his crown to another, 1246; the 
princes denied such a right to the 
pontiff in vain ; Frederick II. died 
in a monk's habit, 1250 ; his son, 
the object of popular hatred, was 
poisoned, 1254, by a natural brother ; 
the next brother, William Count of 
Holland, killed in an ambuscade, 
1256 ; an interregnum of two years ; 
Richard, Duke of Cornwall, elected 
sovereign of German}^ Jan. 13, 
1257 ; upon Richard's death an in- 
terregnum of two years ensued, and 
the house of Hapsburgh became 



sovereigns in the person of Rodolph 
I., Sept. 30, 1273 ; he declared war 
against Baden and Wurtemberg, 
1276 ; and vanquished Ottocar and 
the Bohemians in battle ; the diet of 
Nuremberg held, 1280 ; secured the 
consent of the electors of the empire 
that the Austrian succession should 
be in his family ; a vast number of 
castles and fortified houses were de- 
stroyed by Rodolph in Germany, 
the refuges of robbers and nobles, 
1284 ; the estates of Upper Silesia 
brought under the empire, 1290 ; 
diet of Frankfort held, 1291 ; Ro- 
dolph died, 1291 ; Adolph of Nas- 
sau succeeded, June 25, 1292 ; 
allied himself with Edward I. of 
England against France, 1294, by 
a treaty concluded at Westmin- 
ster, being to receive 100,000 silver 
marks of Edward, by a secret 
clause in the treaty as a military 
subsidy; he was killed in battle, 
near Woi*ms, 1291 ; Diet of 
Cologne, 1292 ; the reign of Albert 
I., 1298 ; the aim of this monarch 
was aggrandisement,he endeavoured 
to get the cantons of Uri, and 
Schweitz to acknowledge his autho- 
rity, 1309; they preferred their 
liberty and refused; he excited a 
revolt, and marching to attack the 
Swiss, was assassinated, 1309 ; 
Henry VII., his successor confirmed 
the privileges of the Swiss cantons 
at Constance ; the knights templars 
were extinguished in this reign ; 
the emperor died at Buonon Con- 
vento, 1313, and was succeeded by 
Louis V. ; civil war commenced in 
1315, between Louis and the dukes 
of Bavaria; a battle fought near 
Esslingen, sanguinary but undeci- 
sive, 1317; the Ghibeline faction 
submitted to Louis, 1319 ; Germany 
desolated with war and rapine, the 
emperor forbidding secular disputes 
being referred to the pope ; Fred- 
erick the Handsome, who invaded 
Bohemia, defeated and made pri- 
soner by Louis, 1322; Diet of 
Nuremberg, 1323; the pope 
intrigued to get the Electors of 
Mayence and Cologne to depose 



GEE 



278 



GER 



Louis V.; a national synod as- 
sembled at Spires, 1338; the 
diet of Frankfort met the same 
year, before which the emperor laid 
his affairs ; intervieAv at Coblentz 
between the emperor and Edward 
king of England, 1338; the diet at 
Erankfort, 1339, ratified anew the 
Pragmatic sanction of 1338; the 
pope prevented the emperor from 
joining the army of Edward king of 
England, before Cambray; com- 
menced his alliance with Edward, 
1339 ; civil war between Louis V., 
and the king of Bohemia, 1347; 
the form of the Germanic constitu- 
tion developed itself more and more 
this reign and strengthened itself 
by the laws; Charles of Luxem- 
burgh came to the throne, 1343 ; 
letters patent were given to John 
duke of Brabant, by Charles, to 
prohibit the courts of justice of 
Germany, except in cases of the 
denial of justice, to cite before them 
the subjects of Brabant, but to re- 
mit the causes to the proper judges 
of the duke ; in the extension of which 
edict, two unforeseen cases gave 
room for great complaint down to 
the eighteenth century, until " to 
reform the abuses of the Golden 
Bull of Brabant," became a proverb ; 
the Jews began to be fearfully per- 
secuted in Germany, 1348 ; Diet of 
Mayence, 1354 ; the county of 
Luxemburgh made a duchy, 1354; 
the laws and rights of Bohemia 
affirmed, 1355 ; diet at Nuremberg, 
1356; Mayence, Spires, and Worms 
declared imperial free towns, 1356 ; 
Diet at Mayence, 1357 ; the car- 
riages of the emperor seized by the 
butchers of Worms for a debt he 
could not discharge, and at another 
time he Avas obliged to remain per- 
sonal security for a debt he had no 
means of discharging, 1378; Charles, 
the first sovereign that issued letters 
of nobility ; Charles succeeded by 
Wenceslas, 1378 ; dethroned in 
1400 ; died 1419 ; he had renounced 
the crown in favour of his brother 
Sigismond, 1411; Robert succeeded 
in 1400 ; died 1410, and Sigismond 



became emperor, Nov. 8, 1414; he 
died in Moravia, Dec. 9, 1437 ; gave 
a personal security to all who at- 
tended the council of Constance, on 
the faith of which, John Huss at- 
tended there with a written security, 
and several deputies of Bohemia, 
whom he ordered to watch over the 
safety of Huss, but still Huss was 
arrested soon after his arrival, and 
sent to the prison of the Domin- 
icans ; Jerome of Prague, the friend 
of Huss, was condemned to be 
burned as well as Huss, whom the 
emperor had thus betrayed ; Bohe- 
mia outraged by the conduct of 
Sigismond, 1419 ; he went to be- 
siege Prague with 100,000 men ; 
forced to raise the siege and retire 
into Moravia, soon after the Huss- 
ites beat the royal troops in the 
battle of Teutchbroda; diet of 
Nuremberg, 1426 ; failure to subdue 
the insurrection, 1429 ; the civil 
war still raged, 1437 ; the emperor 
expired, Nov. 9, 1437 ; Albert II. 
succeeding, the crown remained in 
his family for six centuries, 1438 ; 
the states assembled at Mavence, 
1439; Albert II, died, Oct. 27, 
1439 ; a diet at Mayence, 1441 ; 
Frederick IV. crowned in Italy, 
1450 ; the duchy of Austria made an 
arch-duchy, 1453 ; diet of Ratis- 
bonne, 1470 ; interview between the 
emperor and the duke of Burgundy 
1473; duke of Burgundy attacked the 
Swiss, and shamefully beaten at 
Morat and Granson, 1476; the 
king of Bohemia excommunicated 
by the pope as a favotirer of the 
Hussites, 1477 ; the king of Hungary 
takes the capital of Austria, the 
emperor flying to Lintz, 1483-4; 
the emperor died 1493 ; the reign of 
Maximillian I., 1493; the celebrated 
diet of Worms, 1495 ; diet of Lin- 
dau, 1496-7; Avar Avith the SavIss, 
1499; truce Avith France, 1501-2; 
diet of TreA r es, 1512 ; the empire 
diA r ided into circles, 1512; the em- 
peror and kings of Poland, Hungary 
and Bohemia, meet at Vienna, 1515 ; 
diet of Augsburgh, 1518, where 
Luther presented himself, and the 



GER 



279 



GEE 



pope's Legate urged him to revoke 
his theses and other works in vain, 
1518 ; death of Maximilian, 1519 ; 
the throne vacant six months, 1519, 
when Charles V. of Austria was 
crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 
21, 1520; convoked a diet at 
Worms, 1521 ; Charles went to 
Spain to pacify the kingdom, 1522 ; 
alliance with England, 1524; diets 
of Spires, 1526, 1529 ; Charles V. 
crowned king of Italy at Bologna, 
1530 ; goes on an expedition against 
Barbary, 1535; Charles V, abdi- 
cated in favour of his son Philip, 
1553 ; council of Trent under Fer- 
dinand I., 1559 ; diet of Augsburg, 
1559; design of Maximillian II., 
to unite the catholic and protestant 
' churches, 1561-5 ; the free exercise 
of their religion granted to the pro- 
testants by the emperor, 1568 ; diet 
of Spires of 1570 ; the abuses of the 
coin reformed, 1571-2 ; the emperor 
died 1576; Rodolph II. succeeded 
him ; he ' reigned thirty-six years, 
during which the reformation pro- 
ceeded steadily ; reformation of the 
Julian Calendar under Pope Gre- 
gory XIII., 1582 ; a diet at Augs- 
bourg, 1582 ; the Cologne war ter- 
minated 1584 ; diets at Ratisbonne 
1598-9, 1603, 1608; the protestants 
guaranteed the free exercise of 
their religion in Austria, 1609 ; 
death of the emperor 1612; Mathias 
emperor, 1612; treaty of Nuremberg, 
1614; troubles in Bohemia, 1618; 
Ferdinand II., emperor, 1619; war 
between the catholics and protest- 
ants, 1619; battle of Prague, 1620; 
war between Denmark and the em- 
peror, 1626 ; the edict of restitution 
against the protestants, 1629 ; pro- 
testant conferences at Halberstadt, 
1634 ; peace of Prague 1635 ; Fer- 
dinand IIL emperor, 1637 ; diet of 
the deputation of Frankfort, 1643, 
1655 ; treaty of Westphalia, 1648 ; 
a diet at Ratisbonne in consecmence, 
1652, 1653, 1654 ; Sobieski forces 
the Turks to raise the siege of 
Vienna, 1683 ; truce of Ratisbonne 
broken, 1688 ; league between 
Franconia and Suabia, 1691 ; a new 



electorate created in favour of Ear- 
nest Augustus duke of Brunswick 
Luneburg, Hanover, 1690; treaty 
of Carlowitz, 1699; order of the 
noble passions instituted, 1704 ; of 
St. Rupert, 1701 ; electors of Bavaria 
and Cologne ally themselves with 
France, 1701 ; the emperor, England, 
and Holland declare war against 
France, May 15, 1702; active hosti- 
lities, 1703 ; battle of Hochstet or 
Blenheim, 1704; the emperor died 
May 5, 1705; general peace, 1713; 
order of the chase instituted 1719 ; 
order of St. George of the immacu- 
late conception founded 1729; treaty 
of Wismar, June 26, 1716 ; alliance 
between the emperor and king of 
England, 1716, followed by the 
triple alliance between France, 
England and Holland, to secure, 
the fulfilment of the treaty of 
Utrecht, 1716 ; religious troubles 
in the palatinate, 1719 ; congress of 
Cambrai, 1721 ; tre,aty of Pardo 
March 6,1728; the emperor who 
had long laboured to secure 
the succession of his daughter 
Maria Theresa, according to the 
Pragmatic sanction, died 1740; 
Francis, the first Duke of Lorraine, 
elected emperor, having married 
Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary, 
1745; Joseph II. extended the 
Austrian dominions considerably, 
through the dismemberment of Po- 
land, 1772 ; and finally by the rob- 
bery and a partition of that unfor- 
tunate country, 1795 ; Francis I. 
became emperor of Austria, in place 
of Germany, Aug. 11, 1804, having 
lost the Netherlands, and large por- 
tions of his dominions, by joining in 
the coalitions against France ; the 
German empire, in its old form, be- 
ing dissolved to form the confedera- 
tion of the Rhine, by the French 
emperor, Napoleon ; congress of 
Vienna, 1814; second congress, 1815; 
anew federal body formed, governed 
by a diet, having votes according to 
the class of territory attaching to 
each — Austria 4, Bavaria 4, Prussia 
4, Saxony 4, Hanover 4, Baden 3, 
Hesse Cassel 3, Hesse d'Armstadt 3, 



GEE 



280 



GEE 



Holstein 3, Brunswick 3, Nassau 2, 
Mechlenburg I, Saxe-Weimar I, 
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1, 1814 ; 
Maria Louisa, the daughter of Fran- 
cis L, died Dec. 17, 1747 ; the king 
of Prussia issued a proclamation 
with the view to consolidate the 
German empire, March 27, 1848; 
the confederation greatly agitated, 
1848; the Emperor of Austria re- 
tired to Inspruck, May 18, 1848 ; a 
temporary government established 
at Prague, May 29, 1848; the em- 
peror returned to his capital, Aug. 
12, 1848 ; Count Lamberg killed at 
Buda, Sept. 20, 1848 ; insurrection 
in Vienna, Count Latour killed, and 
the city in the possession of the in- 
surgents, Oct. 6, 1848 ; the Aus- 
trians entered Presburgh, Dec. 18, 
1848; the Austrians claimed the 
victory in a combat at Szckszo, 
Dec. 8, 1848 ; Pesth taken by the 
Austrians, Jan. 5, 1849 ; Austria 
protested against the decision of the 
Erankfort diet, Aug. 8, 1849; de- 
feat of the Austrians at Gran, April 
17, 1849 ; the Austrians implore 
Bussia for aid ; insurrection at 
Dresden, May 8, 1849; Dresden 
bombarded, 1849; the King of Prus- 
sia, who had stimulated the diet at 
Frankfort, recalled the Prussian 
members of the assembly, May 14, 
1849 ; the Erankfort assembly trans- 
ferred to Stutgardt, May 30, 1849 ; 
battle of the Busso- Austrian army 
with the Hungarians before Komorn, 
July 16, 1849 ; the Hungarians en- 
tered Moldavia, July 23, 1838 ; the 
Austrians routed and driven from 
Baab, with great loss, Aug, 3, 1849; 
the Hungarian leader of the princi- 
pal army treacherously treats with 
the Bussians, and 25,000 men sur- 
render to them, Aug. 13, 1849 ; the 
Austrians then reoccupy Baab, Aug. 
15, 1849 ; Peterwaraclin surrendered 
Sept. 6, 1849; Komorn, Sept. 28, 
1849 ; treaty between Austria and 
Prussia for a new central power, an 
appeal having been made to some 
of the lesser powers of the empire, 
Sept. 30, 1849 ; Austria protested 
against the alliance of Prussia with 



some of the inferior states of Ger- 
many, and against any parliament 
of these states being convened at 
Erfurt, Nov. 12, 1849; Hanover 
withdrew from the Prussian union, 
Feb. 23, 1850; treaty of Munich, 
between Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, 
and Wurtemberg, for a German 
union, Feb. 27, 1850 ; Hesse Cassel 
refused to send a representative to 
Wurtemberg, and Hesse d'Arm- 
stadt withdrew from the Prussian 
league, June 1850; Austria con- 
vened an assembly of the German 
confederation at Frankfort, July 19, 
1850 ; plenipotentiaries of Austria, 
Hanover, and seven other states, met 
at Frankfort, and declared them- 
selves the council of the German 
diet, Sept. 1850; an Austrian and 
Bavarian corps entered Hesse Cas- 
sel, and also a Prussian force on the 
following day, Nov. 1. 1850. 

Germany, a part of the ancient 
Boman empire, which terminated 
about 475, in the person of Angus- 
tulus, the last Boman emperor ; 
then a reign of the Huns and Ostro- 
goths succeeded. The different states 
cover a large superficies, 600 miles 
long by 500 broad, divided into a 
number of petty sovereignties, but 
resting upon the potent monarchies 
of Austria and Prussia as their 
leaders. The religious creeds are 
various. Before 1798 it contained 
6 archbishoprics and 38 bishoprics, 
which were then secularised; the 
archbishop of Begensberg is metro- 
politan of all Germany. In 1801, 
by the treaty of Luneville, portions 
of the Upper and Lower Bhine and 
Westphalia, on the left bank of the 
Bhine, were annexed to France; 
Germany ceased to be united as an 
empire in 1806; the government 
settled at the congress of Vienna., 
1815, gave the different states the 
name of the " Germanic Confedera- 
tion," with 17 votes in the diet ; but 
when any fundamental laws are to 
be enacted the diet forms itself into 
a general assembly of 69 votes, ac- 
cording to the extent of the dif- 
ferent states, in which two-thirds, or 



GHE 



281 



GIB 



46 votes are necessary to carry any 
such a measure ; the diet sat at 
Frankfort, and Austria had the pre- 
sidency, 1815. Of the German states 
north of the Maine, Saxony, first 
governed by dukes, was given, in 
1180, the eastern part to Bernard of 
Ascania, the western to the Arch- 
bishop of Cologne. The house of 
Ascania ended 1422; the territory 
was then divided between Ernest 
and Albert, 1485 ; one branch ceased 
to rule, 1547 ; increased in extent 
by Napoleon, the kingdom was re- 
duced, in 1815, to Upper Lusatia, 
Misnia, and Voigtlancl. Hanoverwas 
secured to the electoral house of 
Brandenburg, 1648 ; George Lewis, 
the first elector, 1698, who, in 1714, 
became King of England. Hesse, 
Mecklenburgh, Brunswick, and the 
cities of the Hanseatic league, lie 
north of the Maine. The electoral fa- 
mily of Brunswick sprung up about 
1463, from Magnus the Pious. Ham- 
burg, at the head of the Hanseatic 
league, with Lubeck and Bremen, 
were united in 1241 in the league ; the 
league lost its power as Holland and 
England rose in commerce, about 
1630. Bavaria, the palatinate, Wur- 
temberg, Anspach, Salzia, and some 
smaller states, are south of the 
Maine. Bavaria was ruled by elec- 
tors, and the Lutheran religion esta- 
blished in the territory, 1556 ; it had 
been a state from 925 ; the catholic 
religion became predominant there, 
1685 ; it was made a kingdom by 
Napoleon. In 1071, Welph was 
duke ; in 1138 it passed to Austria ; 
in 1154, it returned to the house of 
Welph ; of this family were the em- 
peror Lewis, 1314, and Charles VII., 
1740. In Salzia, or Salzburgh, the 
see was founded by St. Kupert, an 
Englishman, 716; the other and 
smaller states are of slight attrac- 
tion in historical events out of their 
own limits. 

Geron, St., order of knighthood 
of, in Germany, begun 1154. 

Gervis Abbey, Yorkshire, founded 
1145. 

Ghent, said to have been the ca- 



pital of the Nervii ; John of Gaunt 
born there ; peace of, Nov. 8, 1576 ; 
taken by the Duke of Marlborough, 
1706 ; peace of, between England 
and the United States, signed at, 
Dec. 24, 1814. 

Ghergong, the capital of Assam, 
India, nearly all engulfed by an 
earthquake, when many thousand 
persons perished, 1803. 

Ghiznee, in Cabul, taken by the 
English, July 23, 1839 ; capitulated 
to the Affghans, March 1, 1842; 
entered again by General Nott, Sept. 
7, 1842. 

Giants, John Middleton, of Hale, 
in Lancashire, born 1578, was nine 
feet three inches high ; Patrick 
Cotter, the Irish giant, born 1761, 
died Sept. 1806, eight feet seven 
inches high ; Big Sam, the Prince 
of Wales' porter at Carlton House, 
was eight feet high. 

Gibraltar, in Spain, a fortress of 
that kingdom, taken by a handful 
of English seamen, July 24, 1704 ; 
seated on a rock, 1436 feet high ; 
said to be the Calpe of the ancients, 
one of the pillars of Hercules ; it 
once belonged to the Moors, Tarif 
their chief having landed at the foot 
of it, whence the name, the hill of 
Tarif, " Gibel Tarif." It was taken 
from the Moors by the king of Cas- 
tile, 1462 ; besieged by the French 
and Spaniards, Oct. 11, 1704 ; who 
lost 10,000 men before it in vain ; 
again attacked by the Spaniards, 
who were repulsed, 1720 ; a third 
siege and repulse of the Spaniards, 
with a loss of 5000 men, 1727 ; com- 
munication of with Spain cut off, 
1732 ; General Sabine, governor of, 
fined £700 for cruelty, Feb. 21, 
1738; greatly injured by a storm, 
Feb. 3, 1766 ; memorable siege of 
by the French and Spaniards with 
an army of 40,000 men, from Julv 
1779 to Feb. 1783, when 1000 guns 
were brought to bear upon it, and 
forty- seven sail of the line and ten 
floating batteries, with 212 guns, 
besides mortars, all of which were 
wholly overthrown, Sept. 13, 1782 ; 
royal battery, destroyed by fire, 



GIP 



282 



GLA 



Nov. 1800 ; the yellow fever raged 
in the town and garrison, 1804-5 ; a 
fatal fever again, Sept. 5 to Jan. 12, 
1828-9 ; the celebrated Spanish 
lines across the isthmus from Fort 
San Philipe to Fort San Barbara, 
blown up and destroyed hy the 
English, on the advance of Marshal 
Soult in 1810. 

Gibraltar, a fortified town of 
Caraccas, in the province of Mara- 
caibo, on the south east of the 
Lake, built by the Spaniards about 
1530. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, ship- 
wreck of, 1594. 

Gillingham, Dorsetshire, injured 
by fire, May 5, 1752. 

Giles, Church of St., London, 
begun rebuilding, 1731. 

Gillingwood, near Richmond, 
Yorkshire, burned down, Dec. 11, 
1750. 

Gilding, an art practised by the 
ancients ; gilding with leaf gold on 
bole armoniac, art of, invented by 
Margaritone, 1273 ; on wood, 1680, 
in a more approved manner than 
before. 

Gin Shops, act for excise upon, 
1736 ; amounted to 7000 in 1735 ; 
1700 suppressed in London, 1750 , 
there were about 7000 in 1845 ; gin 
act passed, 1737. 

Gin, spirit so called, distilled from 
corn early in the seventeenth cen- 
tury; in 1733 no less than 
10,500,000 gallons were consumed 
in England, by a population of 
6,000,000 ; in 17-34 the consumption 
was 13,500,000 gallons; in 1740, 
15,500,000 gallons ; in 1741, 
17,000,000 ; and in 1742, 19,000,000 
gallons; in 1850 the return was 
22,962,012 of British spirit; of 
foreign 5,284,975, total 28,246,987 
gallons, for all the United Kingdom. 

Gipsies, or Gypsies, a wandering 
tribe, evidently of southern and 
eastern origin, first observed in 
Europe in the fifteenth century; 
supposed to be 3,000,000 in number ; 
act passed against them in England, 
1530, 28 Henry VIII. c. 10 ; expel- 
led from France, 1560 ; numerous, 



to above 120,000, in Spain ; there 
they are called gitanos, and some- 
times Bohemians ; expelled England 
by an inoperative statute in modern 
times, 1563; it was by one act 
made felony, temp. Elizabeth, to 
consort or keep company with them ; 
called in Turkey Zinganees, from 
their leader Zinganeus, 1517 ; 
Charles I. executed thirteen persons 
at one assize for associating with 
them; treated as vagrants, 1797; 
they are found in every country of 
Europe and Asia, like the Jews un- 
changed, and less social with Christ- 
ians. 

Geraldus Cambrensis, one of the 
earliest of British historians, died 
1220. 

Gisborough Priory, Yorkshire, 
founded 1129. 

Gisors, in France, battle of, be- 
tween the English and French, by 
which Richard Cceur de Lion 
gained a signal victory, 1193. 

Gladiators, Combats of, abolished 
by Constantine the Great in the 
east, 325 ; and everywhere suppress- 
ed by Theodoric, 500 ; the emperor 
Trajan exhibited combats of gladi- 
ators for 123 days in 103, when 
1000 gladiators contended. 

Gladiators, Order of, began in 
Livonia, 1204. 

Gladstone, John, his patent for 
steam vessels, 1822. 

Glandelagh, Irish bishopric, unit- 
ed to the archbishopric of Dublin, 
1214 ; St. Keven, the founder, 610 ; 
it is called commonly the seven 
churches. 

Glasgow, in Scotland, made a 
burgh, 1180 ; its charter given by 
James II. 1451 ; university founded, 
1451 ; made a royal burgh, 1611 ; 
greatly damaged by fire, 1652; a 
charter granted by William III. 
1690 ; the first vessel sailed thence 
to America, in the tobacco trade, 
1718 ; great riot on account of the 
malt tax, June 24, 1725; magis- 
trates confined for it at Edinburgh, 
July 16, 1725 ; shock of an earth- 
quake at, July 11, 1732 ; compelled 
to raise £5500 for the pretender, 



GLA 



283 



GLO 



Oct. 4, 1745; 200 families at, ren- 
dered destitute by a fire, June 3, 
1749 ; theatre opened at, April 
1764; power -loom introduced at, 
1773 ; theatre burned, 1780 ; cham- 
ber of commerce formed, 1783 ; 
trades' hall built, 1791 ; new college 
buildings erected, 1811 ; commotions 
and trials for treason at, 1811 ; the- 
atre burned, Jan. 12, 1829 ; ex- 
change opened, Sept. 3, 1829 ; de- 
structive tire and £150,000 damage, 
Jan. 14, 1832 ; seventy persons 
crushed to death, in consequence of 
the alarm of fire in the theatre, Feb. 
17, 1849. 

Glasgow, bishopric of, before 
the revolution, said to have been 
founded by St. Mungo, 560; 
the see archiepiscopal, 1491 ; 
suppressed at the revolution ; the 
cathedral commenced in 1121 ; the 
present is an unacknowledged bish- 
opric, being without the pale and 
doctrine of the Scottish national 
church. 

Glasgow Lotteries, s\ippressed by 
William IV., July 25, 1834. 

Glass, known to the ancients, 
used in Pompeii, 79 ; re-discovered 
by a monk, 653 ; used in windows, 
1177 ; manufacture well established 
in the Savo}^, 1557 ; made into bot- 
tles, 1557 ; improved, 1635 ; the 
first plate glass made for looking- 
glasses, at Lambeth, 1673 ; incorpo- 
rated company for making, com- 
menced at Kavenhead, 1773 ; trans- 
ferred to a new company, 1798; 
German glass introduced, 1848; 
tax on glass established 1746, re- 
pealed 1845. 

Glass, painted or stained, known 
to the ancients ; painted glass prac^ 
tised in England before 1200 ; at 
Marseilles, 1500 ; reached great 
perfection, 1530. 

Glasses, Musical, a German in^ 
vention, revived by Franklin, 1760 ; 
brought to perfection by the Cart- 
wrights brothers, in England, 1799, 
Glastonbury Abbey, built 640 ; 
rebuilt, 954 ; erected where the first 
church in Britain is reported to 
have stood, 60 ; the legendary resi- 



dence of Joseph of Arimathea; a 
church built here by Ina, 708 ; the 
abbey burned, 1184 ; injured by an 
earthquake, 1276 ; Kichard Wish- 
ing, the last abbot, hanged in his 
pontifical robes, on the Tor-hill, by 
Henry VIII., the defender of the 
Eoman faith, because he would not 
swear to the king's spiritual supre- 
macy in place of the pope's, 1539 ; as 
late as 1751 people resorted to 
Glastonbury for superstitious pur- 
poses. 

Glatz, in Bohemia, surrendered 
to the Austrians, July 26, 1760; 
had eighteen years before surren- 
dered to the Prussians, March 11, 
1741-2. 

Gleaton Castle, built in Lanca- 
shire, 1340. 

Glencoe, massacre of the Mac- 
donalds, under the pretence of not 
surrendering to king William's pro- 
clamation ; thirty-eight unoffending 
men were murdered, and their 
wives and children turned out in a 
freezing night, to perish of cold and 
hunger ; the Earl of Argyle's regi- 
ment committed these assassinations 
March 9, 1691. 

Globe, or sphere, as a term used 
for the earth's form, first stated by 
Thales, 640 a. c, as well as by Py- 
thagoras, 506 a. c. The first ship 
that sailed round the earth was that 
of Magellan, 1520, who died before 
he reached home, the survivors 
demonstrated the fact ; Sir Francis 
Drake completed his voyage of cir- 
cumnavigation, 1577 ; and others 
quickly followed. There have been 
various estimates of the number of 
the human species that inhabit the 
globe, such estimates are purely 
conjectural, A late publication 
makes the number of inhabitants 
to be about 896,000,000. Of these 
226,000,000 are Christians, 3,500,000 
Jews ; 210,000,000 Mahometans, A 
450,000,000 Pagans. Of those pro-" 
fessing the Christian religion there 
are 50,000,000 of Protestants, 
30,000,000 of the Greek and Arme- 
nian churches, and 90,000,000 of 
Catholics. If we reckon with the 



GLO 



284 



GOD 



ancients, that a generation lasts 
thirty years, in that space of time 
896,000,000 human beings will he 
horn and die ; consequently 81,760 
must he dropping into eternity 
every day; 3497 every hour, or 
about thirty-six every minute. 

Globe of fire passed over the 
Island of Funen, in Denmark, in 
open day, Sept. 1807. A similar 
phenomenon observed the same time 
at Jutland. 

Globes, Artificial, one in the royal 
library in Paris, is of a large size ; 
at Cambridge is one of 18 feet dia- 
meter, and at Gottorp, one of eleven 
feet ; the last made at the expense 
of the Duke of Holstein, Frederick 
III., was under the direction of Olea- 
rius, planned after a design of Tycho 
Brahe, discovered among his papers, 
it was presented to Peter the Great 
of Russia, 1713 ; nearly destroyed 
by fire, 1757; it was recon- 
structed. A globe of very large 
dimensions was erected in the cen- 
tre of Leicester Square, by Mr. 
Wyld, the hydrographer, so large 
as to admit a numerous body of 
spectators within side it, 1851. 

Gloria Patri, the doxology of, 
first used 382 ; called doxology be- 
cause it began with " doxa," glory. 

Gloucester, City of, built, some 
assert by Aviragus, 47, in honour 
of Claudius, the Roman emperor, 
who married his daughter ; monas- 
tery founded, 910 ; cathedral built, 
1220 to 1460; Saxon, 432 feet 
long, 84; tower built, 1460, 225 
feet high; burned, 1120; incorpo- 
rated by Henry III. ; bishopric 
founded, 1541 ; and united to Bris- 
tol, 1836; the city besieged by 
Prince Rupert, Aug 5, 1643; the 
garrison skirmished with the king's 
troops on the 7th, Charles came in 
person on the 10th, with 6000 horse, 
> and summoned the inhabitants " out 
of his tender compassion to them." 
The inhabitants replied that they 
should " obey his Majesty's com- 
mands as signified by both houses 
of parliament." The siege com- 
menced, Aug. 11, and the king's 



artillery opened upon the city, hut 
the garrison returned blow for blow; 
the siege continued to Aug. 26, 27, 
and 28, when the royalists proceeded 
to mine the east gate, but the 
springs spoiled their operations ; 
Sept. 1 to the 5th the siege also con- 
tinued. On Sept. 12, 1643, the 
garrison set out to harass the re- 
treating forces of the king, and took 
some of his stores. On the restora- 
tion of Charles II. he demolished 
the city walls, 1660, in requital for 
the resistance the town made to his 
father; new bridge began, 1814; 
the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal 
opened, April 1827. 

Gloucester, Duke of, smothered 
between two feather beds at Calais, 
Sept. 28, 1397, by Richard II. 

Gloucester, Duchess of, pun- 
ished for a witch, 1442. 

Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 
fourth son of Henry IV., murdered 
at St. Edmondsbury, and buried at 
St. Albans, 1447. 

Gloucester, Richard, Duke of, 
and brother of Edward IV., ap- 
pointed protector, 1483 ; murdered 
his nephews, Edward, prince of 
Wales, and Richard, duke of York, 
1483. 

Glove Tax repealed, Aug. 2, 1795. 

Gloves early worn, substituted 
for gauntlets, and made a ceremony 
6*f investiture, 1002 ; embroidered, 
introduced into England, 1580. 

Glover's Company incorporated, 
1556, in London. 

Gobelin, the French dyer, lived, 
1632; Gobelin tapestry, so called 
from the brothers wool dyers of that 
name ; the tapestry still manufac- 
tured in the residence of Giles 
Gobelin, which was purchased by 
Louis XIV. for the purpose, 1666. 

Godalming Bridge, Surrey, be- 
gan, July 1782. 

Goddard, Jonathan, one of the 
earliest promoters of the Royal 
Society, died 1674. 

Godfathers and Godmothers, in 
the baptism of infants and of bells, 
instituted by Pope Telesphorus in 
the second century, about 130. 



GOL 



285 



GOL 



Gold, Standard Weight of, from King William I. to George III. 

OR FROM 1066 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 



Year. 

William 1 1066 

William II 1087 

18 Edward III. and IV...1345 

Same 1345 

20 Same 1347 

27, 30, 37, and 46 1373 

18 Richard II 1395 

And 3 Henry IV 1402 

9 Henry V 1422 

1422 
1 and 39 Henry VI JJ£ 

4 Same 1426 

4 Edward IV 1465 

5, 8, 11, 16, and 22 do.... 1482 
1 Richard III 1483 

9 Henry VII 1494 

1 and 23 Henry VIII \°f® 

c 1509 

oame -, ro 9 

34 Same 1543 

36 Do 1545 

37 Do 1546 

1 and 2 Edward VI 1549 

3 Do 1550 

4Do 1551 

6Do 1553 

6 Do 1553 

1 Mary 1 1553 

2 Elizabeth 1560 

1560 

1594 

12 and 26 Do \^™ 

43 Do 1601 

43 Do 1601 

IJamesI 1603 

2 Do 1604 

3 Do 1605 

10 Do 1613 

10 Do 1613 

2 Charles 1 1627 

2 Charles 1 1627 

22 Charles II 1671 

22 Charles II 1671 

1 James II 1685 

William III 

3 George 1 1717 

3 George III 1762 



lb. Troy Value of 20s. at 

coined into. each period. 



2 and 35 Do. 



9 5 12 8J 

15 3 7 7* 

13 3 4 3 17 0J 

14 3 12 5£ 



15 

16 13 4 
22 10 

16 13 4 

20 16 8 



28 16 
30 



30 



34 
28 16 
36 
33 

36 
33 



36 10 
33 10 

37 10 
37 4 
40 10 
44 

40 18 

41 10 



71 



3 


10| 


2 


5 Of 


3 
2 


o io| 

8 8! 



22 10 2 5 0| 



27 1 17 6| 



1 17 2£ 

1 13 11| 

1 11 1 

1 8 3£ 

1 7 5J 

1 15 2* 

18 2" 

1 8 3| 

18 2 

18 3 



36 18 2 



1 


7 9* 


1 


7 10| 


1 


4 11 


1 


5 11 


1 


5 OJ 


1 


3 Of 


1 


2 10 


1 


2 9A 



44 10 12 9^ 

44 10 110 

47 15 9 19 6| 

46 14 6 10 



GOL 



286 



GOO 



Godolphin Administration in 
Queen Anne's reign, May 8, 1702 ; 
the earl was lord treasurer until 
1710. 

Godfrey, Sir Edmondsbury, 
found murdered near Primrose Hill, 
Oct. 17, 1678. 

Godstow Nunnery, Oxfordshire, 
consecrated, 1138. 

Godwin's Oath, a phrase for per- 
jury, after Earl Godwin, brother of 
Edward the Confessor, who was 
tried for the murder of Prince Al- 
fred and pardoned, hoping the bread 
he was eating might stick in his 
throat if he were guilty ; it did stick, 
and he Avas choked, 1053. 

Godwin Sands, off the coast of 
Kent, once part of the estate of Earl 
Godwin of Kent, which was over- 
whelmed by an inundation after it 
had been given to the see of Can- 
terbury, owing to the dykes being 
neglected, the sea covering it, re- 
duced the whole to the perilous 
sands so fatal to mariners, 1100. 

Gold, the scarcest and most pure 
of metallic bodies, possessed of the 
most gravity and ductility ; it was 
found. in many parts of the world, 
but only in small quantities, until 
the middle of the 19th century, 
when it was discovered in Califor- 
nia and in Australia in great plenty. 
In .coinage it is usually alloyed with 
silver or copper ; it was first coined 
in England, 1257 ; at Venice, 1276 ; 
in 1344 gold pieces were struck by 
Edward III. The gold florins was 
coined, 1354; the standard of value 
was altered, 1546, from 40s. to 48s. 
per oz. ; the gold coinage was called 
in by proclamations, and recoined, 
1695 ; temp. William III. See coin- 
age. The standard is 22 parts gold 
to 2 of copper; gold lowered in value, 
Dec. 22, 1717 ; mines of gold dis- 
covered in America by the Span- 
iards, 1492, but not in proportion 
to the mass of silver ; of both it is 
assumed that 600,000,000 pieces of 
eight were thus brought to Europe ; 
gold was found in the Moluccas, 
Oct. 27, 1731 ; in New Andalusia, 
1785; in Cornwall; in Ireland, at 



Wicklow, in 1795 ; in Ceylon, 1800 ; 
in Eussia, 1809 ; the standard was 
farther reduced, Aug. 1776, in Great 
Britain ; the value per oz. £3 : 17 : 10 h . 

Gold. See p. 285. 

Golden chain, the laburnum, 
brought into England from Hun- 
gary before 1576 ; the golden plant 
was brought from China, 1782. 

Golden Eleece, order of knight- 
hood instituted in Flanders, 1429, 
by the king of Spain, as duke of 
Burgundy. • 

Golden Bull, a decree from the 
papal authority, sealed with a bull 
of gold, silver, or lead ; the golden 
bull made at the diet of Nuremberg, 
1356, by Charles IV., related to 
What became a fundamental law of 
the empire. 

Golden Shield and Thistle, order 
of, began 1370. 

Goldsmiths' Company of Lon- 
don, incorporated 16 Richard II., 
1392 ; this company Avas the foun- 
dation of the banking system, from 
the merchants placing their monev 
in the hands of the company, Avhich 
they before had placed in the mint, 
until it was plundered there by 
Charles II. ; the privilege of stamp- 
ing gold and silver with their mark, 
was conferred, 1796; the old hall 
taken down, 1829, and the present 
lofty one erected, and opened, 1835. 

Good Friday, a day early observed 
hi the Roman church, as the anni- 
versary of the Crucifixion, 33 ; it is 
called " good " only in the English 
church ; in the Roman it is observed 
with fastings and penances. 

Goojerat, Battle of, between the 
English and the Sikhs, Feb. 21, 
1849 ; the whole of the Sikh ammu- 
nition and equipage, with most of 
their guns, taken ; Shere Singh, the 
commander, escaping with only 
8000 men. 

Gonville and Caius College, 
Cambridge, founded, 1353, enlarged, 
1557. 

Goodier, Captain, hung for the 
murder of his brothei*, Sir John 
Dinelv Goodier, at Bristol, Jan. 20, 
1740-1. 



GOB 



287 



GRA 



Goodman's Fields theatre opened, 
1729. 

Goose, at Posbrooke Cottage, 
Tichfield, died, Jan. 4, 1815, aged 
64. 

Gordon, Lord George, died in 
Newgate, Nov. 1, 1793 ; he led the 
"no popery" mob of that day, the 
receipt often used in the reign of 
George III. to raise or quell a mob, 
according to the ends of those op- 
posed to religious freedom. Lord 
George Gordon's mob was styled 
the " Protestant Association," the 
object of which was to urge the re- 
turn of all the past severities against 
the catholics. London was given 
over to pillage and fire; catholic 
chapels were burned, and the pri- 
vate houses plundered and set fire 
to ; the gaols were opened, and the 
civic power set at nought for six 
days ; in the end military force was 
used, 210 rioters were killed, and 
248 wounded, of whom 75 died af- 
terwards in the hospitals ; many 
were tried, and some executed ; 
Lord George Gordon was tried for 
high treason, but acquitted, Jan. 7, 
1780. 

Goree island, on the coast of 
Africa, settled by the Dutch, 1817; 
nearly destroyed by the explosion 
of a magazine, 1662 ; taken by the 
English, 1663; ceded to France, 
1678 ; taken by the English, 1758, 
1779, 1800, 1804; restored to 
France, 1834. 

Gorey, Battle of, between the 
English and Irish rebels, in which 
the latter were victorious ; the for- 
mer lost several guns, abandoning 
Gorev and Arklow to the enemy, 
Jan. 4, 1798. 

Goslar Mine, Lower Saxony, 
took fire to the depth of 720 feet, 
April, 1800. 

Gospellers, a name given to the 
followers of Wickcliffe, 1377, on 
account of their professing to abide 
only by the gospel, and setting at 
nought the authorities of bishops 
and popes. 

Gortz, Baron, the Swedish am- 
bassador in Holland, seized lor trea- 



sonable practices against England, 
Jan. 17, 1716 ; sent home and be- 
headed in Sweden, Feb. 1718-19. 

Gottenburg injured by a fire, 
which burned 120 houses, 1794; 
again, Dec. 22, 1802, destroying the 
cathedral, palace, post-office, seve- 
ral other public buildings, and a 
fourth part of the city; again in 
1813, which consumed a large part 
of the town. 

Gottingen, University of, founded 
by George II., of England, 1734 ; 
the library contains 200,000 vols. ; 
academy of sciences established at, 
1751 ; taken by the Austrians, Aug. 
25, 1760. 

Gotterp, Count Von, the assum- 
ed name of the king of Sweden 
when he landed in England, 1811. 

Government Expenses. See Re- 
venue. 

Grace Dieu Monastery, near 
Ashby dela Zouch, founded 1151. 

Grace, title of, first assumed by 
Henry IV. of England, 1399, on 
his accession; "Excellent Grace" 
assumed by Henry VI., 1425; 
James I. assumed the title of Ma- 
jesty only; archbishops and dukes 
are now only addressed as "your 
grace." 

Grain, in 1831, imported of all 
kinds 5,972,338 quarters. 

Grafton's Administration, Duke 
of, began Dec. 1767. 

Graham's Dyke, the wall built by 
the emperor Severus betAveen Eng- 
land and Scotland, 209 — so called. 

Grampian Hills, battle at, between 
Agricola, and the Picts and Galga- 
cus, in which the barbarians were 
routed, 79. 

Grampond, Borough of, dis- 
franchised for bribery, Nov. 15, 
1819. 

Granaries, twelve new, ordered 
to be built to hold 6000 quarters of 
corn, and two storehouses for sea 
coal, to prevent the dearness of those 
articles by the great increase of in- 
habitants of London, 7 James I., 
1610. 

Granada, Island of, settled by the 
French, 1652. 



GEA 



288 



GRE 



Grand Alliance between the em- 
peror of Germany, England, and 
Holland, which Spain afterwards 
joined, May 12, 1689. 

Grandier burned for witchcraft 
in France, 1634. 

Grand Junction Canal, connect- 
ing the Thames, Severn, Mersey, and 
Trent, commencing at Branston, 
Northamptonshire, begun 1790. 

Grand Cairo built by the Sara- 
cens, 969. 

Grapes early cultivated in Eng- 
land ; large quantities brought from 
Flanders, 1276 ; grown of good 
quality formerly South of Cam- 
bridgeshire, but not North of that 
county; the Vale of Gloucester 
celebrated for their production by 
William of Malmesbury ; the vines of 
Lincombe, near Bath, noted, 1150, 
by archbishop Theobald ; there is a 
celebrated vine at Hampton court, 
planted in 1769 ; and a noted mus- 
catel at Chevening, Kent, that in 
1836, bore 2040 bunches of grapes. 

Grates introduced at a late 
period; the fire kindled upon the 
hearth in the midst of the hall, until 
chimneys were introduced, 1200. 

Gravelines founded 1160 ; 3000 
persons killed there by an explosion 
ofpoAvderat, 1654. 

Gravesend built 1513, to protect 
the Thames ; explosion of powder 
at, Nov. 4, 1798, which did much 
mischief; new pier at, injured by a 
mob,. Jan. 22, 1833 ; opened to the 
public, July 30, 1834 ; the great re- 
sort of pleasure steamers ; prodigi- 
ous intercourse with the metropolis 
attained 1844 ; the number of pas- 
sengers landed and embarked at the 
town and terrace piers, Gravesend, 
from June 1, to Sept. 30, 1844, 
amounted to 1,275,923 persons, to 
which must be added about 1000 
landed at the Bum Funcheon pier, 
210,00) at the Bosherville pier, 
5000 at Gray's pier, 9000 at Green- 
hithe pier, 45,000 at Erith pier, 1000 
picked up and put out at different 
places on the river, forming the 
almost incredible total of 1,546,923 
persons, who in the short space of 



four months went by the Gravesend 
boats ; the favourite packets are 
known to have carried as many as 
1200 and even 1500 persons at one 
trip, the whole mass carried without 
one single accident occurring to 
human life ; the sum received for 
fares, £49,952 : 14 : 5. 

Gravitation, the principle of, 
explained by Sir I. Newton, 1687, 
until which the cause had been con- 
jectural. 

Great Britain, iron steam-ship, 
of enormous size, sailed from the 
Mersey for New York, Sept. 22, 
1846, with goods and 185 passen- 
gers, went aground in Dun drum Bay, 
on the Irish coast, where she re- 
mained until Aug. 27, 1847 ; being 
got off with little injury, she arrived 
in Liverpool and was refitted ; sail- 
ed in 1852 with 800 passengers to 
Australia, besides intermediate 
voyages. 

Great Seal of England first used 
by Edward the Confessor, being 
affixed to crown grants, 1048 ; a new 
one made for Cromwell, Jan. 9, 
1648-9; the great seal of England 
was stolen from the house of Lord 
Chancellor Thurlow, in Great Or- 
mond-street, by thieves, March 24, 
1784, and never recovered — the day 
before the dissolution of parliament ; 
a new seal was made on the union 
with Ireland, 1801 ; a new seal for 
Ireland adopted, and the ancient 
one defaced, 1832. 

Greece, founded 2089 a. c, ac- 
cording to the best authorities; 
subjugated by the Bomans 87 a.c; 
her glories ending in becoming 
a province of that mighty empire, 
to which she communicated her arts 
and philosophy ; Constantinople 
became the head of an effeminate 
Greek rule in 328, and thus the 
empire of the East survived that of 
its conquerors ; the Eastern empire 
separated from the Western, 364 ; 
from that time to May 29, 1453, the 
Greek empire existed under 90 em- 
perors, the last of whom, Constan- 
tine XIII., was killed by the Turks, 
who stormed Constantinople; though 



GRE 



289 



GEE 



lost in name, this nation had thus 
far survived, but they were doomed 
to be slaves of the Moslem, in the 
most demoralising and degrading of 
all slavery, until the nineteenth 
century; revolts indeed, occurred, 
but they were put down by the 
Turks, and the actors in them 
mercilessly exterminated; in 1770, 
after long submission, symptoms of 
a free spirit appeared ; the Turks 
were beaten at Hyssa, in 1819, by 
the Servians ; 100,000 Turks ravag- 
ed that country in 1813; the Greeks 
joined in secret conspiracy, took a 
part in the insurrection in Moldavia 
and Wallachia, in 1821 ; the Greek 
patriarch was put to death in Con- 
stantinople, April 23, 1821 ; 10,000 
christians were massacred in Cyprus, 
who were unoffending ; the inhabit- 
ants of Bucharest were murdered 
even to the women and children, 
1821 ; the Greeks at once proclaim- 
ed independence, Jan. 27, 1822; 
Corinth was besieged, Feb. 1822; 
Russia favoured the Greeks secretly; 
the Turks bombarded Scio, and 
slaughtered its 40,000 inhabitants 
for ten days, and reserved 30,000 
women and boys for slaves; vic- 
tories of the Greeks at Larissa, 
Salonica, and Thermopylae 1822; 
congress formed at Argos, April 
1823; victories of the brave Bot- 
zaris, June 18, 1823 ; B}^ron landed 
to assist the Greeks, in Aug. 1823 ; 
died at Missolonghi, April 19, 1824 ; 
the Turks with the capitan-pacha, 
routed at Samos, Aug. 16, 1824 ; a 
Greek provisional government set 
up, Oct. 1824; Ibrahim Pacha 
landed in the Morea, Feb. 26, 1825; 
the protection of England invited, 
July 24, 1825 ; siege of Missolonghi, 
Aug. 1, 1826; the Greeks disperse 
the Turkish fleet, Jan. 28, 1826; 
Ibrahim Pacha took Missolonghi, 
April 23, 1826; battle with Omer 
Pacha, June 1, 1826; Ibrahim Pacha 
defeated by the Mainotes, Aug. 9, 
1826; Athens taken by the Turks, 
Aug. 15, 1826; treaty of England, 
Russia, and France, in behalf of 
the Greeks, July 6, 1827 ; battle of 



Navarino, Oct. 20, 1827; Capo 
d'Istria, made president of Greece, 
Jan. 18, 1828; a council of state 
established in Greece, Feb. 2, 1828 ; 
a national bank founded, Feb. 
14, 1828; Greece divided into 
eight departments, viz. : — Argolis, 
Achaia, Elis, Upper Messenia, 
Lower Messenia, Laconia and Ar- 
cadia, with the islands, April 26, 
1828; a convention entered into 
between the English admiral and 
the Egyptian commander, Ibrahim 
Pacha, for the evacuation of the Mo- 
rea and delivery up of the Greek 
captives, Aug. 6, 1828 ; Navarino, 
Patras, and Modon surrendered, Oct, 
6, 1828; the Morea ultimately 
evacuated by the Turks, Oct. 30, 
1828; surrender of Missolonghi 
to the Greeks, May 17, 1829 ; the 
Greek deputies commenced their 
assembly, at Argos, July 23, 1829 ; 
the Porte at Constantinople ac- 
knowledged Greek independence^ 
April 25, 1830; sovereignty offered 
to Prince Leopold, of the house of 
Coburg, and refused, May 21, 1830 ; 
Count Capo d'Istria assassinated, 
by the brother and son of Mavromi- 
chaelis, whom he had imprisoned, 
Oct 9, 1831 ; the assassins executed 
in the most barbarous maimer, being 
built into a wall to the chin, and 
supplied with food, until death put 
an end to their torments, Oct. 1831 ; 
Otho, a youthful prince of Bavaria, 
elected king of Greece, Jan. 25, 
1833 ; conspiracy of Colocotroni, 
Oct. 27, 1833; a revolution at 
Athens, to enforce the responsibility 
of the ministry, Sept. 14, 1843 ; the 
king accepted the new constitution, 
March 16, 1834 ; Admiral Parker 
blockaded the Piraeus, the Greek 
government refusing justice to Bri- 
tish subjects, and refusing to sur- 
render the islands of Sapringa and 
Cabrera, Jan. 18, 1850; France 
mediated, the blockade discontinued, 
March 1, 1850 ; negotiations un- 
successful between the English and 
French representatives, and the 
blockade renewed, April 1850 ; the 
question settled in London, April 
u 



GEE 



290 



GEE 



19, 1850; France took offence at 
the arrangements and recalled her 
ambassador, when it was agreed to 
substitute for a convention signed 
ad interim at Athens, that signed at 
London; June 21, 1850. 

Greek Statistics, population and 
production of 1820, in the following 
districts :-^— 

Population 



Attica . 
Btfetia . 
Livadia . 
Opuntian 

Locris 
Salona . . 
Lepanto ' . . 
Etolia . . 
Peloponnesus 
Patras 
Vostizza 
Gastoutti ) 
Pyrgos ] 
Arcadia - . 
Messenia. 
Lacoriia or 

Maina 
Argolis . 



22,000 
18,000 
17,000 

10,000 

20,000 

8,500 

20,000 

23,760 

48,885 

30,000 

109,000 
60,000 

127,000 

34,000 



Val.ofProd. 
Piastres 
3,015,000 
1,503,685 
3,734,000 



1,762,095 
1,950,795 
2,092,900 
2,370,280 
8,606,310 
928,800 
4,752,300 
3,884,080 
8,777,820 
8,119,798 

5,482,372 

5,185,840 

The total products have been esti- 
mated for Northern Greece and 
Peloponnesus, at 60,415,880 piastres 
in value of five to the Spanish dol- 
lar ; the population to 548,940. 

Greek Church, the separation 
from that of Eome occurred about 
750, from differences that were dis- 
cussing for 250 years previously ; 
it claimed precedence to the Boman 
for its ritual which was that of the 
gospels originally ; it refused to ac- 
knowledge the papal supremacy and 
the Koman use of' images, and with 
many resemblances in forms and 
much superstition, was still less ar- 
tificial and changeable in the intro- 
duction of novelties than that of 
Eome. The Eussian church was 
Greek as early as 981. 

Greek Language, the ancient, 
well known to scholars, began to be 
studied in England, 1491 ; the mo- 
dem Greek is also called Eomaic ; 
so little changed since Homer, 915 
years before Christ, that this poet 



is readily understood by the modern 
inhabitant of Greece. 

Green, Saxon colour, so called, 
invented 1744. 

Green Dye for cotton, invented 
by Dr. Williams, 1777. 

Greenfield Monastery, built, 
1131. 

Green Bag, certain inquiries into 
documents declared to be seditious by 
the minister when he desired to sus- 
pend the Habeas Corpus, and obtain 
the power of an unquestioned impri- 
sonment of the subject; intro- 
duced by Addington Lord Siclmouth, 
Feb. 2, 1817 ; secretly reported upon, 
two days after, and the bill brought 
in to suspend the liberty of the sub- 
ject, Feb. 21, 1817. 

Greenland, discovered 980 ; vis- 
ited by a Venetian, 1378 ; again by 
Frobisher, 1576 ; Muscovy company 
established 1 604 ; first ship to, from 
England in the whale fishery, 1604 ; 
Greenland fishery company incor- 
porated, 1693 ; colony of natives 
discovered at, 1751. 

Greenland, two new metals dis- 
covered in Sodalite and Allanto, 
analysed Nov. 5, 1810. 

Green Park; a portion of land 
enclosed in the reign of Henry 
VIII. , separated from Buckingham 
Palace gardens by Constitution-hill 
road, leading from St. James's to 
Hyde Park ; reconstructed and re- 
formed, 1839. 

Greenock Society, for the encou - 
ragement of the arts and sciences, 
founded, 1812. 

Greenwich Hospital and Park, 
built on the site of a palace pulled 
down by Charles II., who erected 
one wing, 1680 ; continued by Wil- 
liam III., and made a naval hospi- 
tal, 1694 ; first empowered to receive 
sixpence per month out of every 
seaman's pay, 1696 ; received the 
Earl of Derwentwater's forfeited 
estates, 1716 , funds of £70,000 per 
annum ; a charter granted to it, Dec. 
17, 1775; fire at, destroyed the din- 
in g-h all and chapel, Jan. 2, 1779 ; 
chapel rebuilt and opened, Sept. 
20, 1789. 



GRE 



291 



GRE 



Greenwich Observatory, built by 
Charles II. on Flamstead Hill, 
Greenwich Park, the architect was 
Sir Christopher Wren, 1671 ; longi- 
tude computed from, about 1675. 

Gregorian Calendar, began, 
1582 ; introduced generally into 
Europe, between 1699 and 1710; 
into England, 1752, the adjustment 
requiring the difference of eleven 
days; Sweden adopted it in the 
same year. 

Grenada, or Granada, Spain, 
conquered by the Moors, 715; an- 
nexed to Spain and the crown of 
Castile, 1491 ; the Alhambra or 
Moorish palace there erected, 1300. 

Grenada, one of the English 
Caribbee islands, in the West Indies ; 
surrendered to the English, 1762 ; 
being settled by the Erench origi- 
nally, 1650 ; ceded to England, 1763 ; 
taken by the French, 1779 ; restored 
in 1783 ; dreadful fire at, May 16, 
1792; Erench landed at, 1795, but 
repelled. 

Grenadines or Grenadillas, de- 
pendent on the island of Grenada, 
first settled by the French, 1650; 
ceded to England, 1763. 

Grenada, province of New, Ame- 
rica, settled by the Spaniards, 1536 ; 
lost to that country by the revolted 
Spanish colonists and Gauchos, 
under Bolivar and others, about 
1825. 

Grenades, a small shell with a 
fusee to be thrown by hand, among 
the besieged, on entering a breach, 
or in similar circumstances ; invent- 
ed in 1594; whence the name of 
Grenadiers who bore them, who 
were a company of the tallest men 
in the regiment; first adopted in 
France, 1667 ; in England, 1685. 

Grenville Administration, or 
that of the Hon. George Grenville, 
1763 ; the stamp act imposed at 
the suggestion of George III., by 
that minister, cost the British crown 
its North American colonies. The 
Grenville administration of the no- 
ble peer of that name lasted from 
Feb. 6 to Sept. 13, 1806, when Mr. 
Fox died, and the ministry being 



favourable to the repeal of the test 
and corporation acts and catholic 
emancipation, was on that account 
dismissed by George IH. in March, 
1807. 

Grenelxe, near Paris, powder 
mills at, blown up, and nearly 3000 
persons and all the buildings in the 
vicinity destroyed, Sept. 3, 1794. 

Gresham College, founded and 
endowed by Sir Thomas Gresham, 
1579 ; the buildings of the college 
were let by the London Corporation 
for an excise office, at £500 per 
annum ground-rent, 1771-1774, and 
since that time the lectures were 
little more than a form, sometimes 
read in one place and sometimes in 
another. At length a building 
called Gresham College, was erected 
at the corner of Basinghall-street, 
in 1843, at a cost of fourteen years' 
rent of the old college, while Sir 
Thomas had endowed his college 
with all the profits and rents of his 
exchange ; it is now little more than 
a lecture and reading room. 

Gretham Hospital, Durham, 
built, 1220. 

Gretna Green, a parish called 
Graitney, just " over the border" in 
Scotland, where marriages are per- 
formed, according to the law of the 
country visited, to evade the strin- 
gency of the law of England by 
fugitive couples. The ceremony 
here is binding, performed by a lay- 
man, in the simplest form, when 
being registered, and the parties 
declared man and wife in the pre- 
sence of witnesses, the chain is 
riveted ; one Paisley, a tobacco- 
nist, who died, 1814, officiated com 
monly up to that year, and since 
then one Elliot, said to be a smith. 
Attempts have been made, unsuc- 
cessfully, to set aside the Scotch 
law, the last in 1826. 

Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke, 
killed by his own servant, Sept. 30, 
1628, aged 74. 

Greyhound packet, lost on the 
Calner Sands, on her passage from 
Cork to Bristol, and all on bo.ird 
perished, Dec. 29, 1815. 



GUA 



292 



GUI 



Grey, Lady Jane, proclaimed, 
July 10, 1553; sent to the Tower, 
July 28 ; herself, Lord Guildford, 
her husband, with her father, all 
beheaded, April 12, 1554. 

Gkey Administration, memorable 
in political history for passing the 
reform bill, began, Nov. 1830 ; ter- 
minated, July 1834. 

Griffin, a Prince of Wales, put 
to death in London, 1060. 

Griffin, Eear-Admiral, dismiss- 
ed the service by court martial, 
Dec. 3, 1750, for negligently per- 
forming his duty. 

Grist Mills said to have been in- 
vented in Ireland, 214; the fact 
rests upon one of those legends 
which are more than dubious. 

Grocers' Company, London, in- 
corporated, 1429. 

Grocers' Hall Court, Poultry, a 
fire in which destroyed several 
houses, and reaching the Compter, 
50 of the debtors were let free, 40 
of whom returned again, but nine 
felons escaped, Aug. 27, 1749. 

Groat, a silver coin, the largest 
in England until 1351 ; the modern 
is diminutive ; the value of £70,884 
in this coin were issued from the 
mint, 1836, and £16,038, 1837. 

Grog, a sea term for spirit and 
water, so called from Admiral Ver- 
non, who wore a grogram coat in 
bad weather, and was nicknamed 
Old Grogram ; the name was first 
applied to the rum and water drank 
on board his ship in the West In- 
dies, 1743. 

Grosvenor Square, the centre 
house here was raffled for by guinea 
tickets, valued at £10,000, and won 
by a grocer's wife, June 10, 1739. 

Grochow, Battle of, near Praga, 
Warsaw, between the Poles and 
Russians, the latter were beaten, 
losing 7000 men, Feb. 20, 1831. 

Grove, Hugh, Esq., beheaded at 
Exeter, May 16, 1665. 

Guadaloupe discovered by Co- 
lumbus, 1493 ; settled by the 
Erench, 1635; taken from the 
French and pillaged, Feb. 13, 1703; 
surrendered to the English, 1759; 



restored, 1763 ; taken by the Eng- 
lish, 1779, 1794, 1810; the allied 
powers bestowed it upon Sweden,and 
took it back and gave it to France, 
1814; population of, 1812, 110,000. 

Guards, Body, first appointed in 
England by Henry VII., 1486; 
Horse Guards by Edward VI., 
1560 ; the first, second, and third 
foot guards raised, 1660 ; the Horse 
Grenadier Guards, one troop raised, 
1693 ; the second troop, 1702 ; re- 
duced in 1783, the officers retiring 
on full pay ; Guards mutinous 1715. 

Guardian frigate struck on an 
island of ice, and wonderfully pre- 
served, Dec. 1789, reaching the 
Cape of Good Hope safely after- 
wards, Feb. 14, 1790. 

Guildres, surrendered to the 
French, Aug. 24, 1757. 

Guelphs and Ghibelins, names 
derived from towns, and made 
those of parties in Italy, 1139 ; in 
the German civil wars, the Guelphs 
were upon the side of the pope, and 
the Ghibelins on that of the em- 
peror ; the royal family ,of England 
bears the name of Guelph. 

Guelphic, order of knighthood, 
instituted for Hanover by the Prince 
Regent of England, 1816. 

Guerre and Porto Cavello, in 
the West Indies, taken, Feb. 18, 
1743. 

Guernsey fortified, 1593. 

■Guienne made a principality, 
1362 ; seized by the French, after 
being 300 years in English posses- 
sion, 1451. 

Guineas rose to 30s. each, 1696 ; 
and were reduced to 21s., Dec. 22, 
1717. 

Guildhall, London, built, 1411; 
damaged in the great fire of 1666 ; 
rebuilt, 1669 ; the existing front 
erected, 1789 ; there have been nu- 
merous entertainments here ; one 
to the duke of Wellington, July 9, 
1814 ; to the allied sovereigns, June 
18, 1814; and to Queen Victoria, 
1838-9. 

Guilford, Castle of, built, 1036 ; 
tower at, fell down, April 24, 1740. 

Guillotine, the instrument of the 



GUN 



293 



GUY 



punishment of death used in France, 
invented by Dr. Guillotin, from 
motives of humanity, in 1785; he 
became one of the founders of the 
academv of medicine in Paris, and 
died 1814. 

Guinea, Africa, slave trade on the 
coast of, began by that excellent sea- 
man, Sir John Hawkins, aided by a 
subscription of English gentlemen ; 
he sailed for Guinea, purchased 
slaves, and conveyed them to His- 
paniola, returning deeply laden with 
sugar, hides, ginger, and other tro- 
pical produce, 1563 ; the trade was 
abolished by statute, Mar. 25, 1807 ; 
under the Grenville administration. 

Guise, Duke of, assassinated, 
1589. 

Guineas, first coined of African 
gold, 1673. 

Gun-cotton invented by profes- 
sor Schoenbein, 1846 ; its use inad- 
missible in war, on account of its 
great danger of exploding, though 
it is cheaper and has more power 
than gunpowder. 

Gunpowder was early known to 
the Chinese, was in Europe in- 
vented by one Schwartz, a monk of 
Goslar, in Germany, about 1320; the 
component substances and their use 
seem to have been earlier compre- 
hended ; made in England, 1413 ; 
used in Spain, 1344 ; Edward. III. of 
England is said to have used it in 
cannon at the battle of Cressy, 1346. 

Gunpowder Mills, explosion of, 
at Eeversham, Jan. 16, 1810, five 
men and a boy and two horses 
killed; atDartford, Sept. 24, 1810; 
two persons killed ; at Waltham 
Abbey, by which seven men lost 
their lives, Nov. 27, 1811; one at 
Hounslow, by which two men were 
severely hurt, July 4, 1812; two 
at Hounslow, by which three men 
were killed, Aug. 21, 1813 ; one at 
Battle, by which three men were 
blown to atoms, Sept. 1814. 

Guns, great, invented, 1330 ; used 
by the Moors at the siege of Alge- 



siras in Spain, 1344 ; at Cressy in 
1346, when Edward had four piece3 
of cannon, which gained him the 
battle ; they were used at the siege 
of Calais, 1347 ; in Denmark, 1354; 
at sea, by Venice against Genoa, 
1377 ; first used in Spain, 1406 ; 
first made in England of iron, 1547; 
of brass, 1635; applied to shoot 
whales, 1731 ; first used in England 
at the siege of Berwick, 1405; 
bombs and mortars invented, 1634 ; 
first used by the Catholic mission- 
aries in China, 1636. 

Gunpowder Plot discovered, Nov. 
5, 1605 ; the conspirators executed, 
Jan. 31, 1606. 

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Swe- 
den, killed in battle, Nov. 6, 1632. 

Gustavus III., king of Sweden, 
assassinated at a masquerade, by 
Count Ankerstrom, Mar. 29, 1792. 

Gustavus Vasa died, aged 70, 
1560. 

Guy, Thomas, a London book- 
seller, built Guy's Hospital, and en- 
dowed it with £219,499, at a cost of 
£18,793, 1721 ; he died, Dec. 27, 
1724 ; he also gave large sums to 
St. Thomas's Hospital during his 
life. 

Guttenbekg, John, said by some 
to be the inventor of printing at 
Mentz in Germany ; he died, 1467. 

Gut, Earl of Warwick, the cele- 
brated feudal chief and. hermit, 
died, 939. 

Gypsies. See Gipsies. 

Guyana, or Guiana, South Ame- 
rica, a country divided between the 
English, French, Dutch, and Por- 
tuguese, while the Spanish domi- 
nions bound it on the north ; Cay- 
enne settled by the French in 1625, 
and abandoned, 1654 ; then by the 
Dutch expelled by the French, 
1677; expelled by the English, 
1809 ; restored, 1815 ; Demerara 
taken by the English, 1795, 1803 ; 
partly ceded to the Dutch, 1814 ; 
part with Berbice ceded to England, 
1814. 



HAG 



294 



HAD 



H 



Haaelem Exhibition of Manufac- 
tures, a new machine for spinning 
flax shewn, for which Bonaparte 
offered a premium of 1,000,000 
francs. 

Habeas Corpus, a writ of personal 
right, by which the body of an in- 
dividual is, without the power of 
refusal, brought before a judge of 
the land, to be heard upon demand, 
in case of detention, nor can the 
writ be refused, passed May 27, 
1679 ; hence, when a minister wishes 
to imprison, seclude, or dismiss a 
subject without charge or trial, he 
gets the habeas corpus act sus- 
pended under some pretext, (See 
Green Bag,) in other words, gets an 
act of the legislature for that purpose 
for a limited time. Under such a 
suspension the subject is placed in 
the same state as if he resided in 
Austria or Bussia. A state of re- 
bellion justified this step in 1715 
and 1716, for six months each year, 
again in 1722, 1744, and 1745, on 
the pretender's invasion with armed 
forces ; in 1794 and 1795 adopted by 
Pitt, at the commencement of his 
war for the restoration of the Bour- 
bons; adopted by Pitt again in 1798, 
1799, in Ireland; by Mr. Pitt, in 
1799, Aug. 28 ; again, 1801 ; again, 
on account of the Irish insurrection, 
1803 ; again, on the strength of se- 
cret green bag revelations, Feb. 21, 
1817 ; again, in Ireland, July 25, 

1848, owing to the rebellion there ; 
habeas restored there, March 1, 

1849. Writs of habeas corpus were 
made issuable during a vacation, 
and returnable immediately, 1814. 

Hackman, Mr., executed for the 
murder of Miss Beay, coming out of 
Covent-Garden Theatre, April 18, 
1779. 

Hackney, Alice, the remains of, 
after being buried 175 years, acci- 
dentally dug up at the church of St. 
Mary at Hill, London, when the 



skin was found whole, and the joints 
pliable, 1494. 

Hackney Coaches first used in 
London, 1634, being only five in 
number; in the same year sedans 
also appeared, and the chairmen be- 
came noted in low life ; in 1662, they 
are said to have reached 1000 in 
number, and became subject to re- 
gulations, 6th William and Mary, 
1694 ; the number used in London 
was fixed at 1000, and the fares 
raised in 1771 ; about 1820, the 
coaches were diminished, and cabri- 
olets established, reaching 1500 in 
number ; the omnibus, in 1830, di- 
minished the profits of both, of these 
the number is 1300, carrying 80,000 
passengers per day ; the coaches and 
cabriolets number 3000. Coachma- 
kers were made subject to a license 
in 1785. A lost and found office 
was established, for the recovery of 
property left in hackney coaches and 
cabriolets, 1815, returning annually 
a large amount of property. The 
number of hackney coaches ceased 
to be limited by law after 1831, 
Jan. 5. 

Hackney Coaches, additional du- 
ty on, Sept. 4, 1784, four shillings 
per week to be paid monthly ; li- 
cences to be granted, on payment of 
ten shillings weekly rent in future ; 
fares 1| mile, Is., not exceeding 2 
miles, Is. 6d., and so on, 6d. for 
every half-mile, or for the first hour, 
2s. 6d., and Is. 6d. for every other 
hour; for a day of twelve hours, 
14s. 6d., and every hour exceeding 
twelve, Is. 6d. additional to be 
charged ; for every saddle, coach, or 
chaise horse, ten shillings duty. 

Hackney Coach Office, Sun Street, 
Strand, established June 24, 1699; 
burned down, 1770; removed to 
Somerset Place, 1782. 

Hadley Castle, Essex, built 1306. 

Hadnam, Oxfordshire, 60 houses 
burned down at, April 5, 1760. 



HAL 



295 



HAL 



Hague, Holland, commonly called 
"■ The Hague," the place where the 
states-general meet ; the treaty of 
the Hague was signed here, hetween 
England, Holland, and France, May 
25, 1659 ; the French took it, 1795, 
when they conquered Holland, wel- 
comed by the people, the Stadthol- 
der flying to England ; given up by 
the French, 1813, soon after which 
the Stadtholder returned again, and 
was subsequently made king of the 
Netherlands. 

Hague, Population of, 1840, in- 
cluding the Dutch kingdom : — ■ 
Males . . 1,399,680 
Females . 1,459,431 



2,859,111 

Hagman Priory, Salop, built 1100. 

Hailsbury College, established 
for the education of the servants of 
the company, 1800 ; no student ad- 
mitted after 21 years of age, by sta- 
tute passed in July, 1837. 

Hailstorm, a singular one in 
the Haymarket, London, and the 
surrounding streets, but not far dis- 
tant, since none was experienced 
elsewhere ; the electric fluid tore up 
the pavement in Oxendon Street, 
July 9, 1803. 

Hair, the clergy forbade to wear 
it long, by Pope Anicetus, 155 ; cut 
short in the time of Cromwell, 
whence the appellation of Round- 
head; long went out of vogue in 1795, 
which convenience has continued. 

Hair Powder in use in 1590 ; a 
tax laid on it, by Pitt, 1795. 

Halburton, fire at, Junel8, 1817 ; 
17 houses destroyed. 

Hales, Judge, committed to the 
Marshalsea prison, 1553; afterwards 
removed to the Compter and the 
Fleet, where he attempted to com- 
mit suicide ; on being set at liberty 
he some time afterwards drowned 
himself. 

Hales Owen Abbey, Shropshire, 
1215. 

Haler Abbev, Gloucestershire, 
built 1246. 

Halfpence, error on, once called 



Tower Halfpence, temp. George II. 
and III. : in the year 1730, one of 
the halfpence of the first-named so- 
vereign spelt geogius. This cer- 
tainly is very extraordinary ; but is 
it not much more so to find, subse- 
quently, one issuing from the mint 
of his successor, George III., like- 
wise misspelt ? This reads georius 
instead of georgius, and was issued 
in 1772. 

Halidon Hill, battle of, near Ber- 
wick, in which the Scotch, were de- 
feated with the loss of 13,000 men, 
July 13, 1333, in the reign of Ed- 
ward III. ; this battle placed Baliol 
on the throne of Scotland. 

Halifax, Yorkshire, made a bo- 
rough, 1332 ; the woollen manufac- 
ture here protected by a power to 
punish capitally any criminal con- 
victed of stealing to the value of 
thirteen-pence halfpenny, and this 
by a peculiar engine for beheading, 
called the maiden ; James I. took 
away this extravagant power, in the 
year 1620, given to the incorpora- 
tion of the borough. 

Halifax Administration, under 
the Earl of Halifax, 1714, who dy- 
ing the next year, was succeeded by 
Robert, afterwards Sir Robert, Wal- 
pole. 

Hall, James, nicknamed Jack 
the Painter, taken up for attempting 
to set Portsmouth dockyard on fire, 
Feb. 4, 1777. 

Halle, University of, restored, 
1814. 

Hallelujah and Amen first intro- 
duced from the Jewish into the 
Christian church, by St. Jerome, 
390. 

Hallsewell East Indiaman lost, 
with nearly one hundred of those on 
board, Jan. 6, 1786. 

HALLEY,Dr.Edmund, the celebrat- 
ed astronomer, born 1656, died 
1742; the first to identify the great 
comet of 1682 with that of the years 
1305, 1456, 1531, and 1607 ; he pre- 
dicted its return again in 1758 or 
1759, and the comet did actually 
appear within 19 days of the time 
stated by Halley, being first seen 



HAM 



296 



HAN 



with the naked eye by a Saxon pea- 
sant, near Dresden, Dec. 25, 1758 ; 
its period was 76 years, and it would 
consequently appear again, if Dr. 
Halley's calculation proved just; 
in 1835 it was seen, and Halley's 
judgment confirmed; its next ap- 
pearance will be 1911-12. 

Halling House, Kent, built 1183. 

Halloran, Kev. Hynes, an emi- 
nent Irish scholar and divine, chap- 
lain to the Britannia in the battle 
of Trafalgar, transported for seven 
years for forging a frank, value 
19d„ March 31, 1831. 

Hallowe'en, the eve of the day of 
St. John the Baptist, superstitiously 
observed by the vulgar in England, 
1694. 

Halo, a very remarkable one seen 
encircling the moon, Aug. 16, 1807. 

Hamburgh, founded, 804; walled, 
811 ; the company of merchants in- 
corporated, 1296; the French de- 
clared Avar against it for its treacher- 
ous delivery of Napper Tandy to 
Pitt, Oct. 1799, who had sought a 
refuge there ; British property in, 
sequestrated, March, 1801 ; the city 
taken, 1806 ; incorporated with 
France, 1810; evacuated by the 
Erench, 1813 ; restored to its inde- 
pendence, 1814; dreadful fire at, 
which destroyed 2000 houses, May 
4, 1842. 

Hamburgh Letters voted fraudu- 
lent, 1722-3. 

. Hamilcar's Voyage to the Cassi- 
terides, related by Festus Avienus, 
450. 

Hamilton, Duke of, executed, 
1649. 

Hamilton, Duke of, and Lord 
Mohun, both killed in a duel, in 
Hyde Park, Nov. 15, 1712. 

Hamilton Palace, Scotland, fin- 
ished, 1828. 

Hammet, Sir Benjamin, fined 
£1000, for refusing to serve the of- 
fice of Lord Mayor of London, Oct. 
13, 1797. 

Hammersmith temporary bridge 
affixed to the chains, and visited 
by crowds, Jan. 1827. 
; Hammersmith Suspension Bridge 



opened, 1828 ; begun three years 
before ; the chains supporting road- 
way, 688 feet 8 inches long, exceed- 
ing that of the Menai by 135 feet. 

Hammersmith Ghost, affairs of, 
1804. 

Hampden condemned, and sen- 
tenced to pay the tax imposed by 
Charles I., without consent of par- 
liament, 1637. 

Hampden, John, the celebrated 
patriot, mortally wounded by the 
bursting of his pistol, June 18, 1643, 
died on the 24th of the same month. 

Hampshire, Corn destroyed by i 
game in, estimated as sufficient to 
support 2000 people for a year, Sept. 
1825. , 

Hampshire, New, United States, 
first settled at Dover and Ports- 
mouth, 1623 ; went under the juris- 
diction of Massachussetts, 1641 ; 
made a separate province by Charles 
II., 1679 ; been a separate state 
since 1741 ; constitution formed, 
1784 ; altered to its present form, 
1792 ; Dartmouth College in, found- 
ed, 1770 ; Gilmanton Seminary for 
theology, 1835 ; in these two insti- 
tutions there were 433 students in 
1840; population, taken in 1840, 
gave 284,574 inhabitants. 

Hampton, manufactory and d\vell- 
ing of Mr. Browning at, destroyed 
by fire, June 9, 1814, Mr. and Mrs. 
Browning perishing in the flames. 

Hampton Court Palace, built 
1525, by Cardinal Wolsey, where the 
house of the knights hospitallers once 
stood ; presented by the cardinal to 
Henry VIII. ; several of the Eng- 
lish sovereigns were born there ; a 
large part of the palace rebuilt by 
king William III., 1694 ; bridge at, 
began 1750. 

Hanau, Battle of, between the 
Erench and Allies, when the former 
were on their retreat from Leipsic, 
the Allies were compelled to retire, 
Oct. 29, 1813. 

Hand in Hand Fire-office incor- 
porated, 1697. 

Handel, George Frederick, great 
commemoration of, in Westminster 
Abbey, May 26, 1784; there were 



HAN 



297 



HAN 



600 performers, and the receipts for 
three days amounted to £12,746. 
The orchestra consisted of 225 vocal 
and 268 instrumental musicians, 
(violins 96, tenors 30, violincellos 
30, double-basses 20, oboes 30, bas- 
soons and trumpets 14, French 
horns 12, trombones 3, kettle-drums 
5,) that performed in The Messiah. 

Handkerchiefs in the reign of 
Elizabeth worn by gentlemen in 
their caps as favours from ladies, 
1557; those of a peculiar kind 
made at Paisley, 1743 ; no less than 
£15,886 that year ; in 1784, 
£164,385 was returned there for 
those goods. 

Hanmer, Jonathan, grandfather 
of the poet Gay, who was a non- 
conformist minister at Barnstaple, 
his tomb and inscription found four 
or five feet beneath the present sur- 
face of the ground, bearing date, 
1666, July 1827. 

Hanover, subscriptions for the 
sufferers there in consequence of ex- 
tensive inundations, April 1825. 

Hanover occupied by the French, 
June 14, 1803. 

Hanover, George IV. wrote a 
letter to the Duke of Cambridge at, 
on his return from, Nov. 9, 1821. 

Hanover a city and country of 
Germany, capital of the late elec- 
torate, now of the kingdom of that 
name; it was an unimportant 
duchy until George I. obtained 
Zell, Saxe, Bremen, and Verden, 
in addition, and other additions, 
1692; seized by Prussia, 1801; 
it was occupied by the French, 
June 5, 1803 ; annexed to West- 
phalia, March 1, 1810 ; made a 
kingdom, Oct. 13, 1814 ; the duke 
of Cambridge made Lieutenant 
governor, Nov. 1816; the duke of 
Cumbei'land succeeded to the 
throne, June 20, 1837, when it was 
• separated from the crown of Eng- 
land ; East Friesland and Harlin- 
gen were added to it in 1815. 
The second son of Lewis 
duke of Brunswick Zell became 
duke of Hanover, 1665; Ernest 
Augustus made elector, 1692 ; Geo. 



Lewis his son, became king of Eng- 
land as George I., Aug. 1, 1714; 
George, his son, became George IL, 
of England, 1727; and George 
Wm. Fred, his grandson, George 
III., of England, king of Hanover, 
Oct. 2, 1814; George Augustus 
Frederick, his son George IV., of 
England, 1820; William Hemy IV., 
of England, the third king ; on his 
death, Hanover, so long and well 
described as a millstone round the 
neck of England, was separated 
from the crown of Great Britain, 
and Ernest Augustus, the brother 
of William IV., became king of 
Hanover ; he was succeeded by his 
son George Frederick, born 1819, 
the present reigning monarch. 

Hanover, City of, a village walled 
in, 1556; obtained the privilege of a 
city, 1578 ; the royal seat of govern- 
ment, 1814. 

Hanoverian Troops first arrived 
in England, 1756. 

Hanoverian succession estab- 
lished by law, June 12, 1701 ; 
George I., being the first prince who 
ascended the English throne, to the 
exclusion of the Stuart race for ever. 

Hanseatic League, formed about 
1250. 

Hanse Towns, or the Hanseatic 
League, a union of commercial 
cities and ports in the north, of Ger- 
many, against the piratical robbers 
of the North, in 1241 ; it grew into 
a union at last of sixty-six towns 
and cities ; they proclamed war 
against Denmark, 1348; and in 
1428, possessed a large navy, and a 
powerful military force ; the union 
was at last broken up by surround- 
ing princes, from an apprehension 
of its power, and the towns of Ham- 
burgh, Lubeck, and Bremen, were, in 
1630, the only remnant of this 
powerful league. 

Hanset, Dr., tried for high trea- 
son, and condemned, June 14, 1758. 

Han way, Jonas, a philanthropic 
and kind-hearted man, who had 
once been a merchant, noted as 
having been the first who introdu- 
ced the useful appendage of an um- 



HAR 



HAR 



brella into England, died Sept. 5, 
1786 ; aged 74. 

Hanwedl Asylum for lunatics : 
Return of Patients admitted from its 
opening on May 16, 1831, to Sept. 
30, 1839 : 

Cured. 





M. 


F. 


M. 


F. 


1831. 


. 136. 


. 159 


12. 


. 8 


1832. 


. 188. 


, 234 


15, 


.27 


1833. 


. 90. 


. 113 


8. 


.17 


1834. 


. 70. 


, 52 


7. 


. 11 


1835 . 


. 78. 


. 63 


7. 


. 2 


1836. 


. 67. 


. 46 


6. 


. 5 


1837 . 


. 36. 


. 27 


3. 


. 4 


1838. 


. 139. 


. 186 


8. 


. 5 


1839. 


. 84. 


. 48 


13. 


. 5 



888 928 79 84 

Hanwork Park-House, the seat 
of the Duke of St. Albans, burned 
down, March 16, 1797. 

Hapsburg. See Germany and 
Austria. 

Harbour, new one projected in 
Norfolk, in Lake Lothing, 1827. 

Harcourt, the Earl of, drowned 
in a well in Oxfordshire, 1 777, 

Hardicanute the Dane, king of 
England, 1039. 

Hardy, Tooke, Thelwall, and 
others tried at the instigation of the 
Pitt ministry for high treason, 
though a measure opposed by Lord 
Eldon, then Mr. Scott, who foresaw 
that a verdict of guilty would be 
monstrous for what was but a 
misdemeanour — he was overruled; 
the ministry had prepared a list of 
others to be arrested on the same 
charge, had a verdict of guilty been 
sustained ; Hardy was first put to 
the bar, having been kept in custody 
from May 20 to Oct. 29, 1794 ; after 
a trial of eight days he was honour- 
ably acquitted, principally through 
the exertions of Erskine and Gibbs, 
his counsel; Tooke was tried and 
acquitted, Nov. 20 ; still in hope of 
a verdict, Thelwall was tried and 
acquitted also, Dec. 8 ; the govern- 
ment, in despair, then discharged all 
the prisoners involved in the accu- 
sation ; it was thus that jurors 
felt their full power, and exhibited 



less of that subservience to crown 
prosecutions, which had before too 
much distinguished them. 

Hardy, Thomas, secretary of the 
corresponding sooiety ; lived to see 
the reform bill pass, when he ex- 
claimed, " Just heaven, that is now 
the law of England, for supporting 
which the government tried its 
utmost power to hang and dismem- 
ber me." He died 1832, and was 
buried in Bunhill Fields, with a 
monument bearing this inscription : 

PUBLIC DUTY AND PRIVATE WORTH. 

To the Memory of 

Thomas Hardy, 

Born March 3, 1751, 

Died October 11, 1832, 

in the 82 year of his age. 

He was a plain and upright Man ; 

a steady and inflexible Patriot ; 

One of the. three who, 

in 1792, commenced the 

formation of the celebrated 

London Corresponding Society, 

for the promotion of a 

Radical Reform in the 

Commons' House of Parliament 

He was appointed Secretary 

to that Society in the same year, 

and filled the office, 

with diligence and ability, 

until his arrest in May, 1794, 

on a charge of High Treason, 

when he was committed to theTower, 

separated from his wife and family 

for six months, 

subjected to a nine clays' trial 

at the Old Bailey, 

and triumphantly acquitted by 

an honest and independent jury, 

on the fifth of November, 1794; 

by which event 

the corrupt and sanguinary 

Ministry of Mr. Pitt 

was defeated ; 

and a brighter era commenced 

in the political condition 

of this country. 

Harefield Place, Middlesex, 
Roger de Bacheworth, lord of the 
manor of, 1284 ; Milton's Arcades 
performed there, between 1632 and 
1637; burned down, 1660 ; a silver 



HAR 



299 



HAR 



fir here, 1679, 81 feet high, and 13 
feet girth. 

Hareleur made an English 
colony, 1415. 

Harlow, Battle of, between the 
Earl of Mar, Avho commanded the 
royal forces, and Donald Lord of 
the Isles ; it was a drawn battle, and 
great numbers of the gentry on both 
sides fell in this civil conflict, July 
24, 1411. 

Harlech Castle, Merionethshire, 
built, it was supposed, by the an- 
cient Britons ; rebuilt 876, and re- 
edified by Edward I. 

Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, 
born 1664 ; stabbed at the council 
board, March 8, 1710; died May 
21, 1724. 

Harlots obliged to wear striped 
hoods of party colours, and their 
clothes with the wrong side out- 
wards, 25 Edward III., 1352; the 
name is said to have arisen from 
Arlotta, mother of William I., of 
England, a tanner's daughter of most 
notorious character. 

Harmonica, or musical glasses, 
improved by Dr. Eranklin, 1760 ; 
introduced into Erance, 1765. 

Harmony Town, United States of 
America, in the state of Pennsylva- 
nia, founded by Germans, who 
called themselves the "Harmony 
Society," Dec. 1804. 

Harmony, New, Indiana State, 
North America, purchased by Robt. 
Owen, in 1825, for the establish- 
ment of a social system, but failed, 
and was broken up in 1826; the 
scheme was philanthropic, but in 
practice wholly irreconcileable with 
existing usages. 

Harold Harefood ruled England 
and the kingdom of Norway, began 
1036 ; Harold II. killed at the battle 
of Hastings, 1066. 

Harpooner, transport from Que- 
bec to England, with invalids and 
other troops on board, foundered off 
the coast of Newfoundland, when 
more than one -half on board per- 
ished, Nov. 10, 1816. 

Harraton-Row Coal-pit, Dur- 
ham, dreadful explosion of gas at, 



41 men and boys killed, June 30, 
1817. 

Harrenton Lake, Ireland, disap- 
peared in the earth, March 25, 1793. 

Harrison, John, inventor of the 
time-keeper for the discovery of the 
longitude ; he produced four in the 
years 1735, 1739, 1749, and subse- 
quently that which procured him 
the reward of £20,000 from parlia- 
ment, promised by the Board of 
Longitude ; he obtained £10,000 
of his reward in 1764 ; and further 
perfected his time-piece, 1772 ; he 
died March 24, 1776, aged 84. 

Harrison, John, accountant of the 
London Assurance Company, found 
guilty of forgery, Sept. 16, 1777. 

Harriot, Thomas, discovered two 
spots on the sun, 1610, before Gali- 
leo announced the same fact. 

Harrogate, a mineral spring 
discovered at, 1571. 

Harrogate, four mineral sulphur 
springs at Harrogate, the fourth be- 
ing discovered, 1783. 

Hartley Colliery, atmospheric 
rotative engine erected at, 1768. 

Hartlebury Castle, built in 
Worcestershire, 1268. 

Hartley, David, son of the philo- 
sopher of that name, who first 
moved in the House of Commons 
for the abolition of the slave-trade ; 
died Dec. 19, 1813. 

Hartwell, Buckingham, one of 
the retreats of the exiled Bourbons, 
after they were expelled by the 
Erench people; Louis XVIII. re- 
sided here when he lost his wife in 
1810 ; and when he was placed on 
the throne by the allied armies, he 
quitted it to embark for Calais, 
April 20, 1814 ; leaving Dover for 
France, April 24, 1814. 

Harvest, Remarkable. — " An. 
Dom. 1317. — The harvest was early, 
so that all the corne was inned be- 
fore St. Giles's day, being the first 
of September : a bushel of wheat, 
which before was sold for 10s. was 
then sold for 10 pence, and a bushel 
of oats, which before was sold for 8 
shill., was then sold for 8 pence. 
An. Dom. 1329.— The third year of 



HAT 



300 



HAW 



Edward the Third, a statute was 
made prohibiting the importation 
of wheat, rye, or barley, into this 
realm, unless the price of wheat ex- 
ceeded 6 shill. 8 pence the quarter, 
of rye 4 shill., of barley 3 shill. ; at 
that port or place when the same 
should be brought in, upon pain of 
forfeiture thereof." 

Harvey, Dr. William, discoverer 
of the circulation of the blood, 1569. 

Harwich, new lighthouse at, 
proved, June, 1822, visible 21 miles. 

Harwich Museum re-opened, May 
1826. 

Harwood Nunnery, Bedfordshire, 
built 1150. 

Haslar Hospital, Hants, additions 
made to, of lecture-rooms, July 4, 
1829. 

Hastings, Warren, Governor- 
general of India, tried by the peers 
of Great Britain for high crimes and 
misdemeanours ; his trial lasted 
seven years and three months, and 
ended in his acquittal, April 25, 
1795; born 1733, died 1818; a very 
different conclusion was reasonably 
expected, after the strong nature of 
the evidence. 

Hastings, Battle of, Oct. 14, 1066. 

Hastings, Town of, founded by a 
pirate of that name, Oct. 15, 1006 ; 
destroyed by fire, 1377 ; castle built 
1070. 

Hastings, Lord, put to death in 
the Tower, June 13, 1433. 

Hastings Castle, discovery of an- 
tiquities at, Aug. 1824. 

Hastings, a new town begun to be 
built, half a mile to the westward, 
May 1828. 

Hatfield, James, fired a loaded 
pistol at George III., May 11, 1800. 
at Drury-lane theatre ; he was 
found to be a lunatic ; he died in 
Bethlehem hospital, Jan. 23, 1841, 
aged 69. 

Hats, duty on, 1787, produced 
£40,183. 

Hats improved by Mayhew's pa- 
tent, 1827. 

Hats said to have been made 
first by a Swiss in Paris, 1404 ; they 
were first manufactured in England 



by Spaniards, 1510 ; high croAvned 
hats worn in the reign of Elizabeth, 
and again 1783 ; stamp duty laid on 
hats, 1784; again by Pitt, 1796; 
repealed in 1811. 

Hatton, Sir Christopher, made 
Lord Chancellor, 1587; the first 
neither priest nor lawyer who held 
the office, he died 1591. 

Haugmond Abbey, Shropshire, 
built, 1110. 

Hauser, Gasper, Haarlem, mur- 
dered, Dec. 14, 1833. 

Havannah, Hurricane at the, and 
seventy vessels wrecked, Sept. 23, 
1810. 

Havard College, new England, 
built 1650 ; burned down and re- 
built, 1764. 

Haven of Health, a book so 
called, printed 1584, the work of 
Dr. Cagan, who prescribed rules for 
health : he says, alluding to dinner, 
"When four hours be past after 
breakfast, a man may safely take 
his dinner, and the most convenient 
time for dinner is about eleven 
o'clock before noon ; the usual time 
for dinner in the universities is 
about eleven, or elsewhere about 
noon." 

Haverfordwest Castle, built in 
the reign of Stephen, 1135. 

Havre de Grace, Erance, fortifi- 
ed, 1545 ; defended for the Hugue- 
nots by the English, 1562 ; attacked 
by the English for three davs, July 
6, 1759; bombarded, 1794, and 
1795; again by Sir Eichard 
Strachan, May 25, 1798; declared 
in a state of blockade, Sept. 6, 1803; 
attempt of the English to bum the 
shipping failed, Aug. 7, 1804. 

Hawarden Castle, Elintshire, 
built, 1260 ; demolished, 1643. 

Hawkesburt, Lord, and M. Otto, 
signed preliminaries of peace, Oct. 
1, 1801. 

Hawkers and Pedlars licensed, 
June 24, 1697; restrained, 1785; 
new act for, 1810. 

Hawking, sport of, an ancient 
amusement of the nobility in Eng- 
land. In the time of Richard III., 
1480, only Is. 2d. per week was 



HAY 



301 



HEB 



allowed for the keep of a man, but 
9d. per dav for a hawk ; so the Harl. 
MS. " To John Grey, of Wyltone, 
the maister of the king's hawkes, 
and the keping of a place called the 
Mewes near Charingcrosse in Midd. 
for the terme of his life, with the fee 
of C marcs for himselfe, and the 
wages of xx&. for a gentilman ser- 
geant in the said office; and the 
wages of viij marcs for ij yomen in 
the same office, and for the bord of 
the same yomen ijs. viijcZ. every 
weke, and the wages of xvijK. for vj. 
gromes in the said office, and for 
theire borde every weke viijs. and 
the wages of iiij marcs for ij pages 
in the same office, and for their 
borde every weke ijs. iiij c?. and x 
marcs for theire lyverie ij times a 
yere ; and for xviij hawks every of 
them 9d. by day for their mete." 

Haxey, in Axeholme, Lincoln- 
shire, fifty-six houses burned at, 
1743. 

Haydn, monument erected to his 
memory at Salzburgh, his native 
place, Oct. 1821. 

Haydon's fine historical picture of 
the Judgment of Solomon, exhibit- 
ed, July 1, 1814. 

Haydon, Benjamin, an artist at 
the head of historical painting in 
England, died by his own hand, 
1846. 

Haye, le Sieur de la, died Feb. 
2, 1774, aged 320. 

Hayes, Catherine, hanged for the 
murder of her husband, April 20, 
1726. 

Hayling Island and Bay, Hants, 
made a fashionable resort, 1827. 

Haymaeket Theatre, burned down, 
June 17, 1789. 

Haymaeket, London; the Hay- 
market in this street opened, 1664 ; 
the Haymarket renewed, Jan. 1. 
1831. 

Haymarket Theatre, opened 
1702; patent for, to Eoote, 1747; 
purchased by Colman, Jan. 1, 1777 ; 
rebuilt, 1821, by Nash; on the royal 
visit, Eeb. 3, 1794, sixteen persons 
were trodden to death, and many 
died of the injuries they received. 



Hayti, or Haiti, island of, better 
known as the island of St. Domingo, 
discovered by Columbus, 1492 ; the 
native inhabitants were all butchered 
by the Spaniards ; colonized by the 
French and Spaniards, who were 
assailed by the negro population, 
and a republic established, 1801, by 
Toussaint l'Ouverture, who surren- 
dered to the French, May 7, 
1802; Dessalines, a negro chief, 
ordered a massacre of all the whites, 
May 29, 1804 ; Dessalines crowned 
king, Oct. 8, 1804; died, Sept. 
1805; succeeded by Christophe, 
who became president, Feb. 1807; 
and emperor, March 1811; Petion 
ruled at Port au Prince, who was 
succeeded there by Boyer, May 
1818; Christophe destroyed him- 
self, Oct. 20 ; independence declared 
Dec. 1821 ; confirmed by France, 
April 1825 ; Hayti proclaimed an 
empire, under Solouque, Aug. 26, 
1849. 

Haywood, Mr. Justice, stabbed 
in Westminster Hall, by a Eoman 
Catholic, 1640. 

Head Act, so called, passed by 
the Irish parliament, at the town of 
Trim, 5 Edward IV. 1465, legaliz- 
ing murders of the native Irish. 

Healths, custom of drinking, 
said to have arisen in Saxon times, 
when Eowena, the daughter of 
Hengist, drank Vortigern's health, 
at an entertainment, in a gold cup, 
460. 

Hearth Money, a tyrannical tax, 
levied by king Charles II., 1662, on 
every fire-place in England ; it was 
abolished in the reign of William 
III., 1689. 

Heathen Images destroyed in 
Kent, 640. 

Heat discovered in the moon's 
rays, in America, in 1821. 

Heat,— in Paris, July 19, 1825, 
the thermometer stood at 33 degrees 
3 minutes centigrade. 

Hebebt and his accomplices exe- 
cuted in Paris, March 26, 1794. 

Hebbew Points first introduced 
in reading that tongue, 475. 

Hebrides, New, discovered by 



HEL 



302 



HEN 



Quiros, 1606 ; visited by Bougain- 
ville, 1768 ; and by Cook, 1774, who 
thus named them. 

Heburn Colliery, Northumber- 
land, eleven men destroyed by an 
explosion at, Aug. 18, 1814. 

Hecla, Mount, Iceland, eruptions 
of, 1004, 1766 ; 1846, when several 
new craters were formed, and the 
fire rose to 4000 English feet above 
the summit. 

Hecinecken, called the learned 
prodigy of Lubeck, who was master 
of several languages, at four years 
of age, when he died, 1725. 

Heelbrace for ships, invented by 
Captain Handy, 1829. 

Hegira, or the flight of Mahomet, 
the prophet, from Mecca to Medina, 
July 15, 622 ; the era of the Hegira 
commenced July 16. 

Heidelberg, taken by the Span- 
iards, and its noble library carried 
off to Rome, 1622 ; celebrated for 
its great tun, made in 1343, con- 
taining twenty-one pipes of wine ; a 
larger was made in 1664, which 
contained 600 hogsheads or 300 
pipes, this was destroyed by the 
French in 1688, when another was 
made to contain 800 hogsheads, 
and was once kept full of the product 
of the vintage ; it is now disused ; 
university of, had 887 students, 250 
only natives of Baden, 1830. 

Heights of Romanville and Belle- 
ville, near Paris, on which several 
skirmishes took place between the 
allied troops and the French, which 
ended in the capitulation of Paris, 
March 30, 1814. 

Helder Point, Holland, the fort 
of which and the fleet at the Texel, 
which it covered, surrendered to the 
English force landed for the purpose, 
Aug. 30, 1799, when the invaders 
retired. 

Helena, daughter of Coilus, the 
mother of Constantine, walled in 
London, 294. 

Helena, St., island of, discovered 
by the Portuguese, 1502 ; the Dutch 
settling there, were expelled by the 
English, 1600; the English East 
India company settled there, 1651 ; 



the English and Dutch by turns oc- 
cupied it until 1673, when it was 
given over to the East India com- 
pany by Charles II. It is now re- 
markable as the place of exile of the 
greatest character of modern times, 
the emperor of Erance, Napoleon I., 
Oct. 16, 1815 ; and also as the 
place of his death, May 5, 1821 ; 
the body of Napoleon brought to 
Erance, from St. Helena, and in- 
terred under the dome of the Inval- 
ides, in Paris, Dec. 15, 1840. 

Helioscope, an instrument which 
reflects the image of the sun upon a 
plain surface, invented by Scheiner, 
a German, 1625. 

Heliometer, an instrument for 
measuring the stars, invented by 
Bougier, 1774. 

Hell Eire Clubs, associations 
formed in London, among persons 
of rank, for impious discussions, ri- 
diculing the Trinity, &c. ; the mem- 
bers met at Somerset House, in a 
house in Westminster, and in 
Conduit-street ; they were suppress- 
ed by the council, 1721. 

Helmets, caps of metal for the 
defence of the head, of different 
forms, those of Greece were the 
most graceful ; Richard Cceur de 
Lion wore a plain round helmet, 
1189 ; but his successors, most of 
them, wore crowns above it. 

Helpstone, Northampton, Ro- 
man villa discovered at, June, 1828. 

Helvetic Diet assembled at Berne, 
Sept. 6, 1801. 

Hemp, Granholm's patent for im ■ 
proving, granted, Dec. 25, 1816. 

Hemp and Elax first seen in Eng- 
land, for the purpose of making 
fishing nets,1533 ; bounties conferred 
for its cultivation, 1783 ; import of 
from Russia.,1785, no less than 17,645 
tons ; in that year £2396 was paid 
to encourage its growth ; it requires 
five acres to produce one ton ; the 
annual quantity imported exceeds 
100,000 tons. 

Hengist and Horsa, Saxon chiefs, 
arrive in England, 449; the first 
battle between them and the Britons 
455, when Hens-ist assumed the 



HER 



303 



HER 



title of king of Kent ; Hengist en- 
tertained Vortigem and 300 of the 
English chiefs, on Salisbury Plain, 
when he massacred them all, 476. 

Henderson, Mr., hanged for mur- 
dering Mrs. Dalrymple, March 25, 
1746. 

Henderson, George, extraordin- 
ary trial of, on a charge of a forgery, 
perpetrated by a Mr 5 Macleod, May, 
1726, at Edinburgh. 

Hennis, Peter, M.D., killed in a 
duel at Exeter with Sir John 
Jeffcot, May 18, 1833. 

Henry II. of England held the 
stirrup for pope Alexander to 
mount his horse, and he did the 
same for Beckett, 1161. 

Henry L, king of England, began 
to reign, 1100 ; died, Dec. 1, 1135. 

Henry II., 1154; died, July 6, 
1189. 

Henry IH., 1216 ; died, Nov. 16, 
1272. 

Henry IV., 1399; died, March 

20, 1413. 

Henry V., 1413 ; died, Aug. 31, 
1422. 

Henry VI., 1422 ; murdered, May 

21, 1471. 

Henry VII., 1485; died, April 
22 1509 

Henry VIII., 1509; died, Jan. 
28, 1547. 

Henry VII.'s chapel, built, 1504. 

Henry, Prince of Wales, son of 
James I., 1612. 

Henry III. of France, assassin- 
ated by a monk, 1589. 

Henry IV. of Erance, assassin- 
ated by Ravaillac, 1610. 

HENRY,Prince ofPortugakpromot- 
ed geographical discoveries, 1407. 

Henry, Abbot of Evesham, died, 
Nov. 13, 1263; his remains discover- 
ed in a stone coffin, with carved and 
gilt pastoral staff, chalice, patten, 
and abbotial ring, 1822. 

Heptarchy in England, the 
government of the seven kings, from 
455 to 828, when Egbert subdued 
all the others under his own rule. 

Heraldry first propagated about 
the time of the Crusades, 1095. 

Herald' 



1340; the house of, built, 1670; 
Philip and Mary enlarged the pri- 
vileges of the College. 

Heraldic Lines for coats of arms, 
invented 1639. 

Herrara, Battle of, in Arragon, 
between Don Carlos, of Spain, de- 
feated at the head of 12,000 men 
the army of General Buerens, with 
about half that number ; the latter 
lost l000 men, Aug. 24, 1837. 

Herculaneum, the ancient city 
of, discovered, 1730; which had 
been buried in the lava of an erup- 
tion of Mount Vesuvius, Nov. 1, 
a. d. 72 ; suffered by an earth- 
quake, Eeb. 5, 63; 150 vols, of 
MSS. found there in a chest, Dec. 
1754. 

Herculaneum, glass-shop disco- 
vered at, Eeb. 27, 1829. 

Hereditary Nobility abolished in 
France, June 28, 1790. 

Hereford Cathedral, built 1079 ; 
Saxon ; 352 feet long, 74 broad ; 
the tower 144 feet high ; destroyed 
by the Welsh, 1056; nearly de- 
stroyed by the falling of the tower, 
Sept. 10, 1786. 

Hereford Cathedral, a groin of 
the great nave fell in, Jan. 1790, by 
which two men lost their lives, and 
others were bruised. 

Hereford, New County Hall 
built at, July, 1817; first assizes 
held in it, Aug. 1817. 

Hereford, School at, founded by 
Bishop Trellick, 1384; school re- 
built, 1760. 

Hereford, Bishopric of, once 
suffragan of St. David's ; conquered 
by the Saxons, it came to the pro- 
vince of Canterbury ; founded by 
Milfride, in honour of Ethelbert, 
king of the East Saxons. 

Heretics, thirty, who came from 
Germany to England, to propagate 
their opinions, were branded in the 
forehead, publicly whipped, and left 
naked in the streets, in mid winter, 
when none daring to relieve them, 
they died of cold and hunger, 1160 ; 
law against them repealed, 1534 ; 
in the reign of Henry VIII. to be 
in possession of Tindal's bible, was 



HER 



304 



HES 



heresy ; the law was repealed after- 
wards "by the same prince. 

Heritable Jurisdictions, and 
moveable rights, abolished in Scot- 
land in 1747; these were what 
would be called in England 
feudal rights, and were valued at 
£164,222; the largest sum paid 
was to the duke of Argyle, £21,000, 
and the smallest to J. and J. Smith, 
clerks to the regality of Aberbro- 
thock, £13 : 6 : 8. 

Hermione, Mutineers of, executed 
at Portsmouth, Aug. 14, 1800. 

Hermits, individuals who retired 
from persecution on notions of reli- 
gion adverse to social life, and resid- 
ed alone in caves and desert places, 
under vows and mortifications ; from 
them sprung the houses of the mo- 
nastic orders ; the first of these 
solitary religious seems to have 
been a man called Paulus, who fled 
to the Thebaid desert from persecu- 
tion, about 250. 

Hero, the inventor of the princi- 
ple of the steam-engine, 130 years 
before Christ ; followed by Mathesius 
1563. 

Hero, 74 ; St. George, 78 ; Sal- 
danha frigate, and Defence, 74 ; lost 
on the Haak Sand off the Texel, 
with nearly all the crews, and the 
brave Admiral Eeynolds in the St. 
George, Dec. 24, 1811, — one of the 
severest blows the English navy 
ever received. 

Herod's Foot Gunpowder-works, 
near Liskeard, Cornwall, exploded, 
and dreadfully mutilated two of the 
workmen, April 26, 1852. 

Herring fishing first practised by 
the Dutch, 1164; the herring sta- 
tute passed in 1357 ; true mode 
of preserving and pickling herring 
first practised, 1397; the English 
herring fishing company first estab- 
lished, Sept. 2, 1750. 

Herschel completed his great te- 
lescope of 40 feet, 1787 ; laid before 
the royal society a catalogue of 
nebulae and stars, which he had dis- 
covered with his glasses ; discovered 
the planet Uranus, or the Georgian, 
March 21, 1781 ; a volcano in the 



moon, 1783 ; and subsequently two 
other volcanoes emitting lava. 

Herschel, Dr., discovered two 
satellites revolving round the Geor- 
gian, 1787 ; also a sixth and seventh 
satellite of Saturn, 1789. 

Hertford College, Oxford, 
founded, 1790. 

Hertford, Marquis of, monument 
by Chantrey, erected to his memory 
at Ragley, 1828. 

Hertford East India College, in- 
subordination of, in consequence of 
restrictions of an usher, Nov. 1822. 

Hertford School founded, temp. 
James I., 1617 ; East India College 
at, founded by the East India Com- 
pany, 1806. 

Hervey, Beauchamp Bagnal, put 
to death for treason, 1798. 

Hesse, House of, a landgraviate 
until 1803 ; of ancient standing 
from 1308; prince of, embraced the 
catholic faith, Nov. 1754; the 
prince of, attacked by a lunatic at 
his table, March 24, 1760. 

Hesse-Cassel and France sign a 
treaty of peace, Sept. 1795. 

Hesse, Prince of, chosen king of 
Sweden, March 24, 1720; married 
the princess Mary, May 8, 1740 ; 
arrived in Scotland to suppress the 
rebellion, Feb. 8, 1745 ; arrived in 
London, June 2 ; returned with his 
troops to Germany, June 18, 1746 ; 
princess of, visited England, Aug 
24, 1746. 

Hesse, Disturbances in, 1850 ; in 
1830 the elector gave his people a 
constitution remodelled in 1850 ; in 
1851, endeavouring to evade his own 
act, by demanding money without 
the regular budget ; the chamber de- 
clined voting it, the elector then 
declared the chamber and constitu- 
tion, and country in a state of siege, 
and, proclaiming martial law, he 
was forced to fly into Hanover ; he 
soon after called in foreign troops, 
and ultimately restored his own 
will as the law of the land, by the 
first and last argument of kings. 

Hessians, Body of, taken into 
English pay, 1726; again Hessian 
troops, 6000 in number, landed in 



HIB 



305 



HIG 



England in May 15, 1756 ; re-em- 
barked for Germany, April 28, 
1757; Hessian corps raised to fight 
against the Americans, the prince 
to be paid £30 per head for all killed 
off; in Dec. 23, 1786, the account 
being settled, the sum of £471,000 
was paid into the bank, to the 
credit of the landgrave of Hesse, 
being the sum due to him upon his 
bargain. This sum, divided by 30, 
gives the loss of the Hessian corps 
alone, in that vicious Avar, at 13,700 
men put hors de combat to the 
landgrave's gain. There is no such 
facile mode of knowing the English 
loss of life ; to this circumstance 
Lord Chatham alluded, when he 
spoke of the ministry having re- 
course to the shambles of every 
German despot to slaughter our fel- 
low subjects in America. The 
armed force maintained by this 
petty state is but 10,000 men, so that 
more than its whole standing army 
was put to death in America under its 
successive reinforcements. A force 
was again applied for from this mer- 
cenary principality to put down the 
rebellion in Ireland, 1798. 

Hessian Territory, and Cassel, 
declared to be in a state of siege, 
Sept. 7, 1850 ; the diet of the grand 
duchy of, suddenly dissolved, Sept. 
27, 1850. 

Hetherington, Rev. "W., who 
died, Dec. 2, 1778, left £20,000 as a 
relief for fifty blind persons, each 
£10 per annum. 

Hever Castle, Kent, built, 1340. 

Hexham, Bishopric of, ceased, 
810. 

Hexham, Battle of, in which the 
Lancastrians were beaten by the 
Yorkists, fought, May 15, 1463. 

Hibebnia, a vessel so named, 
bound from Liverpool to Australia, 
with 208 passengers, was destroyed 
at sea through the negligence of the 
second mate, and 150 lives were 
lost from the want of a sufficiency 
of boats to take them in, Feb. 5, 
1833. 

Hibernian Society's Schools num- 
bered, 1825, 1147 schools, and 94,262 



scholars, 50,000 of whom were Ca- 
tholic. 

Hicks' Hall, Smithfield, London, 
built, 1612 ; pulled down, 1782. 

Hicks' Hall, Clerkenwell, begun, 
May 20, 1779 ; completed, 1782. 

Hide Abbey, near Winchester, 
founded, 1130. 

Hieroglyphics, Egyptian ; Cham- 
pollion's further researches, in 1822. 

Hieratic Letters, explaining the 
hieroglyphics of Egypt, and 6000 
signs, discovered by Professor Scyf- 
farth of Leipsic, 1826. 

Higgin, Robert, obtained a patent 
for destroying smoke, 1821. 

High am Eerrers College, North- 
amptonshire, built, 1422. 

High School, Edinburgh, meeting 
to remove the site, Aug. 1822. 

High Constable of England, the 
title of an office formerly used, but 
discontinued about 1521. 

High Admiral, the first in Eng- 
land, 1387. 

Highgate Archwav begun, Oct. 
31, 1812; finished, 1813 ; opened, 
Aug. 20, 1813. 

High Treason Act, formerly so 
oppressive, that the 25th of Edward 
III., 1352, was passed to secure as 
much as possible the liberty of the 
subject, by enacting that two wit- 
nesses are necessary to prove it, al- 
though to please the court the judges 
frequently nullified its good effect 
in too many instances under the 
Stuarts, and in the reigns of Henry 
VII. and VIII. By 40 George 
HI., 1800, it was enacted, that Avhere 
there was an overt act that Avas a 
direct attempt on the life of the 
sovereign, such a trial should be 
conducted in the same Avay as in a 
trial for murder. Act passed re- 
specting treason, 1690 ; amended, 
1795. 

High Church, so called from those 
Avho Avere the advocates of Dr. 
Sacheverel, and admirers of Laud ; 
they affected anxiety for the security 
of the church upon all occasions, 
exciting hatred against the dis- 
senters; the Ioav churchmen Avere 
moderate ; Sacheverel Avas rj- 



H OB 



306 



HOL 



warded for his intolerance by the 
living of St. Andrews, Holborn, 
where he was buried, 1724, despised 
by the men and political party he 
supported from their contempt for 
his abilities, although gainers by 
his turbulence. 

Highland Agricultural Society, 
instituted, Feb. 1785. 

Highland Dress forbidden to be 
worn in Scotland by law, Aug. 
1746; restored, 1782; Highland 
clans reduced by General Cadogan, 
1716 ; clans disarmed, May 31, 
1715 ; again, 1746. 

Highness, a title given to Henry 
VII., afterwards merged in "your 
majesty," and bestowed at present 
on the princes of the royal family. 

Highwaymen, an act passed to 
encourage their apprehension with 
a reward, 1693. 

Highways, the first act to repair 
them passed, 1525. 

Hildesheim's founded, 1818. 

Hinchinbrooke Priory, Hunting- 
donshire, built, 1704. 

Hindoo era, or that of the Caly- 
ug, beginning 3101 years before 
Christ. 

Hindon, Wilts, 150 houses in, 
destroyed by a fire, July 2, 1754. 

Hindostan Indiaman lost in a 
storm, 1803. 

Hinna, or Henna, the plant disco- 
vered in the island of Hinzuan, 1793. 

Hinzaun, or Joanna Island, the 
latter name a corruption of the for- 
mer, visited July 28, 1783, by an 
English frigate. 

Hispaniola and Cuba discovered 
by Columbus, 1492. 

Hitchin, Herts, twenty houses 
destroyed at, by fire, Sept. 11, 
1762. 

Hoblyn, Mr., of Sloane Street, 
introduced cocoa-nut oil into Eng- 
land, 1817. 

" Hobson's Choice," derived from 
one Hobson, who let out horses at 
Cambridge, and obliged any who 
hired them of him to take that next 
the stable door. He was a carrier 
by trade, and put up at the Bull on 
his London journeys. Milton has 



celebrated him, when in the plague 
year he was forbidden to go to Lon- 
don, probably in 1665. 

Hocco, a new bird so called, 
brought from South America to 
France, Nov. 1829. 

Hoche, the French general, com- 
pletely defeated the Austrians, April 
1, 1797. 

Hochkibchen, Battle of, between 
Frederick the Great of Prussia and 
Count Daun ; Frederick was de- 
feated, being surprised, Oct. 14, 
1758. 

Hodnet Church, Salop, monu- 
ment in, erected to the memorv of 
Bishop Heber, 1827. 

Hoff Bridge, near Appleby, com- 
pleted, Oct. 1822. 

Hoffer, Andrew, a Tyrolese 
leader in the service of Austria, shot 
by the French for his resistance 
after the conclusion of the peace, 
Feb. 20, 1810. 

Hohenlinden, Battle of, between 
Moreau and the Austrians, under 
the Archduke John, who was 
beaten, and lost 10,000 killed and 
wounded, with as many prisoners, 
Nov. 3, 1800. 

Hohenzollern, the principality 
of, annexed to the Prussian federa- 
tion, 1852. 

Holborn first paved, 1417. 
Holborn Bars first set up in the 
city of London, 1346. 

Holland Priory, Lancashire, 
founded, 1309. 

Holland, a portion of the terri- 
tory of the Belgse, in the time of the 
Romans, who were subdued by that 
people, 47 a.c. It contains about 
10,000 square miles of surface. Af- 
ter the Romans it was conquered by 
the Frisians, Danes, and Franks. 
The portions near the Rhine and 
Meuse were divided into petty earl- 
doms. In 923 Theodric, or Diodric, 
brother to Herman, Duke of Saxony, 
was appointed Count of Holland by 
Charles the Simple of France, Zea- 
land and Frisland were included in 
his domains. Guilderland was added 
by Henry IV., emperor of Germany 
in 1079 and became a duchy, 1339 ; 



HOL 



307 



HOL 



Utrecht was governed by its power- 
ful prelates. Florence IV. carried 
on hostilities against the Flemings 
and Frisians, dying at Antioch on 
an expedition to the Holy Land, 
1189 ; William I. formed a league 
with John, king of England, the 
emperor Otho, and Ferrand, earl of 
Flanders against France, 1213, but 
he was taken prisoner at the battle 
of Bouvines ; John, earl of Holland, 
married Elizabeth, daughter of Ed- 
ward I. of England ; Philippina, 
daughter of William III., earl of 
Holland, married Edward III. of 
England; Jacquelin, heiress of Hol- 
land, 1417, wedded Jno. IV., duke of 
Brabant, she afterwards married in 
1423, Humphrey, duke of Glouces- 
ter, but the marriage was annulled 
by the pope, and she then wedded, 
1432, Borselen, stadtholder of Hol- 
land ; the country then fell into the 
house of Austria by marriage. In 
1586 the Dutch revolted, and in 1579, 
formed the famous alliance of 
Utrecht ; William of Nassau was the 
stadtholder, 1579; in 1672, Louis 
XIV. invaded Holland, and Amster- 
dam was only saved by opening the 
sluices ; William, the stadtholder of 
Holland, ascended the throne of Eng- 
land in 1688 ; the stacltholdership 
was declared hereditary, 1747 ; in 
1756, the French formed a connec- 
tion which was opposed to the 
stadtholder and England ; in 1780, 
war broke out between Holland and 
England, which ended in the peace 
of 1782 ; the decay of the famous 
republic exhibited, so that in 1787, 
the Duke of Brunswick subdued it 
without resistance ; joining the coa- 
lition to replace the Bourbons on 
the French throne, Holland was 
subdued by the French iii the win- 
ter of 1794-5, when the canals were 
all frozen ; the stadtholder sought 
a refuge in England ; the fleet fell 
into the hands of Admiral Mitchel, 
Aug. 30, 1799 ; the territory was 
next made a kingdom under Louis 
Bonaparte, June 5, 1806, who abdi- 
cated, July 1, 1810 ; Holland was 
then united to France ; after 1814, | 



it was joined to Belgium, and made 
one kingdom, under the Prince of 
Orange, as King of the Netherlands, 
but was separated again in 1830 ; 
Belgium being made a separate 
kingdom, under Prince Leopold, of 
the house of Coburg, as King of 
Belgium, Holland retained its own 
king, with the title of King of the 
Netherlands, who abdicated 1840, 
and was succeeded by his son. 

Holland, Events in. The sea 
broke into Dort, over the dykes, 
and covering the country, more than 
100,000 people perished, 1446 ; Spain 
oppressed the people cruelly, and 
her tyranny and barbarity caused a 
revolt in some of the states, which 
entered into the treaty at Utrecht, 
when they elected William as stadt- 
holder, who was assassinated four 
years afterwards, in 1584, by emis- 
saries of King Philip II. of Spain ; 
the Dutch East India Company was 
founded 1602 ; and a fierce struggle 
ensued for thirty years, which ter- 
minated by the King of Spain being 
obliged to acknowledge the freedom 
of Holland, 1609 ; the Dutch feeling 
their strength made war against 
Spain, in America and the East ; 
they captured the rich Spanish con- 
voys, with several millions sterling, 
and amply avenged themselves upon 
their oppressors, 1635; they went 
to war with Cromwell, 1653, and 
were beaten by Admiral Blake, 
1653 ; William, the stadtholder, 
marrying the daughter of James II. 
of England, ascended the throne, as 
William III , 1688 ; the office of the 
stadtholder was made hereditary in 
the family of Orange, 1747 ; the 
French marched into Holland, 1793, 
and were enthusiastically welcomed ; 
the Dutch fleet defeated by Admiral 
Duncan, off Camperdown, Oct. 11, 
1797 ; a new constitution was given 
to the country, in 1805, with a grand 
pensionary at its head, April 26 
1805 ; restored at the genernl peace, 
the house of Orange had Belgium 
annexed to its dominions, but go- 
verned unwiseh^ whicli caused a 
separation and insurrection, 1830 ; 



HOL 



308 



HOL 



Antwerp was besieged, and war 
commenced, when a treaty between 
Holland and Belgium, signed at 
London, put an end to the united 
empire, April 19, 1839 ; William I., 
who had abdicated, died, Dec. 12, 
1844; Louis Bonaparte, who had 
adopted the title of Count St. Leu, 
the ex-king, died at Leghorn, July 
25, 1846 ; William II. died, March 
17, 1849 ; William III., his son, reg- 
nant, 1853. — Princes of Orange : 
Philibert de Chalons, 1502; Rene 
de Nassau, 1530 ; William of Nas- 
sau, first stadtholder, 1579, born 
1544 ; Philip William, his son, born 
1584, died 1618; Maurice, 1618; 
Frederick Henrv, 1625; William 
II., 1647 ; William HI., 1660 ; Wil- 
liam IV., 1702; William V., 1711; 
William VI., 1751, died 1806; Wil- 
liam Frederick, 1806 ; Louis Bo- 
naparte, 1806, abdicated, July 1, 
1810; William Frederick, Prince of 
Orange, 1813, who was made first 
King of the Netherlands, March 16, 
1815, abdicated, Oct. 7, 1840 ; Wil- 
liam II., 1840 ; William III., 1849, 
regnant. 

Holland, Population : On the 1st 
of January, 1833, the population of 
this country, as appears by an offi- 
cial enumeration, amounted to 
2,460,954 souls, independently of 
Limburg and Luxemburg. As the 
average yearly increase is about 
60,000, the present number of its in- 
habitants may be estimated at 
2,520,900. That of Belgium was, 
on the same day, in 1833, 4,142,257, 
the increase in the four years pre- 
ceding having been 485,257, or, on 
an average, 121,314 per annum. 

Holland, New, once the name of 
the whole ; the western part of the 
Australian continent, is only so 
named now, or West Australia, dis- 
covered, 1605, lying between 15 and 
35 degrees south latitude, and 112 
and 127 degrees east longitude, com- 
prising the 26 counties of Melbourne, 
Glenelg, Grey, Carnarvon, Twiss, 
Victoria, Durham, Lansdowne, 
Perth, York, Howick, Beaufort, Mur- 
ray, Grantham, Minto, ellington, 



Wicklow, Peel, Sussex, Nelson, 
Goderich, Hay, Lanark, Stirling, 
Plantagenet, Kent. The south ex- 
tremity of this fifth continent was 
discovered by Tasman, 1642. The 
extremity north of the tropic is 
called North Australia. South Au- 
stralia extends from about 27 to 42 
degrees south latitude, and from 
134 to 142 degrees east longitude. 
New South Wales extends from 142 
to 152 degrees east longitude, and 
from 42 degrees south, to 12 north 
latitude ; it comprises 19 counties, 
Bligh, Brisbane, Durham, Glo's- 
ter, Wellington, Philip, Hunter, 
Northumberland, Bathurst, Rox- 
burgh, Cork, Georgiana, Westmore- 
land, Cumberland, King, Argyle, 
Camden, Murray, St. Vincent. It 
was taken possession of by Captain 
Cook, 1770. 

Holland and Zealand forbade the 
marriage of protestants with papists, 
Sept. 1, 1754. ' 

Holland and Prussia subsidized 
by England, April 19, 1794. 

Holland, serious disturbances in, 
June, 1787. 

Holland, British troops first em- 
barked for, April 26, 1793. 

Holland, Mr., contested the right 
of the city of London to tolls, and 
won his cause, 1754. 

Hollanders made money of paste- 
board, 1574. 

Holdernesse, Earl of, resigned 
his governorship of the Prince of 
Wales, and Lord Bruce succeeded 
him, Jan. 1782. 

Holkar, the Mahratta chief, de- 
feated in India, near Deeg, by the 
British army, Nov. 15, 1804 ; again 
at Bhurpoor, April 2, 1805 ; peace 
followed, April 10 ; treaty Avith, Dec. 
24, 1805. 

Hollingburt Castle, Sussex, Bri- 
tish antiquities discovered at, 1825. 

Hollowat, near London, a house 
at, struck with lightning, and rent 
from top to bottom, the chimney 
knocked down, and much serious in- 
jury inflicted, Aug. 1, 1749. 

Holm Chapel, Cheshire, entirely 
destroyed by fire, July 10, 1753. 



HOL 



309 



HOM 



Holm Cultrum Abbey, Cumber- 
land, built by David, King of Scot- 
land, 1150. 

Holophrexicon, a name given, 
1782, to Sir A. Lever's Museum, 
then deposited in Leicester-bouse, 
Leicester-square. 

Holstein delivered to Russia by 
the Danes, Nov. 16, 1775. Since 
1 S15, the King of Denmark, as pos- 
sessor of Holstein, has had a seat in 
the Germanic confederation. 

Holt Mineral Springs discovered 
1726. 

Holt Alliance, a league between 
Russia, Prussia, and Austria, to 
abide by each other in subduing all 
European outbreaks ; England de- 
clined being a party to it, Sept. 26, 
1815 ; the King of the Netherlands 
joined it, June 21, 1816. 

Holy Scriptures, misprints, in 

chap.- x. of Proverbs, verse 23 : — 

Eyre and Strahan's edition, 

1816 : — "It is as sport to a fool 

to do mischief." 

Charles Bill, 1698:—" It is a 

sport," &c. 
Thomas Newcombe, 1699: — " It 

is as a sport," &c. 
Cambridge, no date, stereotype : — 

"It is as a sport," &c. 
Mark and Charles Kerr, 1795 : — 

" It is a sport," &c. 
Ditto, royal 4to, 1793 :— " It is as 

sport," &c. 
Ditto, 12mo, 1799, Cannes' notes : 

— " It is a sport," &c. 
Ditto, folio, 1793:— "It is as 

sport," &c. 
Blair and Bruce, 1813 :— " It is as 

sport," &c. 
Ditto, 1816 :— " It is a sport," &c. 
Ditto, 1821 :— " It is as sport," 

&c. 
One edition runs thus : — " It is 
sport to a fool," &c. The Bi- 
shop's Bible, commonly called 
Matthew Park's Bible, folio, 
1573, not now authorized, has 
it thus: — "A fool dooth wicked- 
ly, and makethbut a sport of it." 
Holy Trinity Chm'ch, Dorchester, 
taken down, June, 1823. 
Holy Maid of Kent, Elizabeth 



Barton, who, pretending to inspira- 
tion, foretold that Henry VIII. 
would die a violent death "if he di- 
vorced Catherine of Spain, and mar- 
ried Anne Boleyn. For this, she 
with her followers were hanged at 
Tyburn, April 20, 1534. 

Holy Cross Abbey, Tipperary, 
Ireland, built 1169. 

Holy Rood, festival of, in the Ca- 
tholic church, on account of the pre- 
tended discovery of a piece of the 
true cross, by the Emperor Herac- 
lius, 615. 

Holyrood House. Edinburgh, a 
palace for several centuries of the 
Scottish monarchs, near where the 
Abbey of the same name stood, built 
in 1128. The palace is not older 
than two centuries and a half; a 
large part was built by Charles II. ; 
repaired, 1753. 

Holy Water used in the Catholic . 
chiu-ch in 120. 

Holy Wars, the crusades so called, 
in defence of the Christian faith 
against the infidels. The most in- 
human and wicked of all wars kin- 
dled by a preacher, called Peter the 
Hermit ; in one out of many expe- 
ditions in this barbarian pursuit, 
300,000 men perished. The first 
crusade took place 1094 ; others, 
1147, 1189, 1191, 1267. 

Holy Trinity, order of knighthood, 
begun 1211. 

Holy Ghost, order of knighthood, 
so called, begun in France, 1468 : 
restored, Jan. 1, 1559 ; abolished at 
the revolution, 1791 ; at Rome, 179S. 

Holyhead Church, Isle of Angle- 
sey, built 1291. 

Holyhead Road greatly improved 
for the mail, 1822. 

Holyhead Harbour enlarged, 
1824. 

Homage of the Welsh princes to 
Alfred the Great, 881 ; of Constan- 
tine of Scotland, 923 ; Malcolm of 
Scotland, 1070, 1072; William of 
Scotland, 1200; of the Irish princes, 
1210 ; of the king of England to the 
pope, 1216 ; of Alexander of Scot- 
land, 1217. 

Homeldon, Battle of, between the 



HOO 



310 



HOE 



English Percies and the Scotch 
Douglases. Douglas was taken pri- 
soner, with the Earls of Angus, 
Murray, Fife, Orkney, and many of 
the principal nobility and gentry 
of Scotland, 1403. 

Home, Popham, General Sir, de- 
stroyed a canal at Ostend, and left 
a British regiment behind prisoners, 
May 19, 1798. 

Homer, Works of, said to have 
been burned in the fire at Constan- 
tinople, written with golden letters 
on the gut of some large animal, 477. 

Homilies drawn up by Archbi- 
shop Cranmer, 1547 ; another edi- 
tion of, was prepared by order of 
Queen Elizabeth, 1563. 

Honduras, terrible storm at, the 
sea driven in over the low lands, and 
numerous houses, with fifteen ves- 
sels, destroyed, Jan. 1, 1788. 

Hone prosecuted by the govern- 
ment for three harmless political 
parodies, and as often acquitted, to 
the ministerial disappointment, Dec. 
18, 1817. 

Honeymoon, some say another 
name for hydromel, of which Attila 
the Hun drunk so much on his wed- 
ding-day, 453, that he died from it ; 
but this is apocryphal. 

" Honi soit qui mal y pense," the 
motto of the order of the garter, in- 
stituted, April 23, 1349. 

Honiton, Devonshire, nearly all 
destroyed by fire, July 19, 1747; 
149 houses burnt there, 1765; 37 
destroyed, May, 1790; and 47 burned 
down, 1797 ; bridge of, carried away 
by a flood, Nov. 10, 1807. 

Hood, Robin, and his man Little 
John, said to have been Earl of 
Huntingdon, noted bandits in the 
north, 1190. 

Hood's Island, one of the Galli- 
pagos, in the Pacific, explored, June, 
1793. 

Hood, Lord, brought from Tou- 
lon, 14,877 French emigrants, Eeb. 
13, 1794. 

Hooper, Bishop, monument erect- 
ed to his memory, on the Knapp, 
St. Mary's Square, Gloucester, where 
he suffered, Sept. 1826. 



Hope, John, called to the bar of 
the Commons, for a breach of privi- 
lege, July 17, 1822. 

Hops, duty on, 1850— £309,443, 
14s., expenses of collecting, £3748, 
3 : 7. 1851— duty, £433,989 : 8 : 10 ; 
collecting, £3380 : 4 : 7. 

Hops introduced into England, 
from the Netherlands, 1524, when 
they were stated by medical men to 
be unwholesome from narcotic their 
tendency, 1528 ; see Beer. 

Horatio, brig, blown up at St. 
Helena, when all on board perished, 
Sept. 1825. 

Horn, supposed to be the old wind 
instrument; from the Welsh horn 
made of that substance, and called 
pibhorn ; the dance called the horn- 
pipe supposed to be derived, 1300. 

Horned Cattle, diseases among, 
1746, 1747, 1749, 1751, 1753, 1757. 

Horne End, the roof of a barn 
which had been converted into a 
methodist meeting-house fell in 
during the service, by which four 
persons were killed and many 
wounded, July 12, 1810. 

Horne Tooke, see Hardy. 

Hornblower, Jonathan, patent 
for a steam-wheel, 1805, to work 
with vanes. 

Horse, the, practice of shoeing 
with iron, introduced, 481 ; the pre- 
sent mode by William I., 1066 ; 
there are said to be a million of 
horses for draught and riding in 
England, and 100,000 agricultural 
horses; a tax on them was first 
levied, 1784; increased in 1796 
and 1808 ; the duty on riding horses 
only, returns £350,000 per annum. 

Horse, an English, that perform- 
ed a number of tricks taught him by 
his master, who exhibited him, con- 
demned to the flames at Lisbon, as 
being possessed by a devil, 1601. 

Horse Guards, instituted 1553 ; 
horse grenadiers, 1693 ; horse guards 
building, Whitehall, erected 1758. 

Horses exported from England, 
from 1750 to 1772, 29,131. 

Horses, three and a colt, poisoned 
with a solution of arsenic, and two 
recovered, 1811, at Newmarket. 



HO S 



311 



HOS 



Horses, the names of those used 
in noble families, 1512 ; a gentil 
horse, one of the best breed ; a pal- 
trey, principally used by ladies ; hob- 
bies, small strong active nags ; cloth- 
sek, a cloak-bag horse, as a male 
horse carried post ; monteanx ; car- 
riage, once called waggon horses ; a 
quiet double-trotting horse was a 
tall, stout, broad animal ; a curtal 
was a horse with his tail cut ; a gam- 
baldynge was a showy prancer ; and 
an amblynge horse, an ambler as 
now understood. 

Horseshoe found in the heart of 
an elm-tree, at Konigsburgh, with a 
nail in it, and in good preservation, 
1810. 

Horseshoe of silver found near 
Strangford, in Ireland, April 1828. 

Horsleydown, thirty houses and 
shipping at, destroyed by fire, April 
30, 1780. 

Horizontorium, an instrument so 
called, invented by Mr. Spires, xVug. 
1821. 

Horticultural and Botanical So- 
ciety formed at Colchester, in Aug. 
1823. 

Horticultural Societies found- 
ed : one in London, 1804 ; Edin- 
burgh, 1809; Dublin, Jan. 1817; 
the foundation of many useful dis- 
coveries and naturalizations of fo- 
reign plants. 

Hosier's expedition to Porto 
Bello, Aug. 23, 1727. 

Hospitallers, order of knight- 
hood, or the military knights of St. 
John of Jerusalem, under religious 
vows, 1048, 1097 ; they became a 
military order, 1118. St. John's 
Gate, Clerkenwell, London, was 
once at the entrance of this hospital, 
the latter long ago demolished. 

Hospital, New, Nottingham, be- 
gan Sept. 1823, called the Plumptre 
Hospital, from the promoter being a 
descendant of John de Plumptre, 
who founded the hospital there, 1392. 

Hospital, Floating, meeting held 
to establish one on the Thames, 
March, 1821. 

Hospitals of London, see Guy ; 
the French statistics of hospitals 



state that the number of beds in 
London hospitals is not in proportion 
with that of the other capitals in 
Europe, comparatively to their re- 
spective populations. The London 
hospitals only contain 5000 beds. 
Its mortality amounts yearly to 
45,000 inhabitants, or to 123 daily. 
In 1800 the population of the me- 
tropolis was only 1,000,000 souls, 
the mortality 22,000, and the num- 
ber of beds 4350. Thus, whilst, the 
population and mortality increased, 
in the last 45 years, by nearly one- 
half, the number of beds in the hos- 
pitals augmented only one-seventh. 
There exist, it is true, in London a 
number of charitable institutions, 
and many manufacturers have in- 
firmaries, in which the workmen 
who have not the means of being 
attended at home, or who dislike 
entering hospitals, find medical re- 
lief. The population of Paris now 
exceeds 900,000. The number of 
beds in the) hospitals is 10,000, and 
the mortality, as compared with 
that of London, proportionally the 
same, or 60 per day. The population 
of Vienna is 330,000 souls ; the num- 
ber of beds in the hospitals 5700, and - 
the annual mortality 17,000. At 
Berlin, the population is 365,000 
inhabitants ; the number of beds 
3000, and the annual mortalitv 
9000. At St. Petersburgh, the po- 
pulation is 476,000 inhabitants ; the 
number of beds in the hospitals, 
6000 : and the annual mortality is 
11,000. At Warsaw, the popula- 
tion is 150,000 ; and the number of 
beds in the hospitals 4000. It re- 
sults from these returns that Paris 
is, after London, the capital offering 
the smallest proportion of beds in 
the hospitals. 

Hospitals at present open in 
London, of which the most impor- 
tant among many are as follows : — 
1852, 

London Hospital, established 1759 
Ditto Samaritan, attached 1791 
St. Katherine's, now in Re- } 

gent's Park, removed > 1273 
from the Minories, 1826 ) 



HOU 



312 



HOU 



Charing Cross Hospital 1832 

Middlesex ditto 1745 

University College ditto 1833 

King's ditto ditto 1839 

Westminster, Broadway 1719 

St. George's Hvde Park corner 1733 

St. Maiy's, Paddington 1846 

St. Luke's, for the insane, 1732 

Fever, Islington 1802 

Consumption, Brompton 1841 

Foundling Hospital 1739 

The Fever Hospital 1828 

Bethlehem ditto 1546 

St. Thomas' ditto 1215 

Guy's ditto 1721 

Dutch and German Jews 1795 

Spanish and Portuguese Jews 1811 

French Protestant.". 1716 

Lving-in Hospitals 1749, 

'1750, 1752, 1765, 1778, 1780, 

1782, 1794, 1801, 1816, 1818, 

1822 

Hospital of Surgery 1 827 

Lock Hospital 1746 

St. Bartholomew 1546 

Magdalen 1758 

London Female Penitentiary 1807 

Seaman's Hospital 1821 

Christ's Hospital 1552 

There are numerous smaller hospi- 
tals, private and public charities, 
asylums, dispensaries, &c, besides 
the above, which are the most im- 
portant. Greenwich asylum and 
hospital for seamen, founded 1694, 
has an income of £70,000 per an- 
num. Chelsea, for soldiers, begun 
1681, and finished 1690-1692. 

Host, elevation of the, begun by 
papal authority, 1201 ; kneeling 
commanded, 1201; a bell to be 
swung at, 1228. 

Hostilities between Austria and 
France commenced Sept. 8, 1805. 

Hottentots, 600 vaccinated by 
the African missionaries, 1808 ; a 
portion of them revolt against, dur- 
ing the Caffre war, 1851. 

Hottinguer, a packet -ship from 
Liverpool, wrecked on the Glamor- 
gan Bank, and thirteen of the crew 
perished, Jan. 18, 1852. 

Houghton Hall, Norfolk, burned 
down, Dec. 12, 1789. 

Houghton, Edward, of Dublin, 



one of the munificent founders of 
the Royal Hibernian Academy, died, 
1833. 

Houghton Gallery of Pictures, 
sold to the empress of Russia, 1779. 

Hounslow Heath powder-mills, 
blown up and several persons killed, 
July 25, 1826. 

House of Commons, the Irish, di- 
vided 105 to 106, against the union 
with England; the English, 140, 
141, and 149, against 15, 25, and 28, 
respectively, Jan. 22, 1799. 

Holtse of Commons, English, 
built 1348; burned Oct. 16, 1834; 
rebuilding, but not near completed, 
between 1837 and 1853. Irish 
House of Commons begun 1729 ; 
opened, 1732; burned, 1792: re- 
built and converted into a national 
bank, 1808. 

Houses erected in St George's 
Fields, between 1781 and 1792, 
were 1681 in number. 

Houses in England, total number 
in 1851, was : — 

Inhabited 3,675,451 

Uninhabited ... 165,602 
Building 29,109 

Total 3,870,162 

Houses in London, 1851 : 

Inhabited 307,722 

Uninhabited 16,889 

Building 4,117 

Total 328,728 



Sixty blown up in London, includ- 
ing a tavern full of company, oppo- 
site Barking Church, Tower-street, 
by the accidental firing of several 
barrels of gunpowder at a ship- 
chandler's house, Jan. 4, 1649 ; a 
child unhurt was found on the leads 
of the church, where it had been 
blown by the explosion ; a house 
fell down in White Hart Yard, 
Druiy Lane, by which two persons 
were killed and others dreadfully 
maimed, Dec. 14, 1809; two fell in 
Fishmongers' Lane, Old-street, bu- 
rying eleven persons in the ruins, 
April 8, 1811. 



HOW 



313 



HOW 



Housekeeping, expenses of, in different years, in a family of the middle 
class, supposed to reside in London, before and after the war of 1793 : — 

1792. } 1813. 1 1823. 



£. 

House-rent 60 

Assessed taxes and poor-rate 18 

Was;es; two women servants 18 

Clothes 60 

Boots and shoes 9 

Wine, spirits, and strong beer 16 

Table beer 7 

Tea, sugar, and other groceries 22 

Fuel 24 

Light, viz. candles and oil 6 

Washing 16 

Bread 25 

Butcher's meat 25 

Milk, butter, fish, cheese 50 

Education 14 

Medical attendance 14 

Furniture ; annual repairs and purchases 14 

Incidents, such as postage, stationery, charity, pocket 

disbursements 35 

Expenses of a less necessary character, such as ex- 
cursion to the sea-side, or the country 30 

Expense of company 35 

Furniture; interest on the money invested in its 

purchase; also its insurance against fire 42 



£ 
100 
47 
22 
85 
18 
35 
11 
38 
35 
10 
25 
50 
45 
85 
22 
20 
24 



55 



50 
60 



63 



£ 

90 
40 
22 
70 
16 
30 

9 
35 
30 

8 
22 
25 
30 
70 
20 
20 
20 



50 

40 

50 

53 



House Tax, commenced 1778 ; 
increased, 1808; abolished, 1834. 

Houses in England and Wales 
paying the window tax, 1784, with 

seven windows 286,296 

7 to 10 211,483 

11 windows 38,324 

11 to 12 ditto 24,919 

14 to 19 ditto 67,652 

20 upwards 52,652 

Total 681,326 

Scotland 17,734 

699,060 



Population, 1784, 6,000,000 ; eight 
windows paid 3s. ; nine windows, 8s.; 
tax abolished 1851, and 7d. in the 
pound house duty substituted on 
houses above £20 rent ; see Win- 
dows. 
How Passage, Gloucestershire, 



540 900 750 

two antique brazen bowls found at, 
with a Latin inscription, Oct. 1828. 

Howard, Earl of Suffolk, com- 
mitted to the Tower for granting 
written protections, Jan. 21, 1724-5. 

Howard, Earl of, made Earl 
Marshal, 1483 ; Lord High Admi- 
ral, 1512 ; drowned, 1513. 

Howard, Duke of Norfolk, exe- 
cuted for attempting to marry Mary 
Queen of Scots, 1572. 

Howard, Henry, Duke of Norfolk, 
made hereditary Earl Marshal of 
England, Oct. 19, 1671. 

Howard, the philanthropist, 
reached Cherson, on the Black Sea, 
on his way to Turkey, Nov. 17, 
1789 ; he announced thence an ounce 
of bark and dram of snakeroot and 
wormwood never failed to cure the 
ague of a morass under his window, 
extending 20 miles. 

Howe, Admiral Lord, defeated the 



HUN 



314 



H UN 



French fleet, taking seven sail of the 
line, June 1, 1794. i 

Howel Dha, King of Wales, the 
great lawgiver, 940. 

Hudson's Bay and Straits disco- 
vered, when in search of a north 
west passage, 1609. 

Hudson's Bay Company obtained 
a charter of possession here, 1670 ; 
their houses destroyed by the 
Trench, 1686 and 1782. 

Huguenots, Massacre of, on the 
day of St. Bartholomew, in France, 
Aug. 24, 1572. 

Hugh de Beauvais, with 40,000 
followers, coming to the assistance 
of king John, perished in a storm, 
1215. 

Hughes, Admiral, defeated the 
French fleet in the East Indies, Feb. 
9, 1782. 

Hull, opposite St. John's church, 
in excavating the dock, a sword was 
found, the handle grasped by the 
bones of a skeleton that crumbled 
into dust on being touched, March, 
1828. 

Hull, Junction Dock at, complet- 
ed at an expense of £180,000, cover- 
ing six acres, July 1829. 

Hull, founded, 1296 ; incorpo- 
rated by the name of Kingston, 
1299, whence its appellation of 
Kingston-upon-Hull. 

Hullhouse, Mr., discovered the 
art of gilding and silvering silk, 
1794. 

Hulls, Jonathan, took out a pa- 
tent for moving vessels by steam, 
with Newcomen's engine, 1736. 

Humane Society founded 1774. 

Humbert, the French general, 
landed in Ireland, Aug. 22, 1798. 

Hume, Earl of, committed to 
Edinburgh Castle, Aug. 24, 1715. 

Humiliati, a religious society 
founded by certain persecuted Mi- 
lanese, 1162 ; abolished on a charge 
of luxury and cruelty by Pius V., 
1570. 

Hundred Days, the second reign 
of Napoleon, after his return from 
Elba, and again ascending the 
throne of France, from March 20, 
1815, to June 28, 1815. 



Hundred, a division of a county, 
or shire ; made by king Alfred, 890 ; 
it had a court to deal justice within 
its limits called the hundred court. 

Hungary Water first noted, 1631. 

Hungary, the ancient Roman 
Dacia, afterwards conquered by the 
Huns, Avars, and other savage 
tribes of Slavonic origin ; afterwards 
conquered by the Magyars, remain- 
ing under dukes from their past 
settlement, in 884; St. Stephen, 
999, was the first king of Hungary, 
it having been independent from 
920 ; the Poles overrun the country 
1061 ; and next the Tartars and 
other barbarous tribes/, Louis I. call- 
ed the Great, subdued a great part of 
Dalmatia, and carried his arms into 
Italy, 1342 ; he was succeeded by 
his daughter Mary, who was de- 
nominated " King of Hungary ; " 
dying in 1392, the succession was 
disputed, and Sigismund, Mar- 
quis of Brandenburg, who had 
wedded Mary, was elected. 
1411 he was made emperor of 
Germany ; Albert of Austria mar- 
ried the daughter of Sigismond, 
1438, and they jointly reigned ; 
hence grew the power of the house 
of Austria. Ladislas, king of Po- 
land, succeeded, but was killed in 
the battle of Werna, fighting 
against the Turks ; John Hunniades 
was appointed regent. Ladislas, 
the son of Albert, was poisoned, 
1457, and the power got into the 
hands of the son of Hunniades ; 
Matbias Corvinus proclaimed king 
by the states, in the plain of Rakos, 
near Pesth. In 1485 he seized upon 
Vienna and the Austrian states, and 
held them until he died, 1490. He 
was the greatest prince that ever 
ruled in Hungary, brave, prudent, 
and learned, he founded a fine li- 
brary at Buda ; in 1516, Louis II. of 
Hungary lost his life at the battle 
of Mohatz, fighting against the 
Turks, when 12,000 Hungarians 
fell, and 20,000 were made captives ; 
the house of Austria again filled the 
throne of Hungary in 1541, under 
Ferdinand I., who was brother to 



HUN 



315 



HUN 



the emperor Chailes V., but John 
Zopolski was elected by the Hun- 
garians, and supported by the Turks. 
In 1541, Ferdinand ruled alone, and 
was elected emperor of Germany, 
1558. The crown of Hungary af- 
terwards remained with the em- 
perors of Germany until 1804, when 
the emperor became emperor of 
Austria only, in the person of 
Francis I. of Hungary and II. of 
Germany. The grand duchy of 
Transylvania was considered a part 
of Hungary until 1540, when, in 
consequence of a treaty between the 
Vaivode and Ferdinand of Austria, 
it began to be regarded as a sepa- 
rate state, and Stephen Battori, 
1571, held the rule until 1602. 
Hungary had been always governed 
by its own code of laws under its 
kings, since the house of Austria 
had became masters of the crown ; 
they always vigorously defended 
their ancient laws, while, until 
1785, the people were in a state 
of villanage ; in 1764, the em- 
peror and queen of Hungary at- 
tempted to define the law of land- 
lord and tenant, or peasant ; Joseph 
II. suppressed villanage in Moravia, 
Bohemia, and Hungary, 1786 ; the 
freedom there was still, rather 
that of the aristocracy than of the 
people. Hungary possessed nearly 
6,500,000 of population, more spi- 
rited and active than the plodding, 
ignorant Austrian, whose Index Ex- 
purgatorius at Vienna exceeded that 
of Rome, 1812; the university at 
Buda had a large revenue some 
years since. The continued ag- 
gressions of Austria upon Hungary, 
with the view of destroying the old 
constitution, and assimilating it to 
the other dependent provinces of 
the empire, produced a revolt in 
1848, the state of other parts of 
the Austrian dominions presenting 
a favourable opportunity for the 
purpose. Sept, 29, 1848, the 
Hungarians beat the Ban of 
Croatia in an open combat ; the 
treacherous conduct of Austria in- 
duced the Hungarians to declare 



the kingdom independent, Dec. 8, 
1848; the Hungarians defeated by 
the Austrians at Szikszo, Dec. 28, 
1848, and by the Ban Jellachich, at 
Mohr, Dec. 29, 1848; driven over the 
Waag, Jan. 2, 1849 ; Buda taken, 
Jan. 5, 1849; the Hungarians com- 
pletely defeated the Austrians at 
Gran, April 17, 1849 ; the Austrians 
obliged to fly from Pesth, April 18 ; 
and craved aid of Russia, and a 
Russian army marched to help them, 
May 1, 1849; the first battle be- 
tween the Austro-Russians and the 
Hungarians, the latter retire across 
the Waag, June 21, 1849 ; battle of 
Acs, July 2, 1849 ; the Hungarians 
rout the Ban Jellachich, July 14, 
1849 ; the Hungarians defeated by 
the Russians, in a three-days' com- 
bat, and their leader, Gorgey, re- 
treated, July 15, 1849; battle of 
Komorn, with the Austro-Russians, 
July 16, 1849 ; Bern, the Hungarian, 
entered Moldavia, July 23, 1849 ; 
the Hungarian army worsted before 
Temeswar, Aug. 9, 1849; Komorn 
surrendered to the Austrian over- 
whelming forces, Sept. 28, 1849 ; 
the war soon after terminated, with 
endless Austrian proscriptions and 
executions. 

Hun oaky, kings of — 

Stephen 999 

Peter the German, deposed... 1038 

Aba 1041 

Peter reinstated, again deposed 1044 

Andrew I. deposed 1047 

Belal 1061 

Salamon, Andrew's son 1064 

Geisa 1 1075 

Ladislas the Pole 1077 

Coleman 1095 

Stephen 1114 

Belall 1131 

Geisa II 1141 

Stephen III 1161 

Bela HI 1174 

Emeric 1196 

Ladislas II. reigned only six 

months .". 1204 

Andrew II 1205 

Bela IV 1235 

Stephen IV 1270 

Ladislas III 1272 



HUN 



316 



HUT 



Andrew III. son of Rodolph 

of Hapsburgh 1290 

Oharobut 1309 

Louis the Great, king of Po- 
land 1342 

Mary, daughter of Louis 1382 

Mary and Sigismond 1392 

Albert, Duke of Austria 1437 

LadislasIV 1440 

Ladislas V 1453 

Matthias Corvinus 1458 

Ladislas VI. king of Bohemia. 1490 
Louis II. of Hungary, and 

I. of Bohemia of that name 1516 
John Zopolski and Ferdinand 

I. king of Bohemia 1526 

Ferdinand I. only elected em- 
peror of Germany 1541 

Maximilian, emperor, 1564,... 1561 

Rodolph 1573 

MathiasII 1609 

Ferdinand II 1619 

Ferdinand III 1625 

Ferdinand IV 1647 

Leopold 1 1653 

Joseph 1 1687 

Charles 1711 

Maria Theresa, empress 1740 

Joseph II 1780 

Leopold II 1790 

Francis I. the second Francis 

emperor of Germany 1792 

Francis I. emperor of Austria 

only, after 1804 

Ferdinand V. do. (abdicated) 1835 
Francis Joseph, regnant 1848 

Hungerford Market, old, built, 
1699; the new market, July 2, 
1833. 

Hungerford Bridge, on the sus- 
pension principle, opened, May 1, 
1745, 1342 feet long; the central 
distances, 676 feet ; the height of 
the sustaining towers, 55 feet; above 
the water, 84 feet; the masonry 
cost £60,000; the iron work, 700 
tons, £17,000; the approaches, 
£13,000; the total, £102,254. 

Hunslet, stone coffin at, and body 
found in the midst of a field, covered 
Avith plaster, and having glass beads 
also enclosed, Dec. 1823. 

Huns overrun Mesopotamia and 
were defeated by the Goths, 383 ; 



defeated and extirpated by the great 
Charlemagne, 794. 

Hunt, Seth, examined before a 
parliamentary committee as to the 
safety of steamboats on rivers, and 
their rate of going. The vested ca- 
pital in those of England supposed 
to have risen to £140,000, Sept. 1, 
1817. 

Huntingdon, School at, founded 
in the reign of Henry II., as is ima- 
gined by certain bequests ; inquisi- 
tion on the estates of, held April 5, 
1570. 

- Huntingdon Monastery, destroy- 
ed by the Danes, 870 ; castle, built, 
921 ; repaired, 1068 ; taken by 
Charles I., Aug. 24, 1645. 

Hurricane, in Jamaica, July 
30, 1784, attended with an earth- 
quake, 170 persons killed, and 
many maimed ; in France, July 14, 
1788. 

Hurricane, dreadful one at Do- 
minica, Sept. 9, 1806. 

Hurricane in the Ganges, Oct. 
11, 1737. 

Hurst Castle, Hants, built, 1539. 
Hurtmonceaux Castle, Sussex, 
built before 1006. 

Husbandry first encouraged by 
act of parliament, 1489. 

Huselisson, William, M.P., killed 
by the wheels ^of a railway carriage 
passing over his legs, Sept. 15, 1830; 
he suffered amputation, but sunk 
under it. 

Huss, John, put to death for his 
belief, when under a safe conduct 
from the emperor Sigismond, before 
a council of priests at Constance, 
who had instigated the pope to issue 
a bull against heretics; by the 
clergy he was cast into prison, in 
defiance of the emperor's pledge, 
and they burned him alive, July 6, 
1415 ; having got his companion, 
Jerome of Prague, into their power, 
they burned him alive the following 
year, May 30, 1416. 

Hustings, an ancient court of the 
city of London, granted to be kept 
weekly by Edward the Confessor, 
1052. 

Hutchinson, John, the inventor 



ICE 



317 



ICH 



of a time-piece for finding the lon- 
gitude, 1712; and the promulga- 
tor of some "whimsical opinions 
regarding Scripture philosophy, 
with a reform of the original lan- 
guage of the Bible, and an expla- 
nation of its true sense, died, 1737. 

Hut, taken by the French; re- 
taken by the Allies, 1705. 

Hyalographe, an instrument for 
tracing a design on a transparent 
surface, invented in Paris, 1822. 

Hyde Abbey, near Winchester, 
founded, 1130, to which the remains 
of Alfred the Great were removed : 
a jail occupies its site. 

Hyde Park, London, commencing 
at the west end of Piccadilly, and 
extending towards Kensington ; 
the entrance is by a neat screen, 
extending from Apsley House to 
the westward, completed in 1828; 
the northern side is entered by 
Cumberland Gate, from the west 
end of Oxford Street, under the 
marble arch of triumph that formerly 
stood opposite Buckingham Palace, 
St. James's Park ; camp in, July 
31, 1715; May 4, 1722 ; Sept., 1745. 
In 1850, the Crystal Palace, for the 
exhibition of works of art, was 
erected in ; demolished, 1852. 

Hyde, Sir Edward, made lord 
chancellor, 1658; impeached, July 
10, 1662; dismissed by the king, 
Oct. 25, 1667 ; impeached for high 
treason, Nov. 6, 1667 ; withdrew 
from the court to France, Nov. 30, 
1667 ; banished, Dec. 19, 1667 ; died 
at Rouen, in Normandy, 1674. 



Hyder Ali defeated and driven 
from his territories by the British, 
under General Coote, Aug. 27, and 
Sept. 27, 1782. 

Hydraulic Weighing Machine, 
invented in France, by M. Henr} r , 
Sept. 1821. 

Hydraulic Chemistry invented, 
1746. 

Hydraulic Fire-Engines invented, 
1682. 

Hydraulic Press invented by 
Bramah, 1818. 

Hydrogen, Explosion of, in the 
department of the.Saone and Loire, 
Aug. 9, 1821 ; 17 persons perished 
in the column of fire, which rose 52 
feet above the mouth of the pit. 

Hydrometer, new one invented 
by Baptist Loudi of St. Gall, Swit- 
zerland, Jan. 1814. 

Hydrometer, an instrument for 
measuring the gravity and density 
of fluids, 400. 

Hydrostatics taught by Archi- 
medes, before Christ 200 years ; a 
science revived by Galileo, 1620; 
elucidated by Newton, 1714. 

Hyena's Cave discovered, near 
Maidstone, at Boughton-hill ; bones 
of the horse and rat also found there, 
June 1827. 

Hymns in Christian churches, by 
some said to have been introduced 
into Christian worship from the 
Jewish psalmody. St. Hilary of 
France composed them for the use 
of Christian churches, 431. 

Hytton Castle, Durham, built, 
930. 



Iceland, discovered by a Danish 
pirate, 860 ; peopled from Norway, 
874- was a republic until 1261, 
when it submitted to Norway ; 
Hekla here, a volcano 5000 feet 
high ; ten eruptions between 1104 
and 1693; a terrible one, 1766; a 
new volcano appear d in 1783 ; a 
terrible mortality of cattle in, 1784 ; 
19,488 horses, 6800 beeves, and 



129,947 sheep died ; the black death 
visited the island, 1250; highest 
elevation in Snofiel, 6860 feet ; 
commercial monopoly suppressed in 
1759. 

" Ich Dien," I serve, the motto of 
the blind king of Bohemia, slain at 
the battle of Cressy, Aug. 26, 1346 ; 
said to have been adopted by the 
Black Prince, as the motto for the 



IMA 



318 



IMP 



plume which he wore, and which he 
adopted. This has been doubted 
by some. 

Ice proved to be lighter than wa- 
ter, by Galileo, 1597. 

Iconoclasters, or Iconoclasts, 
image breakers, a sect that appeared 
722, supported by the emperor Leo 
I. ; it caused insurrections in the 
Eastern Empire, the people being 
so attached to idolatry, both pagans 
and Christians ; in 736 images were 
rigorously demolished in the church- 
es ; between 740 and 780, they were 
again erected and their worship con- 
firmed by the Roman church; a 
second council of Nice caused by 
the dispute, 782 ; in the Eastern 
church statuaries were banished, on 
account of the distaste of that 
church for image worship. 

Ides, in the Roman reckoning of 
time, the 13th of every month, ex- 
cept March, May, July, and Octo- 
ber, when it was the 15th; Julius 
Ceesar was assassinated on the Ides 
of March, 44 a. c. ; they comprised 
the eight days after the nones ; the 
last day only was called the ides ; 
the nones were the 7th of March ; 
May, July, and October, and the 
5th of the other months. 

Idiots, act for the benefit of, 
passed, 1731; in England there is 
one lunatic in 1033 persons ; in 
Wales , one in 807 , in Scotland, 
one in 731 ; and in Ireland, one in 
812. 

Idols, worship of, in Rome de- 
stroyed by Constantine, sacrifices to 
cease, 330 ; that of the Saxons in 
Rent, 640. 

Ignatius Loyola, founder of the 
Jesuits, 1550 ; canonized by Paul 
V., 1609. 

Illuminati, a sect charged with 
heresy, which originated in Spain, 
denominated there Alumbrados or 
enlighteners, 1575 ; a society some- 
what similar was founded by Dr. 
Weishauft, 1776 ; they placed their 
salvation upon their superior mode 
of prayer. 

Image worship, idolatry, or the 
worship of idols, of very early intro- 



duction ; images and relics seem to 
have commenced in the Romish 
Church, 448 ; in their worship, 709 ; 
removed out of the English church- 
es, 1548 ; of saints burned in Lon- 
don, 1548. 

Impeachment, the prosecution of 
an individual by either of the houses 
of parliament ; the first took place 
1386, in the instance of a Lord 
Chancellor ; no pardon can be plead- 
ed to an impeachment of the com- 
mons in parliament by statute, 
1699, 1700 ; Warren Hastings im- 
peached, Eeb. 13, 1788 ; Lord Mel- 
ville, April 29, 1806 ; Queen Caro- 
line by bill of pains and penalties, 
Aug. 16, 1820. 

Impalement in heraldry intro- 
duced, 1206. 

Impalement, an eastern punish- 
ment ; the assassin of General Kle- 
ber impaled in Egypt, 1801. 
Imposts, see Revenue. 
Imperial Ambassador's grand en- 
tertainment at Somerset House, 
1735. 

Imperial Parliament dates from 
the union of Great Britain with Ire- 
land, Jan. 22, 1801 ; in this parlia- 
ment Ireland is represented by 100 
members, with four spiritual and 
twenty-eight temporal peers ; added 
to the former representation and 
to the peerage of England complete 
the parliament that now exists. 
Supposed no borough representation 
in abeyance. The total of members 
in the Commons' house of parlia- 
ment in 1848, analysed were as fol- 
lows : — 

Gentlemen of fortune 363 

Soldiers 89 

Seamen 11 

Lawyers 72 

Mercantile & Colonial 116 

Absent 1 

Places unrepresented . 6 

658 

In the house of Lords, there were 
455 members. 

Impostors, tribe of, religious, po- 
litical, mendicant, even literary, 



IMP 



319 



IMP 



have been numerous ; Adelbert, in 
the eighth century, pretended to 
have a letter from Jesus' Christ, 
which fell from heaven at Jerusa- 
lem in the eighth century; multitudes 
followed him into woods and desert 
places, to live simply in the imita- 
tion of John the Baptist ; Mahomet 
of Mecca pretended to revelations 
from heaven and communications 
with the angel Gabriel, he also 
wrote a book denominated the ko- 
ran ; his followers multiplied to 
158,000,000 ; born, 569 ; died, 632 ; 
fond, of women, he enjoined poly- 
gamy, and pretended to direct descent 
from Ishmael ; two women executed 
and two men crucified for pretend- 
ing to be the Virgin Mary and 
Mary Magdalen, the men for perso- 
nating the Messiah, 1221 ; impostors 
punished in England, 1222 ; Gon- 
salvo Martin burned by the Inqui- 
sition in Spain for calling himself 
the archangel Michael, 1360 ; Eli- 
zabeth Barton, the holy maid of 
Kent, who prophesied against Henry 
VIII. in case he married Anne Bo- 
leyn, to serve the papal party, hung, 
1534 ; Elizabeth Croft, hid in a wall, 
uttering mysterious and seditious 
speeches, 1553; George David, a wa- 
terman's son at Ghent, who called 
himself the nephew of God, who came 
into the world to adopt children for 
heaven, favoured a community of 
women, had many followers, and 
died at Basil in Switzerland, 1556 ; 
. Hatchet, a man who personated the 
Saviour, executed for blasphemy, 
1592 ; Griska Eutropia, a prior of 
St. Basil's order, pretending to be 
. the son of John Basilowitz, Czar of 
Muscovy ; supported by Poland, he 
was invited to the throne of Russia, 
put the reigning Czar and all his 
family to death, and was himself as- 
sassinated in his palace, 1606; a 
boy of Bilston, who deceived the 
public, detected, 1620 ; James Nay- 
lor, personated the Saviour, whip- 
ped, his tongue burned through on 
the pillory by order of the House of 
Commons, Dec. 4, 1656 ; at Ted- 
worth, Wells, a drummer having 



been deprived of his drum by a 
magistrate, a drum was continually 
heard going in his house for two or 
three years, and the owner was tried 
for a wizard and transported, 1661 ; 
Greatrakes, an Irishman, who pre- 
tended to cure diseases in the way 
of the royal antidote then in vogue, 
caused high disputes in Ireland, 
1665, but being examined before 
the Royal Society in England, fell 
into disrepute, 1666 ; Sabbati Levi, 
a Jew of Smyrna, who personated 
Christ at Constantinople, 1666 ; 
Titus Oates, a clergyman of the 
English Church, who made out a 
pretended plot to kill the king on 
the part of the papists, Sept. 6, 
1678 ; in 1685 he was whipped and 
sentenced to imprisonment for life, 
but was pardoned and got a pension 
in the next reign, 1689 ; Psalman- 
ezer, George, born in the south of 
Erance, 1679 ; studied among the 
Dominicans ; he pretended to be a 
Japanese convert to Christianity, 
and before he was a heathen of For- 
mosa, a language of which coun- 
try he actually invented, and trans- 
lated the church catechism into it, 
also writing a pretended history of 
the country, which passed through 
two editions ; the imposture was 
detected by some of the learned at 
Oxford in a controversy on the sub- 
ject, 1746 ; Fuller forged a plot 
against William III. for which he 
was fined and stood in the pillory, 
1691; one Young, a prisoner in 
Newgate, forged the hand-Avriting 
of the Earls of Marlborough, Salis- 
bury and others to a pretended King 
James ; the noble lords were impri- 
soned, but the forgery was soon de- 
tected, and Young was fined .£1000 
and put in the pillory, 1692 ; three 
French refugees pretended to be 
prophets, and declared that one Dr. 
Emms would rise out of his grave, 
1707; Mary Toffs, of Godalming, 
Surrey, pretended that she had rab- 
bits within herself, and prevailed 
upon two medical men to support her 
cause, 1726; Elizabeth Canning, 
for her frauds and impostures was 



INC 



320 



IND 



found guilty of perjury and trans- 
ported in 1753 ; Bamfylde Moore 
Carew, king of the beggars, born 
July 1693 ; passed his life in impo- 
sitions upon the credulity of others, 
and was often in prison ; the Cock 
Lane Ghost, by William Parsons 
and his wife, was detected, 1762 ; 
Joanna Southcote, who has had a 
multitude of followers, and declared 
she had conceived a new Messiah, 
died, Dec. 1814 ; Joseph Smith, the 
founder of the Mormons, who pre- 
tended to a revelation from heaven, 
engraved on gold plates, found in 
one of the back States of America, 
1827 ; he was shot in a squabble by 
one of the U. S. soldiers. 

Impropriations, Henry VIII., in 
1539, having destroyed the monas- 
tic establishments of his country, 
found, that of the many livings be- 
longing to them, they reserved the 
great tithes, allowing the small to 
the vicar, or him who served the 
church ; Henry, therefore, bestowed 
the tithes among his favourites. 

Incendiarism, for this crime burn- 
ing to death was the penalty, in 
temp. Edward I. ; made high trea- 
son, 1429; denied benefit of clergy, 
1528; many offences of this nature 
in Kent, 1830; in Suffolk, 1830; 
except in particular cases the pun- 
ishment of death remitted, 1827-8; 
amended, 1837 ; as to farming pro- 
perty, 1844. 

Incest, common in England un- 
der the Saxons ; Vortigern married 
his own daughter, 446 ; the Portu- 
guese sanction it ; in 1760, the 
Queen of Portugal married her own 
uncle ; and Joseph, the son of that 
marriage, married his aunt, the 
princess Mary, 1777 ; Don Miguel 
of Portugal was betrothed to his 
niece, Donna Maria, 1826. It was 
once punished with death in Eng- 
land, and again under the Common- 
wealth, May 14, 1650. 

Income Tax. See Revenue. 

Inclosures in England restrained, 
1521. 

Incumbered Estates Bill in Ire- 
land, passed July 28, 1829 ; held 



the first court of the commissioners, 
in Dublin, Oct. 24, 1829. 

Indemnity, Bill of, passed, gene- 
rally to secure a minister against 
abuses of his office, one, April 19, 
1801 ; to guard against the effects 
of the law for abuses of power dur- 
ing the suspension of the habeas 
corpus, March 10, 1818. 

Independents, a sect of Protest- 
ants, who hold the perfect indepen- 
dency of each church, or congrega- 
tion of believers, and that they have 
a right to govern within themselves 
in religious affairs, nor has one 
church a right to censure or excom- 
municate another ; the Baptists and 
Presbyterians hold the same doc- 
trine ; the first independent meet - 
ing was founded in this country by 
Henry Jacobs, 1616. 

Index Expurgatorius, or list of 
prohibited bqpks, made by Catholic 
inquisitions, and sanctioned by the 
pope; the Scriptures were forbid- 
den to the laity by Clement, 1595 ; 
most of the better works of France, 
England, Germany, and Spain, are 
in the list; and the Index of the 
Austrian government is said to be 
even more intolerant than that of 
Rome, 1850. 

India House, Leadenhall Street, 
built, 1726. 

Indiana, one of the United States 
of North America, on the north side 
of the Ohio ; the first settlement 
made by the Erench, 1730; ad- 
mitted to the Union, 1816; popula- 
tion, 685,866. 

India Stock, sold from 360 to 500 
per cent., 1683. 

Indian Chiefs, five of the Chero- 
kee nation visited England, 1730 ; 
three in 1734 ; five in 1758 ; and 
the sachem of the Mohawks, 1785. 

India Company, the Eastern, be- 
gun, 1600. 

India Bill, placing the Company 
under control, June 16, 1773 ; Mr. 
Fox's bill passed the Commons, but 
thrown out in the Lords, 1783 ; Mr. 
Pitt's bill passed, constituting the 
board of control, Aug. 13, 1784. 

India, overland route to, describ- 



IND 



321 



IND 



ed and carried out by Mr. Waghorn, 
a naval officer ; after great pains to 
perfect it, he reached London, Oct. 
31, 1845, with the Bombay mail of 
the 1st of the month. He reached 
Suez in 19 days, Alexandria in 20 
days, landed near Trieste, and reach- 
ed London, through Austria, Baden, 
Prussia, and Belgium, at half-past 
four a.m., on the 31st Oct. He pro- 
posed to complete the distance in 
twenty-one days, but his death took 
place, Jan. 8, 1850. 

Indian Army of the East, strength 
of, 1813— Europeans, 34,171; na- 
tives, 165,900 ; both, 200,071. 1820 
— Europeans, 28,645 ; natives, 
228,650 ; both, 257,295. 1831— Eu- 
ropeans, 44,409 ; natives, 187,067 ; 
both, 233,476. On the computation 
of reductions, Europeans, 34,480; 
natives, 146,500 ; both, 180,980. 

India Company's Revenue and 
Expense of, between 1840 and 1850 : 
the gross total revenues and receipts 
of the Bengal Presidency amounted 
in 1840-41, to 6,63,56,747 rupees; in 
1841-42, to 6,92,93,345 rupees; in 
1842-43. to 7,32,63,467 Company's 
rupees ; and in the year 1843-44, to 
7,85,12,352 rupees. The gross 
total, 8,73,40,152; 9.13,37,516; 
9,76,73,698; and 8,98,52,031 ru- 
pees ; thus exhibiting a deficiency 
in each year of some 1,13,39,679 to 
2,44,10,231 rupees. Of the north- 
western provinces, the total re- 



venue amounted in 1843-44, to 
5,19,43,000 rupees; the total 
charges, to 93,21,600, leaving a 
surplus on the netted account of 
4,27,38,300 rupees; of the Madras 
Presidency, the revenue amounted 
to 5,07,41,946 rupees, and the 
charges to 3,56,54,112, leaving a 
surplus of 27,67,186 rupees. Of 
the Bombay Presidency, the total 
revenue of 1843-44, amounted to 
3,30,55,645 rupees, and the net 
revenue to 2,18,31,763 ; the total 
charge amounted to 2,29,38,495 ru- 
pees, leaving a deficit on the settled 
account of 16,78,861 rupees. A 
general abstract of the revenues and 
charges of India, shows that the 
total revenues of the three Presi- 
dencies and the north-west provinces 
amounted altogether to 18,14,94,813 
rupees, equal to £17,015,139, at the 
rate of 2s. per rupee. The total 
charges in 1843-44, amounted to 
15,83,38,367 rupees, equal to 
£14,844,222, leaving a surplus on 
the whole account of £2,170,917. 
But the charges disbursed in Eng- 
land on account of the Indian ter- 
ritory during the same period, 
amounted to £2,944,073, a net de- 
ficit remained in the balance of the 
whole, amounting to £772,322, 
The net deficiencies in 1840-41, 
1841-42, and 1842-43, amounted re - 
spectively to £1,753,247, £1,765,701, 
and £1,346,173. 



India, West, or "West India Islands : — 

Names of the Islands. Total population. 

British 776,500 626,800 

Jamaica 402,000 342,000 

Barbadoes 100,000 79,000 

Antigua . . 40,000 31,000 

St. Christopher or St. Kitt's 23,000 19,500 

Nevis 11,000 9,500 

Grenada 29,000 25,000 

St. Vincent and the Grenadines 28,000 24,000 

Dominica 20,000 16,000 

Mont Serrat 8,000 6,500 

The British Virgin Islands, Anegada, Virgin, 

Gorda, and Tortola 8,500 6,000 

Tobago 16,000 14,000 

Anguilla and Barbuda , 2,500 1,800 



IKD 



322 



IND 



Trinidad 45,000 23,500 

St. Lucie 17,000 13,000 

Bahama Islands 15,500 11,000 

Bermuda Islands 14,500 5,000 

Haiti 820,000 

Spanish 943,090 281,400 

Cuba 700,000 256,000 

Porto Eico 225,000 25,000 

Margarita 18,000 400 

French 219,000 178,000 

Guadaloupe and its dependencies, (Marie Galante, 

Deseada, and part of St. Martin) 120,000 100,000 

Martinique , 99,000 78,000 

Dutch, Danish, and Swedish 84,500 61,300 

St. Eustatia and Saba 18,000 12,000 

St. Martin's 6,000 4,000 

Curacoa 11,000 6,500 

St. Croix : 32,000 27,000 

St. Thomas 7,000 5,500 

St. John 2,500 2,300 

St. Bartholomew 8,000 4,000 

281,400 slaves 



Spanish . . . 943,000, total 

Hayti 820,000 , 

British Islands . . 776,500 . 
French .... 219,000 . 

Dutch, Dan. & Swed. 84,500 . j 

After Humboldt . . 2,843,000 in all. 



319,500 free < 
790,000 free 
all free 
ditto 
61,300 slaves 
7,050 free 



342,100 whites. 

30,000 ditto. 
71,350 ditto. 
23,000 ditto. 

16,150 



Indians of the United States, East of the Rocky Mountains, 

their Number and Condition, 

Nov. 25, 1841:— 



Appachees 

Arickarees 

Arapahas 

Assinaboins 

Blackfeet 

Caddoes 

Cammanches 

Cherokees 

Cheyenes 

Chickasaws 

Chippewas, Ottowas, Pottawatomies ) 

and Pottawatomies of Indiana } 

Choctaws 

Creeks 



Aborigines, 
West of the 
Mississippi. 

20,280 
2,750 
3,000 

15,000 

30,000 
2,000 

19,200 

3,200 



Number 
removed. 



Number of 
each not a.l 
removed. 



25,911 

4,600 
5,297 

15,177 

24,594 



Number 
of each 
remain. 
East still, 
Nov. 25, 
1840. 



1000 

400 

2087 

3323 
744 



* 623 removed since Nov. 25, 1840. 



IND 



323 



IND 



Crees .... 

Crows 

Delawares 

Eutaws 

Florida Indians* 

Foxes 

Gros Ventres 

Iowas 

Kansas 

Kichapoos 

Kioways 

Mandans, all save two or three de- £ 
stroyed by the smallpox, 1837 ... ) 

Miamas — 

Minatarees 

Menomonies 

Omahas 

Ottawas and Chippewas 

Ottawas and Chippewas of the Lakes.. 

Ottawas of the Maumie 

Ottoes and Missouries 

Osages 

Pagans 

Pawnies 

Peorias and Kaskaskies 

Piankeshaws 

Poncas 

Quapows 

Sacos 

Sacs of the Missouri 

Senecas and Shawnees 

Sioux 

Senecas from Sandusky 

Shawnees 

Stockbridges, Munsees, &c 

Swan Creek, &c 

Weas 

Winnchagoos 

Wyandots 

New York Indians 

Total 



Aborigines. 
West of the 
Mississippi. 



3,000 

7,200 

19,200 

1,600 

16,800 

1,500 

1,606 

1,800 



2,000 
1,600 



1,000 

5,120 

30,000 

12,500 

900 

476 

4,800 

500 

21,600 



Number 
removed. 



228,632 



826 



588 



132 
162 



211 

251 
1272 

225 

4500 



8167 



Number of 

each not all 

removed 



3,192 



482 



180 
62 



79,495 



Number 
of each 
remain. 
East still, 
Nov. 25. 
1840. 



575 



1100 

4000 

5026 

2564 

92 



14 



575 
4176 



25,764 



Indian, or Western Territory, 
United States of America, that part 
of America, east of the Mississippi, 
600 miles long, and from 300 to 600 
broad, containing 120,000 square 
miles, to which the American go- 
vernment removed part of the In- 



dians, 1851, between the Eocky 
Mountains and Mississippi. 

India Rubber, the vulgar name 
for Caoutchouc, first from America 
in the last century. 

Indiction, a revolution of fifteen 
years, during which, among the 



IND 



324 



IND 



Roman emperors, the Olympiads 
were superseded, and the Indiction 
introduced by the Council of Nice, 
Jan. 1, 313. 

Indies East, India, or Hindostan, 
as at present too indifferently de- 
nominated. The ancients, under 
Alexander the Great, penetrated no 
farther than the Punjaub, 327 a.c. ; 
Mahmoud of Ghuzni conquered the 
north-western part in 1 000 ; the dy- 
nasty of Patan, or the Affghan em- 
perors, began with Cuttub, 1205, 
and ended with Mahmoud III., 
1393 ; the Great Mogul, or Mon- 
gul emperors, began with Baber, 
1525, and continued by the Patans 
to Shah Aulum, 1760 ; the descent 
and reign of Jenghis Khan, 1237, 
and of Tamerlane, 1398; Delhi 
taken, and India conquered, with 
the slaughter of 100,000 of its 
people ; the reign of Akbar, 1555 ; 
ot Aurunzebe, 1660; of Konli 
Khan and the Persians, 1738 ; the 
defeat of the Mogul forces by the 
Rohillas, 1749, were the inter- 
vening events, down to the com- 
mencement of the visits of the Eu- 
ropean powers. The first English 
charter was granted 1600, to a com- 
pany of merchants ; the second to 
the East India Company, 1609 ; the 
establishment of factories at Surat ; 
Sir Thomas Roe sent out as an am- 
bassador, 1615 ; English factory at 
Calcutta, 1690; Calcutta purchased, 
1698; new and old company unite, 
1702 ; English fail in taking Pon- 
dicherry, 1748 ; the pirate, Angria, 
routed, 1756; Suraja Dowlah took 
Calcutta, 1756 ; prisoners suffocated 
in the Black Hole, 1756, Calcutta ; 
Clive retook it, and defeated the 
Soubah, 1757 ; Port William built, 
1757; Patna, November 6, 1763; 
battle of Buxard, Oct. 22, 1764; 
Clive secured the revenues of Ben- 
gal, Bahar, and Orissa, Aug. 12, 
1765 ; treaty with Nizam Ali, 1766; 
Hastings became governor of Ben- 
gal 1772 ; supreme court establish- 
ed, 1773; Hastings accused of tak- 
ing bribes from a female connection 
of Emir Jaffier, 1775 ; Lord Pigo.t 



made governor of Madras, 1775 ; 
Hastings accused of taking further 
bribes and presents, 1776; Lord Pi- 
got arrested, and died in prison, 
1777; Pondicherry taken, 1778; 
Gwalior taken by Major Popham, 
1778; HyderAli defeated the Eng- 
lish, and conquered the Carnatic, 
1780 ; he took Arcot, 1780 ; he was 
defeated by Sir Eyre Coote, July 1, 
1781 ; defeated again, August 27, 
1781 ; Hastings accused of taking 
fresh bribes, Sep. 19, 1781 ; Hyder 
Ali overthrown, June 2, "1782 ; he 
died, and his son Tippoo Saib suc- 
ceeded him, Dec. 11, 1782 ; Tippoo 
took Cuddalore andBednore, 1783; 
Hastings resigned his place, Eeb. 8, 
1785 ; Cornwallis governor, Sept. 
1786; Bangalore taken, May 21, 
1791 ; treaty with Tippoo, his two 
sons sent as hostages, March 19, 
1792; courts of justice, criminal 
and civil, appointed, 1793; Sir John 
Shaw governor ; disputes with Bir- 
mah, 1795 ; the Marquis Wellesley 
governor, May 17, 1798 ; Seringa- 
patam taken, and Tippoo Saib killed, 
1799 ; the Carnatic secured, 1800; 
failure of Lord Lake at Bhurtpoor, 
April, 1805 ; General Wellesley de- 
feated Holkar, 1803; Marquis Corn- 
wallis became the governor, but died 
Oct 5, 1805, two months after his 
appointment ; Scindiah defeated, 
and treaty with him, Nov. 28, 1805; 
and with Holkar, Dec. 24; Lord 
Minto governor, 1807 ; trade to In- 
dia thrown open, July 31, 1813 ; 
Marquis of Hastings the governor, 
Oct. 4, 1813;. war with Nepaul, 
1814; defeat of, and peace with 
Holkar, 1818 ; Marquis of Hastings 
resigned, Aug. 1, 1823 ; Rangoon 
taken, May 5, 1824; the Burmese 
defeated near Prome, Dec. 25, 1825 ; 
Lord Combermere took Bhurtpoor, 
Jan. 3, 1826 ; peace with Burmah, 
Feb. 24, 1826 ; Lord William Ben- 
tin ck governor-general, July 4, 1829 ; 
act opening the trade to India, and 
the act regulating the trade between 
India and China, 1833 ; natives ad- 
mitted to the magistracy, 1834; 
Lord William Bentinck returned, 



IND 



325 



INH 



July 14, 1835 ; Lord Auckland, go- 
vernor-general, 1835 ; Candahar 
occupied, April 21, 1839 ; battle of 
Ghuzni, and Shah Soujah restored, 
the English entering Cabul, July 
23, 1839 ; Dost Mahommed defeat- 
ed, Oct. 18, 1840; general rising 
against the English at Cabul, Sir A. 
Burns and others murdered, Nov. 2, 
1841 ; Lord Ellenborough appointed 
governor-general; the English eva- 
cuated Cabul, and the troops were 
massacred, Jan. 6, 1842; Ghuzni eva- 
cuated, March 6, 1842 ; Ghuzni reta- 
ken by General Nott, Sept. 6, 1842 ; 
General Pollock re-entered Cabul, 
Sept. 16, 1842; Cabul evacuated, de- 
stroying the defences, Oct 13, 1842; 
Ameers of Scinde attacked, taken, 
and their territory annexed to the 
British Empire, Eeb. 17, 1843; bat- 
tles of Maharajpoor and Punniar, 
and the capture of Gwalior, 1843 ; 
SirH. Hardinge appointed governor 
general, May 1, 1844; the Sikh 
war commenced, Dec. 14, 1845 : 
the Sikhs attacked and retired, aban- 
doning their guns, Dec. 18 ; battle 
of Eerozeshah, Dec. 21, 22, 1845; 
the Sikhs crossed the Sutlej unmo- 
lested, Dec. 27, 1845 ; Sir H. Smith 
severely checked, Jan. 21, 1846 ; 
the battle of Aliwal, the Sikhs de- 
feated, Jan. 28, 1846 ; Sobraon, 
battle of, the Sikhs lost 10,000 men, 
British 2338 killed and wounded ; 
the citadel of Lahore occupied by 
the English, Feb. 20, 1846 ; treaty 
of Lahore, March 9, 1846 ; Earl of 
Dalhousie made the governor-gene- 
ral, Aug. 4, 1847 ; Lieut. Edwards 
engaged the army of Moolraj, which 
he defeated after a battle of nine 
hours' duration, June 18, 1848 ; the 
siege of Moultan raised, Sept. 22, 
1848 ; Lord Gough attacked the 
Shere Shingh with too much preci- 
pitation and suffered severely, but 
succeeded in finally defeating -him 
in the battle of Chillinwallah, Jan. 
13, 1849; surrender of Moultan, 
Jan. 22, 1849 ; battle of Goojerat, 
the Sikhs lay down their arms, Feb. 
21, 1849 ; the Punjaub annexed to 
the British dominions, March 29, 



1849 ; Moolraj found guilty of the 
murder of Mr. Agnew and Lieut. 
Anderson, and sentenced to die, 
with the sentence commuted to 
transportation for life, 1849 ; Dr. 
Healy of the Bengal army murdered 
by the Affredis, March 20, 1850 ; 
embassy from the King of Nepaul to 
the Queen of England, May 25, 
1850 ; disputes with the Burmese, 
and war declared, 1852 ; Prome 
taken, Sept. 20. 

Indigo first mentioned, 1193 ; 
again, 1444 ; well known as being 
from India, 1516; known in Ger- 
many, 1600 ; in Holland, 1631 ; 
planted in America, 1747, in Caro- 
lina ; mentioned in England in 
1581 ; 5,831,269 lbs. imported into 
England in 1840 ; the home con- 
sumption, 3,011,990 lbs. 

Inhabitants of the principal cities 
in the globe, in 1688, 1788 and 1851. 
London 596,000 1,000,090 2,250,000 
Paris... 438,000 700,0001,150,000 
Madrid 400,000 195,000 270,000 

seilles } 200 > 000 !80,000 116,000 
Lyons 250,000 150,000 170,575 
Naples 200,000 354,000 500,000 
Eome 200,000 157,000 160,000 
Amster- 
dam 187,000 155,000 274,000 
Venice 134,000 180,000 119,000 
Bor- 
deaux 100,000 200,000 96,000 
Dublin 69,000 170,000 200,000 
Kouen 66,000 100,000 94,000 
Bristol 43,000 50,000 122,296 
Cork... 40,000 90,000 107,007 
Liverpool 20,000 60,000 286,487 

Berlin 280,000 

Constantinople ... 850,000 

Petersburgh 405,000 

Vienna 395,000 

Moscow 355,000 

Lisbon 298,000 

Cadiz 66,000 

Copenhagen 145,000 

Dresden 114,000 

Edinburgh 168,000 

Hamburgh 115,000 

Stockholm 121,000 

The relative distances of each will 
be found as follows : — 



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Indulgences in the Catholic 
Church commenced under Leo III., 
800 ; afterwards, 1090 ; made re- 
wards to Crusaders ; Clement V. 
made public sale of them, 1313; 
Leo X. published them generally, 
and thence mainly began the refor- 
mation in Germany. 

Infirmaries or Hospitals, places 
for the cure of the sick, originated 
about 1000; physicians and sur- 
geons established at them, 1437. 

Influence of the Crown abridged 
by parliament, 1782. 

Injections, Anatomical, first prac- 
tised by Ruisch, 1726. 

Ink, Invisible, sometimes called 
sympathetic ; Bowl's receipt for, 
1653 ; one of Le Mort, 1669 ; they 
are now common. 

Inns of Court, instituted at first 
to teach the law, as in a university, 
after the Court of Common Pleas 
was fixed in Westminster Hall ; the 
Temple was founded by the Knights 
Templars and given over to the 
lawyers about 1340; the Temple 
Church was built by the knights, 
1185 ; the Outer Temple Avas not 
made an Inn of Court until 1560 ; 
the following are the dates of these 
foundations : — . 
Bernard's Inn, one of Chancery 1445 

Clement's Inn 1478 

Clifford's Inn 1345 

Furnival's Inn 1563 

Gray's Inn, 32 Edward III. . . 1357 

Lincoln's Inn 1310 

Lyon's Inn 1520 

New Inn 1485 

Sergeants' Inn 1429 

Sergeants' Inn, Chancery Lane 1666 

Staple's Inn 1415 

Thavies' Inn 1519 

Inoculation for the Smallpox, 
first tried upon seven condemned 
criminals, 1721 ; the advantages of 
inoculation were calculated thus :■ — 
if one in seven die of the smallpox 
in the natural way, and one in 
three hundred and twelve by inocu- 
lation, then as one million divided 
by seven gives 142,857-1*7 — one 
million divided by 312 gives 
3205-2.4130. The lives saved by 



inoculation upon one million must 
be 139,652-32-2184. A most sur- 
prising difference ! but what would 
these calculators have said to any 
one who should have suggested, that 
the period would arrive when the 
chance of having the smallpox 
should be only equal to the chance 
of dying under the improvement of 
inoculation. Five hundred and 
three deaths from smallpox was the 
total within the bills of mortality 
for the year 1826, which on the ave- 
rage was formerly never less than 
four thousand. The bishops and 
clergy preached against the practice 
of smallpox inoculation down to 
1760; vaccine inoculation, the sub- 
stitute, was introduced by Dr. Jen- 
ner, Jan . 21, 1799 ; he was voted 
.£10,000 by parliament for the, disco - 
very, June 2, 1802; Napoleon in 
honour of Dr. Jenner liberated a pri- 
soner of war, Dr. Wickham, at 
his request, and afterwards whole 
families of English, never refusing 
a request from him. 

Inquisition began in the bishops 
extending their power beyond ex- 
communication and the forfeiture of 
their estates to the church for here- 
sy ; in 800 they cited persons and 
punished them with penances, im- 
prisonment, and death ; Pope Inno- 
cent III. instituted the inquisition 
in 1203; and Gregory, 1229, com- 
pleted it, giving the power and di- 
rection of the inquisition to the 
Dominicans ; St. Louis established 
it in France, 1226; it was estab- 
lished in Spain, 1226 ; in Portugal, 
1536 ; the last auto-da-fe was held 
in 1781 ; in 1818, the inquisition 
being restored, after the French had 
put it down, through the reinstate- 
ment of Ferdinand III., the torture 
was again used, both for political 
and religious victims, and was not 
finally put down until the Cortes 
destroyed it in 1820. The French 
in 1809 laid open the instruments of 
torture they found there ; great is 
the ingenuity of these horrible ec- 
clesiastical inventions. This infa-* 
rnous tribunal is said to have caused, 



INS 



328 



INS 



between the years 1481 and 1759, 
84,658 persons to be burnt alive, 
and between 1481 and 1808, to have 
sentenced 288,214 to the galleys, or 
to be imprisoned. 

Insane persons ; these have been 
on the increase since the cares and 
luxuries of life have become so en- 
grossing under civilisation ; lunatics 
were one in tbe thousand of the 
population, in 1840. Of 1000 male 
insane, 110 were from drunkenness. 

Disease 100 

Epilepsy » 78 

Ambition 73 

Excessive labour 73 

Idiotic born 71 

Misfortune 69 

Old age 69 

Chagrin 54 

Love 47 

Accidents 39 

Eeligious fanaticism 29 

Unnatural habits 27 

Political events 26 

Poisonous effluvia 17 

111 usage 12 

Crimes 9 

Malformation 4 

Unknown causes 88 

Inscriptions ; first collection of 
inscriptions for publications, 1505. 

Insolvent Acts passed, 1649 ; 
more important ones, 1743, 1761, 
1763, 1769, 1772, 1774, 1776, 1778, 
1781, 1784, 1797, 1801, 1804, 1809, 
1810, 1813, 1814, 1842; amended, 
Aug. 1844. 

Instruction, National Benevo- 
lent, Gloucester, established 1812; 
Devon and Exeter Scientific, 1812. 
Insurance on Houses, the first in 
London, 1696 ; and ls.6d. duty per 
cent, was laid upon it in 1782 ; duty 
increased, 1797, 6d. additional ; in- 
surance upon shipping began, 1560; 
the fire insurances in London were 
as follows, some with life insurances 
duty paid, 1850 ; farming stock no 
duty, 1850. 

£ Offices. £ 

44, 545... Alliance 3,120,592 

1,190... Anchor 11,303 

35,038... Atlas 1,059,699 

, 2,348... British 12,095 



£ Offices. £ 

2,095. ..Brit. Emp. Mutual Nil. 
3,273.. .Ch. of England 42,918 

52, 247... County ,. 7,111,316 

5, 766... Defender • 49,000 

309... Equitable 13,975 

10,663 I G ^ a Dis ? } " 119 ' 682 

32, 896... Globe'. '. 1,133,924 

31,368... Guardian 347,180 

10,268... Hand-in-hand 17,125 

45, 316... Imperial 813,457 

19,216.. .Law 129,580 

7,901... Legal & Comrcl. 65,396 

22,305... London 370,856 

11,284.. .Monarch 44,265 

3,111. ..Natl. Mercantile 1,500 

120,410... Phoenix 4,319,723 

37... Preserver Nil. 

75,170. . .Royal Enchange 4,511,182 
12, 762... Royal Farmer's 5,105,468 

5,110.. .Star 115,770 

181,148*. .Sun 7,769,383 

23, 175... Union 303,308 

23,054... Westminster ... 33,300 
Besides these, there are the West 
of England, Norwich Union, Bea- 
con, Guardian, Protector, Hope, Eu- 
ropean, Rock, Mentor, Pelicon, Mu- 
tual, English and Cambrian, Catho- 
lic, Lav/, General, New Equitable, 
India and London, Great Britain, 
Palladium, Sovereign, Equitable 
Loan, and others. There were 
seventy-two in all, 1851. There 
are other insurance offices in differ- 
ent parts of England. 

Insurance Policies, first used in 
Florence, 1523; the first society 
established in Hanover, 1530; in 
Paris, 1740. By an official view of 
the business of the various offices 
for fire insurance, it appears that 
forty-six offices or companies, for 
duty, paid to government for insu- 
rances effected by them, in one year, 
£659,377. The duty being 3s. for 
every £100 insured, it follows that 
the total amount of property in- 
sured is, in round numbers, about 
£439,585,000. Such being the va- 
lue of property which the assured 
of necessity make upon their premi- 
ses, goods, furniture, &c, and it 
being probable that as much in 



INU 



329 



INU 



amount may remain uninsured, if 
the value of all other kinds of pro- 
perty were added, we should have a 
sum of wealth for England alone 
that would be almost incredible. 

Interest of Money 2d. per week 
for 20s., in 1260; 45 per cent., 
1307; 10 per cent, established as le- 
gal interest, 1546. The ignorant 
subjects of Edward VI. repealed this 
law as unlawful and most impious : 
hut it was restored in Queen Eliza- 
beth's time. In those days the 
monarchs could not borrow without 
the collateral security of the metro- 
polis. Reduced from ten to eight 
per cent., 1624 ; when " interest" 
was first used for the word "usury." 
Reduced by the Rump parliament to 
six per cent., and confirmed at the 
Restoration; to five per cent., 1714 ; 
from four to three per cent., 1750. 
Interest of the national debt re- 
duced, 1749, 1823. 

Interest of Money in Scotland 
reduced from ten to eight per cent., 
1633 ; in Spain, Germany, and 
Flanders, by Charles V., 1560 ; re- 
duced in England to eight per cent. 
21 James I., 1624 ; to six per cent., 
1651 ; and to five by 13 Anne, 
1714 ; all above was declared usury, 
hut this statute was repealed ; act 
against, repealed ; rate of legal in- 
terest in Ireland was six per cent., 
1773 ; in the United States, eight 
per cent. 

Inundations. — The Thames de- 
stroyed a considerable number of 
the inhabitants of its hanks nine 
years after Christ ; the Severn over- 
flowed and destroyed vast quantities 
of cattle, in 80 ; the Medway over- 
flowed its banks, and drowned the 
country, 87; the Humber over- 
flowed, and laid the adjacent coun- 
try, for fifty miles, under water, 95 ; 
the Severn overflowed, and drowned 
five thousand head of cattle, and 
people in their beds, 115 ; the Hum- 
ber overflowed, 125 ; the Trent 
overflowed above twenty miles on 
each side of its banks, and drowned 
many people, 214 ; the Tweed had 
an inundation which destroyed a 



considerable number of the inhabit- 
ants on its banks, 218 ; an inunda- 
tion of the sea in Lincolnshire, 
which laid under water many thou- 
sand acres, that have not been re- 
covered to this time, 245 ; the Ouse, 
in Bedfordshire, overflowed and 
drowned numbers of people and 
cattle, 250; an inundation of tbe 
Humber, 269; another in the Isle 
of Thanet, 317 ; another which de- 
stroyed all the inhabitants in Feme 
Island, seven miles S. W. from 
Holy Island, 323; an irruption of 
the sea in Lancashire, 330 ; an in- 
undation of the Tweed, 336 ; the 
Severn overflowed, 350; above five 
thousand people lost in Cheshire by 
an irruption, 353 ; an inundation of 
the Dee, 387 ; another of the Dee, 
which drowned forty families, 415 ; 
an irruption of the sea in Hamp- 
shire, 419 ; another irruption in 
North aud South Wales, 441; an 
inundation of the Severn, 487; an 
inundation of the Humber 529 ; an 
inundation of the sea in Norfolk, 
Suffolk, and Essex, 575 ; an inun- 
dation . of the sea in Cheshire and 
Lancashire, 649; an inundation of 
the Medway, 669 ; an inundation at 
Edinburgh, which did great dam- 
age, 730 ; an inundation at Glas- 
gow, which drowned above 400 
families, 738 ; an inundation of the 
Tweed, which did immense damage, 
836 ; an inundation of the Medway, 
861 ; one in the Humber, 864 ; an 
inundation of the Dee, 885 ; an in- 
undation at Southampton, which 
destroyed many people, 935 ; an 
inundation of the Thames, 973 ; an 
inundation of the Severn, which 
drowned abundance of cattle, 1046 ; 
the sea overflowed 4000 acres of 
Earl Godwin's land, in Kent, since 
called Godwin Sands, 1100; a great 
part of Flanders overflowed by the 
sea, 1108 ; an inundation of the 
Thames for above six miles at Lam- 
beth, &c, 1243 ; a considerable one 
in Friesland, 1220 ; another, since 
named the Dollart sea, 1277 ; at 
Winchelsea, above 300 houses were 
overthrown by the sea, 1280 ; 120 



INU 



330 



INU 



laymen and several priests, besides 
women, were drowned, by an 
inundation at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, 1339; at the Texel, which 
first raised the commerce of 
Amsterdam, 1400 ; the sea broke in 
at Dort, and drowned 72 villages 
and 100,000 people, and formed the 
Zuyder Zee, 1421 ; another, in 1521, 
in Holland ; at Hartshead, in York- 
shire, Sept. 11, 1673 ; at Dagenham, 
in Essex, Dec. 17, 1707, and con- 
tinued till 1721 ; in Holland and 
Zealand, when 1300 inhabitants 
were drowned, 1717, and Holstein 
in the same year; in Yorkshire, 
called Rippon flood, May 18, 1722 ; 
at Chili, which overflowed the city 
of Conception, 1730 ; in Feb. 1735, 
at Dagenham, and upon the coast 
of Essex, which carried away the 
sea walls, and drowned several 
thousand sheep and black cattle; 
in Holland, 1754 ; north of England, 
1755 ; in Spain, and did 3,000,000 
livres damage at Bilboa, April 1762; 
in France, May following, and did 
great damage ; at Coventry, seventy 
persons were drowned, and much 
damage done, also in Cambridge- 
shire, Gloucestershire, &c, Nov. 
1770; in the north of England, 
when Newcastle-bridge, &c, was 
carried away, 1771 ; at Venice, at 
Naples, where it carried away a 
whole village, and droAvned 200 of 
the inhabitants, Nov. 10, 1773 ; in 
Calcutta, in the East Indies, 1773 ; 
at Battersea and Chelsea, March 9, 
1774; in Kent, 1776; in Langue- 
doc, April 26, 1776; north of Eng- 
land, when Hexham-bridge, Ridley- 
hall bridge, &c, were thrown down, 
March 1782 ; in different parts of 
Germany, when some thousands 
had their houses and property de- 
stroyed, 1785 ; in different parts of 
England in September and October, 
1785 ; at Brighthelmstone, when 
the blockhouse was washed down, 
Oct. 9, 1786 ; in Spain, Navarre, 
Sept. 1787, where 2000 lost their 
lives, and all the buildings of several 
villages were carried away by the 
currents from the mountains; a 



terrible inundation by the Liffey, in 
Ireland, which did very considerable 
damage in Dublin and its environs, 
Nov. 12, 1787; at Kirkwald, in 
Scotland, by breaking the dam- 
dykes, Oct. 4, 1788, which nearly 
destroyed the town ; in Scotland 
and the north of England, July 
1789 ; of the river Don, near Don- 
caster, and the Derwent and Trent, 
Nov. 20, 1791; of great extent at 
Placentia, in Italy, Nov. 1791 ; at 
Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire, 
April 12, 1792 ; in Lancashire, 
Angust, 1792; almost throughout 
England, by the melting of the 
snow, the greatest part of the 
bridges being either destroyed or 
damaged, Feb. 1795 ; in China, in 
1800; at St. Domingo, which de- 
stroyed 1400 persons, Oct., 1800; 
on the coast of Holland and Ger- 
many, Nov. 1801 ; in Dublin and 
parts adjacent, Dec. 2 and 3, 1802 ; 
in various parts of England, 1808 ; 
at Boston, by the tide breaking 
down the sea-banks, Nov. 10, 1810 ; 
by the bursting of the Driggle re- 
servoir, nine miles west of Hudders- 
field, by which a cottage was swept 
away, and four children, with their 
father and mother, perished in the 
flood, Nov. 29, >1810 ; at Pesth, near 
Presburg, by the overflow of the 
Danube, by which twenty-four vil- 
lages, with their inhabitants, were 
swept away, April 1811 ; in the vi- 
cinity of Salop, by the bursting of a 
cloud during a storm, by which 
many persons and much stock per- 
ished, May 27, 1811 ; by the over- 
flowing of the Elbe, the village of 
Wurgen, in the duchy of Luneburg, 
was swept away, Oct. 1811 ; by the 
rising of the water in the Thames, 
which overflowed the houses in 
Palace-yard, and filled Westminster 
Hall, Oct. 21, 1812; dreadful inun- 
dations in Hungary, Austria, Sile- 
sia, and Poland, in the summer of 
1013 ; by the overflow of the Dan- 
ube, a Turkish corps of 2000 men, 
on a small island, near Widdin, 
were surprised and met with instant 
death, and the island itself sunk and 



INU 



331 



INU 



disappeared, Sept. 14, 1813 ; by the 
overflowing of the Drave, near 
Orsatch, six villages and the sub- 
urbs of a town were swept away, 
and a congregation of 240 persons 
buried beneath the ruins of a church, 
Aug. 1813 ; in Silesia six thousand 
inhabitants were destroyed, and the 
ruin of the French army, under 
Macdonald, accelerated by the 
floods ; and in Poland, 4000 lives 
are supposed to have been lost ; by 
the overflow of the Mississippi, the 
country on the west side was inun- 
dated to the distance of sixty-five 
miles, in June and July, 1813, by 
which 22,000 head of neat cattle 
were destroyed ; by the overflow of 
the Nerbudda river, in the province 
of Bengal, which swept away fifteen 
villages, with the houses, inhabitants, 
and cattle, Feb. 12, 1814; at Stra- 
bane, in Ireland, by the melting of 
the snow on the surrounding moun- 
tains, the most destructive flood 
that had been witnessed for twenty 
years, Jan. 12, 1816 ; the greatest 
floods ever remembered in Nor- 
thumberland and Durham, Feb. 
1816 ; fifty-three villages in the 
great Werder, forty-nine in the 
districts of Sicgenhoff, and seven- 
teen Elbing villages, were under 
water, in March, 1816 ; at Thiel, 
Arnheim, Zutphen, and numerous 
other places on the continent, the 
harvest was nearly destroyed by in- 
undations from continued rain, in 
June and July, 1816. Such heavy 
rains fell in London and its vicinity, 
that many parts of the outskirts of 
the town were laid under w r ater, and 
great damage was done, May 8, 
1818. The river Drance in the Va- 
lais, having its course obstructed by 
the fall of an avalanche, a large 
lake was formed. The barrier by 
which the water was retained being 
at length undermined, it gave way, 
and the tremendous torrent rushed 
down the Val di Bagne with such 
rapidity as to sweep every thing 
before it, and reduce the whole of 
the vale, for several miles, to a state 
of utter ruin, May 16, 1818. Floods 



in the neighbourhood of Boston and 
Spilsby, by which much mischief 
was done, May 1818. Heavy inun- 
dations in the Fen counties, which 
deluged 5000 acres of land between 
Boston and Market Deeping only, 
and destroyed many of the wheat 
crops, June, 1819. An inundation at 
Cheshire, in consequence of a thun- 
der storm, Aug. 1820. An inunda- 
tion in consequence of a heavy fall of 
rain, at Holywell, in Flintshire, 
which did immense damage. On 
the water reaching the heated steam 
furnaces of the copper works, the 
furnaces burst with an explosion 
like a heavy clap of thunder, and 
some part of the works took fire. 
A loss of several thousand pounds 
was sustained by the copper and 
cotton works alone, Oct. 1821. An 
inundation in the Lincolnshire fens, 
Jan. 1822. Heavy floods in the 
Thames, from Christmas Day, 1821, 
to Jan. 7, 1822, in which, at times, 
the water rose four inches higher 
than in the great flood of 1774. 
The immense quantity of rain 
which fell in Monmouthshire, under- 
mined three acres of wood on a 
slope near Binefield, and caused it 
to slide down to the river, Feb. 
1822. Moravia much injured by 
floods, 1822. At Vienna, 50,000 
houses laid under water, Feb. 1830 ; 
10,000 houses, at Canton, in China, 
swept away, and 1000 persons per- 
ished, Oct. 1833. Cattle and agri- 
cultural property, to a considerable 
amount, destroyed by an inundation 
of the Dodder, near Dublin, 1834. 
Inundation in France, the Saone 
covering 60,000 acres ; Lyons in- 
undated ; 100 houses swept away at 
Avignon, the Saone not having been 
so high for 238 years, Nov. 1848 ; 
At Brentford and the surrounding 
country, several lives lost, and im- 
mense property destroyed, Jan. 16' 
1841 ; inundations in the centre and 
west of France, bridges and the Or- 
leans and Viazon viaduct swept 
away, the latter cost six millions of 
francs, the damage four million ; 
the Seine rose twenty feet above 



IPS 



332 



IRE 



its banks in one night, Oct. 22, 
1846 ; the Holmfirth reservoir broke 
away, 1851. 

Invasions of the British domin- 
ions, by Julius Caesar, 55 a. c. ; 
Plautius, 43 a. d. ; the Saxons, 447 ; 
the Danes, 787, 832, 851, 866, 979, 
and 1012 ; William, the Conqueror, 
1066; by the Scots, 1071, 1093, 
unsuccessful ; Isabel, Queen of 
Edward II., 1326; Duke of Lan- 
caster, 1399 ; by the French, 1416 ; 
Queen Margaret, 1462; Earl of 
Warwick, 1470 ; Edward IV., 1471 ; 
Queen Margaret, 1471 ; Earl of 
Richmond, 1485; Lambert Simnel, 
1487; Perkin Warbeck, 1495 ; Span- 
ish Armada, 1588 ; Duke of Mon- 
mouth, 1685 ; Prince of Orange, 
1688; James II., 1689; the Pre- 
tender, 1708; again, 1715, 1745; 
the French in Wales, 1797 ; Ireland 
by Fitzstephen, 1169; Edward 
Bruce, 1315 ; Ireland, by the Ital- 
ians, 1580 ; by the Spaniards, 1601 ; 
by Thurot, 1760 ; at Killala by the 
French, 1798. 

Inverherthy Church, destroyed 
by fire, Oct. 24, 1825. 

Invincible, ship of war, seventy- 
four guns, lost near Winterton, 
Norfolk, nearly all on board perish- 
ing, March 20, 1801. 

Invocation of the Saints and 
Virgin, traced as far back as Gre- 
gory the Great, 593. 

Ioava Territory, United States of 
America, 600 miles long and 250 
broad, containing ninety millions 
of acres, bordering the Missis- 
sippi, and north of the Missouri 
river ; population, 1840, 43,111 ; in 
1844, 78,819 ; separated from Wis- 
consin, 1838 ; purchased of the 
Indians, 1832 ; begun to be set- 
tled, 1833 ; city of, began, 1839. 

Iodine disco veiled at Paris, 1812, 
by M. de Courtois ; improved, 1813. 

Ionian Islands ceded to France, 
by the treaty of Campo Formio, 
1797 ; placed under the protection 
of Great Britain by Russia and the 
Allied Powers, Nov. 5, 1815. 

Ipres Tower, Rye, built 1160. 

Ipswich College, built 1524; 



west gate, 1430 ; the town incorpo- 
rated by Charles II. 

Ireland, originally divided into 
five kingdoms, Ulster, Leinster, 
Munster, Meath, and Connaugbt, 
besides petty principalities ever at 
war with each other. The Pope 
Adrian IV, permitted Henry II. to 
invade Ireland, on the understand- 
ing that he held the country as a 
fief of the church, and made every 
Irish family pay a Carolus to the 
holy see : Ireland, down to that pe- 
riod was in a barbarous state; of 
171 kings of the earlier dynasties, 
going back to the flood, and most 
of whom had probably no existence 
except in legendary lore, not more 
than a dozen are represented as dy- 
ing a natural death. The title of 
kingdoms to five petty states, with 
not two millions of inhabitants in 
the whole territory, marks the low 
social state of the country at that 
time. In the invasion of Ireland 
Strongbow preceded Henry II., Aug. 
23, '1170; the conquest of Ireland 
by Henry II., landed near Water- 
ford, Oct. 26, 1171 ; conquered the 
whole island, 1172 ; cantoned the 
island among ten of the English 
court, Strongbow, Fitz- Stephen, De 
Cogan, Bruce, De Lacy, De Courcy, 
Burke, Fitz-Andelm, De Clare, De 
Grandison, and Le Poer ; Roderick 
O'Connor, king or chief lord of 
Connanght, was permitted to retain 
his throne ; John introduced the 
English laws and customs, and gave 
them a charter of liberty, 1210 ; 
Henry III. confii-med the same, 
1216 ; Edward Bruce, of Scotland, 
invaded the island, and was crowned 
king, 1315 ; defeated at Armagh by 
the English, 6200 Scots were put to 
the sword, and their king beheaded, 
1318 ; Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 
married the heiress of Ulster, 1361 ; 
Richard II. landed at Waterford, 
with 4000 men-at-arms and 30,000 
bowmen, and gained the people by 
knighting their chiefs, 1394, 1399 ; 
the cruel head-act passed at Trim, 
which gave any one who found 
thieves robbing, by day or night, 



IRE 



333 



IRE 



the power to kill and cut off their 
heads, for which, whoever brought 
the head was to receive a reward, 
1465 ; the Irish compelled to adopt 
the dress of the English, and use 
surnames, 1478 ; no man was to be 
taken for an Englishman in Ireland 
who had not his upper lip shaved, 
and it was no felony to kill an Irish- 
man in time of peace ; Henry VIII. 
assumed the title of King of Ireland, 
1542 ; the reformed religion intro- 
duced by the clergy, who did not 
know the language, 1584, many of 
them men of loose lives ; numerous 
Catholic priests executed for exer- 
cising their functions, 1580, 1597 ; 
the garrison of Limerick surrendered 
upon terms, 1583, and was then put 
to the sword by Lord-deputy Gray, 
1583 ; discontent in Ulster, 1589 ; 
17 ships, with 5394 men, saved of the 
Armada, washed on the coast of Le- 
land, 1589, all put to the sword by 
Sir William Fitzwilliam, the gover- 
nor, under the pretence that they 
might side with the discontented 
Irish ; Ireland first divided into 
shires, 1562; Tyrone's insurrection, 
1595 ; he defeated the queen's troops, 
and took the fort of Blackwater ; 
revolt of the Earl of Desmond and 
its suppression ; 574,628 acres of 
land seized upon or forfeited, and 
offered at 2d. or 3d. per acre, none 
of the native Irish being allowed to 
purchase ; a body of Spaniards land- 
ed in Kinsale, Sept. 23, 1601, under 
Don Juan d'Aguila, but the Irish did 
not join him ; Ulster became whol- 
ly vested in the crown, 1612 ; a 
dreadful famine in Ireland, from the 
royal troops destroying the corn, 
1612, three children seen feeding 
in one place on their dead mother, 
• — and children waylaid and eaten, 
■ — people with their mouths green 
from eating nettles and docks ; 
King James published an act of ob- 
livion, 1610 ; insurrection in Ulster, 
1641 ; a massacre of the Irish in 
Island-Magee, by the Scotch, Nov. 
1641, followed by one of English 
Protestants, when 10,000 are said to 
have been put to death ; the Mar- 



quis of Ormond arrived in Cork, 
Sept. 1648 ; a peace made by the 
confederate Catholics, Jan, 17, 1649; 
the royal supporters conquer most 
of the principal towns ; Cromwell 
landed at Dublin, Aug. 15, 1649 ; 
stoi-med Drogheda, and put the gar- 
rison to the sword, Sept. 3, 1649 ; 
Cromwell reduced Ireland to obe- 
dience, transporting the people to 
the colonies, or driving them to the 
continent, 1652 ; the Irish popula- 
tion that i*emained driven into Con- 
naught, 1654; Duke of Schomberg 
landed in Carrickfergus, 1689; siege 
of Deny, 1689 ; landing of King 
William III. at Carrickfergus, June 

14, 1690 ; battle of the Boyne, July 
1, 1690 ; treaty of Limerick, Oct. 3, 
1691 ; Limerick surrendered to Ge- 
neral Ginckle, Oct. 3, 1691; ratified 
by the king, 1695 ; the treated sub- 
sequently violated by the English 
agents, 1693, 1695, 1704; linen ma- 
nufacture patronised by the govern- 
ment, 1696 ; some indulgences grant- 
ed to the Catholics, 1778 ; Ireland 
admitted to a right of free trade, 
1779; discharged from a submission 
to the English council, 1782 ; Order 
of St. Patrick instituted, 1783 ; the 
rebellion commenced, May 4, 1798 ; 
Union of the two countries, Jan. 1, 
1801; Emmet's revolt, July 23, 
1803 ; English and Irish exchequer 
united, Jan. 1817; King George 
IV. visited Ireland, Aug. 12, 1821 ; 
the currency equalised, Jan. 1, 
1826 ; Roman Catholic emancipation 
granted, April 13, 1829 ; poor-laws 
introduced, July 30, 1838; repeal 
meetings first held, March 19, 1843 ; 
trial of O'Connell, Jan. 1844; again, 
for a political conspiracy, Feb. 12, 
1844, found guilty ; Irish National 
Society for Education, incorporated 
Sept. 23, 1845; potato dearth all 
over Ireland, 1845 ; Smith O'Brien 
and others of the physical force 
party, forsook the repeal association, 
July 29, 1846 ; O'Connell spoke the 
last time in the House of Commons, 
Feb. 8, 1847 ; died at Genoa, May 

15, 1847, aged 73 ; frightful famine 
in Ireland, and £10,000,000 granted 



IRE 



334 



IRE 



by parliament to relieve the people, 

1847 ; deputation of Smith O'Brien 
and others to Paris, to the members 
of the insurrectional government, 
April 3, 1848 ; great meeting of the 
Young Irelanders in Dublin, April 
4, 1848 ; arrest of Mitchell, editor 
of the United Irishman, May 13, 

1848 ; he is found guilty, and sen- 
tenced to 14 years' transportation, 
May 26, 1848 ; Duffy, Martin, Mea- 
gher, Doherty, and others, arrested 
July, 1848; the habeas corpus 
suspended in Ireland, July 26, 
1848 ; Martin sentenced to 10 years' 
transportation, August 14, 1848; 
Smith O'Brien tried for high trea- 
son and found guilty, sentenced 
to death, Oct. 9, 1848 ; the sentence 
commuted to transportation for life ; 
fatal Orange affray at Dolly Brae, 
and lives lost, July 12, 1849 ; the 
queen visited Ireland, Aug. 6, 1849 ; 
the opening of the incumbered estates 
act in Dublin, in pursuance of an 
act passed July 28, 1849 ; the first 
court held in Dublin, Oct. 29, 1849; 
immense sales effected in 1850 and 
1851. 

Ireland, History and Kings of. 
The early history of this country is 
enveloped in fable, as with all coun- 
tries before their emergence from 
barbarism. Their writers go back to 
alliances with Pharaoh, king of 
Egypt ; the Romans, during 475 
years after the invasion of England 
by Julius Caesar, did not find it 
worth colonization, though well 
aware of its site and size ; St. Pa- 
trick is supposed to have arrived 
about the year 448 ; patronised by 
a monarch named Lughaidh, killed 
by a thunderbolt, as two out of three 
of his immediate predecessors were 
said to be — Dathy, at the foot of 
the Alps, 398, and Loughaire, 421. 

Oilioll Molt, killed in battle ... 453 
Lughaidh, killed by a thunder- 
bolt 473 

Murtough died naturally 493 

Tuathal Maolgarbb, assassinat. 515 

Diarmuid, slain 528 

Feargus 550 



Eschaidh, with his uncle, slain 551 
Ainmereach, deposed and slain 554 

Baodun slain 557 

Aodh, or Hugh, killed in battle 558 

Hugh Stame assassinated 587 

Aodh Haireodhuach, killed in 

battle 591 

Maolcobha, slain in battle 618 

Suibhne Meain killed 622 

Daniel died naturally 635 

Gonall Claon, and his brother, 
Ceallach, the first assassinat- 
ed, second drowned in a bog 648 
Diarmuid and Blathneac, both 

died of a pestilence 661 

Seachnasach, assassinated 668 

Cionfaola, murdered 674 

Fionachta Eleadha, murdered.. 678 

Loingseach, killed in battle 685 

Cougal Cionmaghair, died sud- 
denly, for he persecuted the 

Irish Church 693 

Feargal, slain in battle 702 

Eogartach, slain in battle 719 

Clonaoth, found dead on the 

field of battle 720 

Elaith Bheartagh, died a monk 720 
Aodh, or Hugh Alain, killed 

in battle 731 

Daniel, died on a pilgrimage 

to Palestine. 740 

Niall Ereasack, turned monk... 782 
Donagh, or Donchad, died na- 
turally in his bed 786 

Aodh, or Hugh, killed in battle 815 
Connor, or Conchabar, died of 

patriotic grief. 837 

Niall Caillie, drowned in a river 851 

Turgesius, a Norwegian, who 

persecuted the Irish learned, 

and burned all their books, 

thrown into a river and 

drowned 866 

x Malachy 1 879 

Hugh Fionneliath 897 

Flann Sionna 913 

Mall Glundubh, killed 951 

Donough 954 

Congall, slain by the Danes.... 974 

Daniel, turned monk 984 

Maol Ceachlin IL,resigned ....1004 
Bryan Baromy, or Boiroimhe, , 
who defeated the Danes at 
Clontarf, assassinated, Good 
Friday 1027 



IKE 



335 



IRE 



Maol Ceachin II., again 1039 

Denis O'Brien 1048 

Turloch 1098 

Murtough, turned monk 1110 

O'Connor the Great, or Tur- 

loghll.. , 1130 

Murtough McNeil McLachlin, 

slain 1150 

Roger O'Connor 1168 

Henry II. of England, who 

conquered the island 1172 

Though this list begins 453, upon 
the strength of monkish legends ; 
there were 26 monarchs up to the 
year 4 of the Christian era; 21 were 
killed or poisoned, 3 died a natural 
death, one choked himself, and one 
fled into Scotland. Before Christ 
the Irish historians reckon up to the 
flood. They aver that they are of 
Phoenician origin, 2048 years before 
Christ ; two j Milesian princes con- 
quered Ireland, say the Irish his- 
torians, 1300 years before Christ ; 
and from that date seven reigns 
(the monarchs all slain,) succeed- 
ed to that of Tigermas, 1221, a.c, 
who first introduced idolatry into 
the island ; 38 kings followed, in 
all 46, to the year 4 a.d. Some 
reigns were joint sovereignties with 
sons or brothers, of whom 34 were 
killed by their relatives or succes- 
sors, and two were suicides. Be- 
sides these 46, between 804 a.c, and 
735, there were six kings, all slain 
except one ; between 659 and 540 
a.c, there were eleven kings all 
slain in battle or assassinated ; and 
between 419 and 275 a.c, there were 
ten kings, of whom only three died 
natural deaths ; between 263 and 
68, a.c, there were fifteen kings, of 
whom eleven were murdered or died 
in battle ; from 36 a.c, to 4 a.d., 
two more reigned ; in all, from 1300 
a.c, to 4 A.n., true Milesians, 171 in 
number, down to the English con- 
quest of the island in 1172 a.d. 

Ireland, Stone Churches in, no- 
velties in the year 1150 ; Scandina- 
vians ravaged the island in 900 a.d. 

Ireland, Houses in, 1791, 700,000. 

Ireland, Population of, 1625, 



1,600,000 ; in 1731, the entire popu- 
lation of Ireland amounted to 
2,010,221 persons, of whom 700,453 
were Protestants, and 1,309,768 
Roman Catholics. It appears, there- 
fore, that in the whole kingdom the 
excess of the latter above the former, 
amounted only to 609,315. At this 
period, Ulster contained 360,682 
Protestants, and 158,028 Roman 
Catholics. In the year 1752, the 
whole population had increased to 
2,317,584. Sir William Petty, who 
had excellent means of knowing, 
says that 
In 1652, the number of 

people was . . . 850,000 
According to Mr. South, 
the computation in 1695, 

gave 1,034,100 

In 1788, calculating from the num- 
ber of houses, it was . 3,728,904 

In 1791 4,206,618 

In 1831. The return accurate : 

LEINSTER. Popuh( _ 

COUNTIES. Hon, 

Carlow 81,576 

Dublin 183,042 

Dublin City 203,652 

Kildare 108,401 

Kilkenny 169,283 

Kilkenny City . . ' . . 23,741 

King's ....... 144,029 

Longford 112,391 

Louth 108,168 

DroghedaTown . . . 17,365 

Meath 177,023 

Queen's 145,843 

Westmeath 136,799 

Athlone Town .... 11,362 

Wexford 182 991 

Wicklow 122,301 

Total . . 1,927,967 

CONNAUGHT. 

Galway 394,287 

Galway Town .... 33,120 

Leitrim 141,303 

Mayo 367,956 

Roscommon 239,903 

Sligo 171,503 



Total 



1,348,077 



IRE 



336 



IRE 



MUNSTER. 

Clare 258,262 

Cork, East Riding . . . 407,935 

Cork, West Riding . . 292,424 

Cork City 107,007 

Kerry 219,989 

Limerick 233,505 

Limerick City, including 
St. Frances' Abbey, Ex- 
tra-Parochial . . . 66,575 

Tipperary 402,596 

Waterford City . . . . 28,821 

Total . . 2,165,193 

ULSTER. 

Antrim 314,608 

Carrickfergus ToAvn . . 8,698 

Armagh 220,651 

Cavan 228,050 

Donegal 298,104 

Down 352,571 

Fermanagh 149,555 

Londonderry .... 222,416 

Monaghan 195,532 

Tyrone ..'.... 302,943 

Total . . 2,293,128 



1831, Total Ireland 
1841, Ditto, 
1851, Ditto, 



7,734,365 



8,175,124 



6,575,000 



Ireland, Religion in, 1831, — 
English Church in, number 851,792 
Presbyterians .... 635,587 
Protestant dissenters . . . 21,518 



Total Protestants 
Roman Catholics 



. 1,508,897 
. 6,428,265 



Half the population Protestant. 
1776. The number of Catholics in 
every diocess in Ireland, in the 
year 1834, and of the parishes or 
unions in each diocess in 1845 : — 

Parishes. Catholics. 

Cloyne and Ross 54 420,000 

Tuam 61 400,128 

Dublin ....48 391,000 

Meath 68 377,00Q 

Killaloe 52 359,000 

Ehphin , 40 310,000 



Armagh 51 309,000 

Cork 33 303,000 

Kerry 45 297,000 

Cashel 47 293,000 

Kildare 46 290,000 

Clogher 37 260,000 

Waterford 30 253,000 

Limerick 41 246,000 

Kilmore 43 240,000 

Ossory 35 209,000 

Derry 35 296,000 

Ardagh 43 195,000 

Eerns 36 172,000 

Down and Connor.. .40 154,000 

Raphoe 26 145,000 

Killala 23 136,000 

Clonfert 23 118,000 

Achonry 24 108,000 

Kilmacduagh 19 81,000 

Dromore 17 69,000 

Galway 12 64,000 

Ireland, 1851, state of Agricul- 
ture : — Holdings under 1 acre to 
500 andupwards, 608,066, a decrease 
of 20,156 since 1841 ; the tillage re- 
turns shewed an increase of culti- 
vated land — 

1841 13,464,300 acres. 

1851 14,802,581 „ 

The increase being 1,338,281 acres. 
Flax increased in 1850-1 in cultiva- 
tion, 49,496 acres. Produce of Ire - 
land in the following years : — 

Cereal Crops, 1849, 2,182,514 

1850, 2,113,327 

1851, 2,165,854 

Potatoes 1849, 4,014,122 

1850, 3,954,990 

1851, 4,421,022 

Turnips 1849, 5,805,848 

1850, 5,439,005 

1851, 6,081,325 

1849 548,288 

.548,719 
.543,312 

Asses 1849, 117,939 

1850, 123,412 

1851, 136,981 

Cattle 1849, 2,771,139 

1850, 2,917,949 

1851, 2,967,431 

Sheep 1849, 1,777,111 

1850, 1,876,096 

1851, 2,122,123 



Stock Horses 
and Mules 



(1849, 
] 1850, 
( 1851, 



IRE 



337 



IRI 



Pigs 1849, 795,463 

1850, 927,502 

1851, 1,084,857 

Goats 1849, 182,988 

1850, 201,112 

1851, 235,313 

Poultry 1849, 6,328,001 

1850, 6,945,146 

1851, 7,470,694 

Total value (1849 £25,692,616 

of Farm 3 1850 26,951,959 

Stock. (1851 27,737,393 

Ireland, Church Revenues of. 
There were four archbishoprics and 
eighteen bishoprics in Ireland before 
1833, ten of which have ceased by 
the church temporalities act, being 
either united to other sees or abo- 
lished ; number of parishes, 2348 ; 
benefices, 1385; resident clergymen, 
860 ; diocesan land, 670,000 acres ; 
tithes, &c, revenue, 1831, about 
£2,000,000 per annum. 

Ireland, Revenue of, when that 
of England was £1, 9s. pr. head, 1778, 
that of Ireland was 6s. 8d ; in 1784, 
the expenditure was £1,098,184, 
and the debt, funded and unfunded, 
£2,179,208. In 1805, the sum 
raised for Ireland was £10,000,000, 
of which £4,729,406 was the ordi- 
nary revenue, the rest by loan ; at 
the time the national debt of Ireland 
was £53,296,356. Ireland pays 
one-seventeenth of the general ex- 
penses of the empire. 

Ireland, Longevity in. The sa- 
lubrity of the Irish climate is pro- 
verbial. In the county of Antrim, 
with 270,000 to 300,000 inhabitants, 
there were 55 persons noted in 
the papers who had passed their 
92nd year, and also the following 
centenarians, between 1786 and 
1840. 

1742 JohnEinlav 103 

1786 Elizabeth Gilliland 110 

1786 Janet Cowan 101 

1788 Frances Morrow 105 

1793 James Cunningham 108 

1794 JohnMullan 105 

1795 Mary Campbell 103 

1795 Patrick Rice 112 

1806 Jane Campbell 106 

1808 Samuel Mark 105 



1809 Eleanor Guthrie 109 

1809 Nancy Allan 112 

1809 Sheelah Harrison 108 

1811 Elizabeth Seymour 100 

1812 John Barrow 106 

1813 Mary Hogg 102 

1814 Francis Bradley 104 

1814 Catherine M'Curdy 109 

1814 Mary Gauley 100 

1815 Mary Abraham 102 

1815 Elizabeth Abbot 102 

1816 Daniel M'Gavock 106 

1817 James Shiel 101 

1817 Dorothea Frazer 100 

1818 Edward M'Givan 114 

1823 Ellen Mooney 116 

1829 HughMagill 101 

1831 AnnHiggins 109 

1832 Archibald M'Cawbridge 122 

1833 Jane Moffat 106 

1833 JohnBankhead 107 

1834 Ralph Boyd 114 

1834 Hugh Duppin 101 

1835 Denis M'Kinlay 117 

1835 Mary Johnston 102 

1835 MaryHerbesin 100 

1835 John Whitley 106 

1836 Henry M'Lennan 104 

1836 James Simpson 107 

1837 Jane Martin 102 

1837 Jane Taylor 100 

1837 G.Rouet 100 

1840 Andrew Lochlin 110 

Ireland, Viceroys, Lords-lieu- 
tenant, or Lord Justices, Lords 
Wardens, Seneschals or Governors : 
Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Meath 1173 

Richard de Clare 1173 

Raymond le Gros 1177 

Earl of Moreton 1177 

1185 

Peter Pipard 1191 

Geoffrey de Maris 1215 

Piers de Gaveston, Earl of 

Cornwall, the first called 

Lord-lieutenant 1308 

See Lords-lieutenant. 

Irish Mitred Abbots, among the 
suppressed religious houses of Ire- 
land, from 1537 to 1541, when Hen- 
ry VIII. seized their revenues, and 
distributed them among his fa- 
vourites ; twenty-four of the heads 
had been till then peers of parlia- 
ment : — Tbe abbot of the Cistercian 



IEI 



338 



IRI 



monastery of Mellifont in Louth, 
the first of that order founded in 
Ireland, in the twelfth century ; the 
abbot of the Cistercians of Bective 
in Meath ; the abbot of the Cister- 
cians of Baltin glass in Wicklow ; 
the abbot of the Cistercians of Dun- 
brody in Wexford ; the abbots of 
the Cistercians, Tintern in Wexford ; 
the abbot of the Cistercians of Jer- 
point in Kilkenny ; the abbot of the 
Cistercians of Douske in Kilkenny ; 
the abbot of the Cistercians of Trac- 
ton in Cork ; the abbot of the Cis- 
tercians of Monaster-Nenay in Li- 
merick ; the abbot of the Cistercians 
of Abington or Wotheney in Lime- 
rick ; the abbot of the Cistercians 
of Holy Cross in Tipperary; the 
abbot of the Cistercians of Monas^ 
ter-Evin in Kildare ; the abbot of 
the Cistercians of St. Mary's Abbey 
in Dublin ; the abbot of the Augus^ 
tinians of St. Thomas the Martyr, 
in Dublin ; the prior of the Knights 
of St. John of Jerusalem, at Kil- 
mainham in Dublin ; the prior of 
the Augustinians of the Holy Tri- 
nity or Christ Church, Dublin ; the 
prior of the Augustinians of All 
Saints in Dublin, now Trinity Cob- 
lege ; the prior of the Augustinians 
of SS. Peter and Paul at Newtown, 
near Trim in Meath ; the prior of 
the Augustinian monastery of the 
Virgin Mary at Louth ; the prior of 
the Benedictines of Downpatrick in 
Down ; the prior of the Augusti- 
nians of Kells in Kilkenny; the 
prior of the Augustinians of Athas- 
sel in Tipperary ; the prior of the 
Augustinians of Rattoo in Kerry. 

Irish Committals. — The total 
number of committals during 1844 
was 19,448, being a decrease, in 
comparison with 1843, of 678, or 
3.37 per cent. The gross number 
of committals in 1839, 1840, 1841, 
1842, and 1843, were respectively 
26,392, 23,831, 20,796, 21,186, and 
20,126. The decrease in the num- 
ber of committals was confined al- 
most entirely to miscellaneous of- 
fences ; greater crimes increas- 
ed . — Class 1, Offences against the 



person, with violence. Under this 
head 5,482 persons were committed 
in 1844, being an increase of 40, or 
0.73 per cent., compared with 1843. 
including 28 additional cases of 
murder. Class 2, Offences against 
property, with violence ; 1,058 per- 
sons committed, and 6,377 indivi- 
duals under Class 3, Offences against 
property, without violence. The 
number charged with murder dur- 
ing 1844 amounted to 129, being 
an increase of 27.72 per cent, over 
1843. The number committed for 
murder in 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 
1843, and 1844, were respectively 
286, 155, 120, 189, 101, and 129. 
Under Class 3, Offences against 
property without violence, the prin- 
cipal increase appears to be in cases 
of larceny from the person, 118 more 
than in 1843. Under the head of 
assembling unlawfully armed, the 
number committed in 1843 was 74, 
and in 1844, 121. Of the 19,448 
persons committed in 1844, the num- 
ber convicted amounted to 8,042 ; 
20 were sentenced to death, 45 
transportation for life, 16 for 14 
years, 526 for 7 years, and 113 for 
shorter periods ; 2 to imprisonment 
for 3 years, 107 for 2 years, 539 for 
1 year, 4,842 for 6 months and un- 
der, and 1,738 fined and discharged. 
Of the capital sentences in 1844, 9 
were executed, of which 8 for mur- 
der. The information respecting 
the amount of education amongst 
those committed was imperfect; 6,131 
cases were reported unascertained; of 
the ascertained cases, 4,848, or 24.92 
per cent., could read and write ; 
2,584, or 13.28 per cent., could read 
but not Avrite ; and 5,885, or 30.25 
per cent., could not read or write. 
The ascertained ages of those com- 
mitted were, 959 under 16 years of 
age, 2,851 between 16 and 21, 5,332 
between 21 and 30, 2,447 between 
30 and 40, 1,141 between 40 and 50, 
475 between 50 and 60, and 223 
above 60. The steady and conti- 
nued decrease in the number of per- 
sons committed under the age of 16, 
is " one of the many results which 



IRI 



339 



IEO 



follow the diffusion of a sound and 
practical system of national educa- 
tion." The committals under 16 
were in 1840, 6.48 per cent. ; in 
1841, 7.01 per cent. ; in 1842, 5.45 
per cent. ; in 1843, 4.12 per cent. ; 
and in 1844, 4.93 per cent. 

Iris, -a lunar one appeared near 
Wakefield, in Yorkshire, from half- 
past nine till half-past ten at night, 
Jan. 17, 1606. 

Irish Working Schools Society, 
established Oct. 1773. 

Irish Hospitals — Smith's School, 
incorporated 1669 ; Blue-coat hos- 
pital, incorporated 1670; Royal, 
near Kilmainham, ditto 1683 ; Dub- 
lin workhouse, established 1728 ; 
Charitable Infh-mary, opened 1728 ; 
Stephen's hospital, incorporated 
1730; St. Patrick's hospital, founded 
1745, incorporated 1746; lying-in 
hospital, established 1745, incorpo- 
rated 1757 ; Mercer's, incorporated 
1750 ; St. Nicholas', opened 1753 ; 
Lock hospital instituted 1755 ; cha- 
ritable loan, instituted 1757 ; vene- 
real hospital, opened 1758 ; Dublin 
hospital, opened 1762. 



Scotland 50. 

York and Newcastle 32. 

Derbyshire 12. 

North Wales 16. 

Staffordshire ,. 125. 

Shropshire 40. 

Gloucestershire ... 5. 



Irish Catholics, 12,000 leave Ire- 
land for France and Flanders, after 
the loss of the battle of the Boyne 
by James II., 1690. 

Iron first cast in England, at 
Blackstead, Sussex, by Ralph Page, 
1544. 

Iron Mills first used for bar iron, 
1590 ; tinning iron first introduced 
from Bohemia, 1681 ; 850,000 tons 
annually produced in England, 1 849. 
In 1840, 17,000 tons from 59 fur- 
naces; 1788, 68,000 from 85 ; 1796, 
125,000 from 121; 1806, 250,000 
tons; 1820, 400,000 tons; 1827, 
690,000 tons from 284 furnaces, 95 
in Staffordshire, 90 in South Wales. 

Iron Wire, English — before 1568, 
all made and drawn by main strength 
alone, in the forest of Dean, and 
elsewhere, until the Germans intro- 
duced the draAVing it by a mill. 
The greatest part of iron-wire and 
ready-made wool-cards hitherto im- 
ported. 

Iron Furnaces in blast ; these 
vary in number annually, and were 
given as follows, by three authori- 
ties, a few years ago : 
Clarke. Mushet. Johnson. 
50 



54. 
31. 
14. 
13. 
113. 
29. 
5. 



South Wales 130 If 



60 



5 
124 



4i ; 



381 



239 



Estimated Number of Tons manufactured annually, according to 

Clarke. Mush?t. Johnson. 

Scotland 200,000 . 197,969 208,000 

York and Newcastle 86,000 66,216 

Derbyshire 40,000 34,372 

North Wales 48,000 33,800 ^ 260,000 

Staffordshire 400,000 354,713^ .... 

Shropshire 150,000 80,940 J 

Gloucestershire 15,000 18,200 15,000 

South Wales 575,000 453,880 605,020 



Total 1,512,000 



1,248, 781 i 



1,088,280 



IEO 



340 



ISL 



Iron made in Wales, about Annual Average, between 1832 and 1842, 

IN TONS. 

Dowlais 53,450 Eails, bars, and nail rods. 

Nant-y-Glo ) 30,263 Ditto, ditto, ditto. 

Beaufort ) 17,723 Foundry pigs. 

Cyfarthfa ) 29,800 Eails, bars, and nail rods. 

Hirwain ) 7,983 Ditto, and pigs. 

Plymouth 22,863 Eails, bars, and nail rods. 

Tredegar 20,280 Bars ditto. 

Sirhowy ) 18,708 Forge pigs. 

Ebbw-Vale ) 14,607 Eails and bars. 

Varteg 16,623 Eails, bars, and pigs. 

Blaenafon 15,466 Foundry pigs. 

Abersychan 15,466 Eails, bars, and pigs. 

Pennydarran 14,941 Eails, bars, and pigs. 

Aberdare.. 13,644 Bars and pigs. 

Clydach ,... 10,602- Bars and pigs. 

Bhymney 9,518 Foundry pigs. 

Blaina 9,119 Castings and pigs. 

Pentwyn 8,857 Ditto, ditto. 

Pontypool 7,112 Bars for tin plates, &c. 

Coalbrook Yale 4,014 Castings and pigs. 

Cwmavon 3,975 Bars for tin plates. 

Masteg 3,626 Foundry pigs. 

Neath Abbey 2,269 Castings and pigs. 

Pentrych 1,790 Bars for tin plates. 

Gadlys 1,549 Foundry pigs. 



364,919 



The greatest quantity of iron ever 
made in one year, previous to 1836, 
was in 1828, and out of the whole 
quantity made that year in Great 
Britain, 279,512 tons were produced 
from the iron works of South Wales, 
increased 75,470 tons in 1836, com- 
pared with 1828. Great as has been 
the increase of the make in South 
Wales, yet the increase in Scotland 
has been much more ; in the year 
1828, Scotland produced 37,000 
tons, and in 1836 it increased to 
89,000 tons. 

. Iron, total made in Great Britain, 
1848, 2,093,736 tons. 

Iron first discovered in America, 
in Virginia, 1715. 

Iron bullets first used in England, 
1550. 

Iron Mill for slitting bars, the 
first in England was set up at Dart- 
mouth, 1590. New method of mak- 
ing bar-iron from pig-iron, by Mr. 



Cort of Gosport, in 1785, and supe- 
rior to Swedish iron. 

Iron Mask, a state-prisoner in 
France, so named from an iron mask 
which he wore for 43 years that he 
was confined in several places, 
finally in the Bastile. He was sup- 
posed to be a prince, and was always 
most respectfully treated ; a num- 
ber of individuals were named, but 
none were ever proved to be the cor- 
rect party; he died, Nov. 19, 1703. 

Islamism invented by Mahomet 
in a cave at Mecca, where, with the 
help of a renegade Jew and others, 
he penned and composed the Koran, 
which was a pretended revelation 
from the angel Gabriel, and soon 
afterwards assumed the prophet- 
ical character, a. d. 604. 

Isle of Man, the sovereignty of, 
surrendered to the crown of Great 
Britain, by the Duke of Athol, for 
£70,000, and £3000 reserved to his 



JAC 



341 



JAF 



descendants from the revenue of the 
island, 1805 ; all the duke's interest 
purchased bv the imperial parlia- 
ment, for £416,000, in 1825. 

Isle of France discovered in 1505 ; 
Dutch first settled there, 1598 ; the 
French colonized it, 1 715 ; taken by 
the British, Dec. 2, 1810. 

Isles, Bishopric of the Western, 
at Iley, in Scotland, or Icolmkill ; in 
1847, Argyle and the Isles were re- 
vived as a post-revolution bishopric. 

Islington Church, Middlesex, re- 
built, Aug. 1851. 

Ismael, Siege of, taken by the 
Russians, after an heroic defence, 
Dec. 22, 1790 ; Suwarrow, so well 
known as the "Butcher of Ismael," 
put 30,000 men, the entire garrison, 
to the sword ; and that not satiat- 
ing his thirst for vengeance, he gave 
the place up to pillage to his barba- 
rian soldiers, and ordered 6000 wo- 
men to be massacred. His royal 
mistress, Catherine of Russia, or- 
dered Te Deum to be sung for the 
exploit. 

Italian method of book-keeping 
introduced into England, 1556. 

Italy, Kingdom of, begun 476, 
ended, 964; begun again, 1805, when 
Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned 
king, May 26 ; ended, 1814, on the 
downfall of Napoleon. 

Italy, Southern, Central, and 
Northern. The Southern compre- 
hends Naples and Sicily, the latter 
possessed by the Saracens until 
1058, from 828 ; Naples formed from 
the dukedoms of Apulia, Calabria, 



and Sicily, 1130, Roger, the Nor- 
man, being named king. Central 
Italy comprises the domains of the 
Church and Tuscany ; Bologna w r as 
acquired, 1513; Ancona, 1532, Fer- 
rara, 1598, Urbino, 1626 ; Florence 
and the duchy of Tuscany, a repub- 
lic until the time of the Medicis, in 
the 15th century, the family being 
extinct, it fell to the Duke of Lor- 
raine, 1737. Northern Italy com- 
prises Piedmont, Milan, Venice, 
Mantua, Parma and Placentia, and 
Genoa ; Tunis in Piedmont, which 
is now the kingdom of Piedmont, 
comprising Genoa and Sardinia, was 
subject to the house of Savoy, 1097 ; 
Milan was founded by the Gauls, 
584 a.c. ; Venice was founded in 
the sixth century ; Mantua is a 
small duchy, subject, like most of 
the other fine states of Italy, to the 
grievous Austrian yoke ; Parma and 
Placentia were contested by the 
Lombards, and in 1731 consigned to 
the Bourbons of Spain ; Modena 
was long the appanage of the Este 
family, seized by the pope in 1598 ; 
Genoa early became subject to the 
Lombards ; in 806, it conquered Cor- 
sica, and in the 11th and 12th cen- 
turies was distinguished in the cru- 
sades. These states include the 
whole of Italy, and the islands, ex- 
cept Elba and Corsica ; see Rome, 
&c. 

Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, ex- 
pelled ; but returning, he was tried, 
condemned, and shot, Oct. 19, 1824. 



Jack the Painter, alias James 
Aikin, trial of, for setting fire to 
the rope-house in Portsmouth dock- 
yard, Dec. 7, 1776. 

Jacobins, the name of one of the 
parties formed during the French 
revolution, which met as a club in 
the hall of the Parisian Jacobin 
Friars ; suppressed in Oct. 1794. 

Jacobites, the adherents to the 



Stuart race under James II., 1688, 
and subsequently. There was a 
sect in the East, so denominated 
from one Baradoeus, a Syrian, 690. 

J ago, St., in Cuba, plundered and 
demolished by the English, Oct. 2, 
1662 ; island of, bombarded, Sept. 
21, 1741. 

Jaffa, the ancient Joppa, taken 
by Bonaparte, 1799. 



JAM 



342 



J A V 



Jamaica discovered by Columbus, 
May 3, 1494 ; occupied by Spain, 
1559 ; ceded to England in 1656 ; 
divided into three counties, and jus- 
tices appointed, Oct. 21, 1758 ; seat 
of government removed from Spa- 
nish-town to Kingston, Sept. 16, 
1756 ; insurrection of negroes in 
1730; suppressed, Feb., 1738; the 
Maroon revolt in 1795, subdued, 
March 7, 1796 ; insurrection in, and 
martial law declared, Dec. 22, 1831 ; 
great fire in, Aug. 26, 1843 ; cho- 
lera visited the island, 1850-1. 

Jamaica, Earthquakes and Hur- 
ricanes in — June 7, 1692, a terrible 
earthquake ; violent hurricane, Aug. 
28, 1722 ; another, Oct. 22, 1726 ; 
again, Sept. 1, 1734, and Oct. 20, 
1744 ; another, Aug. 10, 1751, do- 
ing damage to the extent of 
£300,000 ; others, July, 1784, 1790, 
and April 25, 1793 ; another, when 
more than 1000 persons were drown- 
ed, and a great number of houses 
destroyed, Oct. 1815. 

James' Fort, on the Gambia, Afri- 
ca, destroyed by the French, April 
23, 1757. 

James I. instituted the Court of 
Session in Scotland, 1425. 

James II. landed in Ireland with 
an army, March 12, 1689 ; met the 
parliament there, April 19 ; be- 
sieged Londonderry, April 29 ; 
coined brass money there, June 18, 
1689 ; defeated at the Boyne, and 
embarked for France, July 1, 1690; 
an attempted descent by him upon 
England prevented by the destruc- 
tion of the French fleet, May 19, 
1692; a second time prevented, 
March 2, 1695 ; died, Sept. 6, 1695. 

James, St., order of knighthood, 
bes;un, 1030, in Spain; Portugal, 
1310 ; Holland, 1290. 

James', St., palace, built 1530 ; 
market begun, 1664 

James I. of Scotland murdered by 
his subjects, 1437; James the III. 
murdered by his nobles, 1488; 
James IV. killed at Flodden, Sept. 
9, 1513. 

James Edward, the pretender, 
proclaimed in France, Sept. 6, 1701. 



Janissaries, first raised in 1361 ; 
abolished June 14, 1829, when 3000 
of them were killed. 

January 30, observed as a fast by 
the high church, so ordered, 1660 ; 
the Calves' Head club formed, Jan. 
30, 1735, by some noblemen and 
gentlemen in Suffolk Street, when 
a riot ensued. 

Jansen, Sir Theodore, one of the 
South Sea directors, deprived of his 
estate to the extent of £200,000, 
but was allowed £50,000, 1721. 

Jansenism, a sect founded by Cor- 
nelius Jan sen, 1625, a bishop of the 
church of Rome, of exemplary piety; 
a controversy arose about his doc- 
trine in 1640, and it was condemned 
by a bull of Pope Urban VIII. 

Janvilliers, Battle of, between 
the French and Prussians, in which 
the latter, under Blucher, were beat- 
en, Feb. 14, 1814. 

Japan, Empire of, founded by Je- 
rotimo, 1188 ; discovered by the 
Portuguese, 1549 ; the English vi- 
sited Japan, 1612; their early his- 
tory as fabulous as that of the Irish, 
claiming an origin almost as re- 
mote ; the Christians in, bitterly 
persecuted, 1622. 

Japan, Tea-tree of, found likely 
to succeed in the south of Europe, 
1814. 

Japanese, Captain Golossnin 
seized by the, and made a prisoner, 
July 11, 1811; liberated, Oct. 7, 
181*3. 

Jarnac, Battle of, between Hen- 
ry III. of France, when Duke of 
Anjou, Avho defeated the Huguenots, 
March 13, 1569. 

Jarrow Monastery, or Garrow, 
Durham, founded, 684. 

Jasmine, or Jessamine, said to 
have been brought here from Cir- 
cassia in the 15th century ; the 
yellow jessamine came over in 
1656 ; but the Catalonian jessamine 
came here 1629, a native of India. 

Java, 30,000 Chinese, with their 
families, massacred by the Dutch, 
in order to plunder them of their 
effects, 1740 ; taken by the English, 
Aug. 8, 1811 ; the sultan dethroned 



JEN 



343 



JES 



by the English, June, 1813; the 
island restored to Holland, 1814. 

Jeddo, the metropolis of Japan, 
from whence ambassadors were sent 
to Pope Paul V., in 1619, to do him 
honour as the head of the Christian 
faith, which had been embraced by 
the king of that country, through the 
instrumentality of the Jesuit mis- 
sionaries; but these last, endea- 
vouring to overturn the government, 
were expelled, 1622, and the king 
returned in consequence to his 
former idolatry. 

Jeffries, the notorious judge, 
burned in effigy, Nov. 17, 1679 ; 
made chief-justice of Chester, April 
29, 1680 ; of the king's bench, Sept. 
28, 1683 ; sent to the west, where 
he was guilty of the most atrocious 
acts towards the adherents of the 
Duke of Monmouth, Aug. 1685 ; 
made Lord Chancellor, Sept. 28 ; 
had a pardon from James II., Nov. 
1, 1688 ; taken disguised, and sent 
to the tower, Dec. 12, 1688 ; died, 
and buried there, April 18, 1689. - 

Jeffrey, Robert, abandoned on 
the island of Sombrero, March 7, 
1807, by Captain Lake, R.N., who 
was dismissed the service for it. 

Jeffrey, son of King Richard, 
killed in a tournament in Paris, 
Aug. 19, 1186. 

Jemappes, Battle of, in which 
the raw levies of France defeated 
the Austrians, well intrenched and 
covered by forty redoubts ; the 
combat continued for several days, 
when Dumourier was victor ; the 
Austrians losing 10,000 men, the 
French above that number, Nov. 5, 
1792. 

Jena and Saalfield, Battles of, 
between the French under Napo- 
leon, and the Prussians ; the King 
of Prussia was routed, losing 200 
cannon; the victor then marched 
upon Berlin, and the Prussian 
monarchy was at his feet, Oct. 14, 
1806. 

Jenkins, Henry, died in York- 
shire, 1679, aged 169. 

Jenkins, Captain, his ears cut off 
by the Spaniards, April 9, 1731. 



Jennerian Institution, founded 
1803. 

Jerome of Prague condemned to 
be burned, and executed, 1416. 

Jersey, one of the Channel is- 
lands, with Guernsey, Alderney, 
and Sark, once portions of Nor- 
mandy, and subjected to the crown 
of England by William the Con- 
queror, 1066 ; fortified, 1595 ; Jersey 
was attacked by the French, 1779 
and 1781, Jan. 6, when they were 
repulsed, but the English command- 
er, Major Pierson, fell. 

Jerusalem, the capital of Pales- 
tine, founded in a very remote age ; 
temple in, built by Solomon, 1004 be- 
fore Christ ; taken by Nebuchadnez- 
zar, 547 before Christ ; razed by Titus, 
70 a. d. ; another city built on the 
site by Adrian, 130 ; the walls re- 
built by Eudoxia, 437 ; taken by 
the Persians, 614 ; by the Saracens, 
636; by the Crusaders, 1099, a 
new kingdom founded, existing 88 
years ; taken by Saladin from the 
Christians, 1187; by the Turks, 
1217 ; by Bonaparte, Feb. 1799. 

Jerusalem taken by Godfrey de 
Boulogne, 1582. 

Jesters, Court of, abolished in 
France by Louis XIV. ; in Eng- 
land, by Charles II. ; in Germanv, 
1719. 

Jesuits expelled from Paraguaj^, 
1733. 

Jesuits re-established in Austria, 
1822. 

Jesuits, Society of, founded by 
Ignatius Loyola, 1536 ; expelled 
from England, Nov. 10, 1604; again, 
1673; five executed at Tyburn, 
June 21, 1679 ; condemned by the 
Sorbonne 1554, in France ; suppress- 
ed in France, and their property 
confiscated, 1764 ; banished Spain, 
1767 ; suppressed by Pope Clement 
XIV. in 1773 ; restored by Pius 
VII., 1814. 

Jesuits' Bark, the Cortex Peruvi- 
anus, discovered by a Jesuit, 1535 ; 
introduced into France as a medi- 
cine, 1649 ; in general use, 1680 ; 
quinine prepared from, 1825, in Paris 
the remedy for intermittent fever. 



JEW 



344 



JEW 



Jesus Christ, Order of Knight- 
hood, begun in Erance, 1206 ; in 
Rome, 1320. 

Jesus College, Oxford, founded 
by Queen Elizabeth, 1571. 

Jesus College, Cambridge, found- 
ed, 1496. 

Jesus Christ, supposed to have 
been born on the 25th of December, 
in the year of Rome, 752, that day 
commencing the Christian era: 
some say the date should be four 
years earlier than the vulgar era. 

Jewels, first worn in France by 
Agnes Sorel, 1434. 

Jewels ; the Crown Jewels of 
England pawned in Holland by 
Charles I., were redeemed by the 
sale of iron ordnance to the Dutch, 
1629 ; those of France, seized by 
the National Convention, 1794. 

Jewellery, manufacture of, en- 
couraged first in England very ex- 
tensively, 1685 ; used much by 
the Roman ladies, Lollia Paulina 
wearing ornaments valued at 
£322,916 sterling, a.d. 37. 

Jewel Office, Tower of London, 
repaired, 1844. 

Jeavry, the Old, once inhabited 
by the Jews of London, who were 
most cruelly treated here, and ba- 
nished by Edward I., 1272; they 
had been so before ; the first syna- 
gogue in London was defaced by 
the Londoners, who killed 700 of 
the poor Israelites, and robbed them 
of all they had ; 16,160 were ba- 
nished ; here too stood the palace 
of Henry VI. 

Jews' Hospital, Mile-End, insti- 
tuted, 1811, for the Spanish and 
Portuguese Jews. 

Jews' Hospital, for the Dutch 
and German Jews, Mile-End, Old 
Town, established, 1795. 

Jews, Polish, a committee formed, 
to whom all the Jews in the king- 
dom were to address themselves in 
whatever regarded their personal 
interests, 1825. 

Jew, named Mr. Isaac Franks, left 
£300,000 behind him, and had dis- 
tributed annually £5000 in charities. 
Jewish Era dates from the crea- 



tion, 3760 years and three months 
before ours. 

Jewish Naturalization Bill passed, 
June 7, 1753; repealed, Dec. 4, 
1753 ; the cities petitioned for the 
repeal; persecuted in Copenhagen 
for alleged superstition, June, 1753. 

Jews, a people scattered over all 
parts of the world. Nowhere inde- 
pendent, if we except some villages 
in Russia and Arabia, where they 
live in distinct communities. They 
amounted to about 3,200,000 souls, 
1830, who are distributed in the 
following manner : — In 

Bavaria 53,402 

Saxony , 1,300 

Hanover 6,000 

Wurtemberg 9,068 

Baden 16,930 

Electorate of Hesse 5,170 

Grand Duchy of Hesse 14,982 

Rest of the Allied German 

States 18,248 

Frankfort-sur-le-Main 5, 200 

Lubeck 400 

Hamburgh 8,000 

Austrian States 453,545 

Prussia 134,980 

Russia 426,908 

Poland 232,000 

Great Britain , 12,000 

Low Countries 80,000 

France 60,000 

Sweden 450 

Denmark 6,000 

Switzerland 1,970 

Italy 36,900 

Ionian Islands 7,000 

Cracow 7,300 

Turkey in Europe 321,000 

Asia 138,000 

Africa (of which 300,000 in 

the Empire of Morocco) 504,000 

America 5,700 

West Indies 50 

Rather an over-estimate 3,166,603 



There are no longer any Jews in 
Spain and Portugal ; there never 
have been any in Norway ; Sweden 
did not admit them till lately ; in 
the Austrian States they enjoy 
some rights ; in England they par- 



JEW 



345 



JEW 



ticipate in the rights of Dissent- 
ers ; in Russia they are tolerated, 
under strict surveillance. Lastly, 
in the States of the German Con- 
federacy, in France, in the Nether- 
lands, in Prussia, the Jews enjoy all 
the rights of citizens, without, how- 
ever, being eligible to places of pub- 
lic trust; this last disability does 
not exist in France, since, according 
to the fundamental law of the state, 
all Frenchmen are admissible alike 
to civil and military employments. 
In the United States of America, 
they are elected to offices of trust. 

Jews, the first arrival of the, in 
England, 1079 ; to invoke the di- 
vine clemency at the solemnization 
of the Passover, they were falsely 
accused of sacrificing a young lad of 
twelve years old, the son of a rich 
tradesman at Paris, by first whip- 
ping his flesh from his bones, and then 
crucifying him ; several were exe- 
cuted, and all the Jews plundered 
and banished France, 1180. Seven 
were condemned to pay the king 
20,000 marks, or suffer perpetual 
imprisonment, on a charge of cir- 
cumcising a Christian child at Nor- 
wich, and attempting to crucify 
him, 1235, and 20,000 marks ex- 
torted ; cruelly massacred in London 
at the instigation of the clergy, on 
the coronation of Richard I., 1089 ; 
500 besieged by the mob in York, 
cut each others' throats to avoid the 
cruelties of the people, 1190 ; many 
of both sexes massacred by King 
John, others imprisoned, or had 
their teeth knocked or eyes torn out, 
1204 ; on a charge of attempting to 
crucify a child at Lincoln, 1235, for 
this eighteen were hung ; in Lon- 
don, the population rose upon them 
for the usury of one man, and mur- 
dered 700, in 1262 ; no Jew allowed 
to enjoy a freehold, 1269 ; every 
Jew, who lent money on usury, 
was commanded to wear a plate 
upon his breast, signifying that he 
was an usurer, or to quit the realm, 
1274 ; 280 were hanged and quar- 
tered for clipping and coining, 1277 ; 
the same year, the Jews accused of 



crucifying a child at Northampton, 
for which fifty were drawn at the 
tails of horses, and hanged ; all the 
synagogues were ordered to be de- 
stroyed, 1282 ; all the Jews in Eng- 
land were apprehended in one day, 
their goods and chattels confiscated 
to the king, and they, to the num- 
ber of 15,000, banished the realm, 
having only sustenance money al- 
lowed, 1286; they were restored by 
Oliver Cromwell ; driven out of 
France, 1394 ; 500,000 out of Spain : 
to the number of 150,000 out of 
Portugal, 1492 ; they retired to 
Africa, Portugal, and France. It 
was against them that the inquisi- 
tion was there first established. 
There was not a Jew in this island 
from 1610 to 1624 ; four executed 
for the murder of Mrs. Holikins and 
servant, Dec. 9, 1771 ; naturaliza- 
tion act passed, 1753 ; repealed next 
year; sixty-six were killed by a 
floor giving way at the celebration 
of a wedding at Mantua, among 
whom were the bride and the bride- 
groom's mother, June 3, 1776 ; the 
Jews of Spain, Portugal, and 
France declared to be citizens, 1790 ; 
great Sanhedrim assembled, in Paris 
by Napoleon, Jan. 20, 1807; Alex- 
ander of Russia granted land to 
converted Jews, on the sea of 
Azoph, Sept. 1, 1820 ; bill for Jew- 
ish emancipation lost in the English 
House of Commons, by 228 against 
165, May 17, 1830; Mr. Moses 
Montefiore, the first Jew knighted 
by the queen, Nov. 9, 1837; the 
Emperor of Russia issued a ukase, 
that the title of citizen of the first 
class shoiild be held by any Jew 
worthy of it, 1839 ; horrible perse- 
cution of the Jews at Damascus, 
Feb. 1, 1840; act to relieve Jews 
from taking oaths to municipal offi- 
ces, 1845 ; Baron Rothschild re- 
turned to parliament for London 
city, by a majority of 6019 votes, 
his opponent Lord John Manners 
only polling 3104, Aug. 3, 1847; 
the peers on the bill for the purpose 
being sent to them, obstructing it, 
though a second time returned to a 



JEW 



346 



JOH 



seat in the house ; Mr. Salomons 
elected member for Greenwich, but 
declared ineligible without taking 
an oath that he was a Christian, 
Sept. 21, 1847; Baron Eothschild 
re-elected for London, 1852. 

Jewish History, according to 
their own chronology : Abraham's 
covenant with God, 1921 a. c. ; the 
law promulgated, 1491 ; death of 
Saul, 1055 ; death of Solomon, the 
kingdom divided between Judah 
and Israel, 975 ; reign of Jeroboam 
over the ten tribes, 967 ; the Assy- 
rian invasion, under Phul, 770; Sa- 
maria taken, the ten tribes carried 
into captivity, 721 ; Shishak took 
Jerusalem, 971 ; Sennacherib invad- 
ed Judea, and lost a large part of 
his army by pestilence, 710; Hil- 
kiah finds the book of the law in 
repairing the temple, 623; Nebu- 
chadnezzar besieged Jerusalem, and 
took it, 587 ; the temple razed, 587 ; 
Daniel prophesies at Babylon, 603 ; 
Cyrus published an edict for the 
return of the Jews, 536 ; the walls 
of Jerusalem built, 445 ; Alexander 
the Great sacrificed to the God of 
the Jews, 332; Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus employed seventy-two Jews 
to translate the Scriptures, 284 ; 
Antiochus took Jerusalem and slew 
40,000 of the inhabitants, 170; 
Jewish treaty with the Romans, 
161 ; Judas Hyrcanus assumes the 
crown, with the title of King of the 
Jews, 107; Jerusalem taken by 
Pompey, 63 ; Antipater made vice- 
roy of Judea by Julius Ceesar, 49 ; 
the Parthian invasion of Judea, 40 ; 
Herod rebuilt the temple, 18 ; Jesus 
Christ born, according to some, 
four years before the present era, 
according to others, on the day of 
its commencement, 1 ; Pontius Pi- 
late procurator of Judea, 26 ; the 
crucifixion, 33 ; Titus took Jerusa- 
lem, and burned the Temple; 
1,100,000 Jews were destroyed du- 
ring the siege, or by their own 
hands, 70; 100,000 Greeks and 
Romans killed by the Jews about 
Greece, 115 ; Adrian rebuilt Jeru- 
salem, with a temple to Jupiter; 



the Romans kill more than 580,000 
Jews, 135, 136 ; the Jews have not 
since made head as a nation, but 
have been scattered abroad and 
persecuted from that time. 

Joachim Murat, King of Naples, 
repulsed in an attack upon Sicily, 
Sept. 18, 1810. 

Joan of Arc, the maid of Orleans, 
who pretended to a divine mission 
to expel the English from France ; 
she raised the siege of Orleans, 
April 29, 1429 ; she took several 
towns, and defeated the English near 
Patay, June 10, 1429 ; she was made 
prisoner at the siege of Compeigne, 
May 25, 1431, and burned as a 
witch in Rouen 'five days afterwards, 
in her 22nd year. 

Joan, Pope, story of such an in- 
dividual having filled the papal 
chair for ten years, 851. 

Joanna of Naples strangled her 
husband, Oct. 5, 1345. 

John's, St., Monastery, near 
Smithfield, burned by Wat Tyler or 
his followers, 1381. 

John's, St., College, Cambridge, 
founded 1508. 

John's, St., College, Oxford, 
founded 1556. 

John's, St., Newfoundland, taken 
possession of by Sir H. Gilbert, 1583. 

John, king of France, taken pri- 
soner by Edward the Black Prince, 
and brought to England, but ran- 
somed for £500,000, 1357 ; died at 
the Savoy, in the Strand, London, 
on a visit, 1364. 

John Doe and Richard Roe, fic- 
titious names given in as pledges 
to prosecute, and well known for 
centuries among the fictions which 
disgraced that law which should 
deal only in facts. Since the reign 
of Edward III., 1340, these names 
were put into writs, as pretended 
prosecutors, because prior to that 
reign, by the regulations of the Mag- 
na Charta, witnesses or pledges Avere 
required before trial upon every 
prosecution; these names are now 
abolished in practice. 

Johnson, Rev. Mr., convicted of a 
libel on the Duke of York, and 



JOI 



347 



JOI 



severely punished, Nov. 20, 1683; 
again, Nov. 16, 1686; his sentence 
reversed, and a pension assigned 
him, June 11, 1689. 

Joint Stock Bubble, South Sea 
scheme, 1719 ; the act for the con- 
fiscation of their estates was founded 
upon the following resolution of the 
Lords and Commons : — " Feb. 2, 
1720, resolved by the House of 
Peers, that the South Sea Directors 
declaring 30 per cent, dividend for 
the half year ending at Christmas, 
and 50 per cent, per annum for 
twelve years, was a villanous artifice 
to defraud and delude his Majesty's 
good subjects." 

From the table it appears that 



the Directors were compelled to 
disgorge in fines, no less a sum than 
£1,659,514 : 16 : 6| of their ill- 
gotten booty. The secret committee 
of the House of Commons made 
their report, Feb. 16, 1720 ; the fol- 
lowing portions of South Sea stock 
were taken by distinguished per- 
sons : — For the Earl of Sunderland, 
first Lord of the Treasury, £50,000 ; 
for the Duchess of Kendal, £10,000 ; 
for the Countess of P., £10,000 ; for 
the two nieces of the Duchess of 
Kendal, £10,000 ; for Mr. Craggs, 
sen., £30,000 ; for Chas. Stanhope, 
Esq., £10,000; for the "Sword 
Blade" Company, £20,000. 



Sir 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Sir 
Sir 
Sir 
Mr. 
Sir 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Sir 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Sir 
Sir 
Mr. 
Sir 
Sir 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 
Mr. 



J. Fellowes ... 

Joye 

Astell 

L. Blackwell 

J. Blunt 

R, Chaplin ... 

Chester 

W. Chapman 

Child 

Delapart 

Edmonson ... 

Eyles 

Gibbon 

Gore 

W. Hammond 

Hawes 

Houlditch ... 

Horsey 

J. Jacobson .., 
T. Jan son ... 

Ingram 

J. Lambert .., 
H. Masters ... 

Morley 

Page 

Raymond 

Read 

Sawbridge ... 

Reynolds...... 

Tillard 

Turner 

Surnam 

Grigsby 



Value of their Estates. 



£ s. 

243,099 
40,105 2 
27,750 19 
83,529 17 

183,349 10 
45,875 14 

140,372 15 
39,161 6 
52,437 19 
17,151 4 
5365 
34,326 16 

106,543 5 
38,936 15 



22,707 

40,031 

39,527 

19,962 

11,481 
243,244 

16,795 

72,508 

11,814 12 
1869 10 

34,817 12 

64,373 6 
117,297 16 

77.254 1 

18,368 12 

19,175 14 

881 17 

112,321 10 

31,687 6 



d. 

6 

' 
8| 
11 

8| 
5 




7 
6 
5 
2 

? 

3 

11 

5 
3| 
3^ 

H 

3 



8 
2h 

6 





Allowance 

for 
subsistence- 



£. 

10,000 

5000 

10,000 

15,000 

5000 

10,000 

10,000 

10,000 

10,000 

10,000 

3000 

20,000 

10,000 

20,000 

10,000 

5000 

5000 

10,000 

11,000 

50,000 

12,000 

5000 

5000 

1800 

10,000 

30,000 

10,000 

5000 

14,000 

15,000 

800 

5000 

2000 



The Fines taken from 
each Director. 



£. 

233,099 

35,105 

17,750 

68,529 

178,349 

35,875 

130,372 

29,161 

42,437 

7151 

2365 

14,326 

96,543 

18,936 

12,707 

35,031 

34,527 

9962 

481 

193,244 

4795 

67,508 

6814 

69 

24,817 

34,373 

107,297 

72,254 

4368 

4175 

81 

107,321 

29,687 



s. d. 

6 

2 0| 

19 8 

17 11 

10 8| 

14 5 

15 6 
6 8h 

19 r 

4 6 





01 



3 11 



1 5 
12 3i 
10 3" 
12 3| 

6 3 

16 
1 8 

12 2i 

14 4" 

17 6 
10 

6 



JUD 



348 



J [JL 



John o' Groat's House, situated 
on Duncansby Head, the most 
northernly point in Great Britain, 
built 1489, belonging to a family of 
that name. 

John of Gaunt, fourth son of Ed- 
ward III., was born 1339 ; created 
duke of Lancaster, 1362 : appointed 
regent to Richard II., 1377 ; sup- 
ported Wickcliffe against his 
opposers, 1378; had his palace at 
the Savoy, destroyed by Wat 
Tyler's mob, 1381 ; ravaged Scot- 
land to the gates of Edinburgh, 
1384 ; assumed the title of king of 
Castile and Leon, having married 
the daughter of Peter the Cruel, 
1385; died Feb. 1399. His house, 
near Lincoln, built 1397. 

Jones, John Gale, committed by 
the House of Commons for a breach 
of privilege, Feb. 21, 1810. 

Josephine, Empress of France, 
died May 30, 1814. 

Journals, all foreign, prohibited 
in Austria, 1820. 

Journals, Censorship on, in Pa- 
ris, 1820. 

Journals of the House of Peers, 
the first taken 1550 ; of the House 
of Commons, first ordered to be 
printed, and £5000 allowed for the 
expenses of the work, 1752 ; the 
printing the acts of parliament 
commenced temp. Henry VII., and 
they have been consecutively pub- 
lished since. 

Juan Fernandez, Island of, dis- 
covered 1705; Selkirk a native of 
Scotland, lived there alone five 
years, whence the history of Robin- 
son Crusoe, by De Foe. 

Jubilee among the Christians at 
the end of every century, instituted 
by Pope Boniface VIII., 1300 ; this 
was celebrated afterwards every 
fifty years by order of Clement VI. ; 
Urban VI. reduced it to every 
thirty-third year, and Paul II. to 
every twenty-fifth year, at which 
period it is now fixed, an imitation 
of the Jewish custom ; at Stratford, 
the Shakespeare, 1769. 

Judges appointed, and the king- 
dom divided into six circuits, three 



to each, 1176 : punished for bribery, 
Thomas de Wevland, being banish- 
ed, 1288; William de Thorp, 
hanged for bribery, 1351 ; seized 
and condemned, and the Lord Chief- 
Justice executed, for favouring des- 
potism, 1388; one committed the 
Prince of Wales for assaulting him 
on the bench, 1412 ; Bennet fined 
£20,000 for bribery, 1616; threat- 
ened with impeachments, and put 
in bail, and Berkeley taken off the 
Bench, and committed by the Com- 
mons, 1641 ; three impeached, Nov. 
24, 1680 ; their salaries augmented, 
and themselves appointed for life, 
instead of during pleasure, 1761 ; 
enlarged, 1772; of the puisne 
judges, in 1779 ; some sent to the 
East Indies, 1774 ; three additional 
appointed, 1784; a vice -chancellor, 
May 5, 1813; an additional judge 
to each court, Oct. 1841 ; two new ' 
vice-chancellors, April 2, 1851. 

Judicial Privy Council Com- 
mittee, for appeals from the various 
courts, constituted Aug. 14, 1833. 

Jugglers, performers of decep- 
tions, considered to be magicians ; a 
horse that performed certain tricks 
declared to be possessed by a devil, 
and burned at Lisbon, 1601, having 
been first tried ; in 1739, a juggler 
was put to the torture in Poland till 
he confessed how he did his tricks, 
and then hung ; equestrian tricks 
caused great wonder at Rome, 1581 ; 
Wildman, a conjurer of bees, and 
their tamer, 1766; John Muller's 
iron fly, and an eagle that flew to 
meet the emperor Maximilian, 1470, 
at Nuremberg ; Vaucanson's flute- 
playing automaton, 1738, and Phil- 
lipstahl's in London, 1809, were 
considered by the vulgar as touch- 
ing the supernatural. 

Juggernaut, proposal to abolish 
the tax on the pilgrims to, July, 
1812. 

Julian Period produced by the 
lunar cycle 19, solar cycle 28, and 
Roman indiction 15, multiplied to- 
gether, being 7980 years, beginning 
4713 years before our own era. 
July, the seventh month of the 



JUE 



349 



JUV 



Julian year, froni Julius, the sur- 
name of Csesar, who was born in it : 
the fifth month of the Roman calen- 
dar until the year 713 a.c, when 
January and February were added. 
June was originally the fourth 
month, so named from Juno the 
goddess. 

Julian Calendar reformed by 
Pope Gregory, 1582. 

Julian, Emperor of Rome, ab- 
jured Christianity, 361 ; died on his 
expedition into Persia, 363. 

Jungfrau, ascent of the, for the 
first time, Sept. 10, 1828. 

Junction of the Atlantic and Pa- 
cific proposed, by the isthmus of Te- 
huantepec, Feb. 1825. 

Junction of the Rhine and the 
Danube, a canal for, first contem- 
plated through the valley of the 
Salz, 1834. 

Junction and Birmingham Canal, 
New, commenced 1828. 

Junius, Letters of, by a celebrated 
political writer, who published his 
papers in the Public Advertiser, 
1769; exceedingly cutting and 
severe, they were also thought to 
exaggerate the offences and errors 
of certain public characters, which 
has since been found by collateral 
evidence, in memoirs and bio- 
graphies, not to have been the case ; 
the secret of his name the writer 
declared should perish with him. 

Jupiter, the planet so called, 
known to the Chaldeans 2000 years 
before Christ. 

Juries were common to the 
Northern nations : they were known 
in Wales before they were introduced 
into England; Reginer, a Dane, 
ordered twelve to be impannelled, 
820; first established in England 
by Ethelred, 979 ; the plaintiff and 
defendant, in those times, used to 
feed them, whence the common law 
of denying sustenance to a jury 
after hearing evidence, and for fear 
of bribery ; an alien on his trial 
may have half the jury foreigners, 
Edward III., 1353 ; act passed for 



the trial by jury in civil cases in 
Scotland, 1815; to amend the Irish 
laws of, 1833 ; a judge may detain 
a jury during his pleasure if they 
do not agree in their verdict ; the 
unanimity of the jury was every 
thing with the founders of this 
mode of trial; the evidence must be 
so clear, that all the twelve honest 
men can give a verdict of innocent 
or guilty upon it without reserva- 
tion. 

Junr at Sudbury, Suffolk, not be- 
ing able to agree, and pressed by 
hunger, broke open the door, and 
went home, Oct. 9, 1791. 

Jury, Trial by, in Ceylon, had 
proved successful, 1825. 

Juries, all lodgers liable to serve 
on, if they pay a rent of £20 a-year. 
Justices, three, convicted of dis- 
charging, without punishment, three 
performers of the Royalty Theatre, 
brought up under the vagrant act, 
and fined £100 each, July, 1789. 

Justinian II. put to death by 
Philippicus, who became emperor 
of the East, 711. 

Justin restored the orthodox bi- 
shops, 519. 

Justices, Itinerant, appointed, 
1176. 

Justices of the Peace, first named 
by William I., 1076; they were 
called Guardians of the Peace, until 
1361. 

Justiciars of England, the first 
appointed 1067, the last 1261. 

Justiciary court of Scotland, 
established 1672. 

Justinian, his Code of Laws pub- 
lished 520, four years after his 
digest; began his reign 527; died 
565. 

Justs, or Jousts. See Tourna- 
ments. 

Juvenile Offenders, Prison for, act 
passed to set one apart for them at 
Parkhurst, Isle of Wight, Aug. 10, 
1838. 

Juvenile Offenders, prison estab- 
lished for the correction of, Aug. 10, 
1838, at Parkhurst, Isle of Wight. 



KEN 



350 



KID 



K 



Kaleidoscope, an optical instru- 
ment, invented by Dr. Brewster, 
1817, greatly assistant in the forma- 
tion of patterns. 

Kalitsch, Battle of, between the 
French and Russians, Feb. 13, 
1813, in which the former were 
worsted. 

Kalunga Fort, in the East In- 
dies, repulse of the English from, 
and General Gillespie killed, Oct. 
31, 1814 ; attacked again with no 
better success the same year, but 
ultimately evacuated by the enemy. 

Kamtschatka, discovered by the 
Russians, and taken possession of 
by them, 1697; visited by Behring, 
1728; by Clarke, Captain Cook's 
companion, Avho died there, Aug. 
22, 1779. 

Kathekine Hall, Cambridge, 
founded, 1472. 

Katherine's, St., Docks, London, 
opened, Oct. 25,- 1828. 

Kelly, Miss, fired at, while act- 
ing in Drury-lane, by one George 
Barnett, Feb. 17, 1816; tried, and 
found insane, 1816. 

Kendal, Westmoreland, incor- 
porated by James I. 

Kenilwobth Castle, "Warwick- 
shire, built, 1120, by Geoffrey de 
Clinton; priory built, 1106. At 
the castle the Earl of Leicester en- 
tertained Queen Elizabeth, July 19, 
1575, at an enormous expense. 

Kenilworth, dictum of, issued 
on the surrender of Kenilworth 
Castle, after a six months' siege, to 
the royal forces of Henry III. ; by 
this dictum all who took up arms 
against the king were to pay him 
the value of their lands for five 
years. 

Kensall Green, general cemetery, 
consecrated by the Bishop of Lon- 
don, Jan. 24, 1833. 

Kensington Palace, once the seat 
of Lord Chancellor Finch, partly 
taken out of Hyde Park, but only 



26 acres in extent, purchased by 
William III, Queen Anne enclosed 
30 acres, 1705, taken out of Hyde 
Park, and Queen Caroline 300 acres 
more, in 1730 ; George II. died 
there. This palace buries from 
public view some very curious 
paintings and Italian works, bear- 
ing date, 1367. 

Kent, Kingdom of, under Hen- 
gist, begun, 455 ; ended under Eg- 
bert, 823. 

Kent, Maid of, executed at Ty- 
burn, April 20, 1534, under the 
tyrant Henry VIII. 

Kent East Indiaman, sailed from 
the Downs, Feb. 1825, and took fire 
in the Bay of Biscay, Mar. 31, 18^5, 
during a storm, when 340 men, 66 
women, and 45 children were saved 
by the noble conduct of Captain 
Cook of the Cambria, that fortu- 
nately hove in sight at the time; 
85 persons perished. 

Kentbury, Berks, numerous 
houses at destroyed by fire, April 
10, 1742. 

Kettering, Northamptonshire, 
destroyed by fire, 1767. 

Ket's rebellion, a tanner of Nor- 
folk; he was taken and hanged, 
Aug. 1549. 

Kew Bridge, built of wood, 1759 ; 
begun of stone, 1783 ; opened, Sept. 
23, 1789. 

Kew House, or palace, principally 
noted for its fine gardens, and orna- 
mental buildings, erected in the last 
century; Queen Charlotte died 
there, 1818; George IV. began a 
palace here in wretched taste, pull- 
ed down, 1827. 

Kidder, Bishop of Bath, and hia 
wife, killed in bed by the falling of a 
stack of chimneys, 1703. 

Kidd, the pirate, executed, May 
23, 1701 ; his effects given to Green- 
wich Hospital, 1700. 

Kidney Beans, called also French 
Beans, introduced in the 16th cen- 



KIL 



351 



KIN 



tiny ; the kidney-bean tree came 
from South Carolina, United States, 
about 1724. 

Kiel, treaty of, by which Nor 
way was shamefully handed over to 
Sweden by the allied powers of 
Europe ; the country being dis- 
honourably blockaded by England, 
and attacked by the Swedes with- 
out the slightest provocation, Jan. 
14, 1814. 

Kilcullen, Battle of, between the 
revolted Irish and the British, under 
General Dundas, the latter was de- 
feated, May 23, 1798. 

Kildare, Corragh of, Ireland ; 
the insurrections here began the 
rebellion of 1798, May 23. 

Kildare, Bishopric of, founded, 
519 ; the first Protestant bishop was 
appointed, 1550. 

Kilfenora, Bishopric of, a suf- 
fragan to the see of Cashel, 1152 ; 
on the return of Charles II. it was 
annexed to Tuam, and subsequently 
to Killaloe. 

Kilkenny Castle, built, 1173 ; the 
city was incorporated, 1609 ; parlia- 
ment wei-e held here once in 1346 ; 
the Kilkenny statutes were passed 
here, by which it was made high 
treason for the English to inter- 
marry with the Irish, or nurse the 
infants of such marriage; and the 
use of an Irish name, dress, guise, 
or fashion, by any Englishman, in- 
curred seizure of lands and impri- 
sonment till he renounced them, 40 
Edward III., 1364. 

Killala, landing of the Erench 
at, under General Humbert, Aug. 
22, 1798 ; they defeated the royal 
forces under General Lake, but soon 
afterwards surrendered to General 
Cornwallis. 

Killala, See of, said to have been 
founded in 434 ; the see of Achonry 
was annexed to it in the 17th cen- 
tury. 

Killaloe, See of, said to be 
founded in the 6th century; the 
king of Thomond and Desmond 
died here in pilgrimage, 1142; the 
see of Roscrea was connected with 
it in the 12th century ; the see of 



Kilfanora has been held in connec - 
tion with it. 

Killiecrankie, Battle of, in 
Scotland, between William III. 
and the adherents of James II., 
Graham of Claverhouse, the com- 
mander for King James, a ruthless 
barbarian, fell at the moment when 
victory declared in his favour, at 
Killiecrankie, July 17, 1689. 

Kilmaduagh, Bishopric of, held 
in commendam of Clonfert from 
1602 ; St. Coleman, its first bishop, 
lived in the 7th century. 

Kilmainham Hospital, for dis- 
abled Irish soldiers, founded in the 
town of that name, 1675. 

Kilmallock Abbey, founded, 
645 ; charter granted by Edward 
VI.; by Elizabeth, 1584; invested 
by the Irish forces, 1598. 

Kilwarden, Lord, murdered by 
the rebels in Dublin, July 23, 1803. 
Kilmarnock and Balmerino, 
Lords, beheaded, Aug. 18, 1746 

King of England, title first used, 
829; of Ireland added, 1542; of 
Great Britain, 1603. 

King of Erance, once assumed by 
the kings of England, was given up, 
Jan. 1801. This title was first as- 
sumed, Eeb. 21, 1340, by Edward 
III., who claimed it in right of his 
mother; " King of the French," was 
first taken by Louis XVI., Oct. 
1789 ; Louis Philippe, the late 
sovereign, was invested with this 
title, Aug. 9, 1830. 

King of the Romans, the title of 
the eldest sons of the emperors of 
Germany ; the first was Henry VI., 
1055. 

King of Rome, the title of the 
son of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1811, 
given at his birth. 

King, Mr. Edward, a student of 
Cambridge, upon whom Milton 
wrote his " Lycidas," he was drown- 
ed, 1637. 

King's College, Aberdeen, found- 
ed, 1500. 

Kings' Evil, first touched for, by 
Edward the Confessor, 1058 ; this 
degrading and superstitious practice 
discontinued by George I. Charles 



KIN 



352 



KIR 



II. touched 92,107, who were all 
cured, according to the King's 
physician. 

King's Speech, the first delivered 
by Henry L, 1107. 

King's College, Cambridge, found- 
ed by Henry VI., 1441. 

King's Bench, court cf, so called 
because the King once sat there. 
The chief justices, from the restora- 
tion, 1660 to 1853, have been as 
follows : — 

Sir Robert Foster 1660 

Sir Robert Hyde 1663 

Sir John Kelyng ... , 1665 

Sir Mathew Hale 1671 

Sir Richard Raynsford 1676 

Sir William Scroggs 1678 

Sir Francis Pemberton 1681 

Sir Edmund Saunders 1683 

Sir George Jeffries, the infa- 
mous Lord Jeffries 1683 

Sir Edward Herbert 1685 

Sir Robert Wright 1687 

Sir John Holt 1689 

Sir Thomas Parker 1 709 

Sir John Pratt 1718 

Sir Robert Raymond 1725 

Sir Phillip Yorke 1733 

Sir William Lee 1737 

Sir Dudley Ryder 1754 

Lord Mansfield 1756 

Lord Kenyon 1788 

Lord Ellenborough 1802 

Lord Tenterden 1818 

LordDenman 1832 

Lord Campbell 1850 

When there is a Queen regnant the 
name has been changed, not very 
defensibly to Queen's Bench. There 
is also a King's or Queen's Bench 
in Ireland. There since or from the 
Union have been chief justices : — 

Arthur Wolfe 1798 

William Downs... 1803 

Charles Kindal Bushe 1822 

Edward Pennefather 1841 

Francis Blackburne 1846 

King's Bench prison, the chief 
prison for the confinement of 
debtors and persons in contempt of 
court ; it contains about 240 rooms : 
built, 1751 ; burned down by the 
rioters, June 3, 1780, and imme- 
diately rebuilt. 



char- 
tered, 1802. 

King's College, London, opened, 
Oct. 8, 1831. 

King's Counsel, the first under 
the degree of King's sergeant, so 
made, was Sir Francis Bacon, 1604. 

Ktng of Sweden, Gustavus Adol- 
phus, killed, Nov. 6, 1632. 

Kings, four of them entertained 
by the Lord Mayor of London, Sir 
H. Picard, at one table, 1364. Ed- 
ward III. of England, John of 
France, Peter of Cyprus, and David 
of Scotland. 

King's County, Ireland, reported 
to be so named after Philip of 
Spain, who married Mary Queen of 
England. 

Kingston, Duchess of, convicted 
and degraded for bigamy, April 22, 
1776 ; allowed the title of Countess 
of Bristol, May 18, 1779 ; she had 
first married Captain Hervey, and 
next the Duke of Kingston. 

Kingston, Jamaica, damaged by 
a fire to the extent of £503,000, 
Feb. 3, 1782. 

Kingston-upon-Thames Bridge, 
the first stone laid by Lord Liver- 
pool, Nov. 7, 1825 ; a national 
council held at Kingston, 838 ; ■ 
some of the Saxon monarchs crown- 
ed at. 

Kingston, New, a rising town 
lately begun near the former; 
many of the buildings being finished, 
1839. 

Kingstown, Dublin, a fine har- 
bour begun at, 1817 ; a harbour at 
Howth, on the opposite side, was 
also begun in Sept. 1807 ; railway 
from, to Dublin, opened, Dec. 17, 
1834. 

Kinsale Fort, Ireland, erected 
temp. Charles II. 

Kirby and Wade, two captains in 
the navy, shot at Plymouth for 
cowardice, 1703, having been sen- 
tenced in Jamaica previously. 

Kirkham Priory, Yorkshire, built, 
1122. 

Kirkstall Abbey, Yorkshire, 
built, 1147. 

Kirkstead Abbev, built 1139. 



KIT 



353 



KNI 



Keith, the celebrated field-mar- 
shal of Frederick the Great of 
Prussia, killed, Oct. 14, 1758. 

Kilda.be, six of that family exe- 
cuted in Ireland, 1537. 

Kinbike became king of the 
West Saxons, 534. 

King and Queen of Denmark en- 
tertained in England, 1523. 

King of Portugal came to Eng- 
land, and was presented with 100,000 
gold crowns by Queen Elizabeth,- 
1581. 

King of Spain seized the crown 
of Portugal, 1580. 

King of Scotland (Darnley), mur- 
dered by Bothwell and Murray, Eeb. 
9, 1566. 

King of Scotland (James VI.), 
took the part of his mother against 
Queen Elizabeth, 1577 ; taken pri- 
soner by some of the Scotch nobility, 
1582; escaped, 1583; entered into 
a treaty of reciprocal support with 
England, 1586 ; married a daughter 
of the King of Denmark, 1590 ; was 
attempted to be seized by Bothwell, 
but he escaped, 1592; drove the 
Catholic lords out of his kingdom, 
1594 ; insisted on being declared 
the successor of Queen Elizabeth, 
1598 ; sent Elizabeth word of the 
intended invasion of Ireland by the 
Spaniards, 1599 ; excluded from the 
throne of England by the pope, and 
marked for assassination by the 
Gowries, 1600; became possessor 
of the throne of England as James 
I., by the death of Elizabeth, 1603. 

Kissing the Pope's toe first prac- 
ticed, 709. 

Kitcat Club, a society of about 
30 in number, men of rank and 
others, who met in 1703, at the house 
of one Kat, a pastrycook, to pro- 
mote the success of the house of 
Hanover ; Steele, Garth, and Addi- 
son were members. 

Kitchen Vegetables : • — Cauli- 
flower, brought from Egypt 1588 ; 
turnip cabbage, 16th century ; tur- 
nips, well known in 1597; small 
turnips grown at Hackney, celebrat- 
ed in 1597 ; the edible roots, car- 
rots, turnips, and the like, were im- 



ported from Flanders down to the 
commencement of the reign of 
Henry VIII. ; the potatoe brought 
by Sir Walter Raleigh's colonists, 
1584 ; in 1619, the potatoe was sold 
at one shilling per pound. 
Kitts, St., Island of, greatly damag- 
ed by fire, 1768, 1776 ; by a storm 
and fire, Sept. 5, 1776. 

Kneeling ordered to be perform- 
ed at the name of Jesus, by the 
Popes, about 1275 ; also when the 
Host passes through the streets; 
and some places also at the vesper 
bell. 

Knight, a mounted soldier in the 
time of the Romans. After the battle 
of Cannas, three bushels of gold rings 
were said to have been gathered 
from the fingers of those Roman 
knights who had fallen ; they were 
known in Rome 500 years a.c. 
The honour was conferred in Eng- 
land by the priest during the hep- 
tarchy ; Altholstan was the first 
knight made with the sword of 
state, by Alfred, 900 ; by 38 Henry 
III., 1254, all persons who had forty 
pounds yearly income were obliged 
to be knighted or pay a fine. 
Knighthood by the king was for- 
bidden by the parliament, 1640 ; all 
orders of, abolished in France, July 
30, 1791 ; knights and citizens were 
obliged to reside at the places they 
represented, 141 3 ; knights-baronet 
an hereditary knighthood ; chivalry 
instituted for money by James L, 
and, in the source of chivalry, the 
least honourable of all knighthood 
from its being bought ; poor knights 
of Windsor, and others, form a 
numerous body. There were also 
female knights, witness the title 
conferred on the brave women who 
prevented the city of Tortosa from 
falling into the hands of the Moors, 
1149; the knights of Glyn and 
Kerry, in Ireland, the heads of the 
two Fitzgerald families; of the 
Round Table of King Arthur, 528; 
the same revived by Edward III., 
1344; knights of the shire, the in- 
dividuals Avho were entitled to sit in 
Parliament for a county, chosen by 

2a 



KNI 



354 



KNI 



the lesser barons, 1307 ; knights- 
templars instituted 1118, being 
military and religious, who were in- 
cited to carry on the crusades ; they 
settled in the Temple in England, 
as one of their establishments, 1154; 
they acquired great wealth in the 
lapse of time, and their property 
became the object of desire to the 
sovereigns under whom they lived. 
In France the monarchs, to attain 
this end, accused them of great 
crimes, burned many, and seized 
their property in 1307 ; those in 
England became victims to a similar 
rapacity in the same year, 1307 ; 
Philip the Fair of France abolished 
the order at the council of Vienna, 
1312; thousands were butchered, 
and their property given to the 
Knights of Malta. 

KNiGHT-Banneret, was the title 
first given by Conau, who com- 
manded the Roman legions in Eng- 
land, 383 ; the orders of knighthood 
are various in the several nations, 
and in the aggregate numerous; 
the following are the more noted : — 

Alcantara, instituted a. d. 1160 

Alexander Nevskoi, Russia... 1700 

Amaranta, Sweden 1645 

Angelic Knights, Greece 456 

Annunciada, Mantua 1618 

Annunciation, Savoy 1355 

Argonauts, Naples 1382 

Avis, Portugal 1147 

Band, Spain 1232 

Bannerets, England, 1360 1485 

Bath, England, 1399 1725 

Bear, Switzerland 1213 

Black Eagle, Prussia 1 701 

Blood of Christ, Mantua 1608 

Brotherly Love, instituted ... 1708 

Burgundian Cross 1535 

Calatrava, Castile 1156 

Carpet, England 1553 

Catharine, Russia 1698 

Chase 1719 

Christ, Livonia 1203 

Christ, Portugal 1319 

Christian Charity, France ... 1590 

Cincinnatus, America 1780 

Conception of the Virgin ... 1619 

Concord, Prussia 1660 

Crescent, Naples 1448 



Crown Royal, France 802 

Daneburgh, Denmark 1671 

Death's Head, Female Order, 
by the widow Louisa Eliza- 
beth of Saxe Mersburgh ... 1709 

Dove of Castile 1379 

Dragon, Hungary 1439 

Ear of Corn, Brittany 1050 

Elephant, Denmark, by Chris- 
tian I 1478 

Ermine, France 1450 

Garter, England 1350 

Generosity, Brandenburgh ... 1685 

Golden Fleece 1429 

Golden Lion, Hesse Cassel ... 1785 
Golden Shield and Thistle ... 1370 
Golden Spur, by Pius IV. ... 1559 

Guelphic, Hanover , 1816 

Holy Ghost, France, 1468; rev. 1559 

Holy Ghost, Rome 1198 

Holy Trinity 1211 

Hospitallers 1092 

Januarius, Naples 1738 

Jerusalem 1048 

Jesus, France 1206 

Jesus Christ, Rome, instituted 
by John XXII., 1415 ; re- 
formed by Paul V 1610 

Knot, Naples 1351 

La Calza, Venice 1400 

Legion of Honour, France ... 1802 

Lily of Arragon 1403 

Lily of Navarre 1048 

Loretto, Lady of 1587 

Malta 1531 

Martyrs, Palestine 1319 

Maria-Theresa, Order of La- 
dies, Spain 1792 

Mauritians, Savoy 1430 

Merit, Cassel 1785 

Merit, Prussia 1740 

Noble Passion, Germany 1704 

Oak of Navarre, Spain 722 

Passion of Jesus Christ, France 1382 
Pius, founded by Pius IV. ... 1559 

Porcupine, France 1393 

Red Eagle, Prussia 1792 

Redemption, instituted 1212 

Rosary, Spain 1172 

Round Table, England 528 

St. Andrew, Russia 1698 

St. Andrew, Scotland, 809; 

renewed 1452 1605 

St. Anthony, Ethiopia 357 

St. Anthony, Hainault 1382 



KNI 



355 



KOR 



St. Blaize, Acre 1250 

St. Catharine, Palestine 1163 

St. Catharine, Enssia 1698 

St. Denis, France 1267 

St. George, Austria 1470 

St. George, Carinthia 1279 

St. George, Bavaria 1729 

St. George, England 1349 

St. George (tutelary), Genoa.. 1460 

St. George, Borne 1496 

St. George, Bussia 1782 

St. George, Spain 1318 

St. George, Venice . 1200 

St. Hubert, Germany 1447 

St. James, Holland 1290 

St. James, Portugal 1310 

St. James, Spain .... 1030 

St. Jerome, Germany 1154 

St. John of Acre 1370 

St. John of Jerusalem 1048 

St. John of Malta 1522 

St. John of Bhodes 1300 

St; Julien of Alcantara 1176 

St. Lazarus and St. Maurice, 

Savoy 1572 

St. Louis, France 1693 

St. Mark, Venice, 830 ; renwd. 1562 

St. Mary the Glorious 1233 

St. Mary de Merced, Spain... 1218 

St. Michael, Prance 1469 

St. Michael, Germany 1618 

St. Patrick, Ireland 1783 

St. Paul, Borne 1540 

St. Peter,. Borne 1520 

St. Rupert, Germany 1701 

St. Sepulchre, Palestine 1092 

St. Stephen, Tuscany 1561 

St. Thomas of Acre 1370 

Saviour, Greece June 1, 1833 

Seraphims, Sweden 1334 

Ship and Crescent, France ... 1269 

Sincerity, Saxony 1690 

Slaves of Virtue, Germany ... 1662 

Swan, Cleves 960 

Sword, Cyprus 1195 

Sword, Sweden, 1523 ; revived 1772 

Templars 1118 

Tente Morte, Wurtemberg ... 1652 
Teutonic, 1190 ; ren. in Prussia 1522 

Thistle of Bourbon 1370 

Thistle of Scotland, 812 ; rev. 1540 

Trinitarians, Spain 1594 

Truxillo, Spain 1227 

United Ladies for the honour 

of the Cross, Germany 1666 



Virgin Mary 1233 

Virgin of Mt. Carmel, France 1607 
Warfare of Christ, Poland ... 1705 
Warfare of Christ, Russia ... 1325 
Wing of St. Michael, Portugal 1165 
Wladimir, Russia 1682 

Knight, Mr., cashier of the South 
Sea Company, absconded with 
£100,000, 1720, and compounded 
with government for £10,000, and 
returned to England, 1743. 

Knitting Stockings, invented in 
Spain, 1550. 

Knives first made in England, 
1563. 

Knives, Clasped, such as are 
used by sailors ; eighteen found in 
the stomach of William Cummins, 
a seaman, who died in Guy's 
Hospital, 1809. 

Knowles, Admiral, took Cuba, 
May 1748. 

Knox, John, the Scotch reformer, 
born in Scotland in 1505 ; came to 
England from Geneva, 1559. 

Koniah, Battle of, fought be- 
tween the army of the Porte and 
the Pacha of Egypt, in which the 
Turkish army was beaten, and the 
Grand Vizier made prisoner, Dec. 
21, 1833. 

Konigstein Tun, made for the 
King of Poland, 1725, holding 
233,667 gallons of wine. 

Konigsberg, Prussia, nearly de- 
stroyed by the electric fluid, 1764 ; 
and by fire, 1769 ; a second time by 
fire, June 14, 1811. 

Koran, or the Alcoran of Maho- 
met, written about 610 ; the prophet 
aimed in it to unite Jews, Chris- 
tians, and heathens, in the worship 
of one God, under particular laws 
and ceremonials, which demanded 
obedience to himself. It was beau- 
tifully written in the purest Arabic. 
The contents of the volume were 
said to be a revelation from heaven 
made to him, Mahomet, during a 
space of twenty- three years. The 
style is fluent, concise, and elegant, 
and often rises to the magnificent 
and sublime where the attributes of 
God are described. The divine 
mission of Moses and of Jesus is 



LAB 



356 



LAB 



fully admitted. The doctrine in- 
culcated by this successful impos- 
tor is, that there is but one God 
and that Mahomet is his prophet. 
The Koran was translated into La- 
tin in 1143; and has appeared in 
most European languages. It con- 
tains 3000 verses. 

Kotzebue, the dramatist, assassi- 
nated at Wurtzburg by a young 
student named Sands, April 2, 1819. 

Kouli Khan, a usurper of the 
Persian throne, assassinated, June 
8, 1747, by his nephew ; he usurped 
the Persian throne, 1732 ; invaded 
India, 1739; defeated the Turks 
before Babylon, Feb. 28, 1733 ; May 
29, 1735, defeated the Turks again, 
and killed 60,000, their general, 
and six bashaws ; defeated the 
Great Mogul, and took Delhi, Oct. 
1, 1739 ; invaded Turkey, and ad- 
vanced to Erzeroum, Sept. 29, 1741 ; 
defeated, and lost 30,000 men, Jan. 
1742 ; again defeated by the Turks, 



and lost 19,000 men, Sept. 1744; 
defeated the Turks totally, and 
took Ezeroum, May 31, 1745 ; de- 
feated the Turks again, their army 
consisting of 150,000 men, of whom 
30,000 fell, Sept. 28, 1745. , 

Kowno, Battle of, between the 
French and Russians, during the 
dreadful retreat from Moscow, in 
which the French suffered consider- 
able loss, as well as their opponents, 
losing 6000 prisoners and twenty 
cannon. 

Krasnoi, Battle of, between the 
French and Russians, in the 
retreat from Moscow, in which Da- 
voust was defeated with consider- 
able loss, Nov. 16, 1812. 

Kunnersdorf, Battle of, fought 
between the King of Prussia and 
the Russians, in which the great 
Frederick was defeated, with the 
loss of 20,000 men, Aug. 12, 1759. 

Kyrie Eleison, introduced in the 
Roman Catholic liturgy, 590. 



Labour, price of, a.d. 1352, 25 
Edward III., wa^es paid to hay- 
makers were but one penny a day ; a 
mower of meadows 5d. per day, or 
5d. an acre ; reapers of corn, in the 
first week of August, 2d., in the 
second, 3d. per day, and so till the 
end of August, without meat, drink, 
or other allowance, finding their 
own tools ; for thrashing a quarter 
of wheat or rye, 2^d. a quarter; a 
quarter of barley, beans, peas, and 
oats, ljd. ; a master carpenter, 3d. 
per day ; other carpenters, 2d. per 
day ; a master mason, 4d. per day ; 
other masons, 3d. per day ; and 
their servants, l|d. per day ; 
tilers, 3d. and their knaves, l|d. ; 
thatchers,3d. aday, their knaves,l|d.; 
plasterers and other workers of mud 
Avails, and their knaves, in the like 
manner, without meat or drink, and 
this from Easter to Michaelmas ; 
and from that time less, according 



to the direction of the justices. — 
By the 34th of Edward III., 1361, 
chief masters of carpenters and ma- 
sons, 4d. a-day, and the others 3d. 
or 2d., as they were worth. — 13th 
Richard II. 1389, the wages of a 
bailiff of husbandry, 13s. 4d. a-year, 
and his clothing once a-year at 
most ; the master hind, 10s. ; the 
carter, 10s. ; shepherd, 10s. ; ox- 
herd, 6s. 8d. ; cow-herd, 6s. 8d. ; 
swine-herd, 6s. ; a woman labourer, 
6s. ; a day ditto, 6s. ; a driver of 
the plough, 7s. From this time up 
to the time of 23 Henry VI., the 
price of labour was fixed by the 
justices by proclamation. — 1445. 23 
Henry VI., the wages of a bailiff of 
husbandry were 23s. 4d. per annum, 
and clothing of the price of 5s., with 
meat and drink ; chief hind, carter, 
or shepherd, 20s., clothing, 4s. ; 
common servant of husbandry, 15s., 
clothing, 40d. ; woman servant, 10s., 



LAB 



357 



LAB 



clothing 4s. ; infant under fourteen 
years 6s., clothing 3s. ; freemason 
or master carpenter, 4d. per day, 
without meat and drink, 5^d. ; 
master tiler or slater, mason or 
mean carpenter, and other artificers 
concerned in building, 3d. per day, 
without meat and drink, 4|d. ; 
every other labourer, 2d. per day, 
without meat and drink, 3|d. per 
day ; after Michaelmas to abate in 
proportion. In the time of harvest, 
a mower, 4d. a-day, without meat 
and drink, 6d. ; reaper or carter 3d. 
a-day, without meat and drink, 5d. ; 
woman labourer and other labourers 
2d. a-day, without meat and drink, 
4id. per day. — By the 11th Henry 
VII., 1496, there was a like rate of 
wages, only with a little advance ; 
as, for instance, a freemason, master 
carpenter, rough mason, bricklayer, 
master tiler, plumber, glazier, car- 
ver, joiner, was allowed from Easter 
to Michaelmas to take 6d. a day, 
without meat and drink, or with 
meat and drink, 4d. ; from Michael- 
mas to Easter to abate Id. A mas- 
ter having under him six men, was 
allowed Id. a-day extra. By the 
6th of Henry VIII. 1515, the wages 
of shipwrights were fixed as follows : 
a master ship carpenter taking the 
charge of the work, having men 
under him, 5d. a day in the summer 
season, with meat and drink ; other 
ship carpenter, called an hewer, 4d. ; 
an able clincher, 3d. ; holder, 2d. ; 
master calker, 4d. ; mean calker, 
3d. ; day labourer by the tide, 4d. 

Labour of Husbandmen at differ- 
ent periods from 1568 to the .year 
1840, in England :— 



1568 


4 per diem. 


1620 


4i 


1632 


6 


1647 


10 


1662 


6 


1688 


8 


1698 


8 


1716....... 


9 


1740 


10 


1760 


1 


1788 


1 4 


1805 


1 9 


1810 


1 11 


1815 


2 21 


1820 


1 11 


1825 


1 8 


1830 


1 9 


1835 


1 8 


1840 


1 9i 



Labour cost of, per acre, in periods 
of five years, from 1790 to 1840 : — 

s. d. 
1 790 five years average 7 2 per acre 
1795 Ditto ... 8 2 
1800 Ditto ... 11 
1805 Ditto ... 15 6 
1810 Ditto ... 19 6 
1815 Ditto ... 22 4 
1820 Ditto ... 23 9 
1825 Ditto ... 21 
1830 Ditto ... 24 
1835 Ditto ... 23 2 
1840 Ditto ... 26 7 
Weekly husbandry wages from 
1804 to 1843, averaged 10s. Of d. in 
Norfolk, the lowest being 8s., in 
1804 ; the highest 15s., in 1812. 

Labourer. — Annual expense of 
the family of an agricultural la- 
bourer, of 5,4*5 persons ; calculated 
chiefly from a table of the expenses 
of 66 families of labourers, in differ- 
ent parts of England : — 

1792. ] 1813. 1823. 



£ s. 
Bread, butcher's meat, beer, and other provisions of 

homegrowfh 16 

Tea, sugar, and foreign articles 2 

Rent 1 13 

Fuel and candles 2 10 

Clothes and Avashing 4 7 

Contingencies 10 

27 




32 



LAD 



358 



LAM 



In Essex, in 1853, the following 
were given as the earnings of a 
labourer's family : — 

s. d. 

Father, with small beer 8 

One son 1 6 

A second son 1 



10 



In harvest : £ s. d. 

One month 4 4 

in all about £30 per annum, or 

Rent 4 

Fifty-two bushels of flour) 1Q 4 A 

8s \ 18 4 ° 

Yeast and fagots 1 19 

Shoes 3 

Clothes for man and two ) -, n T A 

boys J 1 u U 



29 



leaving £2 for other necessaries. 

Lacalza, Order of Knighthood, 
began in Venice, 1400. 

Laburnum, brought into Eng- 
land from Hungary, 1576.. 

Lace, Flanders, more valuable 
than gold, mentioned, 1320 ; one 
ounce of line Flanders thread has 
been sold in London for £4 ; such 
an ounce made into lace may be 
here sold for £40, which is ten 
times the price of standard gold, 
weight for weight. 

Lacock Nunnery, Wilts, built 
1133. 

LACTEALs,the, discovered by chance 
in opening a dog, by Asellius, July 
23, 1662 ; in birds, fish, &c, by Mr. 
Hewson, a surgeon of London, 1770. 

Ladrone Isles discovered, eleven 
in number, by Magellan, 1520. 

Ladies, first introduced at court 
by the Queen of Louis VII., about 
1500, being much later than in 
England. 

Ladybirds, extraordinary flight 
of, near Southampton, two miles 
long, observed, Aug. 1826. 

Lady-day, the 25th of March, 
said to have been instituted in 350, 
but much more probably not until 
about 700 ; before the alteration of 



the style, the new year in England 
began on that day ; in Scotland, the 
1st of January was ordered to be the 
new year's day there, instead of 
March 25, Nov. 27, 1599. 

La Hogue, Battle of, between 
the English and Dutch, under Ad- 
mirals Russell and Rooke, and the 
French, under Admiral Tourville, 
when the French lost twenty-one 
sail of ships, May 19, 1692. 

Lakenheath, Norfolk, great in- 
jury sustained at, by a sand-flood, 
1667. 

Lakes, American, sounded, 1826, 
Erie, 35 fathoms deep to 25 ; Lake 
St. Claire, 4 ; lakes Huron, Michi- 
gan, and Superior, in some places 
900 feet deep, the latter being 300 
feet beneath the ocean level. 

Lakes of America, the Ameri- 
cans defeated by the English on 
those of the United States, Oct. 11 
and 13, 1776, and July 5, 1777 ; the 
English defeated by the Americans, 
Sept. 11, 1813. 

Lally, Count, beheaded, 1766. 

Lamarque, General, a brave 
French officer, distinguished under 
Napoleon, born, 1772 ; died, May 
31, 1832 ; several thousand persons 
killed in Paris, in the riots that 
took place at his funeral. 

Lamb, Dr., murdered in London, 
1628. 

Lambert, the impostor, appeared, 
1487. 

Lambert, General, discarded by 
Cromwell, received a pension of 
£2000 per annum, 1658 ; usurped 
authority on the parliament, Oct. 
13, 1659 ; tried and imprisoned for 
life, June 6, 1662. 

Lambert executed by Henry 
VIII., for denying the corporal pre- 
sence, 1538; being burned slowly, in 
Smithfield, for the doctrine which 
Henry soon afterwards supported 
himself. 

Lambert, Daniel, died, June 21, 
1829, weighing 52 stone 11 lbs. 

Lambeth made into a borough, 
1832. 

Lambeth Palace built, 1188 ; 
chapel founded by Hubert, archbi- 



LAN 



359 



LAN 



shop, 1196; tower of the church 
erected, 1375; furniture and books 
burned here by the followers of Wat 
Tyler, June 1381 ; the Lollards' 
tower here the place of imprison- 
ment and torture of the followers 
of WicklifFe, many of whom were 
burned at the instigation of the 
clergy ; Lord Cobham was burned 
alive, suspended on a gibbet by a 
chain round his body, 1417 ; this 
episcopal palace recently adorned 
and beautified, at an expense of 
£52,000. 

Lameratto, Isle of, depopulated 
by a volcano, July 29, 1731. 

Lamps used in London streets, 
1681 ; gas lamps introduced, 1814 ; 
Davy's wire gauze lamp for coal 
mines, 1817, rendered perfect. 

Lanark Castle, in Scotland, 
founded, 1314. 

Lancashire, since 1745, increased 
above a million in population; 
the whole revenue of the customs 
in that year, not a third of what 
it was in the port of Liverpool in that 
county, in 1852. 

Lancashire, disturbances in, and 
destruction of power -looms, May, 
1826. 

Lancaster Castle built, 124 ; 
county of, made palatine by Ed- 
ward III., in favour of his son, John 
of Gaunt, 1356 ; court of the duchy 
instituted, 1356 ; taken by the Pre- 
tender, Nov. 24, 1745. 

Lancasterian Family, the first 
king of the, Henry IV., 1399. 

Lancasterian Schools first esta- 
blished by Joseph Lancaster, and at 
first much opposed, because he was 
a dissenter, and education would 
make the people too wise. Dr. 
Bell, from India, nearly about the 
same time, introduced the principle, 
and was supported by some of the 
orthodox, 1808, whence resulted the 
ultimate establishment of the sys- 
tem, at which Lancaster had la- 
boured from 1798 ; but the schools 
were not so genei'al as to overcome 
all opposition until 1817. The plan 
was introduced into Russia, 1819. 

Landaff, Cathedral of, erected 



1120, with pointed arches ; in ruins, 
270.fcet long, 70 broad. 

Landaff, Bishopric of, founded, 
180. 

Landau taken by the French, 
Nov. 19, 1703 ; retaken by the im- 
perialists, Nov. 1704. 

Landen, Battle of, gained by the 
French over the English and Dutch 
under William III., July 19, 1693, 
owing to Dutch cowardice ; arsenal 
of, blown up, Dec. 20, 1794. 

Land Tax, the first in England 
established, 990 ; in 1018 this tax 
returned £82,000 ; every hide of 
land paid 3s. in 1109, which was 
equal to 6s. 6d. in modern money, 
besides the difference in the price of 
commodities. This tax nearly al- 
ways existed. The tax was esta- 
blished in its present form, 1 689-90, 
under William III., since which it 
yielded £227,000,000, up to 1800 ; it 
was modified, or placed as it now 
stands, 1760 ; the equalization of 
the duties under this tax has long 
been a subject of interest. The 
cause of the disproportion of its ope- 
ration proceeds from its having been 
a kind of voluntary contribution, 
levied for the service of the state, in 
the reign of King William. The 
sum agreed to be raised by it (viz. 
£2,000,000) was divided into 513 
parts, being the number of the mem- 
bers for England and Wales ; and it 
was left to the option of the several 
counties to pay as many of those 
parts as they thought proper, or 
could afford. The consequence was, 
that some of them, celebrated for 
their loyalty, took upon them the 
payment of immense sums, while 
others, although equally capable of 
bearing the burden, contributed very 
sparingly indeed. For instance, 
Middlesex agreed to pay eighty 
parts, Essex and York twenty-four 
each, and Norfolk and Kent twenty- 
two each, whereas Westmoreland 
and Cumberland would subscribe 
only one each, Rutland two, and 
Durham three. In this manner it 
has ever since been voted from year 
to year down to the present time. 



LAN 



360 



LAN 



The following Table shows the quantity of Land in the sevebal 
Counties, the number of Members returned by each, and the 
Parts paid, together with the amount of the Produce. 



Yorkshire - - - 

Devonshire - - 

Lincoln - - - - 

Northumherland - 

Hants - - - - 

Kent - - - - 

Essex - - - - 

Lancashire - - - 

Norfolk - - ■ - 

Sussex - - - 

Cumberland - - 

Suffolk - - - - 

Cornwall - - - 

Salop - - - - 

Wilts - - - - 

Gloucester - - - 

Dorset - - - - 

Cheshire - - 

Derby - - 
Warwick 
Herefordshire 

Nottinghamshire - 

Durham - - - 

Surrey - - 

Cambridge - - 

Leicester - - 

Northampton - - 

Worcester - - 

Oxford - - - 

Berks - - 
Westmoreland 

Herts - - 

Bucks - - - 

Bedford - - - 

Middlesex - - 

Huntingdon - - 

Stafford - - 

Somerset - - 

Monmouth - - 

Rutland - - 

South Wales - - 

North Wales - - 

Total - - 



Acres. 


Mem. 


Parts. 
24 


Produce. 


3,770,000 


41 


£92,631 4 8 


1,920,000 


26 


25 


81,052 6 


1,440,000 


12 


19 


73,333 8 


1,870,000 


10 


4 


15,438 10 8 


1,312,000 


16 


8 


30,877 1 4 


1,248,000 


19 


22 


84,911 18 8 


1,240,000 


8 


24 


92,631 4 


1,150,000 


24 


14 


54,034 17 8 


1,148,000 


12 


22 


84,911 18 4 


1,140,000 


19 


16 


61,754 2 8 


1,040,090 


9 


1 


3,859 12 8 


995,000 


13 


20 


77,192 13 4 


960,000 


27 


8 


30,877 1 4 


890,000 


13 


7 


17,010 8 8 


876,000 


18 


13 


50,175 4 8 


800,000 


11 


12 


46,315 12 8 


772,000 


13 


9 


34,736 14 


720,000 


10 


7 


27,017 8 8 


680,000 


4 


6 


23,157 16 


670,000 


10 


10 


38,586 6 8 


660,000 


7 


5 


19,298 3 4 


632,000 


10 


7 


27,017 8 8 


610,000 


10 


3 


11,578 18 


592,000 


11 


18 


69,473 8 


570,000 


7 


6 


23,157 16 


560,000 


6 


9 


34,736 14 


550,000 


9 


12 


46,315 12 


540,000 


12 


9 


34,736 14 


534,000 


9 


10 


38,596 6 8 


527,000 


8 


10 


38,596 6 8 


510,000 


3 


1 


3,859 12 8 


451,000 


7 


11 


42,455 19 4 


441,000 


11 


12 


46,315 12 


247,000 


4 


7 


27,017 8 8 


241,000 


14 


80 


398,770 13 4 


240,000 


4 


4 


15,438 10 8 


180,000 


17 


7 


27,017 8 8 


175,000 


15 


19 


73,333 8 


160,000 


4 


3 


11,578 18 


110,000 


2 


2 


7,719 4 4 


3,210,000) : 
2,160,000 J 


29 


11 


42,455 19 



!500 513 2,000,000 



LAN 



361 



LAN 



Before the union with Scotland, 
England sent 513 representatives to 
parliament, and by the act of union 
45 Scotch were added to them, which, 
if they had gone by the land-tax, 
ought not to have been so many ; 
but it seemed the intention of the 
then legislature, that bat 45 Scotch 
should sit in the house, for at that 
time few or no Scotchmen had estates 
in England, nor had any of them, 
till some years afterwards, qualifi- 
cations to be chosen for any English 
borough. The whole kingdom of 
Scotland pays but £45,954 : 1 : 2 
towards the land-tax. The total 
amount of the tax, in 1832, was re- 
duced to £1,184,340. The power 
to redeem it was one of Mr. Pitt's 
arbitrary measures, and whether fu- 
ture generations will be bound by 
it, crippling, as it does, the means 
of the country, is very doubtful. 
It does not extend to Ireland. When 
the excise was made more onerous 
and stringent, under Walpole, the 
country gentlemen more openly de- 
clared, that one of the objects was 
to lighten their payments on land, 
by throwing them on the rest of the 
community. The unequal pressure 
of the tax in the vicinity of the me- 
tropolis may be seen as follows : — 
The land- tax being nominally 4s. 
in the pound, London, Westminster, 
and Middlesex, do not pay 3s. Kent, 
Norfolk, Suffolk, and Hampshire, 
and the inland counties, pay 20d. 
to 22d. The great counties of York, 
Devon, and Somerset, pay Is. 6d. 
Cornwall pays less. Wales, Lan- 
cashire, and the northern counties, 
pay under Is. Scotland pays about 
the forty-first part of the land-tax, 
though the value of their lands is 
about one-sixth part that of Eng- 
land. Several parishes in London 
and Westminster pay full 4s. in the 
pound, while others scarce pay a 
third part. Marylebone parish, 
consisting of 2500 acres, of which 
one-third is occupied by buildings, 
pays the enormous sum of one penny 
farthing, said afterwards to pay a 
farthing only ; when they make it a 



halfpenny there is an overplus. 
Sergeants -Inn, Chancery-lane, con- 
taining about 15 apartments, for- 
merly for the judges and sergeants, 
worth about £50 per annum, one 
with another, the whole about £900 
per annum, a tax of 4s. in the pound 
would be .£180, pays no more 
than £31, which is about 9d. The 
three Temples pay about lOd. The 
county of Middlesex, the real pro- 
perty of which is stated at £5,595,537 
per annum, pays £236,246, or about 
lOcl. in the pound ; while in Lancas- 
ter it is £3,087,774, and the land- 
tax only £19,509, or about l|d. in 
the pound ; the great county of York 
pays about 4§d., while Bedford is 
near Is. 8d. in the pound ; the little 
county of Rutland pays about 10d., 
Buckingham Is. 5^d., while Cum- 
berland is let off for l|d. ; Stafford 
pays 5^ d., and Hampshire, about the 
same value, is mulcted in lid., or 
just double ; the large county of 
Northumberland is let off for 2^d., 
and Sussex is charged Is. 3jd., 
Hertford, Is. 6d., Westmoreland, 
2.3 d. ; similar discrepancies run 
through them all, and the average 
rate per pound in the English coun- 
ties is 9d., and in the Welsh coun- 
ties 5d. ; but glaringly dispropor- 
tionate as are these rates in the 
counties, those levied upon towns and 
parishes are still more unequal and 
unjust ; for example, St. Paul, Co- 
vent Garden, paying 2s. 4d. in the 
pound, and Marylebone only a 
farthing • Westminster, in the ag- 
gregate, at about lOd. ; the city of 
London near Is. 6d. ; the town of 
Liverpool does not pay one-tenth of 
a penny ; Manchester contributes not 
exceeding 2d. ; the city of Norwich 
the enormous rate of 2s. Id.; Brigh- 
ton not more than l^d. ; Exeter 
city, Is. 3|d. ; Leicester, 2|d.; Cam- 
bridge, Is. 9cl. ; Lancaster, gd. ; Ox- 
ford, 2s. 3d. ; Berwick, Jd."; Glou- 
cester, Is 7d. ; Dover, 7d. ; Bury, 
3s. 0^d. ; Harwich, 7d. ; Winches- 
ter, Is. 5d. ; Southampton, 3^d. ; 
Kidderminster, Is. 9^d. ; Tewkes- 
bury, 4d. ; Winchelsea, 3s. Id. , Bath, 



LAN 



362 



LAN 



ljd.; Leeds, 5gd.; Southwark, lid. 
All the towns varying, and not one 
of them assessed with reference to 
their actual wealth or importance. 

Land generally let in England for 
Is. per acre, in 1544 ; the rental of 
England, including land, houses, 
and mines, was £6,000,000 in 1600 ; 
twelve years' purchase was the va- 
lue ; ahout 1690, the rental amount- 
ed to £14,000,000, and 18 years' 
purchase ; it rose to 35 years' pur- 
chase in 1778, but fell to 24 in 1779 ; 
in 1798, land, and the rent of 
houses, were together computed at 
£60,000,000; in 1814 and 1815, 
lands, houses, mines, &c, were as- 
sessed at £53,495,375 in England, 
and £6,642,955 in Scotland ; in 1842, 
at £85,802,734, England, and 
£9,481,763, Scotland; in 1845, 
£88,724,252 in England, and 
£9,734,546, Scotland; in 1848, 
at £94,538,472, England, and 
£10,714,423, in Scotland. Total, 
£115,252,895, for England and 
Scotland. 

Land increased in value, between 
1815 and 1848, 5 per cent., or 
£8,500,000; the houses, manufac- 
turing buildings, and warehouses, 
30 per cent., or £26,000,000. 

Land sunk in Finland, to the ex- 
tent of 4000 ells square, but the in- 
habitants escaped, Eeb. 1793 ; a 
tract of 120 acres, and 60 feet in 
depth, slid with a tremendous noise 
into the river Nid, near Drontheim, 
Norway, March 7, 1816. 

Land Carriage of Fish to London 
supported by an act of parliament, 
1764. 

Lander, Eichard, of Truro, one 
of the African brother-travellers, 
died of the wounds he received from 
the Africans at Fernando Po, Feb. 
6, 1834; born, 1804. John, his 
brother, died in London, Nov. 16, 
1839; born, 1806. To them was 
due the discovery of the course of 
the mysterious Niger. 

Landing of the Saxons in Eng- 
land, 449. 

Land, prices of; in 1792 a farm 
let for £170 per annum, let in 1803 



for £240; in 1813 for £320; a 
house at £50 in 1793, let in 1806 
for £65, and about the end of the 
war at £70 ; following which, pro- 
visions, clothing, labour, profes- 
sional charges, were £30 per cent, 
higher in 1806, than in 1792, and 
from 1806 to 1813 rose so rapidly, 
that in 1814 they were 67 per cent, 
above what they were in 1792. 

Lands waste in Great Britain by 
examination, in 1794, were found to 
be 22,351,000 acres, which, if culti- 
vated and enclosed, reckoning an 
annual increase of 9s. per acre, the 
rent would amount to £10,057,950, 
on a supposition that the yearly 
produce would be £l, 7s. per acre on 
three rents, it would be worth 
£30,173,850 per annum to the com- 
munity; before 1801, 2,837,476 acres 
were enclosed, and since that time 
a vast deal more, which shows its 
fruit in the increased com pro- 
duction of the country. 

Landshut surrendered to the 
Austrians, June 23, 1760. 

LAND-Tax of all the Parishes 
within twelve miles of the metro- 
polis : — 

MIDDLESEX. 

Acton 2 3 

Bamet-Friern 3 6 

Bethnal-Green 1 4 

Brentford 2 4^ 

Bromley (by Bow) 1 9 

Chelsea 1 6 

Chiswick 1 6 

Ealing 1 2 

Edgeware 2 3 

Edmonton 2 

Enfield 2 11 

Finchley 3 

Islington 1 6 

Kensington 1 

Kingsbury 2 6 

Limehouse 3 4 

Marybone One Farthing. 

Newington (Stoke) 1 10 

Northall 2 

Norwood 2 4 

Paddington 10 

Fulham 1 7 

St. George's in the East 1 10 
Greenford 2 6 



LAN 



363 



LAN 



Hackney 1 3 

Hadley 2 4 

Hampstead 10 

Hanwell 2 6 

Harrow on the Hill 3 

Hayes 2 7 

Hendon 1 11 

Heston 2 8 

Hornsey 2 4 

Isleworth 1 4 

Pancras 3 

Shadwell 3 

Stanmore Magna 2 

Stanmore Parva 2 9 

Stratford Bow 1 6 

Teddington 8| 

Tottenham 1 10 

Wilsdon & West Twyford 2 

HERTFORDSHIRE 

Chipping-Barnet 3 2 

East-Bamet 2 3 

Elstree 1 9 

Totteridge 2 9 

ESSEX. 

Barking '. 2 6 

Chigwell 2 

Chingford : 2 6 

East Ham 2 3 

Ilford 1 2 

Leyton 2 

Romford 2 6 

Walthamstow 2 

Wanstead 3 6 

West Ham 2 

Woodford 1 

KENT. 

Beckenham 2 2 

Bromley 9 

Charlton 2 8 

Chislehnrst 1 2 

Deptford 2 

Eltham 1 9 

Greenwich 1 2 

Hayes 1 3 

Lee 2 

Lewisham 1 6 

Plumpstead 1 9 

East Wickham 2 

West ditto 9 

Woolwich 1 2 

SURREY. 

Addington 2 

Barnes 2 

Battersea 1 9 

Beddington 1 6 



Camberwell 1 9 

Dulwich 4 

Carshalton 1 7 

Cheam 2 

Clapham 1 9 

Croydon 2 

Merton 2 5 

Mitcham 1 6 

Mordon 2 1 

Mutlake 2 6 

Newington Butts 1 2 

Peckham 2 

Petersham 4 

Putney 1 3 

Kew 9 

Kingston 2 7 

Lambeth, viz. : — 

Bishop's Liberty 1 4 

Prince's Liberty 1 1 

Vauxhall 2 2 

Marsh and Wall 1 6 

Lambeth Dean 2 

Stockwell 1 6 

Maldon 3 10 

Boehampton 2 3 

Richmond 1 

Eotherhithe 3 

Streatham 2 3 

Sutton 2 

Tooting 1 

Wandsworth 2 

Wimbledon 4 

Lanercost Priory, Cumberland, 
founded for monks of the Augus- 
tine order, 1169. 

Languages, 3664 known; there 
are 937 in Asia, 587 European, 276 
African, and 1624 American, or dia- 
lects. Professors of languages were 
not appointed in the English uni- 
versities until the reign of George 
I., 1724, and George II., 1736. 

Languard Port, Essex, built 
1618. 

Languedoc, Parliament of, erected 
by Charles VII., 1441. 

Langside, Battle of, between the 
regent of Scotland and the army of 
Mary Queen of Scots, the latter 
being defeated, May 13, 1568, the 
queen flying to England. 

Lanterns, invented by King Al- 
fred, 890 ; London lighted with 
them, 1415. 



LAT 



364 



LAV 



Lantphy Court, Pembrokeshire, 
built 1335. 

Laon, Battle of, between the 
Prussians and French, under the 
walls of the town, March 9, 1814. 

Lapis Calaminaris, discovered in 
England, 1561. 

Laplanders, several arrived in 
London with game in fine preserva- 
tion, after travelling a vast distance, 
Feb. 8, 1816. 

Lasiama, a Spanish order of 
knighthood, began 1420. 

Lateran Council, held in the Basi- 
lica of the Lateran at Rome ; there 
were five noted councils, four were 
held in 1122, 1139, 1179, and 1512 ; 
the last but one was attended by 
400 bishops and 1000 abbots. 

Latin ceased to be spoken in 
Italy, 581; in France in the ninth 
century ; it was abolished in Eng- 
land in law processes, 1731. The 
Latin nation was reduced to Roman 
subjection, 339 years before Christ ; 
the Latin and Greek churches were 
united, 1004. 

Latimer, Bishop of, burned by 
the Oxford priests, Oct. 16, 1555. 

Latton Priory, built 1270. 

Latitat, a writ calling individuals 
to the Court of King's Bench ; it 
was of old usage, but abolished in 
actions where 'the defendant was 
not to be held to special bail by an 
act 2 William IV., c. 39, May 23, 
1832. 

Latitude, the extent of the arc 
described by the earth's surface, or 
by the heavens over it, reckoning 
north or south of the equator to 
either pole ; a degree of the latitude 
was first measured accurately in 
1737, in lat. 66° 20 n., and found 
69.493 ; at the equator, in 1744, in 
lat. 12° it was reported, 68.743 ; in 
England by Mudge, 69.148. The 
degree of latitude from the equator 
to the pole numbering 90° , is of the 
same length in all parts of the 
globe. Hipparchus of Nice is said to 
be the first among the ancients who 
measured a degree of latitude, 170 
years before Christ 

Laud, the notorious zealot, arch- 



bishop of Canterbury, who claimed 
the visitation of both the universi- 
ties, 1637; and designed to bring 
the nation back to Rome, or as near 
its ante-reformation creed as pos- 
sible ; he supported the Star Chamber 
in its lawlessness, and the efforts of 
the king to force his own creed 
upon Scotland ; he was imprisoned 
and executed, Jan. 10, 1645. 

Lauenberg, Duchy of, ceded to 
Denmark by Russia, in exchange 
for Pomerania and Rugen, June 4, 
1815. 

Launceston Castle, built by the 
Romans ; the town about 900 ; in- 
corporated, 1555. 

Laureate, a sort of versifier and 
jester, attached to the servile train 
of our English 'kings from 1251 ; 
the laureate was paid wages to the 
amount of 100 shillings, in the 
reign of Edward IV., he was called 
" poet ; " Gibbon recommended the 
abolition of an office so meanly de- 
pendent and servile tp a man of ge- 
nius, when he chances to hold it. 
Nahum Tate held the office after 
Shad well dying, 1715; Nicholas 
Rowe, 1718; Lawrence Eusden, 
1730; Colley Cibber, 1757; Wil- 
liam Whitehead, 1785 ; Thomas 
Warton, 1790 ; Henry James Pye, 
1813 ; Robert Southey, 1843 ; Wil- 
liam Wordsworth, 1850 ; Alfred 
Tennyson, 1850. 

Laurel Frigate, lost in Quiberon 
Bay, the crew being made prisoners, 
Jan. 31, 1812. 

Laurel brought to England from 
the Levant, prior to 1529 ; the Por- 
tugal laurel brought here in the six- 
teenth century ; the Laurus indica 
from Madeira, 1665; the Alexan- 
drian laurel, 1713; the glaucous 
laurel brought from China, 1806. 

Laurestina, Man-of-war, lost 
off the Bahamas, the crew saved, 
1813. 

Laurestinus, brought to England 
from the south of Europe, 1596. 

Lavalette, condemned at Paris 
for high treason, escaped from pri- 
son, disguised in his wife's clothes, 
i Dec. 21, 1815. Major-general Sir 



LAW 



365 



LEA 



Robert Wilson, Michael Bruce, and 
Captain Hely Hutchinson, were 
sentenced to three months' impri- 
sonment for aiding his escape from 
France, April 24, 1816. 

Lavender, brought from the south 
of Europe in the fifteenth century. 

Laws, British, translated into 
Saxon, 590 ; the Saxon laws of 
Ina published, 709 ; Alfred's code 
of laws made, 890 ; those of Edward 
the Confessor, 1065; Stephen's 
charter of liberties, 1136 ; Henry II., 
his confirmation of, 1154, 1175 ; 
Oleron, or maritime laws of Ri- 
chard I., 1194; Granville's digest, 
1181; Magna Charta, 1215. See 
Statutes at Large. 

Law's Bubble, the most ruinous 
of financial schemes ; by schemes, 
and plausible statements to aid his 
own purposes, he had raised himself 
to be comptroller-general of the 
French finances ; he was to pay off 
the French debt by establishing an 
East India and Mississippi Com- 
pany ; the French minister accepted 
his project, 1710 ; in 1716, he open- 
ed a bank in his own name, and the 
rich and poor alike became sharers 
the scheme ; in 1718, Law's was 
made a royal bank, and the shares 
rose to twenty times their original 
value ; and in 1719, were worth 
more than all the current coin of 
France ; in the next year the 
whole scheme failed, nearly over- 
threw the French government, and 
ruined thousands of families, 1720 ; 
in England he was emulated by the 
South Sea Directory, 1716. 

Lawyers excluded from parlia- 
ment, temp. Henry IV. ; called bar- 
risters, and said to have been first 
appointed by Edward I. ; they num - 
ber about 1200 in England ; includ- 
ing barristers and attorneys, there 
are said to be 14,000 in England 
and Wales, 1845. 

Lawyers in Scotland ; between 
1830 and 1840, with a population 
little exceeding two millions and a 
half, there were three hundred and 
fifty-four courts; nine hundred and 
forty- four judges, and probably not 



less than ten thousand seven hun- 
dred and forty persons living by and 
connected with the law. * The 
expense of the judiciary establish- 
ment proper was not less than 
£177,000, while the maintenance of 
the whole judiciary corps cost the 
country probably about £2,367,000. 
Law Association Charity, found- 
ed 1817. 

Law Institution, founded 1825 ; 
gained a charter, Feb. 16, 1827. 

Law cheap counsel fees, in the 
Churchwardens' accounts of St. 
Margaret's, Westminster, for the 
year 1476, is the following entry : — 
" Alsoe paid to Roger Fylpott, ler- 
ned in ye lawe, for his Counsel 
giveing, Ills. VHId., with four- 
pence for his dinner." 

Lawns and Thread Gauze, manu- 
factured in Paisley in 1784 to the 
value of £164,385 : 16 : Q\. 

Laybach, Congress of, attended 
by several of the greater European 
sovereigns, who banded themselves 
together to violate the neutrality 
of Naples with their troops, and put 
down every attempt at popular 
freedom, May 6, 1821. 

Layer's Conspiracy to seize 
George I., the Prince of Wales, 
Lord Cadogan, and the principal 
ministers of state, to take the bank 
and tower, and bring in the pre- 
tender ; he was tried, convicted, and 
hung, March 17, 1722. 

Lazarus, St., Order of, instituted, 
366. 

Lead, Roman, pig of, found at 
Cromford Moor, 1777. 

Lead, a metal found in many 
countries, but in England principally 
in Cumberland, Derby, Devon, and 
Cornwall, in some places rich with 
combined silver; Cumberland and 
Derby alone yield 15,000 tons per 
annum. The substance called black- 
lead, really plumbago, is found of 
fine quality, at Borrowdale, in Cum- 
berland only ; the Clydesdale mines 
were opened, 1513 ; 13,900 tons are 
exported annually. 

Leaden Pipes for conveying 
water, invented, 1236, or rather re- 



LEC 



366 



LEI 



invented, for they were known to 
the Romans, as the ruined villas 
of their baths exhibit. 

Leadenhall, London, built as a 
storehouse for the poor, 1446 ; 
farmed for £1000 per annum, and 
£1000 fine, July 2, 1750. 

Lead Hills, Scotland, shock of 
an earthquake felt in, Feb. 14, 1749. 

League of Cambray, 1508. 

League of Smalcald, 1529. 

Leagues, viz. : — 

League of Public Good 1464 

Cambray 1508 

Holy League 1510 

Smalcald 1529 

League of the Beggars 1560 

„ of France & Henry IV. 1576 

„ Wurtzburg 1610 

„ against the Emperor 1626 
Solemn League and Cove-) lfiqfi 

nant of Scotland ) 10,58 

League of Augsburgh 1686 

Leake, Admiral, destroyed and 
took fifty-one sail of vessels at 
Newfoundland, 1702 ; ■ defeated the 
French fleet off Gibraltar, Nov. 5, 
1704; took Alicant by storm, Aug. 
3, 1706 ; took sixty vessels laden 
Avith provisions for the French army, 
May 22, 1708. 

Leap Year, the Bissextile, origi- 
nated with Julius Caesar, who fixed 
the year at 365 days six hours from 
one vernal equinox to another ; the 
six hours were set aside, and at the 
end of four years formed a day, to 
consist of 366 clays, which day was 
added to the month of February ; 
this was the Julian style, which ex- 
isted until the time of Pope Gregory 
in 1582, when the calendar was 
altered to its present form. 

Lease, a species of legal convey- 
ance, invented by Sergeant Moore, 
1535. 

Leather, a duty first laid upon 
i-t, 1339 ; tax on, abolished May 29, 
1830 ; the duty in England and Ire- 
land produced half a million ster- 
ling. 

Lectures, Medical, founded by 
Dr. Linacre, the founder of the col- 
lege of Physicians, 1502, or near 
that time. 



Ledbury Hospital, Herefordshire, 
founded, 1232; revived by Queen 
Elizabeth, 1580. 

Lee, the Rev. Mr., inventor of 
the stocking frame, 1589, a resident 
at Cambridge. 

Lee Boo, Prince, the son of the 
King of the Pellew Islands, who was 
brought over on a visit to this 
country by Captain Wilson of the 
Antelope, wrecked there, 1782 ; he 
was interred in Rotherhithe church- 
yard, Dec. 27, 1784. 

Leeds Castle, Kent, built, 857; 
rebuilt, 1071. 

Leeds, town of, made a borough, 
1832. 

Lees Priory, Essex, built, 1306. 

Leeks, the emblem of the Welsh 
saint and champion, St. David, 
worn upon his day, 519. 

Legacies taxed, 1780; the tax in- 
creased, Avhile land went free, 1796, 
1805, and 1808 ; land taxed to, 1853. 

Legion of Honour, instituted by 
Napoleon July 15, 1804, and con- 
ferred upon merit until Louis 
XVIII. was placed by the allies on 
the throne of France, 1815, when it 
became, as with all orders elsewhere, 
a matter of interest with the crown. 

Leghorn, properly Livorno, 
earthquake at, 1741; occupied by 
the French, July, 1796 ; evacuated, 
1799 ; attacked unsuccessfully by 
the English, 1813; taken by the 
Austrians, May 12 and 13, 1849. 

Leiburn Castle, Kent, built, 
1190. 

Leicester built, and Abbey, 
1143; incorporated by King John, 
1200; hospital rebuilt, 1776 ; taken 
by Charles I., and many of the in- 
habitants killed under his own eyes 
in the streets, May 31, 1645; sur- 
rendered to the parliament, June 
17, walls demolished, 1662. 

Leicester House, Leicester 
Square, the Prince of Wales died 
at, Mar. 20, 1751 ; born at Hanover, 
Jan. 20, 1706-7. 

Leipsic, noted for its fair ; the 
King of Sweden, Gustavus, defeated 
the Imperialists before, Sept. 7, 
1631 ; besieged, 1637 ; taken by the 



LEP 



367 



LEV 



King of Prussia, Nov. 18, 1745; 
surrendered to the Austrians, Aug. 
5,. 1759 ; abandoned, and again ta- 
ken possession of by the Austrians, 
Oct. 4, 1760 ; battle of, between the 
French and allied armies of Austria, 
Prussia, and Russia; lost by the 
French, owing to the treachery of 
seventeen battalions of Germans in 
their service turning upon them in 
the heat of the action ; 80,000 men 
were killed and wounded; the 
French lost sixty-five guns and 
several standards ; Leipsic was ta- 
ken the next day by the allies, Oct. 
16 and 18, 1813. 

Leith, Hessians landed at, under 
the command of the Prince of 
Hesse, Feb. 8, 1746. 

Leith Bridge, near Edinburgh, 
the first stone laid, Sept. 23, 1788 ; 
wet docks at, constructed, 1801. 

Lenox, Earl of, Regent of Scot- 
land, murdered, 1571. 

Lent, a Romish fast, instituted 
about the second or third century, 
and declared to be of apostolic in- 
stitution by the papal church ; it 
was first observed in England by a 
King of Kent, 640. 

Leo I. ordered 200,000 MS. 
books to be burned, 416, an irrepa- 
rable loss to literature and to reli- 
gion. 

Leo IX., the first pope that kept 
up a standing military force, 1054 ; 
Leo X., the patron of literature, he 
conferred the title of defender of 
the faith on Henry VIII. ; he is 
generally considered an unbeliever 
in the doctrine of which he was the 
professed head, died, 1521. 

Leominstee, Herefordshire, char- 
tered by Queen Mary, 1555. 

Leopold of Saxe-Coburg elected 
King of Belgium, June 4, 1831 ; 
crowned at Brussels, July 21, 1831 ; 
married Louise, daughter of the 
King of the French, Aug. 9, 1832. 

Lepanto, great battle of, between 
the Turks and the naval forces of 
Spain, Venice, and Pius V. ; the 
Turks lost 100 galleys and 30,000 
men, out of 250 galleys with their 
creAvs, Oct. 7, 1571. 



Le Roch, Island, near the Falk- 
land Isles, discovered, 1657. 

Lestwithiel, Stannary parlia- 
ment at, Sept. 1, 1750. 

Lestwithiel, Cornwall, incorpo- 
rated, 33 Edward I. 

Lesbos, Isle of, peopled 1000 
years before the birth of Christ. 

Liskeard, Cornwall, incorporated 
1580. 

Lestock, Admiral, tried and ac- 
quitted, June 17, 1746. 

Letters, said to have been in- 
vented by Memnon, the Egyptian, 
1822 years before Christ ; they were 
brought by Cadmus to Greece, and 
thence into Europe, 1500 a.c. ; they 
were carried by the emperor to 
America, about 1480 a.d., prior to 
which the Peruvians and Mexicans 
had used hieroglyphical characters. 

Letters of Slanes, the discharge 
given by the relatives of a person 
murdered to the murderer, who had 
compounded for his deed of blood 
by a fine, about 900. 

Letters of Marque and Reprisal 
issued in England by Edward I., 
1295, to seize an enemy's vessels ; 
granted by the American govern- 
ment against Great Britain, March 
22, 1776. 

Lestrange, Sir Robert, con- 
demned by the parliament, and im- 
prisoned, Dec. 25, 1644; burnt in 
effigy by the mob, Nov. 17, 1679 ; 
died Dec. 11, 1704. 

Letters de Cachet, the tyran- 
nical instruments by which the 
French kings, before the destruction 
of the Bastile, immured individuals 
in that secluded dungeon ; these 
letters were abolished Nov. 1, 1789. 

Lettuce came to England from 
Flanders, 1520. 

Lea^ant Trade commenced 1511; 
fell, but revived 1579. 

Levellers : any individuals Avho 
advocate a state of political or 
social equality ; tAA^o leaders of this 
doctrine in Germany, demolished 
the effigies and images in churches, 
and taught that all rank Avas super- 
fluous ; Muncer, one of those per- 
sons, SAvcllcd his followers to 40,000, 



LEW 



368 



LIB 



but was defeated by the Prince of 
Hesse, to whom he gave battle, 
which he lost ; he was beheaded in 
1525; the charge of "Levelling" was 
directed against some persons in 
London, 1648 ; and the name was 
also applied to advocates of parlia- 
mentary reform, under the ministry 
of Pitt and Perceval, not long after 
the former minister had moved for 
the same reform in the House of 
Commons. Hardy, Tooke, and 
Thelwall, were so styled by the op- 
ponent party, 1794. 

Levers, Dr. hanged for treason, 
July 13, 1750. 

Lever, Sir Ashton, collected the 
Leverian Museum, which was left 
to the public to receive by a guinea 
lottery, 1785 ; only 8000 tickets out 
of 36,000 could be disposed of, 
science having no hold on the 
public mind ; it was afterwards sold 
by auction and scattered, to the 
irreparable loss of inquiring minds, 
Sept. 20, 1806. 

Levy, Lyon, a Jewish diamond 
merchant, threw himself from the 
top of the monument in London, 
Jan. 18, 1810. 

Lewes Priory and Castle, Sussex, 
built 1078; the battle of Lewes, 
between Henry III. and Montfort, 
with the barons, May 14, 1264 ; the 
royal army defeated, and the king 
with his relations made prisoners; 
a pit with bodies discovered near, 
1846 ; a miracle is recorded of this 
priory : — 

" 1230. — The chapel of the 
Blessed Mary was built anew, and 
on the vigil of St. Nicholas the 
first mass was celebrated in it. 

"1243.— On the day of the anni- 
versary of Earl William, the founda- 
tion was laid of the new work of 
our church. 

"1245. — Guichard, the prior of 
Lewes, came to England, and on 
the eve of St. Pancras entered the 
church with a great attendance, and 
was admitted with honour by the 
Convent. 

" 1250. — In this year, on the day 
of the Saints Processus and Marti- 



nianus, a certain sick man, whose 
arm and both knees were as if con- 
tracted, was cured at the Holy 
Cross of St. Pancras, at Lewes." 

Lexington, battle of, the first 
fought between the English and the 
Americans, in which the latter were 
defeated, April 19, 1775. 

Lewis Dauphin of Erance, in- 
vited to the throne of England by 
the barons, 1216. 

Lewis XV., of Erance, crowned 
at Eheims, Oct. 14, 1722; sent 
home the Infanta of Spain as too 
young for a wife, April 5, 1725; 
married a daughter of the king 
of Poland, July 22, 1725 ; presented 
Humphry Parsons, lord mayor of 
London, with his picture set in 
diamonds, Feb. 1730 ; his bed took 
fire, and he narrowly escaped burn- 
ing to death, July 1, 1747. 

Leyden, Siege of, sustained 
against the armies of Spain, during 
which 6000 of the inhabitants died 
of famine and pestilence, 1574 ; its 
celebrated university founded 1575 ; 
jubilee at, instituted 1675 ; univer- 
sity nearly destroyed, with much 
of the town, by a vessel with 
10,000K>s weight of gunpowder 
blowing up, Jan. 1807. 

Libel, ex officio informations for, 
from Jan. 1801 to 1807, only four- 
teen filed under the administrations 
of Pitt, Addington, and Fox ; from 
1807 to 1811, under Perceval's min- 
istry, forty-two were filed, sixteen 
being tried, and twenty-six kept in 
terrorem as a means of oppression, 
1811 ; Colonel Lilburne fined £5000 
for writing one, 1637 ; imprisoned for 
another, 1645 ; tried again and ac- 
quitted, 1649 ; Lord George Gordon, 
for a libel on the French queen, 
condemned to five years' imprison- 
ment, and fined £500, Jan. 28, 1788 ; 
Dr. Withers for a libel on Mrs. 
Fitzherbert, July 14, 1789; the 
Times for a libel on George, Prince 
of Wales, Feb. 1790 ; the Morning 
Post for one on Lady E. Lambert, 
damages £4000, July 9, 1792; Peltier 
for a libel on Napoleon Bonaparte, 
Feb. 21, 1803 ; Wm. Cobbett found 



LIB 



LIB 



guilty of a libel against the King's 
Hanoverian Legion, June 15, 1811, 
fined £1000, with two years' impri- 
sonment. 

Libel, three ex -officio informa- 
tions filed against Hone for, who 
pleaded not guilty, being political 
parodies in the manner of creeds, 
&c, June 16, 1817 ; tried, Dec. 18, 
and acquitted after a manly defence 
of seven hours' duration ; tried for the 
second libel, Dec. 19, another judge 
being sent clown by the ministry for 
the purpose ; after defending him- 
self for eight hours, again acquitted ; 
Dec. 30, tried for a third parody, and 
acquitted, after a defence of nine 
hours ; three thousand pounds sub- 
scribed for him in approbation of 
his conduct, Jan. 1818. 

Libels, blasphemous and seditious 
writings, prosecutions for, under the 
Castlereagh administration, from 
Dec. 31, 1812, to Dec. 1822, when 
that nobleman committed suicide, 
were 270 in number. 

Libels dispersed by gunpowder, 
in Westminster Hall, July 14, 1736 ; 
the papers were laid near the Chan- 
cery Court, and powder within the 
bundle suddenly exploding, threw 
out bills containing five libels on 
the Gin act, Mortmain act, and 
others, which the court declared, 
without the " law's delay," to be 
wicked and audacious, and offered 
£200 for the discoveiy of the author 
or authors ; act against blasphemous 
and seditious libels, introducing 
banishment for them on the second 
offence, 60 George III., 1820 ; act 
for better regulating the law of, 1 
William IV., July 1830 ; law giving 
summary protection to persons em- 
ployed by parliament in reporting 
its proceedings and in their publi- 
cation, April 14, 1840. 

Libertines, a religious sect which 
maintained that all that was done 
was done in the spirit of God, 1525 ; 
that sin was only sin to those whose 
consciences told them so ; that the 
soul died with the body, and men 
should live without scruples about 
heaven or hell, — hence arose the 



bad sense and use of the term liber- 
tine. 

Liberty of the Press allowed in 
Denmark, 1770 ; of conscience, pub- 
lished under Queen Mar} r , 1553 ; 
under Charles II., 1672, but soon 
revoked ; again published under 
James II., April 4, 1687. 

Library, the first private one the 
property of Aristotle, 534 b.c. The 
first public library of which we have 
any certain account in history, was 
founded at Athens by Hipparchus, 
526 b.c. The second of any note 
was founded at Alexandria by 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 284 ; it was 
burnt when Julius Ctesar set fire to 
Alexandria, 47 b.c. The first 
library at Rome was established, a.d. 
167. At Constantinople, founded 
by Constantine the Great, about 
a.d. 335 ; destroyed, 477 ; a second 
library, formed from the remains of 
the first, at Alexandria, by Ptolemy's 
successors, was totally destroyed by 
the Saracens, 640, containing 
600,000 volumes, all precious litera- 
ture of antiquity; the library of 
Richard de Bury, chancellor of 
England, 1341, was the first private 
collection in this country, or perhaps 
in Europe; he gave fifty pounds 
weight of silver, for thirty or forty 
volumes, to the Abbot of St. 
Albans ; the Vatican at Rome by 
Pope Nicholas V., 1446; rebuilt, 
and the library considerably im- 
proved by Sixtus V., 1588; the 
Imperial of Vienna, by Maximilian 
I., about 1500 ; the Royal, of Paris, 
by Erancis I., about 1520; the 
Escurial at Madrid, by Philip II., 
1557; of Florence, by Cosmo de 
Medicis, 1560 ; the Bodleian, at 
Oxford, founded 40 Elizabeth, 1598, 
has 400,000 volumes, and 30,000 
MSS. ; the Cottonian, formerly 
kept at Cotton-house, Westminster, 
founded by Sir Robert Cotton, 
about 1600; appropriated to the 
public use and benefit, 13 William 
III., 1701 ; partly destroyed by tire, 
1731 ; removed to the British 
Museum, 1753, where there is a 
fine library collected by George III., 



LIC 



370 



LIG 



at the expense of £130,000, con- 
sisting of 63,000 volumes; this 
library was clandestinely sold by 
George IV. to Russia, and the fact 
only discovered just in time to pre- 
vent its embarkation : the nation 
paid the money for it 1823, and 
kept it in the country ; the Museum 
library contains about 600,000 vol- 
umes, being inferior to that of Paris, 
which numbers above a million; 
there are between 60,000 and 70,000 
visits to the Museum, and 8781 to 
the print room, in the year; the 
Cotton MSS. in the catalogue, fill a 
folio volume ; the Harleian four 
vols.; the Lansdowne two; the 
oldest MS. is a copy of the Gospels, 
of the 7th century; 317 vols, of 
Svriac MSS. ; 10,221 maps ; 29,626 
vols, of MSS.; 2946 rolls; 23,772 
charters and instruments, 208 MSS. 
and 55 on papyrus. There are libra- 
ries at the British Institution, Sion 
College, Red Lion street, London, 
and those of the University of 
Dublin, and the Advocates at 
Edinburgh ; in France, besides the 
Royal Library of Paris, and nume- 
rous others, every large town and 
city contains a public library, 
some of great value. The private 
libraries of England are more 
numerous and valuable in the ag- 
gregate than those of other countries, 
although (except the Oxford and 
British Museum libraries) the 
public ones are inferior ; the Rad- 
cliifeian, at Oxford, founded by the 
will of Dr. Radcliffe, who left 
£40,000 to the University for that 
purpose, 1714 ; at Cambridge, 1720, 
to which George I. gave £5000, to 
purchase Dr. Moore's collection. 

Licences, a mode of raising 
money, introduced by Richard I., 
1190; for public houses, 1551; 
brewers, excisable articles, &c, 
1784; gaming houses, 1620; lottery 
office keepers' licences ; pedlars and 
hawkers', 1697. 

Lichfield Cathedral, built 656 ; 
rebuilt 1148, by Roger de Clinton; 
400 feet long, 66 broad, spire 258 
feet; once styled the bishopric of 



Lichfield and Coventry ; see found- 
ed 656, after which it was made 
archiepiscopal ; in 1075 the see re- 
moved to Chester ; then back again 
to Lichfield, in 1102; the first 
bishop of Lichfield alone was Sa- 
muel Butler, 1840. 

Lichfield, city of, a charter 
granted to, as a city by Edward VI. 
1549 ; Richard II., kept his Christ- 
mas at Lichfield castle, 1397, when 
200 tuns of wine, and 2000 oxen 
were consumed. 

Liege, taken by the Duke of 
Marlborough, Oct. 14, 1702 ; by the 
French, June 15, 1705 ; palace at, 
destroyed by fire, Feb. 1734. 

Life Boat, the Hoylake, upset, 
and ten of twelve in it were drowned, 
Dec. 29, 1810 ; at Rhyl, and six 
lives lost, 1853 ; at Carnarvon, men 
saved, 1852 ; at Lytham, 1852 ; the 
invention of Mr. Greathead, who 
was rewarded by a sum of money 
from parliament, May, 1802. 

Life Preserver, a new safety 
jacket to prevent drowning, invent- 
ed by a Bath mechanic, 1823. 

Life Preserver from shipwreck, 
Manby's mortar and apparatus for, 
first used, Feb. 1808, and in the 
first twenty years saved fifty-eight 
vessels, and 410 lives. 

Light, the Zodiacal, discovered, 
1659. 

Light first used in churches in 
the day, 409 ; lights were used at 
night in imitation of the lamps lit 
in the Jewish and Pagan temples, 
which were generally kept burning. 

Light, Refraction of, discovered 
by Snellius, 1624 ; moves at the rate 
of 200,000 miles in a second of time, 
1667 ; the light of the sun takes eight 
minutes and the same number of 
seconds to reach the earth, or travel 
95,000,000 of miles; light and co- 
lour, theory of, given by Sir Isaac 
Newton, 1666. 

Lighthouses, erected by commer- 
cial nations upon capes, rocks, pro- 
montories, or on board vessels moor- 
ed near shoals, to direct the course 
of shipping ; that called the Pharos, 
at Alexandria, was the most cele- 



LIL 



371 



LIN 



brated and the oldest, visible 42 
miles ; the Eddystone, off the coast 
of Cornwall, is the most skilful and 
daring edifice in an engineering 
point of view, in 50 degrees, 10 mi- 
nutes, 54 seconds, north latitude, 
and 4 degrees, 15 minutes, 43 se- 
conds, west longitude. There were 
270 on the coasts of England, Ire- 
land, and the Channel Islands, in 
1848; in South Africa, the East 
Indies, and in Tasmania, 44, 1848 ; 
west coast of Africa, 5, 1848 ; Bri- 
tish North America and the West 
Indies, 89; South America, 23; 
north and west coasts of France, 
Spain, and Portugal, 137. 

Lightning, a flash penetrated the 
theatre at Venice, during a repre- 
sentation, Aug. 17, 1796; of 600 
people in the house, several were 
killed, the candles put out, a lady's 
gold watch-case melted, the jewels 
and diamonds in the ear-rings of 
others split ; lightning, with thun- 
der, so terrible as to throw down se- 
veral churches, Eeb. 1222 — it thun- 
dered fifteen consecutive days ; the 
rain flooded and destroyed the pro- 
duce of the earth, 1233 ; many men 
and beasts perished by it, and nouses 
were demolished, 1360 ; St. Paul's 
steeple set fire to, and that of Wal- 
tham Cross, Candlemas-day, 1443. 

Ligny, Battle of, between Napo- 
leon and the Prussian Blucher, in 
which the latter was defeated with 
considerable loss, June 16, 1815. 

LiGuuiANEepublic founded, June, 
1802, at Genoa : incorporated with 
France at its own request, May 25, 
1805 ; it was afterwards made a part 
of the kingdom of Italy. 

Lilac Tree, the common, known 
in England, 1590 ; the Persian first 
cultivated about 1597. 

Lilburne, Colonel John, fined 
£5000 for a libel, 1637 ; tried be- 
fore the infamous Star-chamber of 
Charles I., he was sentenced to stand 
in the pillory and receive 500 lashes, 
1638, which he bore, though cruelly 
inflicted, with great fortitude, ; he 
entered the parliament service after- 
wards r and fought with great bra- 



very against the cavaliers at Edge- 
hill ; was made a prisoner at Brent- 
ford, and showed distinguished gal- 
lantry at Marston Moor ; he next 
attacked Fairfax and Cromwell, and 
was committed for libel by the par- 
liament, 1645 ; again in 1649, but 
he was acquitted ; defeated the Earl 
of Derby at Wigan, and avenged on 
his troops the cruelties of the king's 
army in the west ; tried for another 
libel and acquitted, Aug. 20, 1653 ; 
daring and not brooking restraint, 
settled finally at Eltham, died there, 
1657, aged 39, having become a qua- 
ker. 

Lilio, Aloys, inventor of the Gre- 
gorian Calendar, 1570. 

Lilleshall Priory, Salop, built 
1104. 

Lilt of Navarre, order of knight- 
hood, 1048 ; of Arragon, 1403. 

Lily, flower so called, a native 
of Syria, Italy, and of Persia, brought 
to England about the 14th century ; 
the Guernsey lily, or Amaryllis, a 
native of Japan ; that of a red co- 
lour from South America ; the gi- 
gantic lilv from New South Wales, 
in 1800. " 

Lima and Callao, founded by Pi- 
zarro, 1534 ; dreadful earthquakes 
at, 1586, 1630, 1687, and 1746, Oct. 
28, when it was almost wholly de- 
stroyed with Callao. 

Limerick, Siege of, Oct. 3, 1691 ; 
capitulated under civil and military 
articles duly signed and attested, the 
violation of which was bitterly com- 
plained of by the Irish people, not 
without just reason; Limerick, once 
called Lanreach, bishopric founded, 
550 ; obtained a charter, 1195 ; ex- 
plosion of gunpowder at, Feb. 1, 
1694, killing 100 persons ; a second 
explosion of gunpowder killed nu- 
merous other persons, Jan. 2, 1837. 

Limitation of the Crown, act 
passed, 1701 ; respecting estates, 
1769. 

Lincelles, Battle of, between the 
English and Dutch armies and the 
French, in which the latter were re- 
pulsed, with the loss of 11 pieces of 
cannon, Aug. 18, 1793. 



LIN 



372 



LIN 



Lincluden Abbey, Scotland, 
founded by Malcolm, the king, who 
died, 1165. 

Lincoln College, Oxford, found- 
ed by the bishop of that see, 1427. 

Lincoln's Inn, London, built 
1229 ; converted from the Bishop of 
Chichester's palace to an inn of 
court, 1310; chapel erected, 1626; 
theatre built, 1695 ; square railed 
round, 1737 ; new buildings erected, 
1782; new buildings, or hall and 
library, opened, Oct. 30, 1845 , 
named from Henry de Lacy, Earl 
of Lincoln, who had a house on the 
same spot, temp. Edward I. ; Lord 
Eussell beheaded there, July 21, 16S3. 

Lincoln, Battle of, between the 
party of the Empress Maud and that 
of King Stephen, in which the latter 
was routed and taken, Feb. 2, 1121 ; 
again, a contest between the Dau- 
phin of France and the forces of 
Henry III. of England, in which the 
former was defeated, and withdrew 
his claims to the English crown, 
May 19, 1217. 

Lincoln, City of, once a colony 
of the Romans, who built the first 
castle, of which Newport Gate re- 
mains ; a second erected by William 
the Conqueror, taken by Matilda, 
1140 ; John besieged here by the 
barons ; parliaments held here, Ed- 
ward I., II., and III. ; cathedral 
built, 1060 ; the bishopric formed by 
uniting Sidchester and Dorchester, 
1086 ; deanery, archdeaconry, chan- 
cellorship, and precentorship erect- 
ed, 1092; subdeanery, 1140; the 
city burned, 1235 ; the great bell of 
the cathedral, here called the Great 
Tom of Lincoln, weighs 9894 lbs ; 
the cathedral itself, 524 feet long, 
and 80 wide ; the towers, one 300, 
the other 281 feet high, built be- 
tween 1088 and 1324. 

Lindisfarne, Monastery of, North- 
umberland, founded, 651 ; rebuilt, 
1014. 

Linen first manufactured in Eng- 
land by Flemings, under the protec- 
tion oi* Henry III., 1253 ; begun in 
London, 1368 ; a company esta- 
blished for ; staining of, first known 



in England, 1579; a colony of 
Scotch, in the reign of James I,, who 
fled from religious persecution to 1 
the north-east of Ireland, establish-* 
ed the manufacture there, about 
1630; the products of the flax labour 
were permitted to be exported, 1696 ; 
Irish linen board established, 1711 ; 
Linen Hall, Dublin, opened, 1728 ; 
abolished, 1828 ; before linen was 
used, woollen sheets were worn ; 
from 1772 to 1784, Scotland manu- 
factured a great quantity. The ra- 
pid increase of which may be judged 
from the following returns of the 
linens stamped for sale : — 



Years. Yards. 


Value. 


1773, 10,748,1101 £462,721 11* 


1774, 11,422,115 


492,055 13 8i 


1775, 12,134,683| 


561,527 10 2^ 


1776, 13,571,948* 


638,873 9 6 


1777. 14,793,8881 


710,633 18 7* 


1778, 13,264,410| 


592,023 5 4* 


1779, 12,867,238 


551,148 3 3i 


1780, 13,410,934| 


622,187 16 4* 


1781, 15,177,800^ 


738,482 13 11* 


1782, 15,348,744* 


776,098 7 5| 


1783, 17,074,777| 


868,883 10 6 


1784, 19,138,593 


932,617 1 11 



Barnsley is now the principal place 
for the manufacture ; exported 1849, 
111,259,183 yards, value £3,209,539. 

Linlithgow Bridge, battle of, be- 
tween the Earls of Angus and Le- 
nox, who fought for the possession 
of the person of James V., then in 
his minority; the Earl of Lenox, 
after promise of quarter, was killed 
by Sir James Hamilton, 1525 ; Ma- 
ry, Queen of Scots, was born in the 
parish of Linlithgow, James V., her 
father, dying of a broken heart the 
same year, 1542. 

Linnean System, or that of Lin- 
naeus, a Swede, was begun about 
1725-30; he first compiled a dic- 
tionary of 7300 plants, which he 
classed and accurately arranged ac- 
cording to the sexual parts, their 
number and situation. The society 
called after him, the Linnean So- 
ciety of London, was incorporated, 
March 26, 1802 ; instituted, 1788. .' 



LIT 



373 



LIT 



Lintz, the capital of Upper Bo- 
hemia, had seventy houses and its 
palace hurned, Aug. 12, 1800. 

Lipstadt, Battle of, between the 
Swedes and Austrians, in which the 
King of Sweden was killed at the 
moment of victory ; the Austrian 
commander fell at the same mo- 
ment, Nov. 6, 1632. 

Lisbon conquered by the Moors, 
716 ; made the capital of Portugal, 
1506 ; destroyed by an earthquake, 
Nov. 1, 1755 ; custom-house burned, 
May 31, 1766; the royal palace, 
Nov. 1794 ; the court fled to the 
Brazils, Nov. 1807; the French en- 
tered and took possession, until de- 
feated by Sir Arthur Wellesley, 
Aug. 21, 1808 ; insurrection at, Aug. 
21, 1831 ; massacre, June 9, 1834. 

Lisle, Lady, beheaded at Win- 
chester, Sept 2, 1685. 

Lisle, siege of the city of, by the 
Duke of Marlborough and allies, 
and, though deemed impregnable, 
taken after a siege of 3 months, 
1708 ; restored by the treaty of 
Utrecht, 1713, on condition of the 
demolitions of the fortifications of 
Dunkirk, bombarded by the Aus- 
trians, who were obliged to raise the 
siege, Oct. 7, 1782. 

Lismore, Castle of, burned in 
1645, but rebuilt by the Duke of 
Devonshire more splendidly than 
before ; bishopric of, founded, 636 ; 
the cathedral repaired, 1130; bi- 
shopric united to Waterford, 1363. 

Lissa, in Silesia, battle of, won 
by the King of Prussia over the 
Austrians, 6000 of whom fell, Dec. 
5, 1757. 

Litanies first used in churches, 
443 ; to the Virgin Mary, introduced 
about 595, by Pope Gregory I; 
English litany ordered to be used 
by Henry VIII., 1543. 

Literary Fund established, 1790, 
to assist literary men who have pub- 
lished works of merit; incorporated, 
1818. 

Literary Property. See Copy- 
right and Press. 

Literary Property in France, 
scheme of, to form a law to secure 



their writings to authors and their 
families, extended so as to form a 
species of patrimony, June, 1826. 

Literary Institution of Bath, 
founded under the patronage of the 
late Duke of York, 1823. Statute 
in favour of works, passed 1710 ; 
made perpetual, 1774. 

Literary and Scientific Societies, 
viz. : — ■ 

Literary Institution . . 1800 
London Institution . . 1805 
Bussell Institution . . 1808 

Royal Society of Literature . 1822 
London Mechanics Institution 1823 
Royal Asiatic Society . . 1823 
Athenaeum .... 1824 
Western Literary Institution . 1825 
Eastern Literary Institution . 1825 
Geographical Society . . 1830 
United Service Institution . 1831 
Marylebonne Literary do. . 1832 
Statistical Society . . 1834 

Westminster Literary Society 1837 
Camden Society . . . 1838 
Shakspeare Society . . 1840 
Alfric Society . . . 1842 
Archaeological Institute, Hay- 
market .... 1843 

Literature, so little known from 
900 nearly to 1400, that few men of 
rank or eminence could read or 
write. 

Lithofrage, the art of breaking 
the stone in the bladder; first per- 
formed in England by Mr. Casteloe, 
1833. 

Lithographic Printing, art of, 
first introduced into England, 1801. 

Lithotomy, the operation of cut- 
ting for the stone in the bladder, first 
practised, 17 a.t>. ; the high mode 
of operating considered the oldest. 

Little Theatre, Hay market, 
London, fifteen persons crushed to 
death there endeavouring to obtain 
admission, to see the performance 
when the king attended ; several 
were severely wounded, and some 
died of their bruises, Feb. 3, 1794. 

Liturgy, first read in Scotland, 

July 23, 1637, not without tumult; 

I the present approved in the Eng- 



LIV 



374 



LIV 



lish parliament, 1547 ; reviewed and 
altered, 1551 ; read in Ireland in 
English, 1550 ; altered in 1661. 

Liverpool originated in the 
buildings around a castle erected 
by Koger de Poitiers, 1076 ; not 
mentioned in Doomsday Book, but 
received its first charter, 1129 ; 
Henry II. granted another charter, 
1173 ; Henry III. made the town a 
free corporation for ever for a fine 
of 10 marks, and granted it an- 
other charter, 1227; tower in Water 
Street built, 1252; Henry IV. 
granted a charter to the town, 1309; 
the charter of Edward III. given, 
1326 ; castle and borough estimated 
as worth £30, 10s. per annum, 
1327; St. Nicholas's church rebuilt, 
1360; King Ki chard II. granted the 
town a charter, 1290 ; Sir Richard 
Molyneux, constable of the castle of 
Liverpool, 1420; the shipping of 
the town, 12 vessels, 177 tonnage and 
75 men, 1540 ; in 1555 the tonnage 
of the 12 vessels increased to 223 
tons; Manchester cotton bartered 
with some Liverpool merchants for 
wine, 1558; the old tower de- 
stroyed by a storm, 1560 ; six streets 
only inhabited, containing 38 cot- 
tages, 1 561 ; the number of house- 
holders 138, 1565; the first lottery 
in England proclaimed here, 1566 ; 
two shillings per day allowed to the 
members of parliament while in 
London, the money collected, 1584 ; 
twenty -four vessels of 362 tonnage, 
belonged to the town, 1618 ; Charles 
I. granted a charter to the town, 
which was made a body politic and 
corporate, July 4, 1626 ; King 
Charles illegally levied ship money, 
Liverpool £25, Chester £26, Bris- 
tol £2000, 1636 ; the town besieged 
by Prince Rupert, and taken by 
storm, June 26, 1644; the town 
again declared for the parliament, 
1645 ; fifteen vessels belong to the 
town, from 15 to 35 tons each, 1650 ; 
the castle demolished, 1659; town 
hall built, 1674 ; Liverpool made a 
distinct parish from Walton, 1699 ; 
the old dock made, 1699 ; the po- 
pulation, 5000 ; the castle granted 



to the corporation, 1704; 84 ships 
in all, 5789 tons, belonged to the 
port, and the first ship sailed for 
Africa, 1709; ships increased to 
113, and 8326 tons, 1716 ; inha- 
bitants, 10,446 in 1720 ; dock dues, 
£810 : 11 : 8, 1734; inhabitants, 
12,000 in 1730 ; the port entered by 
300 vessels, 1730 ; ships increased 
to 220, making 19,176 tons, 1751; 
53 sail for Africa, 1751 ; inhabi- 
tants, 27,787 in 1760 ; Williamson's 
first newspaper published, 30 adver- 
tisements ; four inns in the town, 
and a stage coach to London once 
a week, being 4 days on the road, 
1760 ; in 1764 no less than 74 ves- 
sels sailed to Africa ; the first 
newspaper of Gore, Dec. 27, 1764, 
with 15 advertisements ; first stone 
of St. George's dock laid, 1767; 
theatre-royal opened, 1775 ; popu- 
lation, 34,407; 412 houses unlet, 
1773 ; alarming riots of seamen, 
1775; Liverpool custom dues, 
£648,684; mail to London estab- 
lished, 1785 ; 465 vessels, of 49,541 
tonnage, belonged to the town, 
1786 ; intei-ior of the town hall des- 
troyed by fire, 1795 ; new town hall 
opened, 1797; athenasum built, 
1799 ; botanic garden planted, 
1800; number of ships that year, 
5647, tonnage, 450,000 ; dock dues, 
£23,379; population, 77,653; ly- 
ceum opened, 1802; theatre, Wil- 
liamson Square, opened, 1803 ; first 
stone of corn exchange laid, 1807 ; 
the spire of St. Nicholas church 
fell, 24 children killed, 1810 ; dock 
dues, £65,782; ships, 6729, ton- 
nage, 734,391, 1810; population, 
94,376 ; royal institution begun, 1814 ; 
opened, 1817; imports, £8,000,000 
value; exports, £12,000,000; 
Prince's dock begun, 1816 ; the 
steam ship Savannah arrived from 
the port of that name in 26 days, 
June 20, 1819 ; in 1820, 7276 ves- 
sels, with a tonnage of 805,033 en- 
tered the port; population, 1821, 
118,972 ; musical festival receipts, 
£6000, Oct. 1823; Alert packet, 
from Dublin, Avrecked, and 100 per- 
sons drowned, Mar. 25, 1823 ; post. 



LIV 



375 



LIV 



packets with Ireland commenced, 
1826; Liverpool and Manchester 
railroad begun, 1826 ; first stone of 
the Rock Perch lighthouse laid, 
June 8, 1827 ; first stone of the new 
custom house laid, 1828; 23,500 
dwellings in the town, 1826 ; num- 
ber of vessels entering the port, 
1829, 11,383, tonnage, 1,387,957; 
dock dues, £147,327; Liverpool 
and Manchester Railway opened, 
Mr. Huskisson killed, Sept. 15, 
1830; W. Roscoe died, June 30, 
1831, aged 79 ; wreck of theRothsay 
Castle, 1831, and 100 passengers, 
Aug. 17; the cholera visited the 
town, 1832 ; zoological gardens 
opened, May 27, 1833; Waterloo 
dock opened, Aug. 18, 1834; assizes 
to be held at Liverpool on the 15th 
of Aug., ordered, 1835 ; Trafalgar 
and Victoria docks named, 1836; 
in 1837 the corporation had an 
estate of £3,000,000 value, it hav- 
ing doubled in 45 years ; Statistical 
Society founded, 1838 ; St. George's 
Hall and courts begun, 1841 ; a fire, 
which destroyed property to the 
amount of £500,000, 1842; a 
statue erected to Mr. Huskisson, 
1847; ships entered Liverpool, 1843, 
English, 2615, with 691,707 tonnage, 
foreign, 1014, with a tonnage of 
417,621 ; the duties paid at the 
custom house, ending Jan. 1844, 



were £5,121,522 ; in 1848 the num- 
ber of vessels inwards, was 3561, 
tonnage, 1,396,107 ; vessels out- 
wards, 4318, and the tonnage, 
1,535,067 tons. The increase of 
houses between 1838 and 1845 was 
very singular, in 

1838 1052 

1839 987 

1840 1577 

1841 1761 

1842 2027 

1843 1390 

1844 2450 

1845 3728 



14,982 in 8 ys. 

Value of exports from Liverpool, 
1850, the returns gave £34,891,827, 
equal to half of all the United 
Kingdom. The shipping amounted 
to 3,262,253 tons; the sum ex- 
pended on the port of Liverpool 
and the Mersey, said to amount 
to £12,000,000 sterling, 1850. 
The modern adaptation of iron rail- 
ways for rapid conveyance, was 
first brought into practical opera- 
tion by the Liverpool and Manches- 
ter railway. The traffic upon this 
line to midsummer, 1836, since 
which such particulars have not 
been made public, was as follows :-— 



From Sept. 16, to Dec. 31, 1830. .. 
... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1831. .. 
... July 1, to Dec. 31. 
... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1832. 
... July 1, to Dec. 31. 
... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1833. 
... July 1, to Dec. 31. 
... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1834. 
... July 1, to Dec. 31. 
... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1835. 
... July 1, to Dec. 31. 
... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1836. 


Merchandise. 
Tons. 


Coal. 

Tons, 


Passengers. 
Number, 


1433 

. 43,070 
. 65,488 
. 72,601 
. 86,842 
. 96,457 
. 98,247 
. 104,356 
. 106,380 
. 113,647 
. 116,982 
. 117,617 


2630 

2889 
8396 
29,456 
39,940 
41,375 
40,134 
46,039 
53,298 
55,444 
60,802 
68,893 


71,951 
188,726 
256,321 
174,122 
182,823 
171,421 
215,071 
200,676 
235,961 
205,741 
268,106 
222,848 


1,023,120 


449,296 


2,393,767 



LIV 



376 



LIV 



These figures do not include great 
numbers of cattle, sheep, and swine 
conveyed from Liverpool towards 
the interior of the country. In less 
than six years there were conveyed 
upon this railway nearly two mil- 
lions and a half of passengers, and 
little short of a million and a half 
tons of merchandise and coals. 
Exactly one century before the 
opening of this line, the town of 
Liverpool contained only one car- 
riage, and no stage-coach came 
nearer to the town than Warring- 
ton, the traffic being then principally 
earned on by means of pack-horses. 
The inland trade of Liverpool is 
assisted by canals, the most import- 
ant is the Leeds and Liverpool 
canal, 128 miles long. The Mersey 
and Irwell navigation served until 
the opening of the Liverpool and 



Manchester railroad. The Duke of 
Bridgewater's canal connects the 
Mersey with Birmingham and Staf- 
fordshire, and, joining the Grand 
Trunk canal, perfects the communi- 
cation with London. The trade 
with North Wales, through the 
western part of Cheshire, is carried 
on by means of the Ellesmere canal ; 
and the river Weaver navigation 
connects Liverpool with the salt 
district and the heart of Cheshire. 
The number of baptisms in the town 
and vicinity during the year 1838, 
was 10,145, the number of marriages 
3017, and of burials 9979. 

Liverpool and Ireland, trade be- 
tween, in produce in the years 1831, 
1832, and 1837, compiled by the 
managers of the steam-vessels en- 
gaged in that trade : — 



Cows number 

Calves do. 



Horses 
Mules., 
Sheep . , 
Lambs 
Pigs ., 
Eggs 



...do, 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
....do, 
. . . crates 

W heat quarters 

Oats do, 

Barley do. 

Eye do. 

Beans do. 

Peas do. 

Malt do. 

Meal loads 

Elour sacks 

Bacon bales 

Pork barl. & g barl 
Beef ...tiers & barls. 

Hams hhds, 

Butter cwts 

Do firkins 

Do half do. 

Lard tierces 

Do firkins 



1831. 


1832. 


18 


Quant. 


Value. 


Quant. 


Value. 


Quant 




£ 




£ 




90,715 


907,150 


69,624 


765,864 


84,710 


4196 


2990 


1694 


10.164 


316 


296 


5920 


679 


13,580 


3414 


243 


3645 


29 


290 


319 


134,762 


235,834 


74,260 


129,955 


225,050 


25,725 


25,725 


24,077 


24,077 


24,669 


156,001 


585,004 


149,090 


484,543 


595,422 


2506 


50,120 


4097 


81,940 




277,060 


831,180 


338,649 


948,217 




380,679 


532,951 


325,720 


309,434 




21,328 


37,324 


14,486 


24,626 




613 


920 


213 


320 




8452 


16,904 


7927 


12,683 




1724 


3448 


1233 


1973 




6850 


17,125 


6009 


15,023 




149,816 


187,270 


169,817 


203,780 




93,154 


209,596 


177,252 


407,680 




13,099 


65,495 


10,771 


64,626 




15,480 


45,300 


13,595 


41,430 




7580 


30,728 


9044 


41,142 




590 


11,800 


817 


19,608 




5754 


11,508 


10,348 


21,731 




258,087 


645,217 


992,830 


775,999 




19,217 


24,021 


15,861 


21,412 




465 


3720 


693 


6583 




4542 


6813 


10,800 


17,820 




4,497,708 


4,444,500 



£ 
1,365,360 
711 

68,280 

2552 

450,100 

22,202 

1,488,555 



3,397,760 



LOA 



377 



LOA 



The returns for 1837 include only 
seven of the twenty-six articles 
enumerated in the previous years, 
but some of those seven exhibit a 
very important increase. 

Liverpool Administration, suc- 
ceeded that of Perceval, shot May 
1812 ; it terminated April, 1827, by 
the death of Lord Liverpool, during 
which there were many changes in 
the rest of the cabinet, and the 
Marquis of Londonderry committed 
suicide. 

Liverpool Railway to Manches- 
ter, thirty-one miles long, begun 
Oct. 3826 ; opened July 30, 1829; 
to Birmingham, July 4, 1837, as 
the Grand Junction to London, the 
whole length, Sept. 17, 1838. 

Living Skeleton, Calvin Elson, 
died at New York of tape-worm, 
1833 ; he had been exhibited in 
London several years before. 

Lizard Point, Cornwall, patent 
passed to erect the new lighthouses 
upon, June 29, 1751. 

Llandilo Vawr, Carmarthen, re- 
markable for a battle fought in 
1281, between Edward I. and 
Llewellyn the Great. 

Llandovery Castle, Carmarthen- 
shire, besieged 1113, by Gruffyd ab 



Rhys ; taken 1214; taken from Rhys 
Frechan by a united force of Welsh 
and Normans. 

Llandrindod, Mineral Waters 
of, discovered 1670 ; visiters flocked 
to, 1726. 

Llanelian, Anglesey, the church 
founded 540, by St. Elian. 

Llangollen Bridge, built by 
John Trevor, bishop of St. Asaph, 
1357 ; repaired 1656. 

Llanstephan Castle, Carmarthen- 
shire, built 1138. 

Llantont Abbey, Monmouth- 
shire, built 1110. 

Llandegar Church, said to have 
been founded in the sixth century, 
by St. Tagai, the son of a Erench 
nobleman ; the present erected 
1348. 

Lloyd's Coffee-house, Royal Ex- 
change, established, 1772, as a 
place of insurance for shipping ; the 
patriotic fund fixed at, 1803. 

Loans, Loss on Foreign, 1835, aris- 
ing from sums subscribed having no 
connection with the British govern- 
ment, and wholly upon the respon- 
sibility of the foreigner to the con- 
tractors. This amoun thad greatly 
increased in 1850, to the dishonour 
of the borrowers. 




* Thus the total loss amounted to the enormous sum of ^19,239,750, averaging about 
til ou the amount lent. 



LOA 



378 



LOA 



Loans after the peace, to 1825 ; 
money raised in England during 
the ten years, 1816 to 1825, on ac- 
count of loans to foreign govern- 



ments, specifying the amount to 
each respective country ; annual 
payment on account of the same ; 
rate per cent, of contract. 



1818 

1822 

1820 

1 

2 

*3 
1821 

2 



1824 
1823 

1824 



1825 



Countries for which raised. 



Prussia 

Ditto 

Spain 

Ditto 

Ditto 

Ditto 

Ditto 

Naples 

Ditto 

Russia 

Denmark .... 
Colombia .... 

Chili 

Poyais 

Peru 

Ditto 

Portugal 

Austria 

Greece 

Buenos Ayres 
Columbia .... 

Brazil 

Mexico 

Naples 

Brazil 

Mexico 

Greece 

Denmark .... 

Peru 

Guatimala .... 
Guadalaxara . 



Amount 

of 
Capitals 
Created. 



£ 
5,000,000 
3,500,000 
3,000,000 
3,000,000 
3,000,000 
4,000,000 
1,000,000 
2,744,640 
3,430,800 
3,500,000 
3,000,000 
2,000,000 
1,000,000 
200,000 
450,000 
750,000 
1,500,000 
3,500,000 
800,000 
1,000,000 
4,750,000 
1,200,000 
3,200,000 
2,500,000 
2,000,000 
3,200,000 
2,000,000 
5,625,000 
616,000 
1,428,750 
600,000 



Total 73,495,190 



Annual 
Obligations 



250,000 
175,000 



700,000 



308,772 

175,000 

150,000 

120,000 

60,000 

12,000 

72,000 

75,000 

175,000 

40,000 

60,000 

285,000 

60,000 

160,000 

125,000 

100,000 

192,000 

100,000 

168,750 

36,960 

85,714 

36,000 



26 
65 

70 
77A 
84 
70 



82 
87 
82 
59 



75 

58 

92i 

85 

89| 

56h 

75 

78 

73 

60 



Amount 

of 

Money 

raised by 

England. 



£ 
3,600,000 
2,940,000 

3,820,000 

3,240,000 

260,000 

4,114,036 

2,250,000 

Cancelled. 

1,640,000 

700,000 

160,000 

396,000 

615,000 

1,305,000 

2,870,600 

472,000 

850,000 

4,203,750 

800,000 

1,856,000 

2,312,500 

1,700,000 

2,872,000 

1,130,000 

4,218,750 

480,480 

1,042,897 

360,000 



3,702,196 



Total amount advanced by England as per 

above statement £49,038,500 

In addition to the above since the peace of 1815, 
there have been Rentes (Annuities) created in 
France, equal to about 175,000,000 of 5 per 
cent. Stock, of which there is supposed to be 
held in England, about 

And since the same period there is supposed to 
have been imported into England from the 
United States of North America, various 
Federal, Bank, Canal, and State Securities, 
in return for capital, equal to 9,000,000 



49,038,500 



3,702,196 



36,000,000 1,800,000 



545,010 



LOC 



379 



L OL 



In 1820 and 1822, there was also raised in 
Russia from 60 to 85,000,000 of rubles effec- 
tive = to 3s. Id. each, a considerable portion of 
which stock is supposed to be held in Eng- 
land £10,500,000 

Making a total amount of money raised in 
England in the ten years, 1816 — 1825, on 
account of loans to foreign nations 104,538,500 

The annual payments on which are 

But as about 15 per cent, on an average has 
been reserved out of fhe 31 loans specially 
specified to form a Sinking Fund, and to pay 
the four or five first half yearly dividends, 
there must be deducted out of the money 
raised about 11,538,500 



Leaving in the aggregate of the ten years the 
sum of £93,000,000 



525,570 



,577,096 



577,096 



6,000,000 



Loans.. — See Expenses of English 
wars ; generally borrowed at Ant- 
werp, in 1559 ; Sir T. Gresham, 
and the city of London, became 
security for £200,000, borrowed by 
Queen Elizabeth; a loan of 
£18,000,000, in 1796, was filled up 
in London in fifteen hours and 
twenty minutes, Dec. 5. ; a loan to 
the Emperor refused, 1730. 

Loadstone, Polar Attractions 
of, known in Erance, according to 
some authorities, 1180; Roger 
Bacon generally reputed to have 
known them, 1267. 

Lochleven Castle, built in Loch- 
leven lake, 1257 ; besieged by the 
English, 1301 and 1335 ; the first 
archbishop of St. Andrews impri- 
soned there, where he died, 1447 ; 
Earl of Northumberland confined 
there, 1569; Mary Queen of Scots, 
1567 ; escaped, May 2, 1568. 

Locks, Bramah's patent for, 
registered, 1784; in 1578, Mark 
Scaliot, a blacksmith of London, 
made a lock of iron, steel, and brass, 
of eleven several pieces, and a pipe 
key, all which weighed but one 
grain of gold ; he also made a chain 
of gold, of forty-three links, which 
chain being fastened to the lock 
and key, and put upon a flea's neck, 
weighed but one grain and a half. 

Locusts in St. James' Park and 
country about London, 1748, Aug. 



4; in Germany, 1749; Poland, 1750; 
Warsaw, 1816 ; seen in Palestine, 
where they devoured the fruits of 
the earth, and caused a fever from 
their stench, 406; in France the 
same, 873. 

Lodi, Battle of, one of the most 
brilliant of the many great achieve- 
ments of Bonaparte : opposed to the 
Austrians under Beaulieu, he passed 
the bridge of Lodi in front of the 
enemy, May 10, 1796, and after a 
sanguinary battle, all Lombardy 
became the spoil of the victor in a 
very few days. 

Logarithms invented by Sir John 
Napier, 1614. 

Logline used in navigation, 
adopted about 1570. 

LoGTOWN,North America, destroy- 
ed by the French, May 10, 1754. 

Logwood cultivated in Carolina, 
1732, first cut by the English in the 
bays of Campeachv and Honduras, 
1662. 

Lollards, a term for those who 
dissented from the church of Eng- 
land before it became reformed ; in 
fact, to the followers of Wickcliffe ; 
the first of these honest reformers 
was Walter Lollard, 1315, whom the 
Roman Catholics burned at Cologne 
for his opinions, 1322 ; they were 
proscribed by parliament, 1406 ; 
Sawtree, the incumbent of St. Osith, 
London, was the first burned in 



OS 



380 



LON 



England for these opinions, 1401 ; 
in 1414, numbers were thus executed 
and one of the towers at Lambeth 
palace, in which the iron rings yet 
remain to which they were chained, 
became a place of their incarceration, 
and probably of torture ; Sir John 
Oldcastle, was one of those whom 
the clergy thus persecuted and 
burned, 1417. 

Lombards, considered usurers, had 
their articles seized by the king, 
1337 ; they were first sent to Eng- 
land by Pope Gregory IX., to assist 
individuals in paying their tithes to 
the church, by lending money to 
them, 1229 ; they were also charged 
with demanding usurious interest ; 
in time they became eminent deal- 
ers in money, being generally na- 
tives of Genoa, Venice, or Florence ; 



they had their offices in Lombard 
street ; accused of usury, as all 
foreign money lenders were in those 
times, Queen Elizabeth expelled 
them from the kingdom about 1580. 

Lombards, in one of the northern 
states of Italy ; they settled there 
about 570, being originally Ger- 
man: their chief proclaimed king 
at Milan, 570; the Lombards ex- 
tended their empire by conquests 
until 772, when Charlemagne an- 
nexed the territory to the German 
empire ; annexed to Austria, 1814. 

Lombardy in Austria : the num- 
ber of Germans employed by Austria 
to the exclusion of the native popu- 
lation, compared with the other 
provinces of the empire, was as 
follows, 1850. [The lesser provinces 
need not be quoted.] 



Austria, below the 
Enns (with Vienna) 

Hungary 

Lombardy 

Venice 

Bohemia 

Gallicia 



Population. 



1,369,000 
11,973.000 
2,532,000 
2,148,000 
4,133,000 
4,714,000 



Revenue. 



19,490,000 
19,990,000 
19,200,000 
15,040,000 
16,050,000 



Em- 
ploye's. 



9545 
7984 
9481 
8383 
7431 



12,647,0001 9169 



Emoluments. 



7,326,893 Elorins 

4,053,712 

4,320,569 

3,942,214 

2,646,392 

2,677,816 



Lombe, Sir Thomas, invented 
the silk mills, for which he received 
±14,000, April 3, 1732. 

London fortified by the Romans, 
50 ; reported to have been the 
capital of the Trinobantes, 54 a.c; in 
61 a.d., called Colonia Augusta, or 
Londinium ; taken and burned by 
Boadicea, and 70,000 of the inhabit- 
ants and of the Eomans massacred, 
61 ; she was defeated by Suetonius, 
80,000 Britons massacred ; she 
took poison, 61 ; London Availed in, 
a palace built, 306; 800 vessels 
employed in the port of London for 
the export of corn alone, 359 ; Lon- 
don made a bishop's see, and Resti- 
tutus first bishop, 514; Theonius, 
second bishop, 553; St. Melitus 
(afterwards translated to Canter- 
bury), third bishop, 604; West- 
minster abbey built, by Sebert, 604; 
St. Paul's built, 604 ; plague ravag- 
ed London, 664 ; great fire, which 
nearly consumed the city, 798; 



London destroyed by the Danes, 
839 ; Alfred repaired and strength- 
ened London, 884 ; great fires, 982, 
1027, and 1130; tower built bv 
William I., 1078; first charter 
granted to the city bv William I., 
1079 ; another fire, 108*6 ; 600 houses 
thrown down by a tempest, 1090 ; 
London still unpaved, thatched with 
straw, covered with tiles, 1192; 
charter granted by Henry L, 1100 ; 
old London bridge erected, 1176; 
Henry Fitz Alwyn, the first mayor, 
serving twenty-four years, 1189 ; 
charter relating to weirs, 1196: 
charter of king John, mayor and 
common council elected annually, 
1209 ; common hunt first appointed, 
1226 ; charter of Henry III., 1233 ; 
aldermen appointed in the city, with 
important privileges, 1242; Cheap- 
side lay out of the city, 1246 ; 
watch in London, 38 Henry III., 
1253 ; tax called murage, to keep 
the walls and ditches in repair, 



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1279 ; city divided into wards, 1285 ; 
the houses still built of wood, 1300; 
charter granted by Edward III., 
1328; terrible pestilence, 50,000 
citizens perished, 1348; privileges 
taken away, but restored on submis- 
sion, 1366; William of Walworth, 
lord mayor, 1380; Wat Tyler's 
rebellion, 1381 ; aldermen elected 
for life, 1394 ; city first lighted at 
night by lanterns, 1415; Guildhall 
finished, 1416; Whittington thrice 
lord mayor, viz., 1397, 1406, and 
1419; entertained Henry Y. at 
Guildhall, and threw into a fire of 
spices, bonds of that monarch for 
moneys lent him to the value of 
£60,000, 1419 ; Jack Cade's rebel- 
lion, 1450 ; first civic procession on 
the water; Sir John Norman lord 
mayor, 1453; Ealconbridge at- 
tempted the city, 1471 ; sweating 
sickness raged, 1485 ; sheriff fined 
£50 for kneeling too near "the' 
sovereign lord mayor," at prayers 
in St. Paul's, 1486 ; the fatal sweat, 
1517 ; memorable evil May-da} r , 
1517 ; the Londoners amused by a 
battle between a Dutch and French 
vessel, fought close to London 
bridge, to which the former had 
actually pursued the latter. Wal- 
singham, lieutenant of the Tower, 
boarded and seized both the com- 
batants, Feb. 1528; streets first 
paved, 1533; forty taverns and 
public-houses alloAved in the city, 
and three in Westminster, act 7 
Edward VI., 1553; Eoyal Exchange 
built, 1666; Thames water conveyed 
into the city by leaden pipes, 1580 ; 
new buildings in London forbidden 
in any places where none had pre- 
viously been erected, to prevent the 
increasing size of the city, 1580 ; 
nearly all London built of wood, 
1600; 30,578 persons perished by 
the plague, 1602 ; gunpowder plot, 
1605; Sew River water brought to 
London, 1613; hackney coaches 
first plied, 1625; the lord mayor 
and sheriffs arrested at the suit of 
two pretended sheriffs, 1652 ; 
68,596 persons perished by the 
great plague, 1665; great fire 



of London, 1666 ; act for a new 
model of building of the city, 1666; 
monument erected, began 1671, 
finished 1677 ; London streets 
lighted by lamps, 1681 ; charter 
declared forfeited, 1682; taken away 
1688, but restored 1689; city 
sheriff sent to the tower for con- 
tinuing a poll after the lord mayor 
had adjourned it, 1682; devastating 
storm, called " the high wind," 1703; 
act for the erection of fifty new 
churches in and near London, 1711 ; 
South Sea bubble commenced 1716, 
exploded, 1720; Chelsea water- 
works formed, 1722; the lord mayor's 
banqueting house at Tyburn, 
pulled down, 1737 ; great frost, Dec. 
25, 1739, to Eeb. 8, 1740; new 
mansion house completed, furnished, 
and inhabited, 1753; London bridge 
repaired, 1758 ; the crown grants 
the city £15,000 to pull down the 
gates, 1760; Blackfriars bridge 
opened, 1770; common council to 
wear blue gowns, 1761 ; cause lost 
against the dissenting sheriffs, 1762: 
remonstrance to the king for paying 
no attention to their grievances, 
1770 ; regulations of admitting the 
livery at Guildhall by Stone's 
scheme, 1774; the council discon- 
tinue their blue gowns, 1775 ; from 
1768 to 1776, the corporation of 
London expended the following 
sums for public uses, which show 
the opulence of the city : in new 
paving, repairing old pavements, 
lighting, cleansing, and purchasing 
old houses to widen streets, £200, 000; 
£200,000 for the new bridge at 
Blackfriars ; several large sums for 
new roads, embanking the river, and 
other contingencies; £200,000 for 
repairing the Eoyal Exchange ; the 
jail of Newgate cost £100,000. 
London at large, supposed to contain 
160,000 houses, 7000 streets, to 
cover 3000 acres, and to be in cir- 
cumference 25 to 30 miles, and its 
population 1,000,000; the lord 
mayor committed to the Tower by 
the House of Commons for a breach 
of privilege, 1771; Lord George 
Gordon's no-popery mob, 178U; 



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memorable storm of rain and 
thunder over London, June 26, 
1788; thanksgiving of George III., 
at St. Paul's cathedral, April 23, 
1789; horse patrol in London, 
1805; Lord Nelson's funeral, Jan. 
9, 1806 ; gas lights used in London, 
Aug. 1807; riots on the commit- 
tal of Sir F. Burdett to the Tower, 
April 6, 1810 ; civic banquet to the 
allied sovereigns at Guildhall, June 
18, 1814; Queen Caroline's funeral 
passed through London, Aug. 14, 
1821 ; metropolitan police com- 
menced duty, Sept. 29, 1829; me- 
morable political panic, Nov. 5, and 
no lord mayor's show, Nov. 9; 
1830; general fast on account of 
the cholera in England, Feb. 6, 
1832; the cholera officially an- 
nounced to exist in London, Feb. 
14, 1832; Queen's feast at Guild- 
hall, Nov. 9, 1837 ; Thames Tunnel 
opened, March 25, 1843; Royal 
Exchange opened, Oct. 28, 1844; 
great Chartist demonstration in 
London, April 10, 1848 ; re-appear- 
ance of the Asiatic cholera in the 
city, Oct. 3, 1848; lord mayor's 
great civic banquet, March 21, 1850. 
London Bridge, built about 1016 ; 
burnt, 1136 ; built new with timber, 
1165; rebuilt with stone, 1212; 
houses took lire at both ends, the 
people, thinking to suppress it, were 
hemmed in, and leaping over into 
boats and barges, several sunk, and 
300 persons were drowned, 1212 ; 
its water- works invented and begun, 
1582; a great fire on it, Feb. 11, 
1632; another, Sept. 8, 1725; 
houses taken down, 1756; tempo- 
rary bridge burnt, April 11, 1758 ; 
water-works burnt, 1774 ; toll 
ceased, May 27, 1782. 

London Bridge (new,) first stone 
laid by the lord mayor, accompa- 
nied by the Duke of York, alder 
men, and common council of 
London, July 5, 1825; first coffer 
dam for the new bridge, commenced 
April, 1824 ; opened in presence of 
King William IV., Aug. 1, 1831 ; 
Southwark bridge completed, 1829 ; 
London, Lord Mayors of, from 



1769 



1767 to 1853. 

1767 Rt. Hon. Thomas Harley. 

1768 Samuel Turner. 
William Beckford. 
Bar Trecothick. 

1770 Brass Crosby. 

1771 William Nash. 

1772 James Townsend. 

1773 Frederick Bull. 

1774 John Wilkes. 

1775 John Sawbridge. 

1776 Sir Thomas Halifax. 

1777 Sir James Esdaile. 

1778 Samuel Plumbe. 

1779 Brackley Kennet. 

1780 Sir Watkin Lewis, Knt. 

1781 Sir William Plomer, Knt. 

1782 Nath. Newnham. 

1783 Robert Peckham. 

1784 Richard Clark. 

1785 Thomas Wright. 

1786 Thomas Sainsbury. 

1787 John Burnell. 

1788 William Gill. 

1789 William Pickett. 

1790 John Boydell. 

1791 John Hopkins. 

1792 Sir James Sanderson, Knt. 

1793 Paul le Mesurier. 

1794 Thomas Skinner. 

1795 William Curtis. 

1796 Brook Watson. 

1797 John William Anderson. 

1798 Sir R. Carr Glyn, Knt. 

1799 Harvey Christopher Coombc. 

1800 Sir William Staines, Knt. 

1801 Sir John Earner, Knt. 

1802 Charles Price. 

1803 John Perring. 

1804 Peter Perchard. 

1805 James Shaw. 

1806 Sir William Leighton. 

1807 John Ansley. 

1808 Charles Flower. 

1809 Thomas Smith. 

1810 Joshua Jonathan Smith. 

1811 Claudius S. Hunter. 

1812 George Scholey. 

1813 William Domville. 

1814 Samuel Birch. 

1815 Matthew Wood. 

1816 Matthew Wood. 

1817 Christopher Smith. 

1818 John Atkins. 

1819 George Bridges. 



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1820 John J. Thorp. 

1821 Christopher Magnay. 

1822 William Heygate. 

1823 Eobert Waithman. 

1824 John Garratt. 

1825 William Venables. 

1826 Anthony Brown. 

1827 Matthias Prime Lucas. 

1828 William Thompson. 

1829 John Crowder. 

1830 John Key. 

1831 Sir John Key, Bart. 

1832 Sir Peter Laurie, Knt. 

1833 Charles Farebrother. 

1834 Henry Winchester. 

1835 W. T. Copeland. 

1836 Thomas Kelly. 

1837 Sir John Cowan. 

1838 Samuel Wilson. 

1839 Sir C. Marshall. 

1840 Thomas Johnson. 

1841 JohnPirie. 

1842 J. Humphrey. 

1843 Sir W. Magnay. 

1844 Michael Gibbs. 

1845 John Johnson. 

1846 Sir G. Carrol. 

1847 John K. Hooper. 

1848 Sir J. Duke. 

1849 J. Farncombe. 

1850 John Musgrave. 

1851 William Hunter. 

1852 Thomas Challis. 

London, Mortality of, the deaths 
per cent, are, males, 2-7; females, 
2*24. The mortality is 66 per cent, 
higher in the unhealthy than in the 
healthy sub-districts of the metro- 
polis, and the births are 51 per cent, 
higher, too, than in the healthy. 
The average annual mortality is 
about one in 41 or 42. The first 
bill of mortality was made in 1562. 
Diseases of the respiratory organs 
are the most fatal class. The di- 
seases and mortality are much ruled 
by the districts in which those attack 
ed reside, and the nature of the 
locality as to elevation of surface, 
cleanliness, and the puritv of the 
air. Of 100,000 born in London, 
31,671 will die under five years old ; 
five to ten, 3408 ; ten to fifteen, 
1381 ; fifteen to twenty, 1856 ; twen- 
ty to thirty, 5016 ; thirty to forty, 



6816 ; forty to fifty, 8543 ; fifty to 
sixty, 11,470; sixty to seventy, 
13,495; seventy to eighty, 11,842; 
eighty to ninety, 4142 ; above nine- 
ty, 360. The marriages to a hun- 
dred persons living in the metro- 
polis are, for males, about 2*1 ; 
females, 1*8. The births, males to 
a hundred living, 6*4 ; females, 5'6. 
Measles, scarlatina, hooping-cough, 
hydrocephalus, convulsions, pneu- 
monia, consumption, and teething, 
destroy the larger number, except 
old age, which takes away a tenth 
part, or 11,521 out of each hundred 
thousand. 

Total born 1852 80,484 

„ died 54,213 

Excess of births 26,271 

do. 1851 22,517 

Died, aged to 15 25,638 

15 to 60 17,784 

„ 60 upwards 10,496 

In 1790, about the time the po- 
pulation seemed to make a first 
movement, the following statement, 
out of 20,749 deaths, was given as 
the rate of London life under the 
ages expressed in comparison with 
the years 1830 to 1839. Of all born 
there lived — 
In 1790 to 40 one in 3^ 

M ^O ,, 4;j 

60 „ 7 
70 „ 13 1-10 
80 „ 42| 
90 „ 273 
From 1830—9, to 40, one in 2'05 
50 „ 2-4 
„ 60 „ 33 

70 „ 61 
80 „ 22 
„ 90 „ 277 

While one in ten born in the coun- 
try lives to be eighty, the returns for 
London do not reach that average, 
although they are the highest in any 
existing metropolis. 

London fortified against Charles 
I., in 1643 ; the fortifications around 
London were supplied by the volun- 
tary enthusiasm of the people. An 



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384 



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esprit de corps animated the sepa- 
rate guilds of citizens. The trades 
marched out to the work in separate 
parties, bearing mattocks, shovels, 
and other tools, with drums beating, 
colours flying, and' swords girded. 
Mixed with most of these companies 
were to be seen women and girls, 
some of them ladies of rank, carrying 
baskets filled with earth ; many of 
them wrought in the trenches. 
From Limehouse, where they com- 
menced, the lines stretched on to 
Whitechapel, - to Shoreditch, to 
Hoxton; then along, by Holborn, 
to St. Giles's and Marylebone, to 
Tyburn and Hyde Park ; whence 

London, Population of — 



leading round by Tothill fields, the 
river was again commanded by two 
forts, the one erected at that station, 
and the other at Nine Elms, on the 
opposite side; from which point 
they stretched across the angle of 
Surrey, through Newington, to 
Redriff, where they again termi- 
nated on the stream. At each of 
these, and at many intervening an- 
gles, a fort commanded the adjoin- 
ing approaches. There were, in all, 
twenty-four forts, besides redoubts, 
counterscarps, and half-moons, along 
the trenches between ; the whole 
planted with 212 pieces of ordnance, 
on a circuit ofl2 miles, finished 1644. 



Within the Walls 

Westmr. and Liberties 

Southwark 

Out Parishes 



97 
9 
6 

12 



Churches. 



67 
9 
6 

12 



Inhabited 
Houses. 



8,158 
17,555 
11,802 
64,279 



Population. 



55,484 
162,018 

72,119 
452,451 



Rental ac- 
cording to 
Property- 
Tax, 18 1*. 



£737,895 

1241,903 

284,368 

2183,070 



SCALE OF INCREASED AND DECREASED POPULATION. 




Within the Walls.. 
Without the Walls 

Westminster 

Out Parishes within 
the Bills 


1700. 
139,300 

69,000 
130,000 

326,900 

9,150 


1750. 

87,000 

57,000 

152,000 

357,600 

22,350 


1801. 

78,000 

56,300 

165,000 

477,700 

123,000 


1811. 

57,700 

68,000 

168,600 

593,700 

162,000 


1821. 

58,400 

72,000 

189,400 

730,700 

224,300 


1841. 
54,626 

70,382 
98,098 

222,721 

520,689 


Parishes not within 
the Bills 




Total 


674,350 


676,250 


900,000 


1,050,000 


1,274,800 


966,516 



London, Punishment of Loose 
Women; in 1383, the seventh of 
Richard II., the citizens of London 
first imprisoned such women in the 
Tunn, (a prison at Cornhill,) and 
afterwards caused them to be 
brought forth in sight of the world. 
They caused their heads to be shav- 
ed after the manner of thieves, 
whom they named appellators, and 
so to be led about the city, in sight 
of all the inhabitants, with trumpets 
and pipes sounding before them, 



that their persons might be more 
largely known, neither did they 
spare the men. 

London University, charter of, 
dated Feb. 11, 1826 ; building com- 
menced, April 30, 1827; college 
opened, Oct. 1, 1828. 

London Cries. — In the time of 
Henry VI., an antiquary writes, 
that London cries consisted of fine 
felt hats and spectacles; peas, 
strawberries, cherries, pepper, saf- 
fron, hot sheep's feet, mackerel, 



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385 



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green-peas, ribs of beef, pie, &c. 
In the Pepysian Library are two 
very ancient sets of cries, cut in 
wood, with inscriptions ; among 
others are, "Buy my rope of 
onions;" "white Sir Thomas's 
onions ; " rosemary and bays ; bread 
and meat for poor prisoners ; ends 
of gold or silver ; marking-stones ; 
a mat for a bed; maids hang out 
your lights ; glasses, fine glasses ; a 
tanker-bearer ; maribones, maids' 
maribones ; ells or yards ; band- 
strings, or hand-kercher buttons ; a 
brush or a table-hook; small coal, 
a penny a peck ; I have screens at 
your desire, to keep your butey from 
the fire ; buy a cocke or a gelding 
(capon), about 1470. 

Londonderry, existed 546 ; ab^ 
bey of, burned 783 ; charter regard- 
ing, granted to the London Com- 
panies, 1615; town surprised and 
garrison put to the sword, 1606 ; 
besieged, 1641; Londonderry and 
210,000 acres of land granted to the 
London Companies, 1689 ; besieged, 
and successful resistance under 
Walker, April 20, 1689. 

Longbeard, William Fitzosborn, 
a notorious impostor, who pretend- 
ed to a divine mission, to banish 
poverty and evil from the world, 
being the saviour of the poor ; he 
resisted the laws, and was hanged 
1197 ; after his death, the people 
came flocking from all parts of Kent 
to gather particles of the ground on 
which he had last trod, as holy re- 
lics ; numbers of women waited for 
days, expecting that he would come 
to life again, and blind and lame came 
from far and near to touch his 
corpse, in the hope that they would 
thereby recover their sight, and the 
use of their limbs. 

Longest Days. — At Berlin and 
London, the longest day has 16^ 
hours; at Stockholm and Upsal, 
the longest has 18i hours, and the 
shortest 5\ ; at Hamburgh, Dant- 
zic, and Stettin, the longest day 
has 19, and the shortest 7 ; at St. 
Petersburgh and Tobolsk, the long- 
est has 19, the shortest 5 hours ; at 



Torneo, in Finland, the longest 
day has 21^ hours, and shortest 2h ; 
at Wardhous, in Norway, the day 
lasts from May 21, to July 22, 
without interruption ; and in Spits- 
bergen the longest lasts three 
months and a half. 

Long Island, America, battle of, 
lost by the Americans, Aug 27, 
1776. 

Longevity, remarkable instances 
of, in the British empire, from 1806 
to 1823 ; 
1807. 

Mr. J. Tucker, Itchen Ferry, - 131 
Mrs. Creek, of Thurlow - 125 

Catherine Lopez, Jamaica - 134 
Sarah Anderson, free black - 140 
John Mirehouse, Ireland - 102 

Thomas Haggarty, Do. - 107 

Michael M'Namara, Limerick 110 
A woman of Belfast - 123 

John Lance, Truro - 102 

Mr. Peed, Norwich, - 102 

Mr. Graham, Newcastle -r 104 

Mr. Porter, Liverpool - 104 

Mr. Duke, Cork - 105 

Mr. A. Leach, Tewkesbury - 107 
Valentine Walsh, Ireland - 109 
Mr. A. Pickup, Blackburn r 111 
Martha Hannah, Ireland •■ 126 

Mrs. Perry, Warwickshire - 102 
Thomas Clee, Mitcham - 104 

J. Watson, Northumberland -. 106 
Mrs. M. Leatherbarrow, 

Hulme. - 106 

M. Wilson, Lydbury, Salop - 107 
Mary Airton, Hasforth, 

York - 105 

Mary Owthorp, Hessle, York - 106 
Mary Walker, Newcastle -102 
Ann Robins, Newnham - 108 

E. Burnet, widow, Edgworth, 

Ireland - 116 

Hannah Wood, Derby - 105 

Mary Leith, Ireland - 102 

Mr. S. Perks, Staffordshire - 105 
1810. 

Mrs. Joan Perkins, near Ten- 
bury - 10"> 
W. Harkness, Corr Hill, countv 

ofCavan - - - - 102 
,Mary Stratten, Copeland Is- 
land, Donaghewar - - 105 
Mrs. Cath. Rutherford, Cork - 102 
2c 



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386 



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Sarah Malcomson, Drumgorlin, 

Rathfryland - - - 121 
James Gibson, Dartford work- 
house - 105 
Robert Osborn, Tinsbury, Wilts 103 
L eut.-Col. William Steil, Bel- 
haven - 104 
Dor. Richards, Haverfordwest 109 
Mr. Andrew Bowmaker, New- 
castle - - - - 103 
Mr. John Campbell, Grimsby 103 
Mary Davis, Sevenhampton - 103 
John Rees, Llanelly - - 109 
Mary Wolf, Jarrow - - 103 
Elizabeth Prittie, Spinster, Tat- 

tenhall Staffordshire - - 106 
Mrs. Eliz. Hunter, Yarmouth - 102 
Ann Taylor, Spetchley, near 

Worcester - - - 114 

Thomasin Robinson, Newcas- 
tle - - - 111 
G. Wilkinson, Ticknall, Derby- 
shire - - - - 104 
Mrs. Taylor, Linton, Cam- 
bridgeshire - 102 
Mrs. Kent, Carvedras, near 

Truro, Cornwall - - - 103 
Edward Rafferty, Trim, Ire- 
land i 105 
1811. 
John Robinson, Kirby Mallory, 

Leicestershire - 106 

Mrs. Court Beaudesert, near 

Henley - - - - 103 
Mr. Blakey, at Blyth - - 104 
Mr. Maley, Cappaghvicar, near 

Castlebar - - - - 110 
George Crowshaw, Mead, Lan- 
cashire - - - - 105 
John Cowie, Crimond - - 108 
Oliver Gears, Whitehaven - 104 
Methusalem Williams, Lland- 

fadAven, Carmarthenshire - 104 
Mrs. Anne Jarrard, Lynn - 111 
Mary Discomb, Exeter - 102 

Mr. John Bayley, Royden - 109 
Mr. Jeffrey, poor-house, Cox- 
heath - - - - 106 
John North, South Holme, 

Yorkshire - - - - 111 

Charles D. Medlicot, Kildare, 

Ireland - - - - 106 
Mrs. Margaret Melburn, Ken- 
ton, Scotland - - - 104 
John Leary, Limerick - - 112 



Mr. John Dunn, Fintry, Stir- 
lingshire - - - - 103 
Lucius Bolton, Esq. Tamlaght, 

near Tralee - - - 103 

Mrs. Ridge, Rottingdean, 

Essex - _ _ _ 102 

Dorothy Page, in same house - 106 
Sarah Smith, Worcester - 103 

J. Anderson, Barlow, near Ry- 

son - 108 

John Alfred Parnell, Corfe- 

Castle farm-house - - 104 
Mary Martin, Hubberstone, 

Milford - - - - 109 
Mr. William Ellis, Bristol - 103 
John Callendar, Dumfries - 102 
Abraham Topbam, York - 102 
Mary Williams Kilkeunin, 

Cardiganshire - 104 

Mr. Erasmus Wilkins, Penlon, 

Pembrokeshire - 102 

Mrs. Ann Hancock, Mile-end, 

in Furness - 104 

1812. 

Ann Morris, Bath - - 104 

Henry Chandler, Steeple, Clay- 
don, Bucks - 102 
Mr. E. Jeffs, Greet, Gloucester- 
shire - 105 
Mrs. Wood, Witchurch, Salop 102 
Mrs. Martha Morris, Leeds - 104 
Mrs. Sheppard, Winchester - 102 
Mr. John Brown, Wymond- 

ham, Norfolk - - - 104 
William Chatfield, Cowfield, 

Sussex - 105 

James Hinchcliffe, Milshaw, 

Yorkshire - - - 102 

Morgan Corslett, Crosswen, 

Glamorganshire - - 109 

James Brown, Birse, Aberdeen 103 
Christian Catanach, Aberdeen 104 
Margaret Bowlanger, Cler- 
mont, Ireland - - 102 
Mrs. Dorothea Borough, Lim- 
erick - - - - 109 
Mrs. Powell, Hereford - 102 
Sam. Mog, a soldier under Gen. 
Wolfe, at Quebec - - 102 

■ Crosier, a poor woman at 

Oxford - - - - 106 
Eliz. Beech, Market Drayton - 104 
William Hardy, Caldwell, 

Yorkshire - - - - 102 
Mrs. Mary Harris, Falmouth - ,113 



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387 



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David Gaddis, Cargina Scot- 
land - - - - 103 
Janet Reid, Irvine - - 102 
T. O'Brien, county of Lime- 
rick - - - - 110 
Cornelius Madigan, county of 

Clare - - - - 117 

Mrs. Belinda Crawford, coun- 
ty of Gal way - - - 115 
Eliza Williams, Tavistock, 

Devon - 111 

Ann Harris, Budock, Cornwall 113 
Eliz. Bourne, Worcester - 106 

Catherine Samuel, Caermarth. 102 
Mrs. Mary Clark, Bristol - 104 
Strah Yeomans, Nottingham - 102 
Mr. Charles Clark, Over Peo- 

ver, Cheshire - - - 103 
Petronella King, Taunton - 102 
A. Royals, Yarmouth - - 103 
Isabella Sharp, Gateshead - 114 
Marion Moray, Portmoak, 

Fifeshire - - - 102 

Mr. Henry Martin, Stithians - 104 
Mrs Scott, Broadninch, Devon 104 
1813. 

Thomas Warden, Epping - 111 
Amos Prince, Milbrook, near 

Plymouth - - - - 103 
Moses Pring, Millbrook - 107 

Mrs. Mary Waters, Bedminster 104 
Mr. White, Milborne Port - 106 
Mrs. Strong, Castle Sowerby, 

Westmoreland - - 103 

Mary Roberts, Br am with, York- 
shire - - - - 105 
Mrs. Rowntree, Whitby - 104 
Mrs. Cromwell, Ponder's end - 104 
M. Bertrand D. de Lille, a 

Erench emigrant - - 107 

Mrs. Ursula Evans, Wellington, 

Herefordshire - 108 

Sarah Robson, Great Whitting- 

ham, Northumberland - 104 

Betty Crook, Warminster - 105 
William Grantey, a Chelsea 

out-pensioner, Newcastle - 102 
Daniel M'Kinnon, Falkirk - 103 
Mrs. Ferris, Exeter - - 102 

Archibald Grieve, Stapleton, 

Cumberland - - - 102 
Sarah Hodgson, spinster, Beck- 

ermoth, Cumberland - 1C2 

Alice Buckley, Taddington, 
Derbyshire - 106 



Mrs. Meighan, Donoughmore - 130 
Mr. John Ling, Woodbastwick, 

Norfolk - - - - 105 
Eliz. Wilcock, Carborton, Not- 
tinghamshire - 102 
John Stiff, Norton, Suffolk - ]04 
Mrs. Yates, Chaddesley, Corlet, 

Worcestershire - - 103 

Elizabeth Hartley, Clifton, near 

York -■: - - - 102 

Jane Jones, Mold, Flintshire 103 
Elizabeth Bell, Whitehaven - 106 
Eliz. Free, Wigston poor-house, 

Leicestershire - - - 116 
Charles Haveran, near Newry 

Ireland - 115 

Widow Herring, Norwich - 106 
Hugh Maclaine, Barnard Castle 104 
Mrs. Sandland, Wem - - 105 
Sarah Elmslie, Aberdeen - 103 
Mrs. Richards, Llandovery - 102 
Mrs. Parker, washerwoman, 

Islington - - 102 

Eliz. Mayo, Ashelworth, Glou- 
cestershire - 103 
Hugh M 'In tyre, Glasgow - 102 
Christian Cliff, Kilreedy, near 

Limerick - 109 

1814. 

Thomas Wilkins, M. D., Gal- 
way, Ireland - - - 102 
J. Jennings, Royal Navy, - 109 
Mary Innes, Glasnakilly, Isle 

of Sky - - - - 127 
John Garrow, Northumberland 110 
Rev. J. Bedwell, rector of Old- 
stock, Wilts - - - 103 
Ann Henderson, Banffshire . 103 
William Ruthven, Avon dale, 

Scotland - - - 116 

James Beaty, Moynalty, county 

of Meath - - - 112 

Thomas Gaughan, county of 

Mayo - - - 112 

Gillies M'Kechnie, Gourock, 

Scotland - - - 104 

Jonathan Weeldon, Tibshelft, 

Derbyshire - 102 

Mrs. J. Crawford, Jamaica - 151 
1815. 

James Magee, Saintfield - 104 

George Charlton, Birtley - 108 
Mrs Johnson, - 104 

Sarah Codenham,Drayton,Nor- 
folk - - - - 1C5 



LON 



388 



LON 



102 

106 

122 
102 



105 
101 

108 
105 
103 

106 
103 



William Wilson, Edinburgh - 106 
Ann Appleby, Sunderland - 103 
Janet Macfarlane, Paisley ■ 103 
Elizabeth Abbot, Maragoll, 

Ireland - 
Margaret Ennis, Newton, Liver- 
pool - 
Edward Connor, Taylorstown, 

Ireland 
Jane Thompson, Dumfries 
1816. 

George Walker, Glasgow 
Stephen Irvine, Penrith 
Robert Littlegood, Norbury, 

Cheshire - 
William Wait, Mark's Hili, - 
Mary Mounce, Exeter 
William Broughton, Neston, 

Cheshire - 

Mrs. Ferryman, Old Windsor 
Patrick Eitzgerald, Donough 

more, Ireland 
Mary Maiden, Wilton, near 

Limerick - 116 

Mrs. Noon, Leicester - - 105 
Mary Punch, Caherilly, Ireland 106 
James Riddle, Comber, Ireland 102 
Mrs. Martha Evans, Plymouth 104 
Jane Jersey, near Newcastle 
Nicholas Garvey, Tully, Ire- 
land 
1817. 
Mrs. Christiana Howell, Edg- 

wareRoad - 
Mrs. Walker, Lincoln 
John Rawson, Birmingham - 102 
Mrs. Jane Green, Thorne, 

Oxfordshire 
Mrs. Mary Young, Rushey 

ford, Northumberland 
Mrs. Catherine Presest, Man- 

cliGstcr • — ~ * 
Mrs. S. Baldwin, Hull 
Ann Moulter, Newcastle 
Thomas Morrison, Sunderland 
Mary Stevenson, Wolviston 
Mrs. M. Lowery, Bromhill 
Isabella Burnsides, Darlington 
William Portus, Leghorn 
Betty Aldridge, Shepton Mallet 108 
Mr. J. Armstrong, Martfen - 101 
1818. 

Mrs. Park, Liverpool - 103 

Mary Porteous, Libberton, 

Scotland. - - - 101 



- 107 



104 



- 107 



107 
106 



- 103 

T- 

- 101 

108 
104 
103 
103 
104 
106 
104 
101 



Lachlan Macquarie, Isle of 

Mull - - - - 103 

Ann Garrow, Elgin - 105 

John Reid, Dalines, Scotland 104 
John Woods, Dungannon - 122 
John Williams, Walkampton 101 
Richard Kew, Siston - 101 

Edward M'Given, Lisburn - 114 
David Ferguson, Boughton 124 
James Hey, Aberdeen - 103 

Lachlan Macbain, Edinburgh 102 
Ann Smallwood, Handsworth 116 
William Marshall, Sanquhar 102 
Thomas Bolwell, Portsea - 113 
John Montgomery, Crookstone 115 
1819. 

Elizabeth Scott, Seafield - 104 
Mrs. M. White, Newry - 107 

Adam M'lntosh, Blairston - 102 
John Dorman, Strabane - 110 

Margaret Renaud, Toulouse 117 
Richard Goff, Standon, Herts 113 
James Turner, Newton-upon 

Ayr - 101 

Duncan Macrea, Inverness - 106 
Janet Galloch, Dunkeld - 101 

Mrs. Susannah M'Kee, Newton- 

ards - - - - 101 

John Milner, Leeds - - 102 
Donald MTntyre, Inverfolla, 

N. Britain - - - 101 

1820. 

Theodore Sullivan, Killarney 115 
Mr. Henry Hamilton, Drumboy, 

Ireland - - - 104 

John Demaine, Fewston - 110 

Mrs. Starr Barrett, Charleston, 

N. America - - - 120 

Mr. Evan Price, Llanfyllin, 

N. W. - 105 

Janet M'Eaiaught, Dumfries - 104 
Christopher Cobb, Ringwood 102 
Elspet M'Lean, Perth - 102 

Benjamin Garnet, Darlington 105 
Mrs. C. M'Carthy, Tracton, 

Ireland - - - 103 

John Rogers, Maismore, Glou- 
cestershire - 107 
Alexander M'Farquhar, Gar- 

gnstown, N. Britain - - 103 
Ann Henley, London - - 105 
Eliz. Duncan, Ochiltree, N. B. 101 
1821. 

James M'Neil, Irvine - 102 

Elizabeth Haster, Camberwell 105 



LON 



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Ann M'Rae, Kintail, N. B. 112 

Ann Bryan, Waterford - 111 

William Munro, Rose Hall - 104 
Mrs. Irwin,, Carlisle - - 100 
John Tawse, Aberdeenshire - 106 
Mrs. Maclaren,Kenmore, N. B. 106 
Mrs. Buchner, Limerick - 112 

Robert Lynch, a negro slave in 

Jamaica - 150 

John Maddock, Hollo way Head 121 
James Allison, Leith - - 102 
Mary Brittle, Twickenham - 105 
1822. 

Edward Simon, Liverpool - 104 
Thomas Gilbert, Hertford - 102 
Edward Barry, Watergrasshill, 

Ireland - 113 

Mrs Duggett, North Wornbo- 

rough - 101 

John Kirkham, Great Burstead 103 
Mrs. Agnes Clarke, Shire- 

hampton - - - ■ - 102 
1823. 

William Browne, Exeter - 103 

George Brooke, Chelsea - 101 

Lewis Williams, Brecon - 101 

Mary Shannon, London - 101 

Edward Byrne, Clare, Ireland - 101 
Elizabeth Carr, Hexham - 104 

Alice Sargent, - 104 

Robert Bowman, Irthington - 118 
H. Morley, Hollington - 101 

Mrs. Ormsby, Ardee, Ireland - 110 
General Buckley, CobhamHall, 

Surrey - - - - 105 

1826. 

Mrs. Gunnis, Sleaford - 107 

Anne Holmes, Market Weigh- 

ton - 117 

Mrs. Jane Braithwaite, Much 

Urswich, near Ulverston - 107 
Miss H. Fullerton, Montego 

Bay - 102 

Mrs. S. Richardson, Manchester 101 
Mr. T. Fletcher, Philadelphia, 

near Houghton le Spring - 111 
Alexander Urquhart, Brora - 111 
William Smith, an inmate of 

the Cavendish alms-houses, 

Derby - - - - 101 

Elizabeth Martin, Alston - 103 
1827. 

Mrs. Margaret Rule, Battle- 
Bridge - - - - 100 



1833. 

Joseph Ram, a black at Ja- 
maica - 146 

Mrs Hart, Gorey, Ireland - 110 

On the 13th Nov., 1833, Mr. 
William Mortimer, Straffan, 
in the county of Kildare, at 
the advanced age of 125 years. 
He fought at the battle of 
Bunker's hill, in America, 
where he was taken prisoner, 
and conveyed from thence to 
Spithead, where he remained 
in confinement on board a 
prison ship, until peace was 
concluded between Great 
Britain and America ; he re- 
tained all his faculties to the 
last. 

1840. 

Mrs. M. Rooke, Dromore, Ire- 
land - - - - 133 

The following, anterior to the for- 
mer dates, which are all of the pre- 
sent century, may be added among 
many others : 

Roger Brook, of Halifax, York- 
shire, died October 8, 1568 - 133 
John Brookey, of Broad Rush- 
Common, Devon, living there 
in July, in 1778 - - 135 

Mrs. Clum, near Lichfield, who 
lived 103 years in one house, 
died January 23, 1772 - 138 

Thomas Danmr of Leighton, 
near Minshall, Cheshire, died 
1648 - - - - 154 

William Edwards, Caeru, near 
Cardiff, Glamorganshire, died 
1668 - - - - 168 

Mr. W. Ellis, at Liverpool, died 

1780 - - - - 130 

M. Eairbrother, Wigan, Lanca- 
shire, died May, 1770 - 138 
James Forthern, Grenada, W. 

Indies, died Feb. 10, 1773 - 127 
Peter Garden, Aucherness, 

Scotland, died January, 1775 131 
Vychan Gaener, Aber-cow- 
arch, near Dinas, Mowddwy, 
1686 - - - - 140 

Frederick Harpe, Fish Hill, 
Cumberland, died, Feb. 1792 120 



LON 



LOR 



Sier de la Haye, died Feb. 2, 
1774 - - 120 

Henry Jenkins, Yorkshire, died 
1670 - - - - 169 

William Leland, of Ireland, died 
January, 1732 - - - 139 

— Mackfindlay, Esq.. of Tippe- 
rary, died June, 1773 - 143 

Mr. Movat, a surgeon, at Dum- 
fries, died Feb., 1776 - 136 

Mr. John Mount, of Langholm, 
Dumfries, died, March 1776 136 

Thomas Newman, of Brisling- 
ton, near Bristol, died 1542 152 

Robert Parr, Kinver, Salop, 
died, Sept. 21, 1757 - - 124 

Thomas Parr, lived in ten 
reigns, died 1635 - - 152 

Saint Patrick, First Bishop of 
Ireland, died 491 - - 122 

Margaret Patten, near Paisley, 
in Scotland, died 1737 - 136 

. Robertson, of Hopetoun 

Hall, near Edinburgh, died 
1793 - - - - 137 

Mrs. Jane Scrimshaw died in 
the workhouse, near Tower 
Hill, December 6, 1711 - 127 

George Stanley, Homington, 
near Salisbury, died 1719 - 151 

Mr. Tice, Hagley, Worcester- 
shire, died February 26, 
1774 - - - - 125 

William Wakely, of Shiffnal, 
Salop, died 1714 - 124 

Mrs. Mary Yates, Shiffnal, 
Salop, died August, 1776 - 127 

Longevity, Comparative, the 
mean of life in Surrey in 1848, was 
45, in Liverpool 26; in London 
double the number live to 70 that 
attain that age in Liverpool, or as 
16,344 to 8373. 

Longevity of Fish ; some few in- 
stances show that fishes seldom die 
of old age ; and that generally, 
while they live, they increase in size, 
which is not the case with most 
other animals. In the year 1775, a 
codfish was taken at Scarborough, 
which weighed 781b. The conger- 
eel has been known to measure 
more than ten feet in length, and to 
exceed one hundred-weight. A 



common perch (the Perca fiuvic 
was taken in the Serpentine river, 
Hyde Park, which weighed 9fc. — this 
fish grows slowly. A pond in the 
garden of Emanuel College, Cam- 
bridge, contained a carp that had 
been an inhabitant of it more than 
seventy years. A few years ago, a 
pike was caught in Windermere 
lake, which weiged 35K>. and an- 
other more recently, 331b. There 
was a pike got out of the lake Zer- 
nictz, in Carniola, that was known 
to be nearly 300 years old, and 
weighed 3 cwt. This fish was put 
into the lake by an Emperor of 
Germany, who fastened a ring to its 
fin, with a date on it. 

Longitude, a reward promised by 
parliament for the best means of 
ascertaining, 1714 ; very accurately 
determined by Harrison's time-piece, 
1764, for which he received the 
promised reward. Le Roi, in Paris, 
invented a watch that kept better 
time, 1776. 

Looking Glasses only made at 
Venice, 1300 ; in England, at Lam- 
beth 1673 ; in 1851 at Ravenhead, 
where they are made larger than 
any where else in the world. 

Loom, the Dutch, brought to 
London from Holland, 1677 ; and 
since much' altered and varied; 
There are said to be 260,000 hand- 
looms in England, and 75,000 
power looms ; steam looms intro- 
duced, 1807. 

Lopes, Sir M. M., fined £10,000 
and imprisoned in Exeter gaol for 
bribing the electors of Grampound, 
born 1755, died 1831. 

Lokca, a city of Murcia in Spain, 
destroyed by the bursting of a reser- 
voir that inundated more than 20 
leagues, and carried away 1000 per- 
sons besides cattle, &c, April 30, 
1802. 

Lord Auckland's Island disco- 
vered by Captain Bristow, 1809. 

Lord Danes, a title used in London 
under the Danes, 1000. 

Lord High Constable, an officer 
of the crown, hereditary until 1521 
when it became forfeited to the kin^ 



LOR 



391 



LOR 



by the treason of Edward Stafford, 
Duke of Buckingham; the same 
title is of ancient standing in Scot- 
land, and was reserved in the articles 
of the union, 1707, to the family of 
Errol. 

Lord High Steward of England, 
an officer of ancient origin, now 
only revived at a coronation or on 
the trial of a peer ; the office was 
abolished, except as thus stated, in 
1265, out of the salutary jealousy of 
the crown at the power of such an 
officer. 

Lord Steward of the Household, 
an officer appointed 1540, in place 
of one entitled Grand Master of the 
Household. 

Lord Great Chamberlain of 
England, a great state officer, whose 
duties attach to public ceremonies ; 
the office was for centuries in the 
family of De Vere, from 1101 ; 
whence in 1779 it came to the Lady 
Willoughby de Eresby and her sister, 
with power to appoint a deputy. 

Lord Keeper of England, differ- 
ing only from the Lord Chancellor's 
having letters-patent, the powers 
are the same in both ; the first 
Lord Keeper appointed 1116. 

Lord High Admiral first appoint- 
ed, 1512. 

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the 
chief governor and viceroy of that 
island; an old appointment, first 
given by Henry II., 1173, to Hugh 
de-Lacy, lord of Meath ; other go- 
vernors were styled successively 
Lord Warden, Protector, Lord of 
Ireland, Lord Justice, Seneschal, 
Governor, Lord Deputy, Gustos, 
and Lord-lieutenant ; the first with 
the title of lord-lieutenant appears 
to have been Piers Gaveston, Earl 
of Cornwall, the favourite of the 
unfortunate Edward II., his appoint- 
ment bearing date 1308 ; the next 
and succeeding viceroys were: — 
James, Earl of Ormond, 1329 ; 
Sir Anthony Lucy, 1331 ; Lionel, 
Duke of Clarence, 1361; Sir Wil- 
liam de Windsor, 1369 ; Edmund 
Mortimer, Earl of March, 1380 ; 
Philip Courtney, Lord Birming- 



ham, genl., 1382; Robert de Vere, 
Earl of Oxford, 1384 ; King Rich- 
ard II., 1394 ; Roger Mortimer, 
Earl of March and Ulster, 1395 ; 
King Richard II., in person, 1399 ; 
Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, 1401 ; 
John, Duke of Bedford, 1410 ; Ed- 
ward, Earl of March, 1413; Sir 
John Talbot, 1414; Thomas, Earl 
of Lancaster, 1416 ; Sir John de 
Grey, 1427; Sir J. Sutton, Lord 
Dudley, 1428 ; Sir Thomas Stanley, 
1432; Lion, Lord Wells, 1438; 
James, Earl of Ormond, 1440 ; 
John, Earl of Shrewsbury, 1446 ; 
Richard, Duke of York, 1449 ; 
George, Duke of Clarence, for life 
1461 ; Richard, Duke of Yorkj 
1479 ; Gerald, Earl of Kildare, 
1483; John de la Pole, Earl of 
Lincoln, 1485 ; Jasper, Duke of 
Bedford, 1490; Gerald, Earl of Kil- 
dare (and in 1504), 1496 ; Henry, 
Duke of York, 1501 ; Gerald, Earl 
of Kildare, 1504 ; Thomas Howard, 
Earl of Surrey, 1520 ; Henry, Duke 
of Richmond, 1530 ; Thomas, Earl 
of Sussex, 1558 ; Robert, Earl of 
Essex, 1598; Sir Charles Blount, 
Lord Mountjoy, 1599 ; Thomas, 
Earl of Strafford, 1639; James, 
Marquess of Ormond, 1643 ; Oliver 
Cromwell, 1649 ; James Butler, 
Duke of Ormond, 1660 ; John 
Robarts, Lord Robarts, 1669 ; J. 
Berkeley, Lord Berkeley, 1670 ; 
Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, 1672 , 
James Butler, Duke of Ormond, 
1677 ; Henry Hyde, Earl of Claren- 
don, 1685 ; Richard Talbot, Earl of 
Tyrconnel, 1686 ; Henry Sydney, 
Lord Sydney, 1690 ; Henry Capel, 
Lord Capel, 1695 ; Lau. Hyde, Earl 
of Rochester, 1701 ; James Butler, 
Duke of Ormond, 1703 ; Thomas, 
Earl of Pembroke, 1707 ; Thomas, 
Earl of Wharton, 1709 ; James, 
Duke of Ormond, again, 1711 ; 
Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury, y 13 ; 
Charles, Duke of Bolton, l7l7 ; 
Charles, Duke of Grafton, 1?21 ; 
John, Lord Carteret, 1724 ; Lionel, 
Duke of Dorset, 1731 ; William, 
Duke of Devonshire, 1737; Philip, 
Earl of Chesterfield, 1745; William, 



LOR 



392 



LOR 



Earl of Harrington, 1747 ; Lionel, 
Duke of Dorset, again, 1751 ; Wil- 
liam, Marquis of Hartington, 1755 ; 
John, Duke of Bedford, 1757; 
George, Earl of Halifax, 1761; 
Hugh, Earl of Northumberland, 
1763; Francis, Earl of Hertford, 1765; 
George, Viscount Townshend, 1767 ; 
Simon, Earl of Harcourt, 1772 ; 
John, Earl of Buckinghamshire, 
1777 ; Fred., Earl of Carlisle, 1780; 
William Henry, Duke of Portland, 
1782 ; George, Earl Temple, 1782 ; 
Robert, Earl of Northington, 1783; 
Charles, Duke of Rutland, 178-4 ; 
George, Marquis of Buckingham, 
again, 1787; John, Earl of West- 
moreland, i790; William, EarlFitz- 
william, 1795 ; John, Earl Camden, 
1795 ; Charles, Marquis Cornwallis, 
1798 ; Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, 
May 25, 1801 ; John, Duke of Bed- 
ford, March 18, 1806; Charles, 
Duke of Richmond, April 19, 1807 ; 
Charles, Earl Whitworth, Aug. 26, 
1813 ; Charles, Earl Talbot, Oct. 9, 
1817 ; Richard j Marquis Wellesley, 
Dec. 29, 1821 ; Henry, Marquis of 
Anglesey, March 1, 1828; Hugh, 
Duke of Northumberland, March 6, 
1829 ; Henry, Marquis of Anglesey, 
again, Dec. 23, 1830;' Marquis 
Wellesley, again, Sept. 26", 1833; 
Thomas, Earl of Haddington, Dec. 
29, 1834; Marquis of Normanby, 
April 23, 1835 ; Hugh, Lord For- 
tescue, April 3, 1839 ; Thomas Philip, 
Earl de Grey, Sept. 15, 1841 ; Wil- 
liam, Lord Heytesbur'y, July 12, 
1844 ; Earl of Besborough, July 9, 
1846 ; Earl of Clarendon, 1847 ; 
Eglinton, 1852 ; Earl of St* Ger- 
mains, Dec. i9, 1853; 

Lords ; these appear to date their 
title from the Conqueror, William 
Fitzosborne, 1096, being the first as 
Earl of Hereford; 22 peers were 
made in this reign, being free from 
arr^t for debt as king's counsellors ; 
the House of Peers was a house for 
royal consultation, summoned by 
writ ^ temp. John, 1205 ; the spiri- 
tual peers sit in the House of Lords 
as temporal bai*ons, and do not de- 
rive their right from any spiritual 



character. In the present House of 
Lords some sit by their old rights 
as nobles, others by creation as 
peers, others by representation, as 
the Scotch and Irish peers ; the 
House of Lords consists of Scotch 
peers, elected under the union, 16 
Irish spiritual peers, by ) ^ 
rotation of sessions ) 

26 English 26 

Irish peers 28 

Princes, dukes, marquises, ) qo^ 
earls, &c > 

456 
Lords Lieutenant of counties in- 
stituted by Edward VI., 1549. 

Lord Mayor's Show, commenced 
1453; in a curious description of 
the show in 1575, it is related that, 
" to make way in the streetes, cer- 
tayne men were employed, appa- 
reled like devells and wylde men, 
with skybbs and certayne beadells." 
The number of persons who dined 
at Gruildhall was one thousand, all 
at the charge of the mayor and the 
two sheriffs. This feast "costeth 
£400, whereof the mayor payeth 
£200, and each of the sheriffs £100. 
Immediately after dyner they go to 
the churche of St. Paule, the men 
bearynge staff torches and targetts, 
which torches are lighted when it is 
late before they come from evenynge 
prayer." In 1585 there were chil- 
dren in the procession, who per- 
sonified the City, Magnanimity, 
Loyalty j Science, the Country, and 
the river Thames ; they also repre- 
sented a soldier, a sailor, and 
nymphs, with appropriate speeches. 
The show opened with a Moor on 
the back of a lynx. On Sir Thomas 
Middleton's mayoralty, in 1613, 
the solemnity is described as un- 
paralleled for the cost, art, and 
magnificence of the shows, pageants, 
chariots, morning, noon, and night 
triumphs. In 1655, the City Pa- 
geantSj after a discontinuance of 
about 14 years, were revived. Ed- 
mund Gayton, the author of the 
description for that year, says, " our 
metropolis for these planetary pa- 



LOR 



393 



LOU 



geants is as famous and renowned 
in foreign nations, as for its faith, 
wealth, and valour." In the show 
of 1659, an European, an Egyptian, 
and a Persian were personated. On 
Lord Mayor's day, 1671, the King, 
Queen, and Duke of York, and most 
of the nobility, being present, there 
were " sundry shows, shapes, scenes, 
speeches, and songs, in parts ; " and 
the like in 1672 and 1673, when the 
King again " graced the triumphs." 
At the alteration of the style, 1752, 
the Lord Mayor's show, which had 
been on the 29th of October, was 
changed to the 9th of November, 
The speeches in the pageants were 
usually composed by the city poet, 
an officer of the corporation, with 
an annual salary^ who provided a 
printed description for the members 
of the corporation before the day. 
Settle, the last city poet, wrote the 
last pamphlet intended to describe 
a Lord Mayor's show; it was for 
Sir Charles Duncombe's, in 1708, 
but the Prince of Denmark's death, 
the day before, prevented the exhi- 
bition. The last lord mayor who 
rode on horseback at his mayoralty 
was Sir Gilbert Heathcote, in the 
reign of Queen Anne. 

Lord Mayor of York, title given 
by Eichard II., 1377. 

Lord Mayor of Dublin^ so named 
by Charles II., 1665. 

Lords, seven of these impeached, 
Jan. 9, 1715-16; othei 4 s May 15, 
1746. 

Loretto, order of knighthood in 
honour of the miraculous image, 
begun at Rome, 1587. 

Loretto, the site of the imposture 
of a holy house in which the Virgin 
Mary lived at Nazareth, carried by 
angels into Dalmatia, from Galilee, 
and placed here, with an image of 
Mary and a little child^ dressed in 
embroidery and jewels ; the town 
was taken by the French, 1796, and 
the idol carried off to Prance ; it 
was afterwards restored;, under a 
salute of cannon and bells, eight 
bishops carrying it to its house, with 
great pomp, Jan. 5, 1803. 



Lorraine, an independent duchy, 
851, given to Lotharius, son of the 
Emperor Lotharius ; divided, 956 ; 
part ruled by the Dukes of Brabant 
until 1429 ; Duke of, invited by the 
Irish to be their ruler, but refused, 
1653; expelled his dominions by 
the French, Sept., 1670 ; annexed 
to the French dominions, 1766 ; 
Duke of, visited England, 1731 ; 
Cambridge, Oct. 25 ; returned to 
Germany, Dec. 9 ; became Grand 
Duke of Tuscany, July 9, 1737; 
declared associate with his consort 
in- the throne of Hungary and Bo- 
hemia, Nov. 12, 1740. 

Lottery, the first in England, 
drawn at the western door of St. 
Paul's cathedral, Jan. 11, 1569, con- 
tinuing day and night until May 6 ; 
temp. 11 Elizabeth, 40,000 ten shil- 
ling lots ; lottery to raise money 
for the public service, 1630 ; estab- 
lished 5 Will, and Mary, 1693, and 
for 130 years yielded a large revenue 
to the crown ; for the British mu- 
seum, 1752 * Irish state lottery in 
Dublin, 1780; Adelphi buildings, 
1773 ; Cox's do. ; Lever's museum 
disposed of by lottery, 1786 ; Pigot 
diamond, 1802 ; Boydell's pictures, 
1805 ♦ suppressed in France by the 
republic, Not. 15, 1793 ; first there, 
1657 ; abolished in England, Oct., 
1826 ; a penalty of £50 for adver- 
tising prizes or any lotteries in the 
British newspapers, 6 and 7 Will. 
IV., 1836; the last, the Glasgow 
lotteries, July 25, 1834. 

Louis, St., order of knighthood, 
began 10th May, 1698 ; abolished, 
1791. 

Louis IV. ascended the French 
throne, 1226. 

Louis XL in scorn wore a greasy 
hat and a coarse cloth. These items 
of his expenses appear in the cham- 
ber of accounts : — Two sols for a 
new pair of sleeves to an old doub- 
let, and half a denier for a box of 
grease for his boots, 1483. 

Louis XIV; mounted the French 
throne, 1643. 

Louis XV. of France escaped be- 
ing burnt, 1st July, 1747 ; stabbed 



LO V 



394 



LUC 



by Damien, 5th Jan., 1757 ; died, 
10th May, 1774, aged 64, reigned 59 
years. 

Louis XVI., accession to the 
throne of France, 1774. 

Louis XVI. deposed 10th Aug., 
1792 ; beheaded 21st . June, 1793, 
and his queen beheaded 16th Oct. 
following. 

Louis XVIII. of France, death 
of, 1824. 

Louis XVIII. retired to Peters- 
burgh, allowed a pension by the 
emperor of Russia, 3rd April, 1798 ; 
landed at Yarmouth under title of 
Count de Lille, 6th Oct., 1807 ; re- 
placed on his throne, made a public 
entry into London, 21st April, 1814; 
sailed from Dover, 23rd April, reach- 
ed Compeigne, 29th April, Paris, 
3rd May, 1814 ; fled from Napoleon, 
21st March, 1815 ; resumed govern- 
ment, July, 1815 ; died, 16th Sept., 
1824. 

Louis of Bavaria declared Em- 
peror of Germany, 1313. 

Louisa, Queen of Denmark, 
youngest daughter of George II. ; 
died, Dec. 8, 1751. 

Louis d'Or, a French coin, of gold, 
value, 24 francs, struck by Louis 
XIII., 1640; the Napoleon super- 
seded it, of the same value. 

Louisburgh, taken by the Eng- 
lish, June, 1745 ; restored to France, 
1749 ; taken and retained, July 22, 
1758. 

Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, 
discovered by Ferdinand de Soto, 
1541 ; settled by Louis XIV. in 
1718; ceded to Spain, 1763; restor- 
ed to France, 1802; sold to the 
United States, 1802, by France. 

Louth Park Abbey, Lincolnshire, 
built, 1139. 

Louvre at Paris, a palace here, 
628 ; Francis I. built one here, 1552; 
front completed, 1688 ; first exhibi- 
tion of painting and sculpture open- 
ed there, 22nd Aug., 1740 ; stripped 
of the treasures of art with which 
Napoleon's conquests had adorned 
it, 1815. 

LovAt, Lord, beheaded on Tower- 
hill, 1746. 



Love, Rev. Christ, beheaded, 
22nd Aug., 1658, aged 33. 

Love, Mr. John, of Weymouth, 
died, Oct., 1793, aged 41, and 
weighed 364 lbs., or 26 stone of 14 
lbs. each. 

Low Countries, or the * Nether- 
lands, the ancient Belgse, conquered 
by Cassar, 47 b. c. ; subject to France, 
41 2 ; ruled by earls from 864 to 1369 ; 
came, by marriage, to Austria, and 
then to Spain, 1559 ; threw off the 
Spanish yoke, 1572 ; annexed to 
Germany, 1725; part annexed to 
France, 1748; all, 1795; united to 
Holland under the Prince of Orange, 
1815 ; threw off the Dutch yoke, 
1830 ; separated, and Leopold of 
Saxe-Cobourg, declared king of 
Belgium, July 12, 1831 ; France 
marched an army to secure him 
against the hostilities of the Dutch, 
Nov. 15, 1831 ; an armistice ensued ; 
and the interference of the allied 
powers placed Leopold securely upon 
his throne by treaty, April 19, 1839. 

Loyola, Ignatius, founder of the 
Jesuits, born, 1491, died, 1556. 

Lubec, in Prussia, founded, 1140 ; 
two synagogues and a great num- 
ber of houses at, were totally de- 
stroyed, all the windows in the 
town were broken, and above 60 
persons killed or dangerouslywound- 
ed, by the axletrees of 10 carriages 
taking fire, that were conveying 
gunpowder to the army, occasioning 
a dreadful explosion, 23rd June, 
1792. 

Lubin, City of, burnt to ashes, 
1209 ; again, 1276. 

Lucan, born at Corduba, in Spain, 
11th Nov., 37 ; condemned and bled 
to death in a bath, 30th April, 65. 

Lucas, Sir Charles, shot by order 
of Oliver Cromwell, Aug. 28, 1648. 

Lucca, Republic of, founded, 1450. 

Lucia, St., 900 persons destroyed 
at, by an earthquake, 12th Oct., 
1788. * 

Lucius, said to have been the first 
christian king of Britain, 180, and 
to have reigned 77 years ; the state- 
ment is doubtful, as the Saxons ruled 
subsequently ; and the mission of 



LUN 



395 



LUR 



£>t. Augustine comprises the only 
consistent account of British conver- 
sions to Christianity, about 590. 

Lucern brought into England, 
about 1575. 

Luddites, Outrage of, breaking 
frames and machinery ; resisted the 
military, Jan. 29, 1812; riots of, 
1814, 1816. 

Ludgate, London, taken down 
and sold for £140, 1760. 

Ludlow Castle, Salop, built, 1097. 

Luggershall Castle, Wilts, built, 
1199. 

Luke's Hospital, St., established 
at Windmill Hill, Moorfields, 1732; 
the present built, July 31, 1751, in 
the city road ; completed, 1785 ; 
cost £55,000 ; exempted from parish 
rates, 1760. 

Lulworth Castle, Dorset, built, 
1610 ; became the residence of 
Charles X. of France, 1830, until 
he left this country for Germany. 

Lunacy and Lunatics, first sta- 
tutes regarding, Edward II., 1323 ; 
George II., 1731 and 1741 ; George 
III., 1770 and 1773 ; regarding care 
and treatment, 1828 and 1829. The 
lunatics in England and Wales, in 
1849, were 14,560, 6852 being males, 
and 7708 females, and 10,801 pau- 
pers. Great differences occurred in 
different years ; total number of 
insane persons, of all classes, re- 
cently amounted to 20,893, of whom 
9862 were men, and 11,031 women; 
being a proportion to the amount of 
population (which is estimated by 
the census for England and Wales 
at 16,480,082 souls), of about .125 
per cent., or 1 in 800. Of the above 
20,893 lunatics, 4072, of whom 2161 
were men, and 1911 women private 
patients, and 16,821, of whom 7701 
were men, and 9120 women pauper 
patients. The proportion of the 
pauper lunatics to the population 
was, in England, .100 per cent., or 
1 in 1000 ; whilst in Wales the pro- 
portion was .129 per cent., or 1 in 
775, a difference of between l-34th 
or l-35th per cent. In both coun- 
tries the number of insane pau- 
per females was greater than that 



of the insane pauper males; the 
reverse being the case as regards 
the " private patients." Of the 
4072 private patients, there were 
245 confined in county asylums, 
168 in military and naval hospitals, 
442 in Bethlehem and St. Luke's 
hospitals, 536 in other public asy- 
lums, 973 in metropolitan licensed 
houses, and 1426 in provincial licen- 
sed houses ; whilst there were 282 
single patients "under commission." 
Of the 16,821 paupers, 4155 were 
immured in county asylums, 89 in 
county asylums under local acts, 
121 in Bethlehem and St. Luke's, 
343 in other public asylums, 854 and 
1920 in metropolitan and provincial 
licensed houses, and no less than 
9339 in workhouses, &c. The pri- 
vate patients were maintained, either 
wholly or partially, at their own 
cost, but the pauper lunatics, of 
course, at the expense of the public. 
Independently of these, there is a 
large number of persons who are 
shut up as single patients, of whom 
no account is rendered in any pub- 
lic documents, the cures during 
five years have been, in four coun- 
ty asylums, 30 ; in four others 40, 
in four others 50, and in three 
60 per cent. At St. Luke's the 
permanent cures, during the year 
1842, were stated, to have been 70, 
and in 1843, 65 per cent ; thus this 
disorder is curable, in many cases, 
during the first year of the attack ; 
recoveries after that period are rare. 
There were some time since 535 
wealthy lunatics under the care of 
the Lord Chancellor ; the value of 
their property was £1,000,000 ; the 
income reported to parliament 
to be £356,711 : 17 : 11, and the 
annual sum allowed for their sup- 
port and maintenance, £161,151 
12s. There are upwards of 4000 
lunatics confined in England as 
private patients, not under the care 
of the Court of Chancery. 

Luneville, Treaty of, 1801, 
France and Austria- 

Lurgan in Armagh, Ireland, in 
the year 1619, contained 42 houses, 



LUX 



396 



LYI 



all inhabited by English Protestant 
settlers. In the year 1814 that 
elegant little town contained 379 
houses, inhabited by 2,207 persons, 
of whom 996 were males, and 1211 
females, and the majority catholics. 

Luther, Martin, born, 1483 ; be- 
gan the Eeformation, 1518 ; died, 
1546. 

Luttrell, Colonel, shot by an 
assassin in his chair, Dublin, 22nd 
Oct., 1717. 

Lutzen, Battle of, between the 
French and the combined Russians 
and Prussians, May 2, 1813, in 
which both sides claimed the vic- 
tory, and General Duroc was mor- 
tally wounded ; in the battles of Baut- 
zen and Wurtzen which followed, 
the allies were routed by Napoleon, 
May 20, and 26 ; but an armistice 
after them did not bring peace. 
The King of Sweden, Gustavus 
Adolphus was killed at the battle 
of Lutzen, Nov. 6, 1632, in the mo- 
ment of victory ; the battle is some- 
times called that of Lutzengen. 

Luxemburg and,Lienburg taken 
by the French, 1543 ; by the Span- 
iards, 1544; by the French, 1684, 
and given up to Spain, 1697 ; taken 
again by the French, 1701 ; ceded 
to the emperor, 1713; taken by the 
imperialists, Jan. 18, 1714-15; taken 
by the French, Jane 7, 1795 ; ceded 
to the King of the Netherlands, 
1815. 

Luxury restricted by an English 
law, wherein the prelates and no- 
bility were confined to two courses 
every meal, and two kinds of food 
in every course, except on great fes- 
tivals ; it also prohibited all who 
did not enjoy a free estate of £100, 
per annum, from wearing furs, skins, 
or silk ; and the use of foreign cloth 
was confined to the royal family 
alone, to all others it was prohibited, 
1337. An edict was issued by 
Charles VI. of France, which says, 
" Let no one presume to treat with 
more than a soup and two dishes," 
1340. 

Luxuries of the olden time ; 
there were few chimneys in capital 



towns. The fire was laid to the 
wall, and the smoke issued at the 
roof, door, or window. The houses 
were wattled and plastered over 
with clay ; the furniture and uten- 
sils were of wood. The people 
slept on straw pallets, with a log of 
wood for a pillow. Lord Kaimes 
says that Henry the Second of 
France, at the marriage of the 
Duchess of Savoy, wore the first 
silk stockings that were made in 
France. Queen Elizabeth, in the 
third year of her reign, received in 
a present a pair of black silk knit 
stockings, and she never wore cloth 
hose any more. Before the conquest 
there was a timber bridge upon the 
Thames between London and South- 
wark, burnt by accident in the reign 
of Henry the Second. At that 
time (a.d. 1176,) the late old Lon- 
don Bridge was projected, though 
not finished until 1212. In the 
former part of the reign of Henry 
the Eighth, there did not grow in 
England cabbage, carrot, turnip, or 
other edible root ; Queen Catherine 
herself could not command a salad 
for dinner, until the King brought 
over a gardener from the Nether- 
lands. About the same time the 
artichoke, the apricot, and damask 
rose, made their appearance. Tur- 
keys, carps, and hops, were first 
known in 1524. The currant shrub 
was brought from Zante in the year 
1533 ; in 1540, cherry-trees from 
Flanders were first planted in Kent. 
In 1563, knives were first made in 
England. Pocket watches were 
brought from Germany, 1577. 
About 1580, coaches were intro- 
duced, before which Queen Eliza- 
beth rode behind her chamberlain. 
A sawmill was erected near Lon- 
don in the year 1633 ; afterwards 
demolished, that it might not de- 
prive the poor of employment. 

LYiNG-in-Hospitals first began 
in Ireland, at Dublin, the first 
opened, Mar. 1745; the modern, 
1757 ; the British Old Street, 1749 ; 
Queen Charlotte's Lying-in -Hospi- 
tal, 1752 ; the general in 1765 ; and. 



MAC 



397 



MAC 



there were numerous other establish- 
ments of the same nature in the 
city of London, 1750 ; the Queen's, 
1652 ; the Lying in Charity, Doc- 
tors' Commons, in Little Knight 
Ryder Street, 1757 ; the Westmin- 
ster, 1765 ; the General, Rathbone 
Place, 1778 ; the Benevolent, Castle 
Court, Strand, 1780; the Eastern 
Great Alie Street, 1782; the En- 
deavour, 1794; the Central Great 
Queen Street, 1816: the Royal West 
London, Villiers Street, 1818 ; the 
United, Warwick Street, 1822, 
&c. 

Lyme Castle, Kent, built before 
791. 

Lyme Regis, Dorset, chartered by 
Edward I., 1279. 

Lyon's Inn Society, established 
1420. 

Lymphatic Vessels discovered by 
Asellius, 1622 ; published, 1627. 



Lyons, France, founded 43 a.c 
by Plaucus, called then Ludunum ; 
the councils at, in the 13th and 14th 
centuries ; silk manufactures begun 
at, 1515 ; library of 120,000 volumes 
and 800 MS. at, 27,000 houses 
and 171,000 inhabitants, 1831 ; be- 
sieged in 1793, by the convention, 
and surrendered, Oct. 7, when 
dreadful massacres followed; the 
convention ordered the city to be 
demolished, Oct. 12 ; surrendered 
to the Austrians, Mar. 14, and July 
15, 1814 and 1815 ; revolt among 
the mechanics of, and popular ex- 
cesses, Nov. 21, 1831 ; great riots 
at, April 15, 1834; inundations at, 
Nov. 4, 1840 ; visited by the Em- 
peror Louis Napoleon, 1852. 

Lyon's Inn, Loudon, begun, 1420. 

Lyttleton, governor of South 
Carolina, taken prisoner by the 
French, Sept. 29, 1755. 



M 



Macarthy, Sir Charles, killed in 
action against the Ashantees, Jan. 
21, 1824. 

Macclesfield, Earl of, his mar- 
riage dissolved, April, 1698, when 
his notorious lady married Colonel 
Brett, and disowned the unfortunate 
Richard Savage ; Earl of, fined and 
committed, May 6, 1725. 

Macbeth, King of Scotland, de- 
posed by the English, 1054. 

Macdonald, the Pretender's bank- 
er, examined before the privy coun- 
cil, Jan. 12, 1747. 

Mace, a symbol of authority borne 
before officers of state and the heads 
of municipalities ; the right to car- 
ry one before the lord mayor of 
London was conceded by Edward 
III., 1354 ; the Speaker's mace in 
the House of Commons Avas ordered 
to be taken away, and the doors 
locked, by Oliver Cromwell, April 
20, 1653. 

Machiavel and his Principles, as 
laid down in his " Prince," which is 



rather a satire than a recommenda- 
tion, being a picture of the practices 
of most rulers but too faithfully 
drawn ; he was a native of Flo- 
rence, and his work appeared, 1517. 

M'Kenzie, Earl of Seaforth, at- 
tainted for the Preston rebellion, 
1715 ; pardoned, Sept. 13, 1726. 

M'Lean, Sir Hector, and his ser- 
vant, seized for treasonable prac- 
tices, June 5, 1745. 

M'Leod, the eldest son of the Earl 
of Cromarty, pardoned, Jan. 26, 
1747. 

M'Mahone, one of the conspira- 
tors in the Irish massacre, convicted 
and executed in London, Nov. 16, 
1644. 

Macguire, Lord, hanged at Ty- 
burn, Feb. 28, 1645. 

Macmahon, Lord, hanged for high 
treason, Nov. 1, 1644. 

Machine for beating books in- 
vented, doing as much in one day 
as two men could do in a week, 
1823 ; another for mowing grass 



MAD 



398 



MAG 



invented in Pennsylvania, by which 
one man and a horse can mow eight 
acres per day. _ 

Mackerel permitted, together 
with milk, to he cried in the streets 
of London on Sundays, 1698. 

Madagascar discovered by the 
Portuguese, 1506 ; a very large is- 
land, respecting the interior of which 
very little is known. 

Madeira Islands, so named from 
being covered with wood when first 
discovered ; an account of its being 
first explored by an Englishman 
named A'Macham, in 1345, seems 
to be fabulous, and that the Portu- 
guese, who first visited the island in 
1419, 'were its real discoverers ; they 
colonized it in 1431 ; it was occu- 
pied by the English in 1801 ; and 
again, in trust for the royal family 
of Portugal, Dec. 24, 1807, being 
restored at the peace of 1814. 

Madras, Eort St. George erected, 
and colonized by the English, under 
the King of Golconda, 1620 ; taken 
by the French, 1746 ; restored to 
England, 1749; Eort St. George 
made a presidency, 1654; Bengal 
placed under Madras, 1658; Cal- 
cutta made a presidency, 1701 ; 
Mayor's court founded, 1726; be- 
sieged by the Erench, Dec. 12, 1758, 
Hycler marches to Madras, April, 
1769; Sir John Lindsay arrived, 
July, 1770; succeeded there by 
Sir E, Hartland, Sept. 1771; Sir 
Eyre Coote arrived, Nov. 5, 1780 ; 
Hyder Ali defeated, July 1, 1781 ; 
Lord Macartney governor of Mad- 
ras, June 22, 1781 ; the Madras go- 
vernment arrested General Stuart, 
who was sent to England, 1783; 
Lord Cornwallis visited, Dec. 12, 
1790 ; Sir Charles Oakley succeeded 
General Meadowes as governor of 
this presidency, Aug. 1, 1792 ; as- 
sizes ordered twice yearly, 1793; 
Lord Mornington visited here, Dec. 
1798 ; General Harris with the Ma- 
dras army entered Mysore, March 
5, 1799 ; the British forces at Se- 
ringapatam, April 5, 1799; Seringa- 
patam stormed by the British under 
Major-gen. Baird, and Tippoo Saib 



killed, May 4, 1799 ; appointment 
of Sir Thomas Strange, first judge 
of Madras, Dec. 26, 1800; a fire 
consumed upwards of 1000 houses 
in Madras, Eeb. 1803 ; the Madras 
army under Gen. Arthur Wellesley 
marched for Poonah, March, 1803 ; 
General Wellesley's victories fol- 
lowed soon after ; mutiny among 
the British forces at Vellore, near 
800 sepoys mercilessly extermi- 
nated, Jan. 31, 1807 ; mutiny of the 
troops at Madras, 1809 ; arrival of 
Lord Minto at Madras ; he pub- 
lished a general amnesty, Sept. 29, 
1809; hurricane, by which the ships 
at anchor were driven into the town, 
and seventy sail sunk, many of them 
with their crews, May, 1811 ; Mad- 
ras attacked by the Pindarees, 1817 ; 
appointment of the first Bishop of 
Madras, under act 3 and 4 William 
IV., cap. 85, Eeb. 14, 1835. 

Madrid, once a station of the 
Moors ; ravaged, 1108 ; became the 
residence of the Spanish court, 1516 ; 
taken possession of by Charles III., 
June 24, 1706 ; retaken the same 
year, after being abandoned, 1710 ; 
abandoned and retaken by Philip, 
Dec. 2, 1710 ; old palace at, burned, 
1734 ; taken by the Erench, 1808 ; 
a fearful conflict between the citi- 
zens and the Erench, May 2, 1808 ; 
Joseph Bonaparte entered Madrid 
as king, July 20 ; he soon afterwards 
quitted the city, which was held by 
the French until Aug. 12, 1812; 
Madrid entered by the British army, 
and "Eerdinand the Beloved" re- 
stored by Wellington, May 14, 1814. 

Maestricht taken by the Prince 
of Parma, after having revolted 
from Spain, 1579; taken by the 
Prince of Orange, 1648 ; by the 
Erench, 1673 ; besieged by the Prince 
of Orange unsuccessfully, 1676; re- 
stored to the Dutch, 1678 ; besieged 
by the French, 1748 ; attacked by 
the Erench unsuccessfully, 1793 ; 
soon afterwards it fell into their pos- 
session, but was restored at the 
peace of 1814. 

Magdalen College, Oxford, found- 
ed, 1479. 



MAG 



399 



MAG 



Magdalen College, Cambridge, 
1519. 

Magdalen House, Goodman's 
Fields, opened, Aug. 10, 1758. 

Magdalen Hospital, London, re- 
moved to St. George's Fields, 1772. 
This charity took its name from the 
nunneries called the Magclalens, on 
the Continent, which were inhabited 
by penitent courtezans ; one at Na- 
ples was established, 1424 ; another 
at Metz, 1452 ; at Paris, 1492 ; an 
institution of the same kind at Rome, 
by Leo X., 1515. 

Magellan, Strait of,, discovered, 
1519, by Ferdinand Magellan, a 
Portuguese navigator, who died, 
1521. 

Magic Lantern invented by Friar 
Bacon, 1252. 

Magna Charta, the body of laws 
and charter of English liberty, ex- 
torted from King John by the ba- 
rons, and signed at Runnymede, 
June 15, 1215, a charter continually 
violated in subsequent reigns ; seve- 
ral copies of this charter remain, 
perhaps the most perfect in Lincoln 
cathedral ; it is remarkable that in 
the statutes at large, beginning with 
the charter of Edward I., the fol- 
lowing most important passage to 
the liberty of the subject is omitted, 
being the parliamentary right of 
taxation. It stands thus in English : 
"No scutage or aid shall be im- 
posed in our kingdom but by the 
common council of our kingdom, 
except to redeem our body, and to 
make our eldest son a knight, and 
to niarry our eldest daughter once ; 
and for these purposes there shall 
be made none but a reasonable aid. 
In like manner shall be done as to 
the aids of the city of London. And 
the city of London shall have all its 
ancient liberties, and its free cus- 
toms, both by land and water. 
Moreover we will and grant, that 
all other cities and boroughs, and 
towns and ports, shall have all their 
liberties and free customs. And in 
order to have a common council of 
the kingdom for assessing an aid, 
otherwise than in the three cases, 



aforesaid, or for assessing a scutage, 
we will cause to be summoned the 
archbishops, bishops, abbots, counts, 
and greater barons, singly by our 
letters : and, moreover, we will cause 
to be summoned in general, by our 
sheriffs and bailiffs, all those who 
hold of us in chief, for a day certain, 
to wit, at a term of forty days at 
least, and to a place certain : and in 
all the letters of summons we will 
express the cause of summons, and 
the summons being thus made 
the business shall proceed on 
the appointed day, according to the 
counsel of those who may be pre- 
sent, although not all those sum- 
moned should come." 

Magnanime, French ship of war, 
taken by Admiral Hawke, Feb. 24, 
1748. 

Magnetic Power first applied to 
the needle, 1302 ; the magnet said 
to be known to Roger Bacon, 1294 ; 
the compass improved by Gioja of 
Naples, 1302 ; the dip discovered by 
Robert Norman of London, 1576 ; 
artificial magnets improved, 1751 ; 
found to be identical with electric 
action, and light elicited from, since 
the commencement of the 19th cen- 
tury. 

Magnifying Glasses, convex, in- 
vented by Roger Bacon, 1252. 

Magnesia, a white earth prepared 
from the purging mineral waters 
and their salts, and from the resi- 
duum of sea water after the salt has 
been crystallized ; with vitriolic acid 
it forms Epsom salts : Dr. Black 
explained its properties fully, 1755. 

Magnolia Glauca brought to 
England from North America, 1688 ; 
the dwarf " pumila" came from Chi- 
na, 1789 ; the brown stalked, 1789; 
the purple, 1790, and the slender, 
1804 ; the grandiflora from North 
America, 1731 ; this, the large mag- 
nolia, the Laurier tulipier of the 
French, is first seen in North Caro- 
lina, near the river Nuse, in the lati- 
tude of 35 degrees, 31 ; and pro- 
ceeding from this point is found in 
the maritime parts of the southern 
States, as far up the Mississippi as 



MAH 



400 



MAI 



Natches, above New Orleans. It 
claims a place amongst the largest 
trees of the United States, ninety 
feet in height, three in diameter; 
its ordinary stature from sixty to 
seventy feet; trunk commonly 
straight, summit nearly in the shape 
of a regular pyramid. In its native 
soil, blooming with large white fra- 
grant flowers disposed amidst the 
rich foliage of the tree, one of the 
most beautiful productions of the 
vegetable kingdom : blossoming in 
May, the seeds ripen in October ; in 
its native climate it grows only in 
cool shady places, in brown mould, 
loose, deep and fertile. The most 
northern point in which this tree 
passes the winter in the open air is 
about Nantes, in latitude 47 de- 
grees, 13 seconds ; it begins to bear 
ripe fruit about Grenoble, in lati- 
tude 45 degrees ; in England, more 
injured by being planted in an un- 
genial soil than the severity of the 
climate. 

Mahometanism : the great pro- 
phet of this imposture began to pro- 
mulgate his opinions in 604; he 
wrote the Koran in a cave, not with- 
out the assistance of others ; in it 
he endeavoured to inculcate a faith 
that should reconcile Jew, Christian, 
and Pagan ; he stated it to consist of 
revelations made to him from above, 
in visions, during which he had 
mentally ascended there; he in- 
structed a few friends in his scheme, 
the doctrine of which was a pure 
theism — " there is but one God, and 
Mahomet is his prophet ; " he spurn- 
ed at images and pictures of the 
deity, and some of his allusions to 
the Supreme in the Koran are truly 
noble and even sublime, the whole 
being excellent as a composition ; 
his rewards were sensual, fine wo- 
men and a voluptuous paradise for 
his disciples. In the twelfth year 
of his mission he converted the in- 
habitants of Medina, which caused 
his enemies at Mecca to seek his 
assassination, and he fled to the 
former place, hence the date of the 
Hegira, or "Flight," June 16, 622; 



he soon after married his most fa- 
vourite wife, Ayesha, for he advo- 
cated polygamy ; he made war upon 
all idolaters, and the Jews, whom he 
sought to convert, pretending him- 
self a descendant of Ismael, became 
his enemies, on which he attacked 
and defeated one of their tribes ; he 
put down idolatry in Arabia, all of 
which he conquered, tolerating the 
Christians, but making them pay a 
certain tribute ; he died, June, 632, 
of poison, displaying a real faith in 
his mission, on the ground of the 
good that must follow it. After his 
death his followers extended his doc- 
trines to the Danube in Europe, 
the strait of Gibraltar in Africa, 
into the heart of that country, and 
about to the limits of China east- 
wards, very nearly 200,000,000 of 
men still professing Islamism. 

Maida, Battle of, between the 
French, under General Regnier, and 
the English, under Sir John Stuart ; 
the French were much more nume - 
rous than the British, and their loss 
was severe, July 1, 1806. 

Maiden, an instrument of decapi- 
tation, once used at Halifax, and 
transplanted into Scotland by the 
Regent Morton, who suffered by it 
himself, 1581. 

Maidstone, Kent, a Charter 
granted to, 1682; greatly injured 
by a fire, 1756. 

Maiming and Wounding made 
capital crimes, 1670 ; modified in 
the digest of the statutes, made 1829. 

Mail Coaches to Bristol, estab- 
lished 1784; to other parts of 
England, 1785 ; freed of tolls, 1785 ; 
introduced into Ireland by Mr. An- 
derson, 1790 ; the invention of Mr. 
Palmer of Bath, to whom the pub- 
lic were indebted for the rapid in- 
crease in the prosperity of the post- 
office ; Mr. Palmer was to be paid, 
under agreement, by a fixed per 
centage for a given time on any sur- 
plus produced by his improvement ; 
the increase was so considerable that 
the government violated its faith, 
and after a long delay put him off 
with a fixed sum, vastly inferior to 



MAL 



401 



MAN 



that which honour and honesty- 
bound it to bestow. 

Maison Dieu Hospital, Dover, 
built 1229. 

Majesty, a title first bestowed 
upon Henry VIII. of England, 1520. 

Malacca Gold Mines discovered, 
1731. 

Majorca submitted to Charles 
HI., 1706. 

Maldon, Essex, once had a palace 
of the Roman governors of Eng- 
land ; burned by Boadicea ; rebuilt 
by the Romans; burned by the 
Danes ; fortified 920. 

Malcolm, Sarah, executed in 
Fleet Street, for murder, March 7, 
1738. 

Malesherbes, C. W., counsel for 
Louis XVI., guillotined 1794, aged 
73. 

Malmesbury Abbey, built 642 ; 
castle built, 1134; museum of anti- 
quities formed at, by Sir R. C. Hoare, 
1823. 

Maloes, St., France, bombarded 
by the English, Sept. 19, 1693; 
again, 1695 ; attacked again, June 
8, 1758. 

Malplaquet, Battle of, between the 
allies under the Duke of Marlbo- 
rough and Prince Eugene, and the 
French under Marshal Villars ; the 
hostile armies numbered on each 
side nearly 120,000 men; the French 
were defeated, but the loss was great, 
the allies losing 18,000 men, Sept. 
11, 1709. 

Malt. See Beer. 

Malt-Tax established, 1697 ; in- 
creased, 1760 ; newly remodelled, 
1766. 

Malta, Knights of, a religious 
military order, called the Knights 
Hospitallers, the Knights of Rhodes, 
and the Knights of St. John of 
Jerusalem ; they became a military 
order in 1118 ; on losing Jerusalem, 
the knights retired to Acre, which 
they nobly defended, in 1290 ; the 
king of Cyprus gave them Limasol 
in his dominions, where they remain- 
ed until 1310 ; they next took 
Rhodes, and defended it until Soly- 
man conquered it in 1522; they 



finally obtained Malta from Charles 
V., and they there fortified them- 
selves so strongly, that famine alone 
could reduce them ; in ] 799, Paul 
of Russia declared himself their 
grand master ; the knights belong- 
ing to the different Catholic coun- 
tries were styled languages, as the 
French language, the Italian lan- 
guage, the German language, &c. ; 
the Turks besieged Malta in 1566, 
but were compelled to retire, with 
the loss of 30,000 men ; Malta was 
taken by Bonaparte on his way to 
Egypt in 1798 ; he found there an 
immense booty, and numerous 
Turkish prisoners, whom' he set 
free ; the island was blockaded un- 
til the inhabitants and French troops 
could no longer resist the attacks of 
famine, and it surrendered, Sept. 5, 
1800 ; by the treaty of Amiens, 
England was to give the island up 
to the knights of Malta, but the con- 
dition was not fulfilled, and in 1814 
the island was confirmed to the 
English crown ; the observatory 
instruments, and notes of the obser- 
vations, were all destroyed by fire 
here, April 6, 1789. 

Mamelukes, an Egyptian dynas- 
ty, consisting originally of a mix- 
ture of Christian and Turkish slaves, 
established by Saladin as his guard, 
1246 ; they afterwards selected one 
of their number to rule the country, 
until Egypt became subject to the 
Turks, 1517, when they were taken 
into Turkish pay and recruited from 
all lands, with other men at arms ; 
on the French invasion of Egypt 
they retreated into Nubia, 1798 ; 
they were routed by Bonaparte, and 
kept afterwa,rds in the desert until 
the French evacuated Egypt; they 
then returned, endeavouring to re- 
instate themselves in the govern- 
ment, but were treacherously de- 
coyed into the castle at Cairo, by 
Mehemet Ali, on the specious pre- 
text of an entertainment, and put 
to death in cold blood. 

Man, Isle of, conquered by Mont- 
acute, Earl of Salisbury, from the 
Scotch, 1340, who received the title 
2d 



MAN 



402 



MAN 



of King of Man from Edward III. ; 
given to the Earl of Northumber- 
land, 1399 ; to Lord Stanley, 1405 ; 
to the Earl of Derby, 1608, by Queen 
Elizabeth ; from him it came by inhe- 
ritance to the Duke of Athol, 1735 ; 
the duke received £70,000 for the so- 
vereignty in 1765 ; the nation was 
next charged £132,944 for the pur- 
chase of the duke's interest in the 
island revenues, 1829. The bishop- 
ric of Man was founded by Gregory 
III., and it included the western 
isles of Scotland, which had a bishop 
of their own when Man became sub- 
ject to England ; the Duke of Athol 
names the bishop to the king, who 
sends him to the Archbishop of York 
for consecration ; he is not a baron 
of parliament ; he is called the bi- 
shop of Sodor and Man, because his 
bishopric is joined to a little place 
caller Sodor, in the island of Icolm- 
kill, one of the Hebrides. 

Manchester, mentioned early in 
history as Mancunium, and said to 
have been occupied by Agricola, 
taken by the Saxons, 488 ; subdued 
by Ella, 620; St. Mary's church 
built, 627; Edward the Elder re- 
built the town and erected a castle, 
920 ; erected into a manor, 1070 ; 
annual fair granted, Henry III., 
1215 ; Salford made a free borough, 
1215; land at, let for 3s. 6d. per 
acre, 1290; made a free borough, 
1301 ; Elanders manufactures intro- 
duced at, by Edward III., 1330; 
visited by the plague, 1352 ; the col- 
lege of the Blessed Virgin estab- 
lished, and rectory appointed, May 
12, 1422 ; sweating sickness at, 1490 ; 
grammar school founded, 1524 ; 
college of the Virgin restored by 
Queen Mary, 1535 ; made a place of 
sanctuary, 1540 ; college dissolved 
by parliament, 1546 ; Manchester 
cottons, rugs, and friezes, mentioned 
for the first time, 1552 ; John Brad- 
ford martyred at, 1555; Ellys call- 
in i £ himself a prophet, appeared, 
1562; the clergy of the reformed 
church beaten by the people, 
and one stabbed, 1674; renewed 
college charter, under Queen 



Elizabeth, as Christ's College, 
1575; the manor of Manchester 
sold to one John Lacey for 
£3000, May 15, 1579 ; Cheetham, 
founder of the hospital and library, 
baptised, July 10, 1580; Sir J. 
Smithwick imprisoned for being a 
Roman Catholic, and Campion, 
accused of being a Jesuit, executed, 
1581; Manchester furnished, against 
the Spanish Armada, 38 arquebu- 
siers, 38 archers, and 144 men for 
bills and pikes, 1588 ; manor sold 
to Sir N. Mosley for £3500, March 
23, 1596; charter of Manchester en- 
rolled, Sept. 16, 1623; Trinity Chapel 
founded, 1634 ; Charles I. granted 
a new charter to the college, Sept. 
30, 1635 ; Edward Barber, of Man- 
chester, executed at Lancaster for 
being a Catholic priest, April 10, 
1641 ; Charles I. issued his commis- 
sion of array, 1642 ; Lord Strange 
besieged the town for the king, July 
4, and was repulsed ; again besieged, 
Sept. 25, by Strange and Derby, who 
were repulsed ; made the head quar- 
ters of General Fairfax, 1643 ; visit- 
ed with pestilence, 1644; George 
Eox the Quaker began his ministry 
at, 1647 ; Cheetham's hospital and 
library founded, 1651 ; Charles II. 
as king of the Scots passed through 
the town, 1651 ; dismantled of its 
fortifications, 1652 ; the first repre- 
sentative of the town returned to 
parliament, 1654; Charles II. incor- 
porated Cheetham's hospital, 1665 ; 
a special assize to try the adherents 
of James II. in the Lancaster plot, 
1694 ; Syddall the barber renewed 
the rebellion, 1715 ; Henry with his 
adherents, Sept. 11, 1716 ; the post 
to London with letters there 3 
times a week, 8 days being required 
for an interchange, 1721 ; the Old 
Exchange built, 1729 ; John Wyatt, 
of Birmingham, commenced the 
spinning with rollers, 1733 ; the first 
newspaper published at, 1737 ; 
Wyatt's machine improved, 1741 ; 
the pretender entered Manchester 
Nov. 28, 1745; Deacon and Syddall 
executed for high treason, and their 
heads stuck on the Exchange, 1746 ; 



MAN 



403 



MAN 



importation of raw cotton, 2,000,000 
lbs ; value of exports, £30,000, 1745 ; 
Queen's Theatre first built, 1753 ; 
the Infirmary established, 1752, 
buildings erected, 1755 ; cotton 
goods first exported, 1760 ; Man- 
chester navigation opened, 1761 ; 
Lunatic Asylum founded, 1765 ; 
Agricultural Society instituted, 
1767; Christian, king of Denmark, 
visited Manchester, 1768 ; the 
Queen's Theatre rebuilt, 1775 ; Sub- 
scription concerts established, 1777 ; 
the manufacture of muslin first 
attempted, 1780 ; the Literary and 
Philosophical Society established, 
1781 ; New Bailey Bridge completed, 
1785; Sir Richard Arkwright's 
patent annulled by the King's Bench, 
his invention thrown open, 1785; 
Queen's Theatre burnt doAvn, 1789 ; 
and re-erected, 1790 ; New Bailey 
built, 1790 ; Assembly-rooms, Mos- 
ley street, built, 1792 ; Philological 
Society instituted, 1803; the Arch- 
dukes John and Lewis of Austria 
visit Manchester, 1805 ; Fever Hos- 
pital erected, 1805 ; Theatre-Royal 
erected, 1806 ; Exchange and Com- 
mercial buildings erected and open- 
ed, Jan. 1809 ; the Manchester and 
Salford water works established 
since 1809 ; the Grand Duke Nicho- 
las, since Emperor of Russia, visited 
the town, 1817 ; Lock Hospital estab- 
lished, 1819; Manchester Reform 
meeting, Aug. 16, 1819 ; New Bruns- 
wick-bridge built, 1820 ; Cham- 
ber of Commerce established, 1820 ; 
Law Library founded, 1820 ; Natu- 
ral History Society projected, 
1821 ; New Quay Company founded, 
1822 ; Deaf and Dumb School insti- 
tuted, 1823 ; Roval Institution form- 
ed, 1823 ; the Floral and Horticul- 
tural Society established, 1823 ; 
Mechanics' Institution founded, 
1824 ; Musical Festival first held, 
1828 ; at the launch of a vessel, 
which heeled and upset, upwards of 
200 persons then on deck, were pre- 
cipitated into the river, 51 perished, 
Feb. 29, 1828 ; a factory was burnt, 
and an immense quantity of machi- 
nery destroyed in a riot, May 3, 



1829 ; New Concert-room establish- 
ed, 1829 ; great fire at, Oct. 12, 1829 ; 
Glee Club instituted, 1830 : the 
races established, 1830 ; Manchester 
and Liverpool railway opened, Sept. 
15, 1830 ; Manchester constituted the 
second time a parliamentary bo- 
rough, June 7, 1832 ; Choral Socie- 
ty established, 1833 ; the Statistical 
Society, the first formed in England, 
Sept. 2, 1833 ; act for the Manches- 
ter and Leeds railway passed, 1836 ; 
Geological Society instituted, 1838 ; 
Charter of incorporation, Oct. 23, 
1838 ; Manchester police act, Aug. 
26, 1839 ; great disorders in the mid- 
land counties among the artisan 
classes extend to this town, Aug. 
1842 ; great free-ti*ade meetings 
held here, Nov. 14, 1843 ; great 
meeting held at the Athenaeum, 
Oct. 3, 1844 ; great anti-corn-law 
meeting, at which £61,984 were 
subscribed in four hours, Dec. 23, 
1845; the Queen's Park, Peel 
Park, and Philips Park opened, 
Aug. 22, 1846 ; importation of raw 
cotton, 300,000,000 lb., value of 
exports, £20,000,000; Manchester 
made a bishopric, Sept. 1, 1847 ; 
Dr. Lee first bishop, Jan. 11, 1848 ; 
Peace Society meeting at, Feb., 
1853. 

Manchester Mortality Rates, 
prior to the census of 1841 ; the 
principal districts under the registra- 
tion act here comprised 200,000 per- 
sons in 1837-8, the number of births 
registered during the first year was 
5458, and during the second year 
6358. The proportion of males to 
females as 51 '6 to 48 '4, giving upon 
100 births an excess of male births 
of rather more than 3 1-5. In 11,816 
births, there were 127 cases of 
twins, and one case of triplets ; the 
former being in the ratio of nearly 
10'8 in 1000 ; Cuvier's estimation 
was 2 in 1000. The registered 
deaths during the first year, were 
5611, and in the second 6234. In 
the two years the proportion of 
male to female deaths was as 52'1 
to 47"9. In the Manchester district, 
the excess of male deaths above 



MAN 



404 



MAN 



male births is 1*08 in every hundred. 
The average proportion of births to 
deaths throughout the kingdom, has 
been estimated at 28 to 30 in 1000, 
respectively. The births registered 
in the Manchester district during 
the first year, were to deaths as 19*45 
to 20. In the second year as 20*39 
to 20. The number of coroner's in- 
quests held during two years in 
Manchester was 561, amounting to 
4*73 per cent, of the whole number 
of deaths. The number of mar- 
riages in the churches in proportion 
to those solemnized elsewhere, was 
as 93*58 to 6'42 per cent. In every 
100 marriages there were solemni- 
zed by licence 9*66 ; by Superinten- 
dent Registrar's certificate, 6*30; 
and by banns, 84. The number of 
marriages in church without banns, 
and by a certificate from the Super- 
intendent Registrar, was 0.58 per 
cent. Among every 1000 persons 
married, 14*25 were minors. 

Manchester Reform Meeting, 
best known to posterity as the 
" Manchester Massacre," under the 
Castlereagh Ministry ; above 
60,000 persons, men, women, and 
children, were assembled to hear an 
address from Hunt the popular 
demagogue, when several troops of 
half-disciplined Cheshire yeomanry, 
and Manchester volunteer light 
horse, were let loose on the unarmed 
crowd, and eleven persons were 
killed, and 400 wounded, Aug. 16, 
1819. 

Manes, the founder of a religious 
sect, 278. 

Manicheans, a Persian sect, which 
held that there were two dei- 
ties, one good and the other evil ; 
they arose under the leadership of 
Manes in 277. This religious im- 
posture spread over the principal 
countries of the East ; like the re- 
cent notorious Joseph Smith, the 
Mormon, he declared that he was 
inspired, and sent to comfort man- 
kind by his doctrines, and to cure 
diseases ; he was put to death by 
Sapor, king of Persia, 290 ; subse- 
quent persecution increased his fol- 



lowers ; the immediate cause of his 
execution was, his pretending to 
cure one of the royal family by 
prayers, and laying on of hands, 
dismissing the physicians, when the 
patient died under his exorcisms; 
this sect branched from that of the 
Gnostics. 

Maniula, British frigate, wrecked 
on the Dutch coast, Jan. 30, 1812. 

Manilla, the principal of the 
Philippine islands belonging to 
Spain ; subject to earthquakes, one 
of which levelled a mountain in 
1617; in 1635, a large part of the 
city of Manilla was levelled by one, 
and 3000 persons perished ; taken 
by the English 1757 ; again in 1762 ; 
by storm, when it was ransomed, 
but the larger portion of the money 
Avas not paid ; free trade to, admit- 
ted by Spain, 1783 ; dreadful fire at, 
Oct. 1799. 

Manheim, first built, 1606 ; made 
the court residence, 1719, but in 
1777 the court removed to Munich ; 
battle of, between the French and 
Allies, May 30, 1793 ; surrendered 
to General Pichegru, Sept. 20, 1795 ; 
Kotzebue the dramatist assassinated 
at, April 2, 1819. 

Manner of Living, English ; 1500, 
Erasmus says they are regardless 
concerning the aspect of their doors 
and windows to the east, north, &c. 
They build their chambers so, that 
they admit not a thorough air ; they 
glaze a great part of their sides with 
small panes, designed to admit the 
light and exclude the wind; these 
windows are full of chinks, through 
which enters air, which, stagnating 
in the room, is more noxious than 
the wind. The floors are usually of 
clay, covered with rushes that grow 
in fens, so slightly removed now 
and then, that the lower part re- 
mains for twenty years together, 
and is a collection of filthiness not 
to be named. Hence, upon change 
of weather, a vapour is exhaled, 
very pernicious, in my opinion, to 
the human body. Add to this, that 
England is not only surrounded by 
the sea, but in many parts is fenny, 



MAN 



405 



MAR 



and intersected with streams of 
brackish water; and that salt fish 
is the common and favourite food 
of the poor, 1510; glass windows 
rare before 1535 ; copyholders and 
poor people had none before the 
civil wars, 1640. 

Manning, said to have been a 
spy from Oliver Cromwell, exe- 
cuted abroad, 1655. 

Manno, S., burned in Smithfield 
for heresy, 1512. 

Manorbeer Castle, Pembroke- 
shire, built, 1088. 

Manners, a satirical poem, cen- 
sured by the House of Peers, Nov. 
9, 1738. 

Mansion House of London, pro- 
jected June 1735 ; begun March 
4, 1737 ; first stone laid, Oct. 29, 
1739, on the site of Stock's Market ; 
completed to be habitable, 1752 ; 
cost £42,638:18:8; ordered that 
£4000 be laid out in furniture for it, 
July 21, 1752 ; finished 1755, at a 
cost of £5020, raised by fines for 
sheriffs. 

Mantua, Italy, independent until 
1703, when seized byAustria ; one of 
the strongest cities in Europe ; sur- 
rendered to Bonaparte, Jan. 7, 1797 ; 
taken by the Russians and Austri- 
ans, July 30, 1799 ; taken again by 
the French, 1800 ; given up to the 
Austrians, 1814. 

Manuden Hall, Essex, destroyed 
by fire, April 25, 1816. 

Manufactures of England at the 
close of last century, computed at 
eighty-two millions ; of Great Bri- 
tain and Ireland, at eighty-nine 
millions ; in England, quantity of, 
produced in 1810 ; Woollen, 
£17,250,000 ; Leather, £10,500,000 ; 
Cotton, £11,000,000 ; Silk, 

£2,700,000; Linen, £3,000,000; 
Hemp, £1,600,000; Paper, 

£900,000; Glass, £1500,000; Earth- 
enware and porcelain, £2,000,000; 
Iron, tin, and lead, £10,000,000; 
Copper and brass, £3,600,000; 
Steel, plating, hardware, and toy 
trade, £4,000,000; other manu- 
factures, £5,300,000; the number 
tof males employed in Great Britain 



of 20 years of age, and upwards, 
was 400,317 in 1831. 

Manufacturing population en- 
gaged in the working and manu - 
facture of metals between 1840 and 
1850 in England and Wales, 32,123 ; 
in Scotland, 4099 ; total, 36,222. 

Manuscript of Ariosto, called 
"Rinaldo Ardito,*' discovered 1846, 
in a village of the Ferrarese ; this 
poem was composed in 1525, nine 
years after the first edition of the 
Orlando Furioso ; the author's 
death, 1533. 

Map of England, the first, 1520, 
by George Lilly. 

Maps and Charts first brought 
to England by Bartholomew Colum- 
bus, 1489 ; Mercator's charts pro- 
jected, 1556; one of the moon's 
surface first drawn at Dantzig, 
1647: maps were invented by 
Anaximander, 600 b. c, number 
published in France, in 1852, of 
maps and charts, was 171. 

Mar, Earl of, retired from court, 
1715 ; proclaimed the Pretender, 
Sept. 1715 ; attainted with Murray, 
1715 ; seized at Geneva, 1719 ; 
released, June 2, 1 720. 

Marat assassinated by Charlotte 
Corday, July 13, 1793. 

Marble, art of staining, discover- 
ed about 1684 : green, resembling 
verde antique, found in Ireland, in 
the western part, 1823. 

Marceluus, Theatre of, at Rome, 
built, 80. 

Marches in Wales and Scotland, 
the country lying on the borders, 
lawless ravages committed in the 
frontiers in the fourteenth century : 
the lords of the marches were noble- 
men who lived in the borders, and 
were continually involved in petty 
feuds ; the banditti at their heels 
were called mosstroopers in Scotland; 
one of them boasted of having mur- 
dered seven Englishmen, and rav- 
ished 40 women : these lordships 
were abolished by statute, in 1535 
and 1547. 

March, Lord, afterwards Duke 
of Queensberry, wagered that he 
would produce a carriage and four 



MAR 



406 



MAR 



that should be driven at New- 
Market, 20 miles within the hour ; 
he won, Aug. 29, 1750. 

Marcionites, followers of one 
Marcion, who founded the sect ; 
they differed little from the Mani- 
chees, but preceded them, 140 a. ». 
See Manicheans. 

Marcros, Glamorgansh., cliff at, 
fell, and threw down 300,000 tons of 
limestone on the beach, Aug. 1833. 

Mardyke, taken by the English 
and French, Sept. 1657. 

Marischal College, Aberdeen, 
founded, 1593. 

Marengo, Battle of, won by 
Bonaparte from the Austrians, 
after carrying his army over the 
summit of the Alps ; the arrival of 
Desaix, who fell, turned the tide 
of fortune ; the Austrians lost 6000 
killed, 12,000 prisoners, and 45 
pieces of cannon ; the killed on the 
victor's side were fully equal to the 
Austrian loss ; June 14, 1800 ; 
twelve fortified places rewarded 
the victor, and he became master of 
all Italy. 

Marignan, Battle of, between the 
Swiss and French, near, Sept, 13, 
1515 ; the Swiss Avere defeated, 
with the loss of their bravest 
troops. 

Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, 
daughter of the Duke of Clarence, 
brother of Edward IV., beheaded, 
May 27, 1541, aged 70, by the 
sanguinary tyrant Henry VIII. 

Margaret, ship, of Londonderry, 
wrecked in Cullean Bay, with 23 
persons passengers, Jan. 10, 1815. 

Margate, Hoy, wrecked on the 
Reculver Sand, and many lives 
lost, Feb. 7, 1802; a Margate 
steam packet burned off Whitstable, 
but the crew saved, July 2, 1817. 

Margaritone, of Arezzo, invent- 
ed the art of gilding with leaf gold 
and bole armoniac, 1275. 

Maria, ship so called, wrecked on 
the Happisbury Rock, and all on 
board perished, Aug. 31, 1816. 

Maria Del Fiore, church of, at 
Florence, begun, 450. 

Maria Louisa, of Austria, con- 



sort of Napoleon, received the 
states of Parma, Placentia, and 
Guastella, under the treaty of 
Fontainebleau, April 5, 1814. 

Maria Theresa, order of, institu- 
ted in Spain, 1792. 

Marienburgh, in Prussia, found- 
ed by the Teutonic knights, 1231. 

Marigalente, island of, discov- 
ered, 1493. 

Marine Hospital, at Brest, burnt 
with 50 galley slaves, and a great 
number of sick, Dec. 1, 1776. 

Marine Society of London, 
established, 1756; W. Hicks left 
it £300 per annum, 1763; the 
house in Bishopsgate, begun April 
30,1773. 

Marine Soldiery, serving either 
afloat or on shore ; a corps with this 
name appeared in 1684; greatly 
extended in 1760, amounting to 
9138 men at that time : in 1815, it 
reached to 35,668 officers and men. 
Mariner's Compass, long known 
to the Chinese — See Magnetic 
power. 

Marise, a nobleman's son, hanged 
and quartered for piracy 1241. 

Mark, St., the evangelist, suppos- 
ed to have written his gospel, 44 ;. 
his festival celebrated, 1090. 

Mark's, St., palace at Venice, 
built, 450; the church at, 826; 
order of, begun, 830, and revived, 
1562. 

Mark, a silver coin once current 
in England, value 13s. 4d. 

Marlborough, John Churchill, 
Earl of, joined the Dutch army in 
Germany, 1690 ; took Cork and 
Kinsale, 1690 ; returned from Ire- 
land, Oct. 28, 1690; deprived of 
all his offices, and forbid the court, 
Jan. 1692 ; made governor to the 
Duke of Gloucester, June 18, 1698 ; 
general of foot and commander-in- 
chief in Holland, June 1, 1701 ; 
declared captain-general of the 
forces, March 15, 1701 ; took Van- 
loo and other places, Sept. 1701 ; 
taken prisoner by the French troops, 
Nov. 5, 1702; returned home, and 
had the thanks of the Lords and 
Commons, Nov. 28, 1702 ; created a 



MAR 



407 



MAR 



duke, with a pension of £5000 per 
annum, Dec. 10, 1702 ; lost his son, 
Feb. 20, 1702; took Bonn, April 
6, 1703 ; defeated the French and 
Bavarians, July 2, 1704 : ravaged 
Bavaria, 1704; defeated the French 
and Bavarians at Hockstet, or Blen- 
heim, Aug. 5, 1704 ; made a prince 
of the empii*e, Aug. 2, 1704 ; visited 
Hanover, Dec. 1, 1704; returned 
home with Count Tallard, and the 
prisoners of quality and colours 
taken at Blenheim, Dec. 14, 1704 ; 
dined with the city of London, Jan. 
6, 1705; the manor of Woodstock 
and Wootton settled upon him, 
March 14, 1705 ; visited Vienna, 
created prince of Mindelheim, Nov. 
12, 1705; defeated the French at 
Ramilies, May 12, 1706; reduced 
Menin and Dendermonde, Aug. 
1706; arrived in London, and 
thanked by the parliament, Nov. 
1706 ; Blenheim built for him at 
the public expense, and£5000 settled 
on his family, Jan. 1707 ; had an 
interview with Charles XII. of 
Sweden, April 30, 1707; defeated 
the French at Oudenarde, and levied 
contributions in Artois and Picardv, 
July 1708; reduced Ghent,Dec. 1708; 
arrived in England in disgust, Dec. 
28, 1710; took up to the queen the 
surrender of his duchess's places, 
Jan. 19, 1711; accused by his 
enemies of converting the public 
money to his own uses, Dec. 30, 
1711 ; challenged Lord Paulett, 
Jan. 1713; retired to the Conti- 
nent, but returned, Aug. 1, 1714; 
entered London triumphantly, Aug. 
14, 1714; seized with a paralytic 
fit, May 16, 1716 ; died, June 16, 
1722 ; buried with great pomp, 
Aug. 9, 1722; his duchess died, 
Oct. 18, 1744. 

Marlborough, Statutes of, pass- 
ed at the castle of that town, 51 
Henry III. 1267. 

Marlow, Christopher, killed by a 
rival, 1593. 

Marque, Letters of, papers grant- 
ing authority to the subjects of a 
government to capture and destroy 
the vessels of any state with which 



it may be at war ; the privateer's 
licence first issued, 1295. 

Marquis, the title of, first given 
to Vere, Earl of Oxford, as Mar- 
quis of Dublin, 1386. 

Marriage in Ireland, statements 
of, in 9 months of 1845, 1846, 1847, 
1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, in all 60,062, 
or in the following years respec- 
tively, 6114, 9344, 6943, 9048, 9493, 
9781, 9339, but this only includes 
the marriages of Protestants and 
Jews. 

Marriages in Lent were forbid- 
den, 354 ; first forbidden to priests, 
1015 ; a vow of celibacy extorted 
from, 1073 ; first celebrated in 
churches 1226; forbidden to bishops, 
692; taxed, 1695, 1784; of the royal 
family restrained by act of parlia- 
ment, under George III., because he 
disapproved of his brother's consort, 
1772 ; regulated by canon law 
before 1754; still so governed in. 
Scotland ; all marriages void, ex- 
cept those of Quakers and Jews, 
after 1754, by the act of that year, 
unless celebrated in an Episcopal 
church ; Roman Catholic marriages 
in Ireland and Scotland made valid, 
July 1834, as well as of other min- 
isters not of the Chui-ch of Scotland ; 
certain degrees of kindred, marriage 
with, rendered valid, 1835; new mar- 
riage act passed, Aug. 1836; marriage 
registration act, June 30, 1837 ; 
amendment of, Aug. 7, 1840 ; mar- 
riages may now be celebrated in all 
Dissenting places of worship that 
are licensed for the purpose, as well 
as in the parish church, or they may 
be concluded with the same legality 
before the registrar of the district, 
without any religious form at all ; 
marriages were solemnised before a 
justice of the peace, under an act of 
parliament in 1653 ; in France they 
are solemnised before the prefect of 
the department or a sub-prefect; 
but the Catholics repeat the cere- 
mony afterwards before a priest ; in 
Scotland, marriage is also a civil 
act. 

Marriages, number of, registered 
in England, 1750, 40,000; 1800, 



MAE 



408 



MAR 



73,228; 1820, 96,883; 1830, 
103,437; 1840, 121,743; 1848, 
138,230; of 138,230 marriages, 
43,166 men and 62,771 could not 
write ; in 1848, 5920 were between 
bachelors and widows ; 12,702 
between widowers and spinsters; 
6324 between widowers and widows; 
and not of age, 6091 men, and 
19,336 women. 

Marriages in France, 1820, 
208,893; 1825, 243,674; 1830, 
259,177; in Paris, in 7754 marriages 
there are joined together 6456 
bachelors and maids ; widowers and 
maids, 708 ; bachelors and widows, 
368 ; widowers and widows, 222. 

Marriages to population in Eng- 
land, 1841, were 1 to 130; 1839 
and 1840, gave 1 to 127. There are 
married on a mean of 3 years in 
England proportion all}'', 25,174 in 
winter; 31,559 in spring; 29,502 in 
summer, and 36,542 in autumn. 

Marriages, Fleet ; from 1682 to 
1754, one of the abuses existing in 
London prior to 1754, was the 
solemnisation of marriage by regu- 
larly ordained clergymen within 
the Fleet or its rules, generally con- 
fined for debt ; ruinous marriages 
practised by a set of drunken swear- 
ing parsons, with their myrmidons, 
pretending to be clerks and regis- 
ters to the Fleet, plying about Lud- 
gate Hill, pulling and forcing peo- 
ple to some peddling alehouse or 
brandy shop to be married, even on 
Sunday, stopping them as they went 
to church. These abuses were re- 
medied by Lord Hardwicke's mar- 
riage act in 1754, but not until 
many noble families had suffered 
under the inconvenience of a Fleet 
marriage. 

Marriage of the left hand, or 
"wives of the second order," cus- 
tomary in Gascony, 1590 ; this kind 
of union was legitimate among the 
Romans. 

Marriages, Double, forbidden as 
polygamy in the more civilised 
countries ; the most remarkable in- 
stance of modern times is that 
where the pope, Gregory IV., 1237, 



permitted it to Count Gleichen 
under very singular circumstances. 

Marriages, Forced, made penal, 
1487 ; such persons as were guilty T 
denied benefit of clergy, 1596; made 
a transportable offence, 1820 ; Gib- 
bon Wakefield found guilty of 
felonious abduction at Lancaster, 
Mar. 24, 1827. 

Marriage, proclamation of the 
Queen of Scots with Darnley, July 
21, 1565— "The quhilk day Johne 
Brand, mynister, presentit to the 
Kirk ane writting, written by the 
Justice-Clerk hand, desyring the 
Kirk of the Canogait, and mynister 
thereof, to proclaim Harie Duk of 
Albaynie, Erie of Rois, &c, on the 
one part ; and Marie, be the Grace 
of God, Queene, Soverane of this 
Realme, on uther part : The quhilk 
the Kirk ordinis the mynister to do, 
with invocation of the name of 
God." 

Marseilles sacked by the Sara- 
cens, 473 ; became a republic, 1214 ; 
subject to the Counts of Provence, 
1251 ; united again to France, 1482 ; 
plague at, 1649; return of, with 
dreadful violence, 1720, when 50,000 
of the inhabitants died. 

Marshals of London, whose duty 
it is to clear the city of beggars, 
and to send the sick to the hospi- 
tals, 1567. 

Marshal, a military rank in 
England, first conferred upon John 
Duke of Argyle, and the Earl of 
Orkney, 1736 ; the King of the Bel- 
gians and Prince Albert of Saxe- 
Coburg, are field-marshals in the 
British army ; the only subject a 
field -marshal, the Marquis of An- 
glesey ; three only in 1853. There 
were 21 marshals of France under 
the empire, but these all won the 
honour by hard service with the 
sword : — 

Augereau, Duke de Castiglione. 
Bessieres, Duke dTstria. 
Kellerman, Duke of Valmy. 
Lannes, Duke cle Montebello. 
Junot, Duke d'Abrantes. 
Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte Corv. 
Berthier, Prince de Neufchatel. 



MAR 



409 



MAS 



Davoust, Prince of Eckmuhl, Duke 

d'Auertadt. 
Lefebvre, Duke de Dantzick. 
Suchet, Duke d'Albufera. 
Murat, King of Naples. 
Soult, Duke of Dalmatia. 
Victor, Duke de JBellimo. 
Marmont, Duke de Ragusa. 
M 'Don aid, Duke de Toronto. 
Ney, Prince of Moskwa, and Duke 

d'Elchingen. 
Oudinot, Duke de Reggio. 
Massena, Prince d'Essling, and 

Duke de Rivoli. 
Moncey, Duke de Conegliano. 
Mortier, Duke de Treviso. 
Jourdan, a French peer. 
The marshals of Prance first insti- 
tuted in 1436; abolished, 1791; 
revived by Napoleon. 

Marshalsea Court, an ancient 
court, connected with the palace in 
1665 ; for debtors and misdemean- 
ants ; discontinued, Dec. 31, 1849. 

Marshalsea Prison, a confined 
debtor died there of want, named 
Thomas Culver, Jan. 7, 1811. This 
prison fell in on the 16th May, 1802, 
but no lives were lost. 

Marsh Parm, Herts, a fire broke 
out at a cottage near, and the flames 
communicating, sixty head of cattle 
were destroyed in a long range of 
buildings near, Dec. 12, 1816. 

Martial Law proclaimed in Ire- 
land, July 26, 1803. 

Martin, St., festival of, insti- 
tuted, 812. 

Martin, St. Martin-in-the-Pields, 
Westminster, built, 1726; cele- 
brated for its fine portico. 

Martin, St., church of Canter- 
bury, built, by report, in 182. 

Martinico, nearly destroyed by 
an earthquake, Sept. 12, 1756. 

Martyrs, Order of Knighthood 
of, in Palestine, began, 1319. 

Mary de Medicis, Queen Mother 
of France, visited England, 1638. 

Maryland, State of, United States 
of North America, colonized by 
Lord Baltimore, 1633; the settlers 
being principally Roman Catholics, 
who have an archbishop still in 
this State; it contains 13,959 



square miles, is divided into 20 
counties, and had a population, in 
1840, of 496,232, of which number 
89,495 were slaves. 

Maryleeonne, a parish of the 
metropolis, vulgarly Marylebone : 
the masculine article was used often 
in the old French where the feminine 
is now placed : till recently a parish 
of small population, now one of the 
richest and most numerously popu- 
lated in Middlesex, containing 
287,455 souls, 1841; new church 
of, built 1817 ; Regent's Park in, 
1822; Zoological Gardens in, 1825; 
Coliseum erected in, 1828 ; the 
parish made a borough, 1832. 

Mary, St., the glorious order of 
knighthood, began in Italy, 1233 ; 
at Rome, 1618. 

Mary, St. de Merced, order of 
knighthood, began in Spain, 1218. 

Mary, St. Abbey of, in York, 
began 1088. 

Mary, St., Priory of, Thetford, 
built 1104; old house built 1075. 

Mary, Queen of Scots, fled to 
England, May 16, 1568 ; beheaded 
Feb. 8, 1589; aged 44. 

Mass first introduced in Latin, 
394; used in England first, 680; 
elevation of the host and prostra- 
tion, 1201. 

Massachusetts, one of the United 
States in the East, containing 7500 
square miles, and a population of 
737,699 ; first settled by the Puri- 
tans from England, at Plymouth, 
in December, 1620 ; Salem and 
Charlestown, 1628; Boston, the 
capital, 1630; these settlements 
were consolidated, 1692 ; the whole 
adopted the constitution of the 
United States, Feb. 6, 1788. 

Massacres, Noted :■ — At the de- 
struction of Jerusalem, 1,100,000 
Jews put to the sword, a.d. 70 ; the 
Jews, headed by Andrse, put to 
death 100,000 Greeks and Romans, 
at Cyrene, a.d. 115 ; Cassias, under 
the Emperor M. Aurelius, put to 
death 400,000 of the inhabitants of 
Seleucia, a.d. 167 ; at Alexandria, 
thousands of citizens massacred, by 
an order of Antoninus, a.d. 213; 



MAS 



410 



MAS 



the emperor Probus put to death 
700,000 of the inhabitants of Gaul, 
a.d. 277; of eighty Christian 
fathers, by order of the Emperor 
Gratian, at Nicomedia, put into a 
ship, set on fire and then driven out 
to sea, a.d. 370; Thessalonica, 
when 7000 persons, invited into the 
circus, were put to the sword by 
Theodosius, a.d. 390 ; in England, 
300 nobles by Hengist, 475; Beli- 
sarius put to death above 30,000 
citizens of Constantinople for a 
revolt, to which they were impelled 
by the tyranny and exactions of 
two rapacious ministers set over 
them, a.d. 552; of the monks of 
Bangor, 1200 in number, by Ethel- 
frid, King of North Cumberland, 
580 ; of the Danes in the southern 
counties of England, in the night 
of Nov. 13, 1002, and the 23 Ethel- 
red II ; at London it was most 
bloody, the churches being no sanc- 
tuary ; amongst others was Gunilda, 
sister of Swein, King of Denmark, 
left in hostage for the performance 
of a treaty newly concluded ; of the 
Normans at Durham, 1069 ; of the 
Jews in England. Some few press- 
ing into Westminster Hall at 
Richard I.'s coronation, were put to 
death by the people, and a false 
alarm being given that the king 
had ordered a general massacre of 
them, the people in many parts of 
England, from an aversion to them, 
slew all they met; in York, 500 
who had taken shelter in the castle, 
killed themselves rather than fall 
into the hands of the multitude, a.d. 
1189 ; of the Bristol colonists, at 
Cullen's Wood, Ireland, a.d. 1209 ; 
of the Latins at Constantinople, by 
Andronicus, a.d. 1184 ; of the Albi- 
genses and Waldenses, commenced 
at Toulouse, a.d. 1209 : thousands 
perished by means of the sword and 
gibbet ; the Sicilians massacred the 
French throughout the whole 
island of Sicily, without distinction 
of sex or age, on Easter-day, the 
first bell for vespers being the sig- 
nal ; this horrid affair is known in 
history by the name of the Sicilian 



vespers, a.d. 1282 ; a general mas ■ 
sacre of the Jews at Verdun by the 
peasants, who, from a pretended 
prophecy, conceived the Holy Land 
was to be recovered from the infidels 
by them; 500 of the Jews took 
shelter in a castle, and defended 
themselves to the last extremity, 
when, for want of weapons, they 
threw their children at the enemy, 
and then killed each other, a.d. 
1317; at Paris, several thousand 
persons at the instance of John, 
Duke of Burgundy, a.d. 1418; of 
the Swedish nobility at a feast, by 
order of Christian II., a.d. 1520 ; 
70,000 Huguenots, throughout the 
kingdom of France, attended with 
circumstances of horrid treachery 
and cruelty ; it began at Paris in 
the night of the festival of St. 
Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 1572, by 
secret orders from Charles IX., 
king of France, at the instigation 
of the Queen-Dowager, Catherine 
de Medicis, his mother ; styled the 
massacre of St. Bartholomew; of 
the Christians in Croatia, by the 
Turks, when 65,000 were slain, a.d. 
1592 ; of the English by the Dutch, 
at Amboyna, 1623, in order to 
obtain the whole of the Spice 
Islands ; in Ireland, during O'Neil's 
rebellion, Oct. 23, 1641, upwards of 
30,000 British were killed in the 
commencement of this rebellion ; in 
the first two or three days of it, 
forty or fifty thousand of the Pro- 
testants were destroyed, and before 
the rebellion was entirely suppressed 
154,000 Protestants were massacred ; 
of the unoffending Macdonalds of 
Glencoe, May 9, 1691 ; of 184 men, 
women, and children, chiefly Pro- 

j testants, burnt, shot, or pierced to 
death by pikes, perpetrated by the 
insurgent Irish, at the barn of 
Scullabogue in Ireland, in 1798; 
of Protestants at Th&rn, put to 
death under a pretended legal sen- 
tence of the Chancellor of Poland, 
for being concerned in a tumult 
occasioned by a Roman Catholic 
procession, a.d. 1724; at Batavia, 

! 12,000 Chinese were massacred by 



MAS 



411 



MAY 



the Dutch, Oct. 1740, under the pre- 
text of an intended insurrection ; at 
the taking of Ismael by the Russians, 
30,000 old and young, male and 
female, were slain, Dec. 1790 ; in 
Paris during the reign of Robes- 
pierre, at the prisons, 1793-4, several 
thousands by a ferocious mob ; in 
St. Domingo, where Dessalines 
made proclamation for the massacre 
of all the whites, March 29, 1804, 
and many thousands perished at 
Algiers, March 10, 1806 ; insurrec- 
tion at Madrid, and massacre of the 
French, May 2, 1808 ; of the Ma- 
melukes, in the citadel of Cairo, 
March 1, 1811 ; at Nismes, perpe- 
trated by the Catholics, May, 1815; 
massacre of vast numbers of the 
inhabitants of Cadiz, by the soldiery, 
whose ferocious disorders continued 
for some days, March 6, 1820. 

Masks, muffs, fans, and false 
hair, used by the female sex ; in- 
troduced into France from Italy, 
and from thence brought to Eng- 
land, 1572. 

Masquerades became the fashion 
in the court of Edward III., 1340 ; 
common in the time of Charles I. ; 
preached against by the clergy, 
1723 ; nourished under George III. 
at Ranelagh, the Pantheon, and 
other places, 25 guineas being 
paid for a ticket at the former place, 
between 1770 and 1780, though in 
violation of the laws, being favoured 
by the fashionable world. 

Masquerades, the first in Scot- 
land, Friday, Jan. 15, 1773. 

Masso, Finiguerra, invented cop- 
perplate engraving, 1450. 

Master of the Ceremonies in the 
courts of Europe, instituted, for the 
reception of ambassadors and other 
distinguished persons, in England, 
by James I., 1603. 

Master in Chancery, an officer 
to whom references were first made 
in 1588, to compensate the igno- 
rance of Lord Chancellor Hatton ; 
continued until the changes in the 
Court of Chancery, when the office 
was modified, 1851 ; embezzled the 
effects of suitors, 1725. 



Mathews and Lestock, suffered 
the French and Spanish fleets to 
escape, 1746; Mathews dismissed 
the service, 1746. 

Matins, the first early services of 
the Catholic Church, or morning 
prayers ; the French style the mas- 
sacre of St. Bartholomew the 
"French Matins," Aug. 24, 1572, 
perhaps in contrast to the " Sicilian 
vespers," the term for the massacre 
of the French in Sicily, in 1282 ; 
thus the massacre of Prince Deme- 
trius, and the Poles in Moscow, 
1600, is styled the "Moscow 
Matins." 

Matthias, feast of, instituted, 
1091. 

Matthew, St., supposed to have 
written his gospel about Q5 ; festival 
of, 812. 

Matthews, a printer, hung for 
high treason, Oct. 30, 1719. 

Maundy Thursday, a custom by 
which the kings of England dis- 
pense alms to as many poor people 
as they are years old : begun by 
Edward III., at a jubilee given by 
him when he was fifty years of age, 
1363. 

Mauritius, or the Isle of France, 
discovered, 1500; settled by the 
Dutch, 1598 ; then by the French ; 
taken by the British, 1810 ; con- 
firmed to England by the treaty of 
Paris, 1814. 

Mauritius, Order of Knighthood 
in Savoy, began 1430, restored 
1572. 

Maximilian, the Emperor of 
Germany, enlisted as a subject; 
and captain under Henry VIII., 
1513. 

Maxtoke Priory, Warwickshire, 
built, 1337; the castle, 1346; 
burned, 1762. 

May Games in fashion down to 
1518 ; owing to riots of, suppressed 
soon after. 

May Fair suppressed, 1709; 
market opened, Jan. 4, 1749. 

Mayfield Place, Sussex, built, 
988. 

Maynooth College, founded by 
act of parliament, and endowed by 



ME A 



412 



ME A 



a yearly grant for its support, 1795; 
additional endowment of £26,000 
annually given 1845, with an addi- 
tional sum for the enlargement of 
the buildings. 

Mead, the library of the cele- 
brated Dr., sold for £5499, in 1755. 

Mazarin, Cardinal, died March 
9, 1661-2; the Duchess of, arrived 
in England, and had a pension of 
£4000 per annum, 1675. 

Meal Tub Plot, so denominated 
from the papers which developed 
it, being found in a meal tub, 1679 ; 
the plot was to accuse the notorious 
Gates of certain crimes, and to 
charge several great men, among 
whom were the Earls of Shaftsbury, 
Halifax, and Essex, with high 
treason : this plot was the work of 
one Dangerfield, who was punished 
by whipping, and forcing out one 
of his eyes, which caused his death. 



Measures and "Weights, the 
standard generally provided for all 
England by the sheriffs of London, 
1197 ; fixed for England a second 
time, 1257; equalized for all the 
United Kingdom, 1825; new act 
relating to, passed 1834. 

Measurement of Time by wax 
candles, three inches burning the 
hour, six candles twenty-four hours ; 
invented by Alfred the Great, 886 ; 
clocks and hour-glasses not being 
previously known in England. 

Meat first ordered to be sold by 
weight, 1532. 

Meat, prices of, 1782, mutton 
and veal sold at 2d. per ft> ; in 1710, 
the net weight of cattle in Smith- 
field 3701b ; calves 50ib ; sheep 28» ; 
according to Dr. Davenant, in 
1800, the net weight of cattle was 
7503b ; calves 1465) ; and sheep 801b ; 







Beef 


per stone. 




Mutton per 


stone. 




s. 


d. 


S. 


d. 


S. 


d. 


s. d. 


1801 


5 


8 


to 





6 


to 


5 4 


1802 


5 


0... 








5 


4 


...0 0' 


1803 


4 


8... 








5 





...0 


1804 


4 

4 


6... 
4... 


4 

4 


10 


4 


8 

6 


...5 


1805 


6.... 


4 


...4 4 


1806 


4 

4 

4 


8 


4 1< 


4 


10 



8 





1807 


8... 
6... 




5 





5 


...0 


1808 


0. 


4 


...5 


1809 


5 


0... 


5 


8 


5 





...5 4 


1810 





8... 


5 


8 


5 


4 


...5 8 


1811 


5 


8... 


5 


8 


5 


8 


...0 


1812 


6 


0... 








6 





...0 


1813 


6 


4... 








6 


4 


...0 


1814 


6 


4... 


5 


8 


7 





...6 


1815 


5 


4... 


4 


6 


5 


4 


...4 8 


1816 


4 

3 


0... 

8... 










4 


8 

8 


. 


1817 





4 


...4 


1818 


4 


4... 








4 


8 


...5 o 


1819 


4 10... 

4 10... 




4 





5 


8 





1820 


6 


5 


4 


...0 


1821 


4 0... 

2 10... 


3 

,...2 


8 


4 


8 

4 


4 


1822 


6 


3 


...3 6 


1823 


2 

3 


6... 
4... 


3 




4 


3 


6 


..3 8 


1824 





3 


8 


...0 


1825 


4 


0... 


4 


4. 


4 


8 


...0 


1826 


4 

4 

3 


0... 
0... 

8 .. 












4 


8 

4 




...4 4 


1827 





4 


...0 


1828 





4 


...0 


1829 


3 


6... 


3 


4 


3 10 


...4 



MEC 



413 



MED 



Beef per stone. 

s. d. s. d. 

1830 2 8 3 

1831 3 4 

1832 3 4 3 

1833 3 4 

1834 3 

1835 2 10 3 2 

1836 3 6 3 4 

1837 3 4 

1838 3 3 4 

1839 3 4 3 8 

1840 3 4 3 8 

1841 4 3 8 

1842 3 4 3 

1843 2 8 3 

1844 2 8 

1845 2 8 3 4 

1846 3 8 3 4 

1847 3 8 3 10 

1848 4 3 4 

1849 3 

1850 3 2 



Mutton per stone. 

s. d. s. d. 

3 2 3 6 

4 2 

4 2 3 10 

3 10 4 2 

3 10 3 6 

3 3 4 

3 8 3 10 

3 10 4 2 

3 6 3 10 

3 10 

3 8 4 

4 4 4 

3 8 3 4 

3 3 4 

3 3 4 

3 4 4 

4 4 4 

4 4 4 6 

4 8 4 

3 8 

3 3 4 2 



Meath, Bishopric of, instituted 
1151. 

Mechanical Arts said to be car- 
ried to greater perfection in Eng- 
land than in Gaul, 298. 

Mechanics' Institutes formed in 
London and Glasgow, 1823 ; at 
Lancaster, with apprentices' library, 
1823 ; since then, multiplied all over 
the kingdom. 

Mechanical Powers, the six 
simple, the inventors unknown, but 
a water-mill is said to have been 
erected on the river Tiber, at Rome, 
50 ; floating mills on the Tiber, a.d. 
536 ; tide-mills were, many of them, 
in use in Venice, about 1078 ; wind- 
mills in general use in the twelfth 
century ; saw-mills in use at Augs- 
burg, 1332 ; the theory of the in- 
clined plane investigated by Cardan, 
a. d. 1540 ; work on statics, by 
Stevinus, 1586 ; theory of falling- 
bodies, Galileo, 1638; theory of 
oscillation, Huvgens, 1647 ; laws of 
collision, Wallis, Wren, 1662; 
epicycloiclal form of the teeth of 
wheels, Roemer, 1675; percussion 
and animal mechanics, Borelli, 
1679 ; application of mechanics to 
astronomy, parallelogism of forces, 



laws of motion, Newton, 1679 ; 
problem of the catenary with the 
analysis, Gregory, 1697; spirit 
level and other inventions, by 
Hooke, from 1660 to 1702. 

Mechanical Workmen, 1846, ex- 
pense of, in towns, taking a family 
as 5p persons, average 18s. Id. 

Mecklenbtjroh, Duke of, depos- 
ed by the Emperor, May 27, 1828 ; 
duchy of, possessed by the Hanove- 
rians, 1729 ; taken possession of by 
Prussians, Oct. 13, 1760. 

Medals first granted in England, 
by the Commonwealth, to the naval 
heroes, Blake, Penn, Monk, and 
Lawson, with their officers and men, 
who gained the victory over the 
Dutch, 1653 ; in 1692, moneys were 
provided from the proceeds of prizes 
for naval rewards ; a medal was 
struck, subsequently to Lord 
Howe's action of 1794, to reward 
the naval men engaged in that 
action. 

Medicinal Simples, from the East, 
first brought into Europe, 1200. 

Medicines, Duties on, commenced 
1783 ; increased 1804. 

Medina, in Arabia : the tomb of 
Mahomet, placed in this city, is 



MEN 



414 



MER 



surrounded with numerous lamps, 
and called the city of the prophet, 
because he was protected here when 
he fled from Mecca, July 16, 622 ; 
whence the Hegira or " flight." 

Meetings held in England in 
numerous places to petition against 
concessions to the Catholics, Nov. 
1828. 

Melbourne Administration dis- 
missed, Nov. 14, 1834 ; Sir Eobert 
Peel succeeded as premier, till 
April, 1835, when Lord Melbourne 
returned to power until Aug. 30, 
1841, and was again succeeded by 
Sir Robert Peel. 

Melcombe Regis, Dorset, char- 
tered by James I., 1610. 

Mellfont Abbey, Ireland, found- 
ed by O'Carroll, prince of Orgial, 
1142. 

Melons aud Cucumbers, common 
in the 13th century. Temp. Ed- 
ward III., dropped out of cultiva- 
tion, until the reign of Henry VIII., 
the wars of York and Lancaster 
arresting horticulture. 

Melville, Lord, impeached by 
the House of Commons, April 29, 
for applying the interest of public 
moneys in his hands to private 
purchases ; acquitted by the peers, 
June 12, 1806. 

Melville Transport wrecked near 
the harbour of Kinsale, Ireland, 
when eleven persons were drowned, 
Jan. 31, 1816. 

Mendicant Eriars, several religi - 
ous orders that commenced craving 
alms in the 13th century they were 
at last confined by Pope Gregory 
X., 1272, to the Dominican, Fran- 
ciscan, Carmelite, and Augustine 
orders, from which the Capuchins 
and others were offshoots ; mendi- 
cant friars in Ireland were forbidden 
by the Pope, Nov. 1750. 

Menai Strait, between Carnar- 
vonshire and Anglesey, crossed by 
the Romans to annihilate the 
Druids, 59 ; a ferry-boat lost in, 
containing fifty persons, Dec. 4, 
1785 ; suspension bridge over, be- 
gun, 1818, and completed 1825, 
a • hundred feet above the level of 



spring tides, and 560 feet from the 
points of suspension, with two car- 
riage ways, and a footpath in the 
centre ; tubular bridge over, called 
the Britannia, completed March ^5, 
1850 ; two lines of tubes, each a 
quarter of a mile in length, support- 
ed only at the ends by a tower 200 
feet high, erected in the middle of 
the strait, through which tubes the 
railway carriages pass. 

Mennonites, a sect which insisted 
that Christ did not partake of the 
nature of his mother, from Menno, 
who promulgated the doctrine, 1645. 

Mentz, in Germany, taken by the 
imperialists, Sept. 6, 1689; contri- 
butions on, levied by the Erench, 
1707. 

Mercator's Charts invented 1556, 
of which attempts have been made 
to rob him of the credit. 

Merchant, the name given to the 
higher class of traders ; those of 
London and Amsterdam have been 
long noted ; the aristocracy in the 
reign of Anne attempted to exclude 
them from the House of Commons 
in 1711, but could not succeed. 

Merchant Adventurers establish- 
ed by the Duke of Brabant in 1296 ; 
extended to England by Edward 
III., and made a corporation, 1564. 

Merchant Tailors, one of the city 
of London companies, established 
or incorporated 1466; they took 
the name of merchant tailors from 
the entrance of Henry VII. into 
their company ; school of, founded, 
1561. 

Mercia, kingdom of, formed 584, 
ended 828. 

Mercury, the planet so called, 
traversed the sun's disc, visibly with 
the naked eye from 12 to 2 o'clock, 
at London, Nov. 25, 1769. 

Mercury, the metal well known 
to the ancients ; Carniola mines of, 
discovered, 1497 ; an ti- venereal vir- 
tues of, found out by Carpus, 1522; 
given to persons who had under- 
gone inoculation, as calomel, 1 745 ; 
discovered to be malleable by M. 
Orbelin, 1785; first congealed by 
Pallas, 1772. 



ME S 



415 



MET 



Mercy, Order of, erected in France 
to release Christian captives from 
slavery, 1198 ; formed into a regu- 
lar society, 1218. 

Merida, in Estremadura, Spain, 
taken by the French, Jan. 1811 ; 
French defeated near, by Lord Hill, 
Oct. 28, 1811 ; taken by the Eng- 
lish, Jan. 1812. 

Merioneth, archdeaconry of, 
erected, 1280. 

f Merit, Order of, a military Prus- 
sian order of knighthood founded, 
1730. 

Merlin, a bard or prophet, said 
to have lived about 477. 

Merrot village, near Crewkerne, 
nearly all destroyed by fire, April 
16, 1811. 

Merry Andrew, the name aris- 
ing from Andrew Borde, a droll 
physician, who used to harangue 
the market people, 1547. 

Merton College, Oxford, founded, 
1274 ; priory founded, 1117. 

Merton, Parliament of, held at 
Merton in Surrey, in the priory or 
abbey, under Henry III., when the 
statutes called the provisions of Mer- 
ton were enacted, 1236. 

Merthtr Tydvill, South Wales, 
disturbances at, ending in the loss 
of several lives, June 3, 1831 ; made 
a borough 1832. 

Mervyn, Lord, convicted of a 
nameless crime and rape, and hang- 
ed, May 1631. 

Mesmerism, so named from F. A. 
Mesmer, who promulgated his no- 
tions in 1766, reviving the old ab- 
surdity of planetary influences, &c. ; 
not meeting encouragement he en- 
tered Paris in 1778, where he gained 
proselytes and money, until the go- 
vernment appointed several scien- 
tific men to investigate his preten- 
sions, among them the celebrated Dr. 
Franklin, when they fully exposed 
the quackery and presumption of 
Mesmer in a paper which for a time 
set the doctrine of the empiric asleep, 
between 1780 and 1790 ; it has been 
recently revived, and by the credu- 
lous and ignorant has had, as with 
Mormonism and Southcotism in re- 



ligion, an accession of disciples, to 
whom the exploded theory was a 
novelty. 

Messalians, a sect that adhered 
to the verbal in place of the true 
sense of the scriptures, refusing to 
labour, because they Avere told not 
to work for the food which perishes, 
310. 

Messina, built 667 a.c. ; the Sa- 
racens took, 829 ; revolt of, 1672 ; 
destroyed by an earthquake 1692 ; 
taken by the Spaniards, Sept. 18, 
1718 ; by the imperialists, Oct. 19, 
1719 ; the plague destroyed a large 
part of the population in 1743 ; in- 
jured by an earthquake 1780 ; in 
March 1783, a large part destroyed 
by another earthquake ; occupied 
by the British forces from 1804 to 
1814. 

Metamorphists, a religious sect 
that appeared about 1450, promul- 
gating new theories about the body 
of Christ. 

Meteor, a surprising one seen, 
March 19, 1718. 

Meteoric Stones, or aerolites, sub- 
stances that fall occasionally from 
the atmosphere ; no satisfactory ac- 
count has been given where they 
are formed ; some of them have 
been in large masses. There is in 
the library of Colmar a stone which 
fell at Ensisheim in Alsace, 1492, 
which weighed 260 lb. In 1581, a 
stone 30 lb. weight fell in Thurin- 
gia, so hot that no person could 
touch it. In 1668, two stones, one 
300 lb. and the other 200 lb. weight, 
fell near Verona. In 1751, two 
masses of iron, of 71 lb. and 16 lb., 
fell in the district of Agram, the 
capital of Croatia ; the larger is in 
Vienna. Several specimens of me- 
teoric stones, which have fallen from 
the atmosphere at different times, 
are in the British Museum, as Avell 
as knives of the Esquimaux, which 
were brought home by Captain 
Boss, said to be made of meteoric 
iron. A sword, stated to have been 
made of meteoric iron, was present- 
ed to the Emperor Alexander. 
Philosophers have differed as to the 



MET 



416 



MET 



formation of these stones ; some 
have thought them rapidly formed 
by an unknown process in the at- 
mosphere ; others that they were 
projected from the volcanoes of the 
moon ; and a third class, that they 
are the fragments of a larger planet 
which formerly existed between 
Mars and Jupiter, and of which the 
four planets, Ceres, Pallas, Juno, 
and Vesta, are the remaining frag- 
ments. M. de la Grange thinks 
that they are ejected from the inte- 
rior of our globe by volcanoes, situ- 
ated in the polar regions, which 
produce, at the same time, the phe- 
nomena of the northern lights. 
The following are recorded to have 
happened since the commencement 
of the present century. A great 
fall took place at Aigle, April 26, 
1803 ; they were about three thou- 
sand in number, and the largest 
weighed about 17 lb. A stone fell 
near Eggenfelde in Bavaria, weigh- 
ing 3^ lb., Dec. 13 ; two stones fell 
at St."Etienne and Valence, one of 
them weighed 8 lb., Mar. 15, 1806 ; 
a stone weighing 2h, lb. fell near 
Basingstoke in Hampshire, May 17; 
a stone of 1601b. fell at Fimochin, 
in the province of Smolensko in 
Russia, March 13, 1807 (June 17, 
according to Lucas) ; a great shower 
of stones fell near Weston in Con- 
necticut ; masses of 20 lb., 25 lb., 
and 35 lb., were found, Dec. 1 ; 
stones weighing 4 lb. or 5 lb. fell 
near Stannern in Moravia, May 22, 
1808 ; stones, some of which weighed 
about 21b., fell in Caswel county, 
North America, Jan. 30, 1810; a 
great stone fell at Shahabad in In- 
dia, it burned five villages, and 
killed several men and women; a 
stone weighing 71 lb. fell in the 
county of Tipperary in Ireland, 
Aug. 10, 1810 ; stones fell at Mor- 
telle, Villerai, and Moulinbrule, in 
the department of Loiret, one of 
them weighed 40 lb. and the other 
30 lb., Nov. 23 ; a stone of 15 lb. 
fell in the village of Konglinbowsh, 
near Romea, in Russia, Mar. 12, or 
13, 1811 ; a shower of stones fell 



near Thoulouse, April, 10, 1812 ; 
a stone, the size of a child's head, 
fell at Erxleben, a specimen of it 
is in the possession of Professor 
Haussman of Brunswick, April 15 ; 
stones fell at Cutro in, Calabria, 
during a great fall of red dust, Mar. 
14, 1813'; a stone fell near Bucharest 
in Russia, Feb. 3, 1815; stones, 
some of which weighed 18 lb., fell in 
the vicinity of Agen, Sept. 5 ; there 
is reason to think that masses of 
stone fell in the Baltic after the 
great meteor of Gottenburgh, May 
2 and 3, 1817 ; a great stone appears 
to have fallen at Limoges, but it was 
not disinterred, Feb. 15, 1818; a 
stone of 7 lb. fell at the village of 
Slobodka, in Smolensko; it pene- 
trated nearly sixteen inches into 
the ground; it had a brown crust 
with metallic spots. The late 
Major Topham published a particu- 
lar account of a stone, which fell 
near his house, in the wolds of 
Yorkshire, that he found had pene- 
trated deeply into the earth, and 
was warm when taken up, 1798. 

Methodism began by the fol- 
lowers of Whitfield and Wesley in 
1739. 

Methodists, a sect, or sects, one 
part professing Calvinistic, the other 
Arminian doctrines; the founda- 
tion of the sect began at Oxford 
about 1729, and in 1734 John 
Wesley and George Whitfield be- 
gan to preach openly, wherever a 
congregation could be assembled to 
hear them, which was considered a 
scandal by the Church of England, 
in the pale of which they at first 
professed to instruct ; the Methodist 
missions commenced in 1769, and 
two were sent to North Ame- 
rica ; missions reduced to a sys- 
tem, and a society organised for 
their support, 1817 ; in 1767, the 
number of itinerant preachers was 
no more than 92, and the number 
of their societies, 25,911 ; in 1795, 
the number of their preachers was 
357, and the members, 83,368; at a 
later period, 1827 and 1828, their 
number was estimated at 211,887 



MEX 



417 



MID 



in England; 22,760 in Ireland; 
36,917 in foreign nations, exclu- 
sive of America, or in all 
about 700,000; their preachers in 
the American connexion, in 1827, 
were 1576 ; in foreign stations, 172 ; 
in Ireland, 145 ; in England, 829 ; 
total, 2722 ; since which they have 
increased considerably. In Eng- 
land and Wales they map into 296 
circuits,- and claim about one in 
fifty-six of the total population as 
members of their community; in 
1839, the methodists reckoned 3290 
ministers, and 740,459 members. 

Methodism in the United States 
of America : the Methodist Gene- 
ral Conference resolved in 1839 to 
send delegates to England in 1842, 
and one to Canada in 1841. During 
the four years ending Sept. 1840, 
515 ministers, and 89,781 church 
members, were added to this deno- 
mination. Since that account was 
made, the increase is ascertained 
to be 14,000, making the whole 
addition 103,781, according to 
transatlantic statements. 

Metens, James, of Antwerp, 
gave the first idea of telescopes, 
1611. 

Mettingham College and Castle, 
built in Suffolk, 1335. 

Mews, Charing Cross, Westmin- 
ster, built 1732, so called from the 
French mue, a cage for hawks, a 
proper appellative for the place at 
Charing Cross, where this aviary 
once existed ; but when its designa- 
tion was altered, and it became a 
receptacle for the " royal stud," no- 
thing could be more improper than 
the retention of the name. 

Mexico discovered, 1518 ; con- 
quered, and brutally ravaged by the 
Spaniards, 1521 ; mint established 
in, 1535 ; struggle for its indepen- 
dence, 1818; Iturbidemade emperor, 
May, 1822 ; a constitution pro- 
claimed by Vittoria, 1823 ; Iturbide 
shot, 1824 ; commercial treaty with 
England, April, 1825 ; the expul- 
sion of all Spaniards from, March, 
1829 ; the expedition from old 
Spain against, defeated, Sept. 26, 



1829 ; revolution in, and Guerrero 
deposed, Dec. 23, 1829 ; indepen- 
dence of, generally acknowledged, 
first by the European nations, and 
lastly by Brazil, June, 1830; war 
with the United States, June 4, 
1845; defeat of the Mexicans at 
Palo Alto, May 8, 1846 ; Santa Fe 
taken, Aug. 25 ; Monterey, Sept. 
1846; the Mexicans defeated, Feb. 
22, 1847; again, April 18, 1847; 
treaty between Mexico and the 
United States, May 19, 1848. 

Mezzotinto Engraving, invented 
by Colonel de Siegen, 1643, once 
attributed to Prince Rupert. 

Michael, St., Order of Knighthood 
begun in France, 1469 ; in Ger- 
many, 1618, and also in Naples. 

Michael, St., a Vale Castle, 
Guernsey, built, 1114; the church, 
1117. 

Michael, St., Mount, Cornwall 
monastery of, built, 1030. 

Michael, St., Mount, France, or 
Mont St. Michael, in the depart- 
ment of La Manche, 4 leagues S. W. S . 
from Avranches, monastery of, noAV 
a prison, erected, 966, by Richard 
II. Duke of Normandy ; completed 
by William I. of England, 1070. 

Michael, St., Festival of, first 
kept, Sept, 29, 487. 

Michaelmas, from the feast of St, 
Michael, the patron of the Catholic 
church, as being the reputed head 
of the angelic host, instituted, 487. 

Michaelham Priory, built, 1230, 

Micrometer, invented by Mr. 
Huygens, 1652. 

Microscopes first used in Ger- 
many, 1621 ; the invention claimed 
by Holland and Venice about the 
same time; with double glasses, 
invented by Torricelli, 1624 ; solar 
microscopes invented by Dr. Hooke, 
according to some, and to others by 
Liebeckuk, 1740 ; improved by Dr. 
Baker, 1763, and by Dollond. 

Middleham Castle, Yorkshire, 
built, 1190. 

Middleton, Dr., fined by the 
Court of King's Bench for some re- 
marks upon it, June 20, 1723. 

Middleton, Stony, Oxfordshire, 
2e 



MIL 



418 



M IL 



Earl Jersey's seat, burned, April 
29, 1755. 

Middlesex Hospital founded, 
1745 : began erecting, May 15, 
1755; enlarged, 1834. 

Middleton Abbey, Dorset, built, 
938. 

Middleton, Sir Hugh, brought 
the new river to London, 1613 ; he 
died, 1631. 

Midwifery improved by Celsus, 

Irish resident in England and Wales 
„ „ Scotland 

., „ the Channel Islands 



37 ; and Galen, 131 ; in England 
first treated as a science, 1518 ; the 
noted Harvey practised in, 1603, in 
many difficult cases ; employ of men 
in, not general until 1663. 

Migration of the people of the 
United Kingdom at home. The 
following is the number of Irish, 
Scotch, English, and foreigners,, 
dispersed through the different part* 
of the empire in 1851 :— 



289,404 

126,321 

3,531 



Total Irish absentees . , 

Scotch resident in England and Wales 

„ „ Ireland- 

„ „ the Channel Islands 

Total Scotch absentees 

English and Welsh residents in Scotland 
, r „ Ireland 

„ „ the Channel Islands 

Total English absentees 

Foreigners resident in England and Wales , 

„ „ Ireland .... 

„ „ Scotland .... 

„ „ the Channel Islands . 

Total Eoreign absentees 

Irish resident in London and suburbs 
Scotch resident in ditto 
Foreigners resident in ditto . 
Irish in Liverpool 

„ Glasgow .... 

„ Manchester and Salford 
In no other towns do the numbers of Irish exceed 6000. 



419,256 

103,238 

8,585 
1,099 

112,922 

37,793 
21,552 

18,006 

77,354 

39,244 
4,471 

2,776 
2,760 

49,251 

73,133 
25,658 
19,148 
49,639 
44,345 
34,300 



Miguel, Don, of Portugal, visited 
England, 1827 ; quitted England, 
Eeb. 1828, for Lisbon. 

Milan, city of the dukedom, 
ancient, founded before Christ; a 
republic, 1221 ; governed by dukes 
after 1395, to 1505, when it was 
taken by the French, who were ex- 
pelled by Charles V. of Germany, 
1524 ; taken by the imperialists, 



1736 ; became subject to Austria, 
1748 ; taken by the French, 1796 ; 
retaken by Austria, 1799 ; again by 
the French, May 31, 1799 ; Napo- 
leon Bonaparte crowned with the 
iron crown of, May 26, 1805 ; de- 
cree against continental intercourse 
with England issued from, Dec. 17, 
1807. 
Mile, measure first determined. 



MIL 



419 



MIL 



1593, to be 5280 feet, or 1740 yards; 
a square mile to be 27,178,400 
square feet, or 640 square acres. 

Milford Haven, South Wales, 
Henry VII. landed at, 1485; packets 
to Waterford from, established in 
1787; the dockyard in this haven 
removed from Milford town, 1815, 
to near Pembroke ; the haven would 
contain the whole navy of England. 

Milford, near Godalming, set on 
fire, and burned, July 29, 1806. 



Military Law, a misnomer for 
no law, being grounded on the ab - 
sence of all law; proclaimed in 
Ireland, 1798 and 1803 ; the liberty 
and life of the subject under it are 
subjected to military will or caprice, 
even the arbitrary forms of a court 
martial not being always necessary 
where it prevails. 

Military Establishments of Ger- 
many as agreed upon, 1815, by the 
allied powers — 



Hesse Cassel, rarely kept full, all arms 

Ditto, a contingent do. 

Hesse Darmstadt, all arms .... 

Ditto, a contingent ...".. 

Brunswick Lunenburgh, all arms 

Ditto, contingent ...... 

Mecklenburgii Schwerin 3,580, and contingent 3,580 
Mecklenburgh Strelitz 424, and contingent 717 
Saxe Weimar 2,164, and a contingent of 2,010 

Saxe Coburg Gotha 

Saxe Meinengen 

House of Lippe 

Nassau 6,280, all arms, and a contingent of 3,028 

Hohenzollern 

House of Eeuss , 

Hesse Homburg 

Schwartzburg-Sandershausen .... 

Schwartzburg-Rudelstadt, . . . 

Anhalt Bemberg 

Anhalt Dessau 

Anhalt Coethen 



Men. 

10,000 

5,769 

8,400 

6,195 

2,432 

2,096 

7,160 

1,141 

4,174 

1,366 

1,150 

1,300 

9,308 

515 

798 

200 

450 

539 

120 

300 

324 



Military uniforms differ with 
the fashion of the time in form 
and costliness. In 1698, in temp. 
William III., the soldier's dress 
cost : — 

Grey coat and breeches... £15 

Hat 5 

Shoes 4 

Shirt 3 

Neckcloth 10 

Stockings 18 



Total 



This contract had no waistcoat 
they were charged another shilling 
In temp. George II., 1743, the ex ■ 
pense was : — . 



f Coat and breeches £15 

j Hat 2 6 

I Shirt and collar 3 8 

Stockings 12 

Shoes 3 

Making waistcoats of the 

last year's coats 1 



1 19 6 



Total.. 1 16 4 

In 1831, the allowance for each pri- 
A^ate was 46s. to the colonel, but the 
contract was as follows : — 

Coat to private £0 12 6 

Trousers 7 3 

Boots 7 6 

Fringe and Buttons 6 

One year's cap 3 9 



Total 



1 11 6 



MIL 



420 



MIL 



Military Establishment of England, 1852 : — 

Cavalry and infantry of the regular army (exclusive of those in 

East India Company's service) 101,937 

Ordnance corps, artillery, engineers, sappers and miners . 15,582 

Additional artillerymen 2,000 

Marines on shore . . 5,300 

Additional marines 1,500 

Enrolled pensioners 18,000 

Yeomanry cavalry 14,600 

Dockyard battalion 9,200 

Coast guard , 5 <000 

Militia (parliamentary paper, 1852) 56,746 

Irish constabulary (drilled and armed) . . , . , 12,321 

Total land forces . . . 241,686 
Of this total force there were in the colonies at the date of the 

last returns 46,678 



Leaving . 



195,008 



Military Establishment of the 
Line, of England, 1849, 113,847, ex- 
clusive of India, yeomanry, and 
militia ; ordnance, 15,582. 

Military Establishment of France, 
1853 ; men of all arms in France, 
375,000, except gens-d'armes ; voted 
for 1854, 358,513 men, 83,393 horses. 

Military Academy, Woolwich, 
established, 1741. 

Military Asylum began, June 10, 
1801. 

Military, Mortality of, in war, 
from 1808 to 1815, in the armies of 
the Duke of Wellington only, in six 
years, in the campaign of 1808, 69 
officers and 1,015 men ; 1809, 243 
officers and 4,688 men ; 1810, 78 
officers and 924 men; 1811, 459 
officers and 7,384 men ; 1812, 816 
officers and 11,030 men; 1813, 
1,025 officers and 14,966 men ; 1814, 
400 officers and 4,791 men ; 1815, 
717 officers and 9,485 men. Total, 
3,807 officers and 54,283 men killed 
<,r wounded. This total does not 
include the Brunswickers, Hanove- 
rians, Portuguese, nor Spaniards. 
It is remarked, that at Salamanca, 
the proportion of the killed to the 
combatants was 1 to 90 ; at Vittoria, 
1 to 74 ; Waterloo, 1 to 40 ; while 
at the battle of the Nile, the ratio 



was 1 to 36 ; at Trafalgar, 1 to 41 ; 
at Copenhagen, 1 to 39. Hence na- 
val battles are more sanguinary 
than military battles. In the above 
statement the losses in Holland, 
under the Duke of York, in Egypt, 
and in various parts of the world, are 
not included. In 1783, the returns 
of private men killed, or who died of 
their wounds, in America, up to the 
peace of 1783, was 43,633 men, ex- 
clusive of officers. The Prince of 
Hesse also received head-money 
after the peace, Dec. 23, 1786, for 
the killed off soldiers whom he let 
out, £471,000, equivalent to 13,500 
men and upwards, at £30 per 
head ; hence Lord Chatham's allu- 
sion to the " shambles" of the Ger- 
man despots. 

Military Mortality from disease 
in Africa, at the Gambia, Sierra 
Leone, and the Isles de Los, from 
the year 1819 to 1836, in 18 years 
one-half of the troops died annually; 
in 1835 and 1836, three -fourths of 
the white troops in the settlements 
died ; of 220 men who arrived in 
May 1825 in the Gambia, 87 had 
died before the end of September, 
and in Dec. 31 only 29 remained. 

Military Mortality in the West 
Indies from 1797 to 1828— 



MIL 



421 



MIL 



Time and Place of Observation. 


English Army. 


Extent of 
Observations. 


Annual Rate of 
Mortality per Cent. 


Average 
Force. 


Years. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mean. 


Mini- 
mum 


The United Kingdom... 

Ireland, 1797-1828 

Mediterranean. 
Malta, 1824-31 


British Army 

Ditto 


46,460 
36,921 

2,226 
3,267 
3,467 

11,820 

69,550 

8,700 

13,610 

5,768 
2,528 

2,733 


10 
32 

8 
17 
13 

4 
4 

7 

10 
19 
19 

19 


20 

2.8 

13-4 

36 

71 
1-6 

97 

27-7 
23-4 
47.2 

8.4 


1-5 
1.5 

1-5 
2-0 
2-6 

4-8 
1-4 

5-7 

18-3 
11-3 
15-5 

5-5 


11 

10 
0-7 
1-4 

32 
10 
3-8 

8-0 
4-7 

7-8 

1-8 


The Garrison 




Ditto 


Ionian Islands... 

East Indies. 
Fort St. Geo. Presidency 
Madras, 1827-30 


The Troops 

(1) Euro. Troops 
Native Troops ... 

(2) Euro. Troops 

1796-1804, ditto 
1810-28, ditto.... 
Ditto 


Beno-al 1826 32 


West Indies. 




Jama., Honduras,1810-28 
Jama., Honduras, Wind- 
ward and Leeward Is. 


Colonial Trps. ) 
(Blacks) ) 



The mortality of the men is double 
that of the officers. 

Military Mortality in France, 
from 1820 to 1826 inclusive, ex- 



cluding the year 1823, the mean 
strength of the French army was 
120,624 ; the mean annual number 
of deaths was 2352, making the 
ratio of mortality per cent. 1*94 



Classes. 


Strength. 


Mean annual 

number of 

deaths. 


Ratio of 
mortality 
per cent. 

1-08 

.8 

1.5 

.8 

% 2.2 


Non-commissioned officers 
Drummers .... 
Musicians .... 
Labourers .... 
Privates 


24,408 

3,917 

918 

383 

90,978 


266 

34 

14 

2 

2036 


120,624 


2352 


1.94 



The non-commissioned officers and 
the drummers obtain higher pay 
than the privates, and enjoy a com- 
parative immunity from night duty. 
In the ' Royal Guard,' in which the 
pay is higher and the duty lighter, 
the ratio of mortality per cent, is 
but 1.4. In this body the difference 
of mortality, according to rank and 
occupation, is also found. Among 
the non-commissioned officers it is, 
per cent., .9 ; drummers, .5; mu- 
sicians, .8 ; privates, 1.7. 

Militia, a species of militia was 
enrolled by Alfred the Great about 



900 ; the first commission of array 
to form the militia, 1422 ; the 
present militia founded on acts 
of Charles II., 1661 and 1663, 
and afterwards in 1757, 1764, 1781, 
1797, and 1852 ; supplementary mi- 
litia, 1797 ; the number, 104,000 in 
! 1800, united to 106,000 in 1798 ; a 
clause was introduced to allow 
courts-martial to introduce impri- 
sonment in pla^-e of flogging, 181 1 ; 
Irish militia interchanged with Eng- 
land, March 28, 1804 ; strength of 
militia, 1852, 56,746 men. 

Milk consumed inLonion, 1827, 



MIN 



422 



MIN 



about 7,884,000 gallons annually, at 
a cost of £656,000. In 1825 a com- 
pany established to sell pure milk. 

Milliner, a seller of ribands and 
female dresses ; men milliners cen- 
sured in the Society of Arts, 1810. 

Milton Abbas abbey founded, 
933. 

Milton, John, the great epic poet 
of England, and Latin secretary to 
Oliver Cromwell, born 1608, died 
1674, interred at St. Giles, Cripple- 
gate. Milton did not begin to write 
Paradise Lost until he was 47 years 
of age. He sold it for £5 to Sa- 
muel Simmons, April 27, 1667. In 
two years more, he had £5 for the 
second edition. In 1680, Mrs. Mil- 
ton sold all her right for £8. Sim- 
mons then sold the copyright for 
£25. It is an extraordinary fact, 
that Milton had a great difficulty 
in getting the book licensed. Dr. 
Bentley, the first editor of the Para- 
dise Lost, got 100 guineas for his 
edition. Dr. Newton, the next edi- 
tor, got £630 for the Paradise Lost, 
and 100 guineas for the Regained. 
It was an extraordinary misjudg- 
ment of the celebrated Waller, who 
speaks thus of the first appearance 
of Paradise Lost : — " The old blind 
schoolmaster, John Milton, hath 
published a tedious poem on the 
Fall of Man ; if its length be not 
considered a merit, it has no other" 

Milton, Great, Oxfordshire, six- 
teen houses burned at, July 4, 1762. 

Minden, Battle of, fought Aug. 
1, 1759, between the French and 
the allied English, Hanoverians, 
and Hessians, under Prince Ferdi- 
nand, when the latter gained a com- 
plete victory ; for his conduct while 
commanding the horse in this battle, 
Lord George Sackville was tried by 
a court-martial and dismissed the 
service, but restored afterwards 
on the accession of George III. 
to the throne, 1760. 

Mines, numerous in England; 
those of tin worked many years be- 
fore Christ ; those of tin, copper, 
lead, iron, and other metallic pro- 
ducts, valued at £10,547,000 per 



annum ; the claim of a mine royal 
enforced 1362 ; Irish mines said to 
produce silver, 1276 ; the copper of 
Cornwall one-third, and that of tin 
nine-tenths of all produced besides 
in the rest of England and the Con- 
tinent of Europe. 

Mines of Gold and Diamonds dis- 
covered in the Brazils, Oct., 1 752. 

Mines, those called the Consolida- 
ted, in Cornwall, in 1840, extended 
55,000 fathoms, or 63 miles under 
ground, at a cost of £300,000, and 
the great Cornish adit extends 
from sea to sea, with its branches 
running 30 miles 413 feet beneath 
the surface of the ground. 

Mines, I\oyal, established, 1565. 

Mines, England and Wales, per- 
sons engaged in working, 173,268 ; 
Scotland, 20,557; total, 193,825 ; in 
Ireland, 3096 ; tons of iron produced 
from 121 furnaces in England and 
Scotland, 124,879 in 1796 ; in 1823, 

Wales produced 182,325 

Staffordshire 133,590 

Shropshire 57,923 

Yorkshire 27,311 

Scotland . 24,500 

Derbyshire 14,038 

Other places 2,379 



Total 4,442,066 

In 1830, the intervening years, 1825 
and 1828, reaching a total of 
581,367 and 702,584 respectively, 
the returns are as follows : — 

Tons. 

South Wales 277,643 

Staffordshire 212,604 

Shropshire 73,418 

Yorkshire 28,926 

Scotland 37,500 

Derbyshire 17,999 

Other places 5,327 



Total 653,417 

which was further augmented, 1840, 
to 1,396,400 tons, from 402 blast 
furnaces, of which 162 were hot air ; 
in 1848 the quantity had increased 
to 2,093,736 tons. The produce of 



MIN 



423 



MIN 



the tin mines of Cornwall in 1801, 
was £254,272 in tin, and £476,722 in 
copper; in 1834 it reached £321,860 
in tin, and £887,902 in copper. 

Mineralogicau Society, the Bri- 
tish, established, 1800. 

Minehead, Somersetshire, forty- 



seven houses burned down at, Julv 
4, 1791. 

Mingay, William, mayor of Nor- 
wich, 1561, when he feasted the 
Duke of Norfolk, many lords and 
knights ; the following was the bill 
of fare : — 



Impr. Beef, with loin, eight stone, at 8<L per stone 

Two eollars of brawn 

Four geese . . , 

Eight pints of butter 

One fore-quarter of veal 

One hinder-quarter of ditto 

One leg of mutton 

One loin of mutton, and a shoulder of veal 

One breast and coast of mutton 

Six plovers . . , 

Four brace of partridges 

Four couple of rabbits 

Four guinea pigs 

Four couple of hens 

Two couple of mallards . <* 

Thirty-four eggs 

Two bushels of flour 

Sixteen loaves of white bread 

Eighteen ditto of wheat ditto 

Three ditto of maslin ditto 

One barrel of double beer 

One barrel of small beer 

One quarter of wood 

Nutmegs, mace, cinnamon, and grains 

Four pounds of Barbary sugar 

Fruit and almonds 

Sweet waters and perfumes 

Sixteen oranges 

Two gallons of white and claret wine 

One quart of sack 

One ditto of malmsey 

One ditto of bastard 

One ditto of muscadine 



S. T>. 


5 4 


1 4 


1 4 


1 6 


10 


1 


1 o 


9 


7 


1 


2 


1 8 


1 


2 


1 


6 


1 6 


4 


9 


3 


2 6 


1 


2 2 


3 


1 6 


7 


4 


2 


2 


5 


5 


5 


6 


£1 17 1 



Minims, Order of, instituted 1440. 

Ministers of religion, 2,000 re- 
signed their benefices in the Church 
of England 1662, sooner than sub- 
scribe to the book of common 
prayer and the thirty-nine articles, 

Ministers. 
Sir Robert Walpole 

Lord Carteret, afterwards Earl Granville 
Mr. Pelham 
Duke of Newcastle 



as enjoined by the act of uniformi- 
ty- 

Ministers of the Crown in the 
minority upon the land-tax bill, 
1767, the first instance on a money 
bill after the revolution of 1688 — 



Appointed. 
April 1721 

February 1742 
November 1744 
March 1754 



MIN 



424 



MIN 



Ministers. 


Appointed. 


Pitt's 1st Ministry — Duke of Devonshire, Eirst Lord of 






the Treasury ..... 


December 


1756 


Pitt's 2nd or Coalition Ministry — Duke of Newcastle 






First Lord of the Treasury 


June 


1757 


Duke of Newcastle .... 


October 


1761 


Earl of Bute ..... 


May 


1762 


George Grenville (designated the Duke of Bedford's 






Ministry) 


April 


1763 


Marquis of Rockingham 


July 


1765 


Earl of Chatham 


August 


1766 


Duke of Grafton 


December 


1767 


Lord North 


January 


1770 


Marquis of Rockingham 


March 


1782 


Earl of Shelburne 


July 


1782 


Duke of Portland 


April 


1783 


William Pitt 


December 


1783 


Henry Addington, afterwards Lord Sidmouth 


March 


1801 


William Pitt — re-appointed 


May 


1804 


Lord Grenville (Fox, Secretary of State)- 


January 


1806 


Duke of Portland 


March 


1807 


Spencer Perceval 


June 


1810 


Earl of Liverpool 


June 


1812 


George Canning 


April 


1827 


Viscount Goderich 


August 


1827 


Duke of Wellington 


January- 


1828 


Earl Grey . . . 


November 


1830 


Viscount Melbourne ; 


July 


1834 


Sir Robert Peel . 


November 


1834 


Viscount Melbourne * 


April 


1835 


Sir Robert Peel 


September 1841 


Lord John Russell .... 


July 


1846 


Earl of Derby 


April 


1852 


Earl of Aberdeen 


Dec. 2c 


} 1852 



Minster at York set on fire by a 
lunatic, named Martin, Feb. 2, 1829 ; 
completely restored and opened, May 
6, 1832. 

Minorca taken by General Stan- 
hope, Aug. 1708.; surrendered to 
the French 1756 ; given up to Eng- 
land 1763 ; retaken by the Spaniards 
1679 ; ceded to Spain 1783 ; taken 
by the English, Nov. 15, 1798; 
given up to Spain 1802. 

Minotaur, of 74 guns, wrecked 
upon the Back Sand, on the Dutch 
coast, when 480 of the crew perish- 
ed, Dec. 20, 1810. 

Minstrels, originally players on 
pipes for the amusement of feudal 
lords and their households : they 
are not to be confounded with the 
bards or poets, who were of older 



date, and whose compositions they 
often sung and played, succeeding 
the Saxon glee-men ; John of Gaunt 
had a court of them at Tutbury, 
1380 ; they continued until 1560 ; 
and after that period sunk into ne- 
glect. 

Mint, this establishment was ap- 
pended to a public treasury near the 
Tower, as is supposed, about the year 
400, before the Romans quitted the 
island ; an ingot of silver was found 
in 1777 in the old foundation of the 
ordnance office in the Tower — Ex 
Officio Honorii; with some gold 
coins of the reign of Arcadius and 
Honorius ; the shape was square, 
with the four corners extended 
out of the straight line, so as to ren- 
der the four sides a jagged curve ; 






MIS 



425 



MOG 



its proper name is a skillet, and 
forms a proof of the preparatory 
operations of the monetary systems 
of the Romans, to whom the art of 
coining was then familiar, though 
of considerably less exactness than 
that of modern times : they had 
mints at Rome, Constantinople, 
York, and London ; they were 
found at a great depth below the 
artificial stratum, which consisted 
of almost impenetrable foundations 
of flint, and cement equally hard. 
Dr. Hunter had in his collection 
one of these coins. One of them 
had the impression Aug. G. 6r., and 
denoted its date to be a. d. 420 ; 
Athelstan first regulated the mint, 
at a later period, 928, and there 
were also provincial mints ; the 
mint office in the Tower was estab- 
lished, 1065 ; the mint was kept by 
Italians, 1278, from the native igno- 
rance of its management ; the work- 
men were formed into a corporation 
by Edward III., about 1343, when 
the first entry of gold for coinage oc- 
curs: tin coined by Charles II., 1684 ; 
gun-metal and pewter, by James 
II. ; the present building erected be- 
tween 1806 and 1810, for which the 
sum of £262,000 was voted by par- 
liament ; a new constitution of the 
mint 1815, and a second change and 
re-arrangment between 1841 and 
1850. 

Mint, the, a notorious district in 
Southwark, Surrey, once used as a 
place of refuge for debtors ; suppress- 
ed under George I., about 1717. 

Mirrors, or Looking-Glasses, 
anciently of metal, first made at 
Venice of silvered-glass, 1300, and 
in England at Lambeth, 1673. 

Mississippi Scheme, exploded in 
Erance, June, 1720, the pattern of 
the South Sea scheme in England ; 
it was the idea of a Scotchman 
named Law, who promised to lend 
the Erench government 15,000,000 
francs, without levying a penny in 
taxes, by which means the govern- 
ment was to get rid of heavy debts ; 
the sum of £100,000,000 is said to 
have been lost by individuals, and 



thousands were ruined by the scheme, 
who had taken Law's paper for 
their gold. 

Mississippi Trade began in Eng- 
land, Nov. 28, 1716. 

Mist, a notorious printer, commit- 
ted to Newgate for a libel, by the 
House of Commons, although at the 
same time a prisoner for debt in the 
King's Bench, June 3, 1721. 

Mitchelstown, Ireland, a number 
of young persons meeting in a barn 
to celebrate a wedding, it took fire, 
and the bride with 20 other persons 
was burned to death, Feb. 12, 
1816. 

Mitre, a cap belonging to popes 
and bishops, in imitation of that 
worn by the high-priest among the 
Jews ; the pope has four, differently 
formed according to the ceremony 
that demands them ; the cardinals 
wore mitres until 1245, when they 
were appointed to wear hats by the 
council of Lyons. 

Mittau, in Courland, the du- 
cal palace of, destroyed by fire, Dec. 
21, 1788. 

Mitylene, island of, in the Greek 
Archipelago, with 2000 houses, de- 
stroyed and ravaged by an earth- 
quake, May 27, 1755. 

Mockern, battle of, between Eu- 
gene Beauharnois and the Erench, 
and the allied Russian and Prussian 
army, which was defeated with 
much loss, April, 1813; a second 
battle, and yet more sanguinary, 
Oct. 4, 1813. 

Modena made a duchy, 1451 ; the 
prince of, arrived in London, Oct. 
16, 1735 ; surrendered to the king of 
Sardinia, June, 1742 ; prince of, 
pensioned by the Austrians with 
90,000 florins, 1753 ; taken by the 
French, 1796; incorporated with 
the Cisalpine republic, 1797 ; Fran- 
cis of Este restored to, 1814 ; in- 
surrection at, and flight of the duke, 
Feb. 5, 1831 ; afterwards occupied 
by Austrian troops. 

Modern Languages, professor of, 
appointed in the English univer- 
sities in 1724, by George I. 

Mogul Empire in India, conquer- 



MON 



426 



MON 



ed first by the celebrated Jenghis 
Khan, a Tartar prince, who died 
1236 ; Timor Bey became Great 
Mogul by conquest, 1399 ; the 
throne continued in his descend- 
ants; Kouli Khan invaded it, 
and carried off enormous treasure 
into Persia, March 7, in 1734; at 
length Delhi and the Mogul empire 
fell into the hands of the English, in 
the present century. 

Mohatz, Battle of, between the 
King of Hungary and the Turks 
under Solyman II., when the former 
was defeated, with the loss of his 
life and 22,000 men, 1526 ; a, second 
battle here, 1687, in which the 
Turks were defeated with the loss 
of 10,000 men, by Prince Charles of 
Lorraine. 

Mohawks, disorderly ruffians so 
locally named, who went about 
London streets at night, wounding 
and disfiguring passengers, 1711 ; 
£100 was offered for the apprehen- 
sion of any of them. 

Mohilow, Battle of, between the 
Russians under Bagration, and the 
French under Davoust ; after a most 
sanguinary combat the Russians 
were defeated with immense loss, 
July 23, 1812. 

Mora, Captain, found guilty of 
murdering a fisherman who trespass- 
ed on his grounds at Little- Warham, 
Essex, July 30, 1830; executed 
Aug. 2. 

Moisteras, destroyed by a volca- 
no in the island of Euego, April 30, 
1757. 
* Mole at Athens, built 120. 

Molesworth, Lady, and her three 
children burned to death in her 
house, 1764. 

Molwitz, Battle of, between the 
Prussians and the Imperialists under 
Frederick the Great ; the Austrian 
loss was immense, Apr. 20, O.S. 1741, 

Monarchy, the first sole, in Eng- 
land, 828. 

Monasteries, the first founded 
where the sister of St. Anthony re- 
tired, 270; monks first associated, 
328 ; the first founded in France 
near Poictiers by St. Martin, 360 ; 



Constantine IV. sent for a great 
number of friars and nuns to Ephe- 
sus, ordered them to change their 
black habits for white, and to de- 
stroy their images ; on their refusal, 
he ordered their eyes to be put out, 
banished them, and sold several of 
their monasteries, appropriating the 
produce, 770. 

Monastery, the first in England, 
596; 27 built by Edgar, 959; 
deprived of their privileges, Oct. 
6, 1275; lent the king money 
for his wars, 1314; suppressed by 
Wolsey to endow Ipswich and 
Christ Church, Oxford, 1525 ; sup- 
pressed to endow Eton and King's 
College, Cambridge, 1528 ; the 
lesser united, 1528 ; observant sup- 
pressed by Henry VIII. 1534 ; 321 
suppressed, to the value of £32,000 
per annum, 1535 ; 21 suppressed 
and 121 resigned their charters, 
above £100,000 taken from them, 
1538 ; in all 645, of the yearly value 
of £161,000 of money of that time, 
seized by Henry VIII,, and his act 
confirmed by his parliament, 1540. 

Monasteries, Irish, in 1537, 
1538, and 1541, acts of Parliament 
were passed for the suppression of 
religious houses in Ireland ; and 
during the reigns of Henry VIII. ? 
Edward VI., and Elizabeth, all the 
abbeys, monasteries, priories, con- 
vents, &c, were abolished ; their 
extensive lands and endowments 
were seized by the crown, and the 
abbe}'- and church lands, and Ere- 
nach lands, all of which were deno- 
minated Termon lands, were con- 
ferred in large grants, chiefly on the 
nobility of the country. Numerous 
colleges, seminaries, and schools at- 
tached to the abbeys, were suppress- 
ed, and likeAvise the hospitals and 
biatachs. The biatachs were cha- 
ritable institutions or houses of hos- 
pitality, numerous in all parts of the 
country, and it is estimated that 
there were at least two thousand of 
them throughout Ireland, one or 
more generally in every parish. 
They were generally erected at cross- 
I roads, always well supplied with 



MON 



427 



MON 



provisions, and meat kept ready 
cooked for all comers. 

At the Reformation, there were 
in Ireland the following 563 monas- 
teries : — 

Abbeys and Priories of Au- 
gustinians, Canons, and Can- 
ons regular, Aroasians, and 

Victorines 223 

Convents of Canonesses, or Au- 
gustinian Nuns ... ... 38 

Priories of Premonstratensians 
or White Canons, a branch 
of the Augustinians, who 
were also called Norbertines 8 
Houses of Hermits of St. Au- 
gustine, called Austin -friars 24 
Commanderies, Preceptories, 
and Priories of Knights Hos- 
pitallers, or of St. John of 
Jerusalem, under the rule of 
St Augustine, some of which 
institutions had previously 
belonged to the Knights Tem- 
plars 22 

Hospitals and Priories of Trini- 
tarians, under the rule of St. 
Augustine, established for 
the redemption of captives in 
the Holy Land, and also of 
Cruciferi or Crouched Priars, 
called Cross-bearers ... 14 

Abbeys and Priories of Benedic- 
tines, called Black Monks ... 9 
Convents of Benedictine Nuns, 

called Black Nuns ... 5 

Abbeys and Priories of Cister- 
cian Monks or Benedictines 42 
Cistercian Nunneries ... 2 

Abbeys and Priories of Domini- 
can Friars, called Black Fri- 
ars and Friar Preachers ... 41 
Abbeys and Priories of Francis- 
cans or Grey Friars, inclu- 
ding the Friars Minors, Ob- 
servantines, and Conventuals 114 
Convents of Carmelites or 
White Friars ... ... 20 

A Priory of Culdes at Armagh 1 
Money first mentioned as a medi- 
um of commerce in the 23rd chap- 
ter of Genesis, when Abraham pur- 
chased a field as a sepulchre for 
Sarah, in the year of the world 
2139: first made at Argos, 894 



b. c. ; » changed eighteen times in 
value from 1290 to 1789, and 12 
times its value from 1530 to 1789. 
Silver increased 30 times its value 
since the Norman conquest ; a pound 
in that age was 3 times the quantity 
that it is at present, and 10 times 
its value, in purchasing any commo- 
dity. About the year 900, King 
Alfred left to each of his daughters 
£100 in money. In 1221, Joan, eld- 
est daughter of King John, upon 
her marriage with Alexander King 
of Scotland, had a dowry of £1000. 
In 1278, Edward I. gave with his 
daughter Joan, contracted to the 
son of the King of the Romans, 
10,000 marks sterling, and this to 
be returned in case the Prince died 
before her. In 1314, Elizabeth, 
wife of Robert Bruce, King of Scot- 
land, being imprisoned in England, 
was allowed for herself and fami- 
ly 20s. a week. In 1330, Joan of 
Oxford, nurse to the Black Prince, 
had a pension of £10 per annum ; 
and Maud Plumpton, a rocker, had 
10 marks. In 1351, workmen were 
to take their Avages in wheat at lOd. 
the bushel. In 1402, the salary of 
the Lord Chief Justice of the King's 
Bench was £40 a year. In 1408, 
the Lord Chief Justice of the Com- 
mon Pleas had 55 marks per annum. 
In 1545, the Chief Justice of the 
King's Bench had an addition of 
.±30 made to his salary, and the 
Justices of £20. 

Money, no declaratory statute to 
prevent its being raised for the 
king's use without the consent of 
parliament or states, until 21 Edw. 
I., in the 13th century. 

Monk, the first, said to have 
been Paul of Thebais, who fled 
into the deserts to avoid the Da- 
cian persecution, 260 ; some con- 
tend that St. Anthony was the first 
who led a regular monastical life, at 
Mount Colzim, near the Red Sea, 
305 ; after this period the monks 
began to associate, and to form or- 
ders ; Athanasius is said to have in- 
troduced the monastic life into 
Rome, in 341 ; in 360 it was begun 



MON 



428 



MON 



in Egypt and Persia ; the former 
country soon had no less than 
93,000 of the brotherhood, according 
to some authorities. 

Monk, George, a colonel in the 
army of Charles I. ; taken prisoner 
by Fairfax, and sent to the Tower, 
Jan. 21, 1643; went over to the 
parliament, and took Stirling castle, 
Aug. 14, 1651 ; entertained at 
Edinburgh, 1654 ; submitted osten- 
sibly to Richard Cromwell, 1658 ; 
betrayed the protector, 1659, and 
was made commander in chief of 
the forces of Charles II., Feb. 1660 ; 
master of the horse to Charles II., 
and Duke of Albemarle, July 1660; 
commanded the fleet against the 
Dutch, June 1, 1666 ; defeated the 
Dutch, who lost twenty ships of 
war and four admirals, July 25-6, 
1666 ; died Jan. 4, 1669. 

Monks of Canterbury, driven out 
of England by King John, 1207 ; 
the foreign expelled the country, 
1380 ; twenty -five executed for op- 
posing Henry VIII., 1535 ; render- 
ed incapable of inheriting estates, 
1551 ; forty died in one night at 
Bordeaux, 1730. 

Monmouth made an English 
county by Henry VIII., 1535. 

Monmouth's rebellion, June 11, 
1685; proclaimed king at Taunton, 
June 20 ; defeated near Bridgewater, 
July 5 ; beheaded on Tower Hill, 
July 15, 1685 : he was the natural 
son of Charles II., banished to the 
Continent for a conspiracy, 1683; 
the vengeance of James II. and his 
instruments, originated sanguinary 
scenes in the western executions in 
consequence. 

Monmouth, James, Duke of, 
released from the Tower by the 
warrant of Cromwell, 1656 ; made 
a captain of the Guards, Sept. 9, 
1669 ; a privy councillor, April 25, 
1670; a lieutenant-general by the 
King of France, May 1, 1673; 
chancellor of Cambridge, July 15, 
1674 ; went with the army to Flan- 
ders, 1678;' defeated the Scotch 
rebels, June 22, 1679; turned out 
from being master of the horse, and 



his legitimacy denied by the king at 
the same time, Dec. 20, 1679; 
courtiers forbidden to speak with 
him, May 8, 1682 ; proclamation to 
apprehend him, June 28, 1683; 
submitted, and reconciled to the 
king, Nov. 25, 1683; raised troops 
in Holland, and landed in Dor- 
setshire, June 11, 1685 ; took 
Taunton, June 18 ; Bridgewater, 
June 21 ; defeated at Sedgmoor, 
July 6; admitted to the presence of 
James II., July 11 ; beheaded four 
days afterwards. 

Monopolies a public nuisance, 
and parliament petitioned against 
them at the close of the reign of 
Elizabeth, 1602 ; further suppressed 
as contrary to law, 1622 ; encoura- 
ged by Charles I., but suppressed 
afterwards, 1640 ; none more to be 
created by royal patent. 

Monothelites^ sect who held that 
in Christ there was but one Avill ; it 
arose under Theodoric, 540. 

Montacute Priory, Somerset- 
shire, built, 1070. 

Monster, one Renwick Williams, 
so called because he attacked and 
wounded females in London streets, 
in the night, with some sharp in- 
strument ; convicted, July 8, 1790. 

Montague House conveyed to 
the trustees of the British Museum, 
March 20, 1755. 

Montague, Lady Mary, the in- 
troducer of inoculation for the 
small-pox into England, died, Aug. 
21, 1762. 

Montanjsts, a sect that had for 
its founder, one Montanus, of 
Ardaba, in Mysia, a very extraor- 
dinary enthusiast, professing the 
gift of prophecy, calling himself the 
promised comforter, 171. 

Montego Bay, Jamaica, a fire at, 
which did damage to the extent of 
£400,000, June 14, 1795. 

Monteja, Order of Knighthood in 
Spain, began 1223. 

Montem, a triennial custom of 
the Eton scholars, who paraded to 
Salt-hill, distributing salt and le\ r y- 
ing contributions on all persons 
they met, a barbarous custom, very 



MON 



429 



MOO 



properly discontinued in Jan. 
1847. 

Montezuma, King of Mexico ; his 
death caused by the Spaniards, 
among other barbarities, 1520. 

MoNTEKEAu,battle of, between the 
French under Napoleon their Em- 
peror, and the Allied armies, when 
the latter were defeated with great 
loss ; one of the latest triumphs of 
that extraordinary commander, 
Feb. 18, 1814. 

Montgolfier discoTered aerosta- 
tion, 1784 ; died, 1799. 

Montgomery, Castle of, rebuilt, 
1093. 

Months, their names are said to 
have been first given by Charle- 
magne, 790 ; the French altered 
them, 1792 ; but the old names were 
restored by Napoleon. 

Montorguel Castle, Jersey, built 
1000. 

Montpelier, France, during the 
performance of a play, the building 
gave way, and 500 persons were 
killed or wounded, July 17, 1786. 

Montreal, Canada, discovered 
1534; settled 1629; surrendered by 
the French to England, 1760; 
damaged by a fire, 1765; again, 
1768; taken by the provincial 
Americans, Nov. 12, 1775 ; retaken 
by the English, June 15, 1776 ; the 
church, Jesuits' college, prison, and 
other buildings burned down, June 
6, 1803 ; military riot at, Sept. 19, 
1833 ; the affected royalists at, as- 
saulted the governor-general, drove 
the members out of the House of 
Assembly, and set fire to the build- 
ing, April 26, 1849 ; destructive fire 
at, Aug. 23, 1850. 

Montrose, Marquis of, raised 
troops for Charles L, defeated at 
Philipshaugh, Sept. 13, 1645 ; land- 
ed in Scotland again, and raised 
troops for Charles II., April 1650 ; 
defeated, taken prisoner, and hanged 
in Edinburgh, May 20, 1650; 
in 1661, funeral obsequies per- 
formed for him with great show, 
May 11. 

Montrose packet, and Primrose 
sloop of war, mistaking each other 



for an enemy, engaged for two 
hours off Lisbon, within pistol shot, 
March 30, 1814. 

Montserrat, in the West Indies, 
Island of, discovered by Columbus, 
1493 ; settled by the English, ]632. 

Monument of the Fire of London, 
begun 1671, finished 1677 ; 202 feet 
high ; the staircase of 345 steps ; a 
weaver threw himself from the 
monument, June 25, 1750; John 
Cradock, a baker, 1788; Lyon 
Levy, a diamond merchant, followed 
the example, Jan. 18, 1810 ; a girl 
named Moyes, 1839 ; a boy called 
Howes, the same year, and a girl 
whose name was Cooper, aged 17, 
1842, when the summit was en- 
closed with iron work. 

Moodkee, Battle of, in India, 
between the Sikbs and the English, 
who were attacked with great reso- 
lution, but the Sikhs were repulsed, 
losing many men, and 15 pieces of 
cannon, Dec. 18, 1845. 

Mooetan, Battle of, between the 
Sikhs and the English, in which the 
former were repulsed, Nov. 7, 1848 ; 
the town taken, Jan. 2, 1849 ; the 
citadel surrendered unconditionally, 
Jan. 22, 1849. 

Moon, Order of Knighthood of 
the, begun in Sicily, 1464. 

Moon, first map of, made at 
Dantzick, 1647. 

Moore, General Sir John, fought 
the battle of Corunna, Jan. 16, 
1809, in which he fell, aged 48. 

Moorfields, London, levelled, 
1614, and planted, 1640 ; division 
walls taken down, 1754. 

Moors, their first invasion of 
Spain, 173; expelled finally from 
Spain by Philip HI., who issued 
an edict to that effect, 1620, after con- 
tinuing 900 years in that country, 
because they endeavoured to free 
themselves from the barbarous 
power of the Inquisition confiscating 
all their property; their number 
was 900,000; their power having 
previously been broken by Alphonso 
I., king of Navarre, 1118, they 
sought refuge in Granada and 
founded a kingdom there, 1238 ; 



MOR 



430 



MOR 



Alphonsus VI., of Leon and Castile, 
defeated and slew a vast number of 
them in 1347 ; at last Ferdinand 
V. took Grenada in 1492, and 
Philip expelled them. 

Moorgate, London, taken down 
and sold for £166, in 1761. 

Moravians, a religious sect found- 
ed in Moravia, or rather revived 
there by Count Zinzendorf, in 1722, 
is well known. In ancient records 
they are known by the title of 
Unitas Fratrum, or United Brethren. 
In the year 1750, Count Zinzendorf 
formed an establishment at Chelsea, 
and hired a plot of ground to erect 
a large building for the reception of 
300 Moravian families, to carry on 
a manufactory ; and he purchased 
the Duke of Ancaster's old mansion, 
called Lindsey House, and of Sir 
Hans Sloane, a piece of land, part 
of the gardens of Beaufort House, 
for a burial-ground, together with 
the stables belonging to that old 
mansion ; and a slip of ground as 
a carriage way from the stables, 
which they intended to make their 
chapel to Lindsey House. He took 
a long lease of 99 years, from Sir 
Hans Sloane, of most of the remain- 
ing site of Beaufort House. The 
chapel was fitted up, but the settle- 
ment failed; Lindsey House was, 
however, inhabited by some of the 
society. Count Zinzendorf himself 
lived there, and presided over the 
community as long as he dwelt in 
England. He also visited America, 
and there established, more particu- 
larly in the town of Bethlehem, a 
very flourishing settlement of Mora- 
vians, the females of which are em- 
ployed in the education of their 
own sex, and the men in different 
manufactories ; the Count died at 
Chelsea, June 7, 1760 ; his followers 
are peaceful and persevering, form- 
ing settlements in various parts of 
the world : the Moravians are also 
called Hernhuters. 

More, Sir Thomas, beheaded for 
his religious faith by Henry VIII., 
June 22, 1535. 

Moreau, Gen., mortally wounded, 



a cannon ball passing through his 
horse ; it took off both his legs 
while talking to the Emperor of 
Russia, at Dresden, Aug. 28, 1813. 

Morea, in Greece, taken from the 
Venetians, 1715. 

Morgarten, Battle of, between 
1300 Swiss and above 20,000 Aus- 
trians under Duke Leopold, in 
which the latter were defeated ; 
the Swiss occupied the heights 
commanding the defile through 
which their enemies Avere marching 
into Zug, Nov. 15, 1315. 

Morgan, Lieut., of the marines, 
shot on board the Chesterfield man- 
of-war, at Portsmouth, July 14, 1749. 

Morlet, Lord, tried at Westmin- 
ster Hall for the murder of Mr. 
Hastings, April 1636, and convicted 
of manslaughter. 

Morning Chronicle, daily morn- 
ing paper, sold for £40,000, 1823. 

Morocco, Empire of, anciently 
Mauritania, first known 1008. Pos- 
sessed by the Romans, 25 B.C., and 
reduced by them to a province, 50 ; 
from this time it underwent various 
revolutions, till the establishment of 
the Almovarides; the second empe- 
ror of this family built the capital, 
Morocco. About 1116, Abdallah, 
the leader of a sect of Mahometans, 
founded the dynasty of Almahides, 
which ended in the last sovereign's 
total defeat in Spain, 1312. At this 
period Eez and Tremecen, then 
provinces of the empire, shook oif 
their dependence. Morocco was 
afterwards seized by the king of 
Eez, but the descendants of Ma- 
homet, about 1550, subdued and 
united again the three kingdoms, 
and formed what is at present the 
empire of Morocco. 

Morpeth Castle, Northumber- 
land, built about 1230; tower of, 
burned by the inhabitants, from 
hatred to King John, 1215. 

Mortality, great, observed 1094 ; 
among men, cattle, and fowl, 1111 ; 
at Oxford, among men, 1471 ; 
among youth, 1589 ; at York, 1691. 

Mortality, Bills of, in the metro- 
polis, first compiled 1536, with 



MOR 



431 



MOR 



registers of births and of marriages ; 


the later and more accurate returns 


show the diseases, out of 20,000 


deaths in London, to be nearly 


from the following causes : — 




Abscess .... 


79 


Age and debility 


1614 


Apoplexy ■. 


372 


Asthma .... 


778 


Bedridden . . . 


2 


Bile ..... 


8 


Cancer .... 


92 


Childbirth .... 


266 


Consumption 


4871 


Contraction of the heart 


1 


Convulsions 


2377 


Cow-pox 


1 


Croup 


106 


Diabetes . . >. 


3 


Diarrhoea . . * 


28 


Dropsy 


818 


Dropsy on the brain 


661 


Dropsy on the chest 


51 


Dysentery 


43 


Enlargement of the heart 


17 


Epilepsy 


23 


Eruptive diseases . 


24 


Erysipelas 


18 


Fever . . . . 


. 694 


Eever (Typhus) . ■. 


97 


Eever, intermittent, or ague 


16 


Fistula . , » 


. 12 


Flux .... 


9 


Gout .... 


. 37 


Haemorrhage 


. 47 


Hernia 


. 41 


Hooping-cough 


. 604 


Hydrophobia 


1 


Inflammation 


. 2062 


Inflammation of the liver 


. 127 


Insanity 


. 213 


Jaundice 


. 39 


Jaw, locked 


3 


Measles 


. 466 


Miscarriage . 


2 


Mortification 


. 308 


Ossification of the heart 


9 


Palpitation of the heart 


. 16 


Palsy .... 


. 31 


Paralysis 


. 187 


Pleurisy 


. 21 


Rheumatism 


. 33 


Scrofula 


9 


Small-pox 


. 591 


Sore throat or quinsey 


. 16 



Spasm . 

Still-born 

Stone 

Stoppage in stomach 

St. Vitus's dance . 

Suddenly 

Teething 

Thrush 

Tumour 

Venereal 

Worms 

Total of diseases . 

CASUALTIES. 

Broken limbs 

Burnt . 

Drowned 

Excessive drinking 

Executed 

Found dead . 

Fractured 

Frighted 

Frozen 

Killed by falls and other 

dents 
Killed by fighting 
Murdered 
Poisoned 
Scalded 
Starved 
Strangled 
Suffocated 
Suicides 



51 

872 

21 

18 

1 

102 

437 

69 

17 

11 

6 



19,566 

12 

44 

147 

5 

1 

14 

3 

1 

1 

128 
2 
3 
1 
7 
6 
1 
4 
51 



Total of Casualties . . 434 
Mortality' of all England. In 
1821, this had decreased nearly one- 
third in 40 years : in 1841, the mor- 
tality was one in 46 of the popula- 
tion, or 2.238 for males, 2.083 
females ; mean, 2.160. 

Mortality of all France ; the 
rate of mortality among the whole 
inhabitants of France is higher 
than that of the United Kingdom, 
1844. In France, the rate of mor- 
tality among persons of both sexes 
at twenty-four years of age, which 
is about the mean age of the French 
army, is 1.3 per cent. The mean 
rate of mortality among males be- 
tween the ages of twenty and thirty, 
in a number of the departments of 
France, has been found to be 1.25 
per cent. 



MOE 



432 



MOR 



Mortality in the Metropolis, 
about the average proportion per 
thousand between the years 1831 



and 1841; out 
gistered deaths 
curred : — 



of a thousand re- 
which have oc- 





Ages. 




Males. 


Females. 


Mean. 




[Jnder one year 


205.4 


177.6 


191.5 


1 


and under 3 


145.7 


147.1 


146.4 


3 






5 


63.4 


66 6 


65.0 


5 






10 


52.8 


51.8 


52.3 


10 






15 


19.1 


17.7 


18.4 


15 






20 


23.0 


24.6 


23.8 


20 






25 


33.1 


33.7 


33.4 


25 


., 




30 


35.9 


40.5 


38.2 


30 






35 


38.7 


40.1 


39.4 


35 






40 


45.0 


42.6 


43.8 


40 






45 


46.0 


41.1 


43.5 


45 






50 


43.9 


40.3 


42.4 


50 






55 


43.7 


37.3 


40.5 


55 






60 


39.4 


36.3 


37.4 


60 






65 


42.5 


44.9 


43.7 


65 






70 


40.1 


41.3 


40.7 


70 






75 


32.7 


42.5 


37.6 


75 






80 


25.6 


35.4 


30.5 


80 






85 


14.3 


21.4 


17.9 


85 






90 


7.7 


12.3 


10.0 


90 and upwards 




2.0 


4.8 


3.4 


e rural districts, 


in the 


way of contrast, 


the return for the d 


rset 


shire and Wiltshire 


gave :• — • 








Ages. 




Males. 


Females. 


Mean. 




Under one year 


202.3 


147.6 


174.9 


1 


and under 3 


107.3 


115.5 


106.4 


3 






5 


40.6 


40.1 


40.4 


5 






10 


41.2 


38.2 


39.7 


10 






15 


28.0 


31.0 


29.5 


15 






20 


36.6 


48.1 


42.3 


20 






25 


40.6 


50.7 


38.9 


25 






30 


361 


37.1 


36.6 


30 






35 


35.8 


30.8 


33.3 


35 






40 


36.1 


36.5 


36.5 


40 






45 


32.5 


31.6 


32.0 


45 






50 


28.0 


28.8 


28.4 


50 






55 


32.3 


34.9 


33.6 


55 






60 


34.0 


39.0 


36.5 


60 






65 


44.4 


48.6 


46.5 


65 






70 


44.9 


50.3 


47.6 


70 






75 


50.8 


54.7 


52.8 


75 






80 


53.3 


60.4 


56.8 


80 






85 


41.1 


47.0 


44.1 


85 






90 


25.0 


28.6 


26.8 


90 and up 


wards 




9.1 


10.1 


9.6 



In the years 1838, 1839, 1840, and 
1841, out of the registrar-general's 
11 districts, viz., the metropolis, No. 
1; South Eastern, No. 2; South 



Midland, No. 3 ; Eastern, No. 4 ; 
South Western, No. 5 ; Western, 
No. 6; North Midland, No. 7; 
North Western, No. 8 ; York, No. 



MOR 



433 



MOR 



9 ; Northern, No. 10 ; and Welsh, No. 
11 ; the mortality ran, according to 
the following arrangement of the 
above numbers, from the greatest to 
the least, 8, 1, 9, 6, 10, 7, 3, 4, 11, 2, 5, 
Cheshire and Lancashire ranking 
No. 8; Metropolis, No. 1 ; York, No. 
9; Surrey, Kent, Sussex, Hants, 
Berks, as No. 2 ; and Wilts, Dorset, 
Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, as No. 
5, with the least proportional mor- 
tality. The counties from Kent to 
the Land's End, along the southern 
coast, seem therefore to be healthier 
than the northern, perhaps from 
the mildness of the climate. 

Mortality of Foundlings ; in 
1833 there were received into the 
Foundling hospital at Paris, 4803 
children, of which 1751 came from 
the Lying-in hospital, and 281 from 
other hospitals. Of these, 1259 
(one-fourth) died in the hospital 
before they could be put out to 
nurse. In London, of 52,150 in- 
fants received at the Foundling 
hospital in 30 years, 14,613 died 
infants ; 25,859 were returned dead 
from the country, where they had 



been sent to be nursed, and only 
10,626 escaped, for 730 besides died 
in the infirmary, and 332 when be- 
come grown children. 

Moktality in Hospitals ; the re - 
turns from St. Bartholomew's hos- 
pital embrace a period of fifty years, 
divided into quinquennial periods: 
there is only a difference of | per 
cent, between the deaths in the first 
period and the last. From 1790 to 
1794, the average number of deaths 
per cent was 7*76; from 1825 to 
1830, they were 7*25. In two other 
London hospitals, the cures were 
less; at two country ones, very much 
greater. Taking the average of five 
years, ending in 1833 and 1834, the 
proportion of deaths at the London 
hospital was 11*44 per cent., at St. 
George's, 11*19 per cent., at the 
Manchester Infirmary, 7*16 per cent. ; 
and at the Liverpool Infirmary, only 
5*57 per cent. 

Mortality in Towns ; the follow- 
ing table shows the number of 
deaths, as compared with that of 
the inhabitants, at distant epochs, in 
the principal towns of Europe. 



Paris . in . . 1650 1 


in 25 inhabitants ; 


in 1829 1 


in 32 


London „ . . 1690 1 


24 


11 


1828 1 


55 


Berlin . „ . . 1755 1 


28 


11 


1827 1 


34 


Geneva „ . . 1560 1 


18 


11 


1821 1 


43 


Vienna „ . . 1750 1 


20 


11 


1829 1 


25 


Rome . „ 1762—1771 1 


21 


55 


1828 1 


31 


Amsterdam 1761 — 1770 1 


25 


11 


1828 1 


29 


Cambridge . . 1811 1 


41 


11 


1821 1 


58 


Norfolk „ . . 1811 1 


50 


1? 


1821 1 


59 


Manchester . . 1757 1 


25 


11 


1821 1 


58 


Birmingham . . 1811 1 


30i 




1821 1 


43 


Liverpool . . 1773 1 


27 


11 


1821 1 


41 


Portsmouth . . 1800 1 


28 




1811 1 


38 


Petersburg . . 1768 1 


28 


)) 


1828 1 


48 


Stockholm 1758—1763 1 


19 


11 


1827 1 


26 



The annual mortality has thus di- 
minished in Paris more than one- 
third in 179 years ; in London, more 
than one-half in 138 years ; in Ber- 
lin, one-fifth, or nearly one-fourth, 
in 72 years; in Geneva, three-fifths 
in 261 years ; in Vienna, one-fourth 
in 80 years ; in Rome, one-half in 



63 years ; in Amsterdam, one-sixth 
in 63 years; in Cambridge, two- 
fifths in 10 years ; in Norfolk, one- 
fifth in 10 years; in Manchester 
three-fifths in 64 years ; in Birming- 
ham, nearly three-fifths in 10 years; 
in Liverpool, one-half in 38 years ; 
in Portsmouth, more than one- 
2* 



MOS 



434 



MOU 



third in 11 years ; in Petersburgh, 
nearly two-thirds in 40 years ; and 
in Stockholm, more than one-third 
in 67 years. 

Mortar, the first made in Eng- 
land, 1543. 

Mortain in Flanders, taken and 
retaken three times in April, 1710. 

Mortmain Act passed, temp. 
George II., 1736. 

Mortimer, Roger, Earl of March, 
hanged, Nov. 29, 1330, at Tyburn, 
and left two days suspended. 

Morton, Earl of, made regent of 
Scotland, Nov. 24, 1572 ; joined 
Queen Elizabeth's party 1573 ; re- 
moved from the regency, March 10, 
1578 ; accused as an accomplice in 
the murder of the Scotch king, and 
beheaded^ 1580. 

MoRTON-Hampstead, Devonshire, 
much injured by fire, June 24, 
1757 ; fifteen houses and an aged 
woman at, burned, Jan. 13, 1816. 

Morton Castle demolished by 
David II., of Scotland, 1340. 

Moscow, Russia, founded 1156 ; 
taken by Tamerlane, 1382 ; set on 
fire by the Tartars, 1571 ; 2000 
houses in, destroyed by a fire, July, 
1736 ; again, June, 1750 ; in May 
and June, 1752, 8000 houses de- 
stroyed in, by fire ; entered by the 
French, Sept. 14, 1812 ; set on fire 
by plunderers, and 11,800 houses 
burned, rendering it untenable ; eva- 
cuated by the French, Oct. 19, and 
re-entered by the Russians, Oct. 22, 
1812; the Russian count Rostop- 
jhin, solemnly denied its being set 
fire to by his orders. 

Moscovites, or Russians, invaded 
and ravaged Sweden, July 11, 1719. 

Moskwa, Battle of, between the 
French and Russians, Sept. 7, 1812 ; 
extremely sanguinaiy, but the Rus- 
sians were defeated, and the French 
entered Moscow without further op- 
position, Sept. 14. 

Mosstroopers on the borders of 
England and Scotland extirpated, 
1609. 

Most Christian King, a title given 
bv the Pope to Louis XL of France, 
1469. 



Motes' Bulwark, Dover, built, 
1539. 

Mount, Mr. John, of Langholm, 
Dumfries, in Scotland, died, March, 
1776, aged 136. 

Mount St. Michael, Cornwall, and 
also in Normandy. See St. Michael's 
Mount. 

Mountains, height of the differ- 
ent mountains of the world ; that of 
the Alps in Europe is the highest 
range, then the Pyrenees; those 
of America excel the European, and- 
the Himalaya in India rise to the 
loftiest altitude of all. 

Mountains, the principal, the 
Alps in Europe, the loftiest of which, 
Mont-Blanc, had not been ascended 
before 1785 ; between which year 
and 1825 there were six ascents, 
since then they have become fre- 
quent : — 

1. Dr. Paccard from Chamouni, 
Aug. 8, 1786. 

2. M. Saussure from Geneva, Aug. 
3, 1787. 

3. Baron Doortheser and M. Forne- 
ret, Aug. 10. 1802. 

4. Count Matezeski, Aug. 4, 1818. 

5. Dr. Renselaer and Mr. Howard, 
July 12, 1819. 

By Englishmen about the same 
period. — ■ 

1. Colonel Beaufoy, Aug. 9, 1787. 

2. Mr. Woodley, Aug. 5, 1788. 

B. Captain Undrell, R. N., Aug. 13, 
1820. 

4. Mr. Clissold, Aug. 18, 1822. 

5. Mr. Jackson, Sept. 4, 1823. 

6. Dr. Clarke and Mr. Sherwell, 
Aug. 26, 1825. 

The height of the principal Euro- 
pean mountains is as follows, in 
feet : — 
Mont Blanc, Alps ... 15,630 

Mont Rosa, do 15,555 

The Finsterhorn, do. ... 14,096 
The Jungfrau, do. ... 13,725 

St. Bernard, do. ... 11,006 

TheSimplon, do. ... 11,000 

St. Gothard, do. ... 9075 

Mont Cenis, do. ... 11,785 

MontViso, do. ... 12,584 

Brenner, io .» 5110 



MOU 



435 



MUG 



Oertler Spitze, Tyrol, ... 15,364 
Chassoul, in the Jura, ... 5260 
St. Ciraone, Apennines ... 6981 
Mt. Perdu, Pyrenees, France 11,209 
Pic d'Arbison, do. ... 8344 

Pic de Montaigne, ... 7310 

Mulhacen, in Spain, in the 

Nevada ... ... 11,670 

JEtna, Sicily, a volcano ... 10,963 
Terglon, in Carniola, Austria 10,390 
Olympus, in Greece ... 6600 

Vesuvius, Naples ... 5731 

Hecla, Iceland, volcano ... 4690 
Snowclon, Wales ... 3578 

Carnedd David, do ... 3427 

Carnedd Llewellyn, do. ... 3320 

Caderldris 2914 

Sea Fell, England ... 3166 

Helvellyn, ' do. ... 3055 

Skiddaw, do. ... 3022 

Dartmoor, Devon, do. high- 
est peak ... ... 2000 

Brown Willy, Cornwall, ... 1368 
Wreckin, Shropshire, ... 1320 
Malvern, Worcestershire, ... 1444 
Ben Macdhui, Scotland, ... 4390 
Ben Nevis, do, ... 4358 

Cairn Gorm, do. ... 4080 

Ben Lomond, do, ... 3262 

Hart Fell, do. ... 3300 

Ben Choachan, do. ... 3000 

Lugnaguilla, Wicklow, Ire- 
land ... ... 3070 

M'Gillicuddv's Reeks, do. 3000 
Croagh Patrick, do. ... 2640 

Nokth and South America. 
Rocky Mountains ... 12,500 

White Mountains, near Hants 7800 
Alleganies ... 3010 

Mount of St. Elie, Mexico 18,222 
Popocatopetl, volcano, do. 16,365 
Chimborazo, Andes, Quito 21,464 
Antisana, do. ... 19,134 

Catopaxi, volcano, do. ... 18,870 

Sangai, volcano, do. ... 17,125 

Sierra Nevada de Santa 

Morta ... 15,165 

Sinchutahua ... 16,300 

Blue Mountains, Jamaica 8180 
Souffriere, St. Vincent >.. 5010 

Africa. 
Gehel Tedla, or Atlas Range 12,050 
Geesh, Abyssinia ... 15,000 

Amid-amid, do. ... 13,000 

a Malman, do. ... 11,200 



Nieuweldt Berg, South Africa 10,000 
Table Mountain ... 3582 

Devil's Mountain ... 3315 

Peak of Teneriffe, Canary 

Isle ... 12,358 

Peak of Fuego, Cape Verd 

Islands ... 9790 

Renio Peak, Madeira ... 5350 

Asia. 
Ararat, in Armenia ... 9600 

Mount Lebanon, ... 9520 

White Mountain of the 

Himalayan chain, in 

Thibet ... 26,462 

Jewahir or Himalaya 

Peak, north of Delhi 25,749 

Jematura, on the Sutlej ... 25,500 
The Black Peak ... 21,155 

A pass in Thibet, Hima- 
laya range ... 18,600 
Hamar or Petchu, in Ho- 

nan, China ... 21,000 

Sochonda Mountains, do, 12,600 
Parmesau, Isle of Banca .,. 10,050 
Moonakoah, Sandwich Isles 18,000 
Mount Ida, Anatolia ... 5800 
Mount Ophir, Sumatra ... 13,842 
Italitzkoi, in Tartary ... 14,735 
Sea- view Hill, New South 

Wales ... 6500 

Awatscha, Kamschatka, a 

volcano ... 9600 

Mourning, a particular colour cf 
dress worn for the dead ; in Europe, 
generally black 5 in China, white ; 
in Turkey, violet 5 in Spain, white 
before 1498. 

Mousquetaires, or Musqueteers, 
regiments of distinction, so named 
under the Bourbon dvnasty, and first 
levied by Louis XIIL, 1622 ; the first 
levy was disbanded in 1646, and 
restored in 1657 ; a second body, 
raised in 1660, composed Mazarine's 
guard ; there was also a body sub 
sequently formed, called the Black 
Musketeers. 

Muggletonians, a sect that sprung 
up in the time of Charles I., whose 
leader was a tailor's journeyman, 
named Ludovic Muggleton, 1657 ; 
he set up for a prophet, and had pre- 
tended revelations ; they asserted 
that God, the Father, had suffered 



MUN 



436 



MUR 



death, and that Muggleton and an 
associate named Reeves, were the 
two last witnesses who should ap- 
pear to call men from their sins he- 
fore the end of the world ; they had 
many followers. 

Mughouse Riot, a tumult in Sa- 
lisbury court, Fleet street, for which 
five persons were hung, July 23, 1716. 

Mulberry Trees, the first planted 
in England, at Sion House, 1609 ; 
a celebrated mulberry tree at Strat- 
ford-on-Avon, planted by Shak- 
spear, under which Garrick, Mack- 
lin, and others, were entertained in 
1742 ; it was cut down by a person 
named Gastrel for fuel, but the 
wood was saved by a silversmith, 
who purchased it, and manufactured 
it into various articles in memory of 
the poet. 



Mum, a liquor brewed from wheat 
in place of barley, much used in 
Germany, and greatly at Brunswick, 
where it is said to have been first 
made in 1489. 

Mumford, Mr., murdered near 
Quendon, in Essex, by Pallet, a la- 
bourer who worked for him, on the 
4th Dec, 1823 ; the murderer was 
discovered, and afterwards executed 
at Chelmsford. 

Munich, Palace of, destroyed by 
fire, April 5, 1749, and again with 
200 houses April 28, 1762. 

Municipal Expenditure of Bo- 
roughs : the receipts and expendi- 
ture of the larger boroughs, from 
Sept. 1, 1842, to Aug. 31, 1843, was 
as follows, omitting shillings and 
pence : — 



Bath 

Birmingham 

Bristol .... 

Exeter 

Hull 

Leeds 

Liverpool 

Newcastle-on-Tyne 

Norwich 

Nottingham 

Plymouth 



Receipts. 


Expendi- 
ture. 


£ 


£ 


22,040 


19,981 


41,613 


24,716 


45,899 


49,176 


27,427 


26,391 


32,117 


25,661 


24,583 


22,465 


408,337 


349,606 


55,379 


59,995 


18,931 


17,210 


12,177 


11,739 


17,420 


20,508 



The disbursements of Bristol, New- 
castle, and Plymouth, exceeded their 
receipts, which was the case with 
many other places under the change 
from the old system, although that 
change had been made several years 
before. 

Munro, James, made president of 
the United States of America, 1817 
to 1825, died July 4, 1831 ; born, 
1759. 

Munster surrendered to the Ha- 
noverians Nov. 20, 1759 ; treaty of, 
between Sweden, Erance, and the 
Emperor of Germany, Spain being at 
war with France, hence the chime- 
rical balance of European power 



was first exhibited as a principle, 
signed Oct. 24, 1648 ; some call it 
the treaty of Westphalia. 

Muntzer, Thomas, the founder 
of the sect of Anabaptists, put to 
death for his belief, 1526. 

Murat, Joachim, once king of 
Naples, shot after landing in Italy, 
Oct. 13, 1815. 

Murder, many murders recorded 
in English history ; Alfred, eldest 
son of Ethelred II., and all his train, 
murdered by Godwin, Earl of Kent, 
to remove the* fears of King Harold 
I., that prince having the first right 
to the throne, 1036 ; the murderers 
ripped open his belly, fastened his 



MUE 



437 



MUS 



bowels to a post, and made him go 
round it, pricking him with poniards 
till he expired ; murder of the do- 
mestics of Harold, whom his brother 
Tosti caused to be killed, cut up, 
salted, and sent as a present to their 
master, 1058 ; the bishop of Exeter, 
Stapleton, murdered by a mob in 
London, for taking part with the 
court of Edward IL, 1325 ; Dr. 
Lamb, mistaken for a dependent of 
the notorious Duke of Buckingham, 
murdered by a mob in London 
streets, 3 Charles L, 1528, for which 
the city of London was fined ; in 
Holland, the Dutch pensionary De 
Witt, and his brother, were torn to 
pieces at the Hague by a mob, 1672 ; 
Thomas Thynne shot in his coach 
in Pall-Mail, by assassins hired for 
the purpose, by Count Konings- 
mark, 1682 ; four English gentle- 
men and a French servant, 
murdered on the high-road be- 
tween Calais and Boulogne, 1723 ; 
John Hayes, by Catherine Hayes, 
his wife, who assisted in cutting his 
body to pieces, and flinging it into 
the Thames, 1726 ; Malcolm, Sarah, 
murder and robbery of Mrs. Dun- 
combe, and her maid, in the Temple, 
1733 ; Miss Blandy, of Henley on 
Thames, who poisoned her own 
father, 1751 ; Earl Ferrers murder- 
ed Mr. Johnson, his steward, 1760 ; 
Elizabeth Brownrigg murdered her 
apprentice, 1767; John Donellan 
poisoned Sir Theodosius Broughton 
with laurel water, 1778 ; Mr. 
Hackman for the murder of Miss 
Reay, Lord Sandwich's mistress, 
1779; Mary Benson, alias Phipoe, 
murdered Mary Cox, under singular 
circumstances, 1797; some of the 
latest and more remarkable were 
Governor Wall, murderer of Ser- 
geant Armstrong, 1802, 20 years 
before ; Richard Patch murdered 
Mr. Bligh, 1806 ; Holloway and 
Haggarty, the murderers of Mr. 
Steel on Hounslow Heath, 1807, at 
their execution 30 persons were 
trodden to death; Major Campbell 
murdered Captain Boyd, 1808; 
John Bellingham murdered Spencer 



Perceval, 1812; Philip Nicholson 
murdered Mr. and Mrs. Bonar, 
1813; Eliza Fenning, poisoning, 
generally thought innocent, 1817; 
John Thurtell murdered Mr. Weare, 
1824; William Corder murdered 
Maria Martin, 1828 ; Burke com- 
mitted murder to sell the bodies for 
dissection, 1829 ; Bishop and Wil- 
liams, murderers of an Italian boy, 
to sell his body for dissection, 1831 ; 
Mary Anne Burdock, poisoning, 
1835 ; James Greenacre, the mur- 
derer of Hannah Brown, 1837 ; J. 
B. Courvoisier murdered Lord 
William Russell, 1840 ; T. H. Hocker 
murdered Mr. De la Rue, 1845 ; 
James B. Rush murdered Mr. 
Jermy, sen., and jun., 1849; W. 
G. Manning and wife murdered 
one O'Connor, 1849. 

Murders were only a fine under 
the Saxon heptarchy ; compounded 
for in Wales in the reign of Henry 
VIII. ; refused benefit of clergy, 
1503 ; murder of a husband by a 
wife, a servant of his master, or an 
ecclesiastic by an inferior, petit 
treason, 1350, and the offenders 
burned ; the last execution of this law 
in 1789, of a woman who killed her 
husband and was burned; execution 
for murder the next day but one af- 
ter conviction, as formerly enacted, 
repealed July, 1836. 

Murray, Mr., committed to New- 
gate for his conduct in the West- 
minster election, Feb. 7, 1750 ; hav- 
ing attained his liberty at the end of 
the parliamentary session, again 
committed, Nov. 20, 1751. 

Murray : the illegitimate brother 
of Mary Queen of Scots, caused her 
great trouble, 1566 ; made regent of 
Scotland, Aug. 10, 1567; defeated, 
May 17, 1568 ; killed, Jan. 23, 1570. 

Murray, the Hon. James, joined 
the Earl of Mar in Scotland, Oct. 4, 
1715. 

Museum, British, Montague House 
purchased for, by parliament, 1753; 
military quartered there, 1780; 
visiters to, 1851 to 1852—2,019,243. 

Museum, the Leverian, built by 
Mr. Parkinson, 1786 ; afterwards 



MUT 



438 



M YE 



occupied by the Surrey Institution, 
1808. 

Museum, the London, erected in 
Piccadilly, 1811-12. 

Music, Notes of, invented by 
Guido Aretino, 1028 ; those at pre- 
sent used, 1338 ; counter-point by 
Palestina, 1516 ; Italian style of, 
introduced into England early in 
the 17th century. 

Music, Professorship of, founded 
at Oxford by Dr. W. Hychin, about 
1604; the first music in England 
being principally that of the church 
in masses and madrigals. 

Music published in France, 1852 ; 
vocal pieces, 1367; instrumental, 
1067. 

Musical Bells or Chimes invented 
at Alost, 1487. 

Musical Commemoration of 
Handel, 1784. 

Musical Festivals, now common, 
the first at Hereford, 1751 ; one at 
Westminster Abbey, when William 
IV., and his Queen were present, 
1834. 

Musical Institution, the ancient 
academy formed, 1710 ; the madri- 
gal society, 1741 ; the royal society 
of music, 1785 ; the royal academy 
of, 1822. 

Muskets, matchlock, first used in 
Prance at the siege of Arras, 1414 ; 
used at the siege of Ehegen, 1521 ; 
in the Netherlands by the Duke of 
Alba, 1569; in England gene- 
rally, 1550. 

Muslins from India first worn in 
England, 1670; made in England 
and Scotland, 1778, 1780 ; no less 
than 324,352 pieces sold at the East 
Indian sales, 1789. 

Mute in a criminal court, refus- 
ing to plead, to be taken as a plea 
of guilty, by 12 George III., and 
execution to follow : of this practice 
there were cases in 1778, 1792, and 
1801 ; before this act, persons re- 



fusing to plead were tortured to 
death, being placed naked on their 
backs In a dark dungeon, a great 
weight of iron placed on their 
bodies, and fed with three morsels 
of bad bread, and the same number 
of draughts of stagnant water, until 
they died, the bread and water on 
alternate days: one among many 
relics of Saxon barbarity, swept 
away in the last and present centu- 
ries, exemplifications of the humani- 
ty and " wisdom of our ancestors." 
Mutiny Act passed 1689, 2 Wil- 
liam III. ; renewed annually 

Mutinies on board the Bounty, 
1789 ; a ship commanded by Captain 
Bligh, a very arbitrary officer ; on 
board the Fleet, April, 1797, de 
manding an advance of wages ; 
quelled by a promise from the Ad- 
miralty which was not fulfilled ; at 
Plymouth, of the marines, June 
1797, four shot, which occasioned a 
re-commencement on board the 
London man-of-war, when Admiral 
Colpoys and his captain were put 
into confinement for ordering the 
marines to fire, whereby three lives 
were lost. The mutiny subsided 
May 10, 1797, when an act passed 
to raise their wages, and the king 
pardoned the mutineers. A more 
considerable one at the Nore, which 
blocked up the trade of the Thames : 
it subsided June 10, 1797, when the 
principal mutineers were put in 
irons, and several were executed ; 
the Danae frigate, taken into Brest 
by her crew, 1800 ; in the fleet in 
Bantry Bay, 1807 ; at Malta, where 
the mutineers blew themselves up 
with a powder magazine, 1807 ; at 
Vellore, 1807. 

Muktin, Mary, died near Milford, 
aged 109. 

Myfod, Montgomeryshire, nume- 
rous cattle killed at, by eating of 
the yew-tree, Nov. 12, 1814. 



NAP 



439 



NAP 



N 



Naas, Battle of, between the 
Irish rebels in 1798, and two regi- | 
ments of the royal forces : the former 
were defeated with considerable 
loss. 

Nabonassar, the Era of, beginning 
Feb, 25 or 26, a.c. 747; add 748 to 
the present year, to find that when 
the era of Nabonassar commenced. 

Naerden taken by the Prince of 
Orange, Sept. 1673. 

Nanea in Livonia, founded 1223. 
Naiad, transport, lost on the 
rocks off the coast of Newfoundland, 
Oct. 22, 1805. 

Nairn, Lord, taken prisoner at 
Preston, Nov. 13, 1715 ; discharged 
July 24, 1717, 

Namur surrendered to the French, 
July 1, 1692; retaken by the Allies, 
1695 ; garrisoned by the Dutch, 
1715 ; taken by the French, 1746 ; 
restored to the Dutch, 1748; the 
garrison expelled by the Emperor 
Joseph II., 1781 ; taken by the 
French, 1792; evacuated by the 
French, 1793; retaken by them 
1794; surrendered to the Allies, 
1814. 

Nancy taken by the French, Oct. 
1733. 

Nantes, Edict of, published by 
Henry IV. of France, granting 
toleration to the Protestants there, 
1598 ; revoked bv Louis XIV., Oct. 
24, 1685; not " less than 50,000 
French Protestants left their native 
land in consequence, and settled for 
the most part in England, to which 
they carried the manufactures of 
their own country, more especially 
that of silk, which began in Spital- 
fields. 

Nantes, a powder magazine at, 
exploded, May 28, 1800, which 
destroyed a number of lives and 
demolished many bouses ; a four- 
pounder cannon was blown to a re- 
markable distance. 
Napier's Bones, pieces of ivory 



used to aid in the computation of 
numbers, so that the multiplication 
and division of high numbers may 
be easily performed by them, invent- 
ed by Napier, baron of Merchiston, 
the inventor of logarithms, 1617. 

Naples, Kingdom of,, at present 
ruled by the last of the Bourbon 
race in the enjoyment of royalty; 
great part of the country anciently 
held by the Etruscans, who built 
Nola and Capua, formerly called 
Capua and Campania \ it has 
undergone many changes and revo- 
lutions : it was distinguished subse- 
quently from the kingdom of Puglia, 
governed first by Roger, Count of 
Sicily, 1127 ; the Goths were once 
masters of Naples and Sicily, but 
were driven out by Belisarius, 537 ; 
the Lombards were the next pos T 
sessors, and were dispossessed by 
Charlemagne in 800; in 1266, 
Charles of Anjou, brother of St. 
Louis, king of France, obtained the 
crown from the pope to the exclu- 
sion of the rightful heir, Conradin, 
who was beheaded, aged 16 years ; 
the French becoming hated by the 
Sicilians, a general massacre of the 
invaders took place, one Frenchman 
only escaping, March 30, 1282; 
Peter of Arragon reigned 1282; 
the two crowns disjoined, 1303 ; 
Charles Durazzo became king of 
Hungary, murdered there by order 
of the queen regent, in her presence, 
1386 : for this murder she was taken 
out of her carriage and drowned in 
the river Bosseth, 1386; Sicily 
united to Naples, and the kings 
since called kings of the Two 
Sicilies, 1442; taken from the 
French and annexed to Spain, 1504 ; 
the tyranny of the Spaniards led to 
an insurrection, excited by Masani- 
ello, a fisherman, who in fifteen 
days raised 200,000 men, 1647 ; this 
insurrection subsided, and Masa- 
niello was murdered, 1647 ; attempt 



NAP 



440 



NAT 



of the Duke of Guise to possess the 
crown, 1647; the kingdom com- 
pletely conquered by Prince Eugene, 
1707 ; Naples ceded to the Emperor, 
by the treaty of Radstadt, 1714; 
Sicily in 1720; both kingdoms re- 
covered by the crown of Spain, 1734 ; 
Charles, the son of Philip of Spain, 
reigned, 1735 ; reign of Ferdinand 
IV., 1759; his flight on the ap- 
proach of the French republicans, 
Jan. 14, 1799; Nelson appeared, 
Naples retaken, and the king re- 
stored, July 13, 1799 ; again taken 
by the French, April 7, 1801 ; 
earthquake felt throughout the 
kingdom, and thousands perished, 
July 26. 1805 ; treaty, offensive and 
defensive, betAveen France and 
Naples, Oct. 8, 1805; Ferdinand 
again driven from Naples, and 
Joseph Bonaparte crowned king, 
Feb. 6, 1806 ; Joseph abdicated for 
the crOwn of Spain, June 1, 1808 ; 
the crown transferred to Joachim 
Murat, July 1, 1808 ; a new con- 
stitution granted to Sicily, 1812 ; 
Naples surrendered to a British 
fleet, and Ferdinand re-entered, 
June 17, 1815; Joachim Murat 
shot, Oct. 15, 1815; revolutionary 
movement, headed by General Pepe, 
July 15, 1820 ; suppression of the 
Carbonari, Sept. 16, 1820 ; death of 
Ferdinand IV., who reigned 66 
years, and reign of Francis I., 1825 ; 
reign of Ferdinand II., Nov. 8, 
1830 ; commencement of the dispute 
relative to the sulphur monopoly, 
afterwards amicably adjusted, March 
15, 1840; Palermo and the great 
towns of Sicily in open insurrection 
against the king of Naples: the 
people proclaimed a provincial go- 
vernment, and insisted on having 
the constitution of 1812, Jan. 12, 
1848; a constitution modelled on 
the French charter of 1830, pro- 
claimed Jan. 29, 1848 ; bombard- 
ment of Messina, April 13, 1848; 
fighting at Naples, between the 
troops and national guard, May 15, 
1848 ; Messina bombarded for five 
days, by the Neapolitans, and taken, 
Sept. 7, 1848 ; blockade of Palermo, 



April 30, 1849; entered by the 
Neapolitans after much fighting, 
May 13, 1849; and the absolute 
monarchy re-established. 

Napoleon L, Emperor of the 
French, king of Italy, and protector 
of the confederation of the Ehine, 
born at Ajaccio in Corsica, Aug. 
15, 1769, died at St. Helena, May 
5, 1821, aged 52. 

Napoleon Francis, son of Napo- 
leon Bonaparte, and King of Borne, 
and styled in Vienna Duke of 
Keichstadt, born March 20, 1811 ; 
died of a decline at the palace of 
Schoenbrunn, July 22, 1832 ; Ma- 
dame Bonaparte, mother of Napo- 
leon, died at Borne, 1832. 

Napoleon, Remains of, brought 
from St. Helena, and deposited in 
the Hotel des Invalides at Paris, 
1840. 

Narva, Battle of, between Peter 
the Great of Bussia and Charles 
XII. of Sweden, Nov. 30, 1700, in 
which Peter the Great lost 30,000 
men, and as many more made pri- 
soners, while the Swedes did not 
amount to more than 30,000 opposed 
to thrice as many Bussians. 

Nasep.y, Battle of, between 
Charles I. and the parliament army 
under Fairfax ; Cromwell, who was 
present with his iron regiment of 
horse, turned the tide of the battle, 
which was decisive, the king, aban- 
doning his baggage, obliged to fly 
for his life ; all his cannon taken, 
and 5000 prisoners, June 14, 1645. 

National Benefactors, those who 
have enriched the garden with use- 
ful and valuable plants are deserv- 
ing of remembrance. Sir. W. Ra- 
leigh introduced the potato; Sir 
Anthony Ashley first planted cab- 
bages here ; a cabbage appears at 
his feet on his monument ; Sir Ri- 
chard Weston brought over clover- 
grass from Flanders in 1645; figs 
were planted in Henry VIII.'s reign 
at Lambeth by Cardinal Pope — it is 
said the identical trees are still re- 
maining ; Spilman, who erected the 
first paper-mill at Dartford, in 1580, 
brought over the first two lime-trees, 



NAT 



441 



NAT 



which he planted, and are still 
growing; Thomas Lord Cromwell 
enriched the gardens of England 
with three different kinds of plums. 
National Debt; though money 
seems to have been borrowed in the 
reign of Henry VI., the existing 
debt of the nation dates no further 
back than the reign of William III. ; 
it was alarming to the nation in 
1697, though only £5,000, 000; this 
monarch left it, at his death in 1702, 
£16,000,000, that is, on Queen 
Anne's accession, 1714 ; on the ac- 
cession, 

of George I. it was • £54,000,000 
of George II., 1727, 52,000,000 
of George III., 1760, 146,982,844. 
When the American war was con- 
cluded so unhappily, the debt was 
raised to above £237,000,000 ; for in 



1786, it was £266,725,097, which 
England paid to lose America, and 
the interest was £9,536,026; in 
1790 it was reduced to £242,000,000. 
but then there was an unfunded 
debt of £30,000,000. The war be- 
gun for the restoration of the Bour- 
bon family, from 1794 to its end, 
and money borrowed in 1817, cost 
in loans £275,313,114, in addition to 
the previous debt ; and £64,750,000 
on account of Ireland, with nearly 
£33,000,000 of Exchequer bills. In 
one year of the war, 1814, the cur- 
rent taxes added to the loan for that 
vear, carried the expenditure to 
above £100,000,000 sterling; the 
interest for the debt coming out of 
the taxes : the following table will 
show the amounts of principal and 
interest down to 1844, for 28 years : 



United Kingdom. 


Capital of Unredeemed 
Funded Debt. 


Annual Charge thereon. 


At 1st Eeb. 


£ 


£ 


1817- 


796,200,191 


29,842,014 


At 5th Jan. 






1818 


776.742,403 


29,310,454 


1819 


791,867,313 


29,984,294 


1820 


794,980,481 


27,789,658 


1821 


801,565,310 


30,149,920 


1822 


795,312,767 


29,985,216 


1823 


796,530,144 


28,596,866 


1824 


791,701,614 


29,078,570 


1825 


781,123,222 


28,372,206 


1826 


778,128,267 


28,267,272 


1827 


783,801,739 


28,556,903 


1828 


777,476,892 


28,389,869 


1829 


772,322,540 


28,245,534 


1830 


771,251,932 


28.285,900 


1831 


757,486,996 


27,674,754 


1832 


755,543,884 


27,658,299 


1833 


754,100,549 


27,703,433 


1834 


751,658,883 


27,782,116 


1835 


743,675,299 


27,783,454 


1836 


758,549,866 


28,403,305 


1837 


761,422,570 


28,553,192 


1838 


762,275,188 


28,524,739 


1839 


761,347,690 


28,585,503 


1840 


766,547,684 


28,748,794 


1841 


766,371,725 


28,556,324 


1842 


772,530,758 


28,701,458 


1843 


773,061,340 


28,609,708 


1844 


772,169,092 


28,516,882 



NAT 



442 



NAT 



The amount of the unfunded debt, 
for the above years, and the rate of 
interest for Exchequer bills now, 



1853, reduced to Id., will readily be 
observed in this table : — 



In the Year 
ended the 
5th Jan. 


Amount of Capital in 
Exchequer Bills. 


Rate of Interest. 


Charge of Interest 
in the said Tear. 


1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 
1840 
1841 
1842 

1843 

1844 


£ 
44,650,300 
56,729,400 
43,208,400 
36,303,200 
30,965,900 
31,566,550 
36,281,150 
34,741,750 
32,398,450 
27,994,200 
24,565,350 
27,546,850 
27,657,000 
25,490,550 
27,271,650 
27,133,350 
27,278,000 
27,906,900 
28,521,550 
28,976,600 
26,976,000 
24,044,550 
24,026,050 
19,965,050 
21,076,350 
18,343,850 

18,182,100 

18,407,300 


3d. 22 Nov, 1816 
2±d. 24 Feb. 1817 
2d, 11 Oct, 1817 


£ 

2,173,927 

1,891,315 

2,026,450 

847,091 

1,529,181 

2,009,311 

1,309,409 

1,111,220 

1,086,015 

820,000 

770,000 

802,186 

860,475 

806,076 

726,465 

604,365 

577,320 

723,596 

636,417 

688,701 

692,095 

871,309 

641,370 

788,707 

559,130 

797,046 

| 631,601 

594,051 




' 




lid. 24 June 1824 
2d, i9I)ec.i825 




l§d. 30 Sept. 1829 
l|d. 11 Dec. 1829 










2d. 29 Sept. 1836 
2id. 21 Nov. 1836 
2d. 14 Dec. 1837 
l|d. 18 Mar. 1839 
g^d u 16 Mar. 1840 


2d. 15 June 1842 
If d. 17 Mar. 1843 
lhd. 16 June 1843 





The interest paid within each year 
is given in the column of charge, 
which interest has accrued upon the 
capital stated in the preceding 
year. 

S. J. Wood, 
Exchequer Bill Office, 



Operations were undertaken in 
1822, 1824, 1830, 1834, and 1844, 
to reduce a portion of the charges 
on the National Debt. The dis- 
sentients from the reduction of the 
interest were paid off. 



NAT 



443 



NAT 



1822. 

5 per Cents, reduced to 4 per 
Cents.: viz., £105 4 per Cents, 
for £100 5 per Cents., per 3 Geo. 
IV., c. 9. 



Gross Capital. 



£ 
152,422,143 

2,794,276 



149,627,867 
7,481,350 



L 157,109,217 



Bank of Ireland Debt at 5 per 
Cent, reduced to 4 per Cent, at 
par, per 3 Geo. IV., c. 26 

1824. 
Old 4 per Cents, reduced to 3| per 
Cents, at par, 5 Geo. IV., c. 11... 

1824 & 1825. 
5 per Cents. 1797 reduced to 3 per 
Cents. ; viz. £138 : 6 : 8. Con- 
solidated 3 per Cents, for £100 
5 per Cents. 37 Geo, III., c. 10... 



1830. 
4 per Cents, exchanged for £100 of 
3 § per Cents., or £70 of 5 per 
Cents,, per 11 Geo. IV., c, 13 



1834. 
4 per Cents. 1826 reduced to 3^ 
per Cents, at par, per 4 and 5 
Will. IV„ c. 31. 



1841. 
Bank of Ireland Debts at 5 and 4 
per cent, reduced to 3| per cent, 
per 3 and 4 Vict., c. 75, and 
Warrant of Treasuiy, January 
30, 1841. 



1,153,840 
1,153,846 



76,248,180 
76,248,180 



1,013,668 
41,011 



972,657 
1,296,876 



153,671,091 

2,880,915 



150,790,176 



Interest. 

5,254,186 
23,469 



10,622,911 



10,622,911 



1,015,328 
1,615,384 



2,630,768 
2,630,768 



7,481,393 



3,284,368 



57,692 
46,153 



3,039,927 



48,632 
38,860 



424,916 



371,801 



50,769 
64,615 



115,384 
92,076 



1,197,025 



11,539 



381,242 



9,726 



'53,952 



53,115 



23,308 



NAT 



444 



NAT 



1844. f 

3| per Cents. Reduced at par to 3J | 
per Cents, until Oct. 10, 1854, ' 
and from that period to be re- 
duced to £3 per Cents., and not { 
liable to further reduction until 
after October 10, 1874, per 7 Vict., 
c. 4 and 5 



Gross Capital. 



157,243,517 

67,701,606 

9,514,369 

14,401,171 



248,860,663 
103,352 



248,757,311 
248,757,311 



Annual Interest. 



Annual Interest 
saved. 



5,706,505 
5,084,612 



621,893 



The different heads of the debt be- 
fore the above reductions, say in 
1807, together with the interest and 



£3,051,800 
management expenses for one year* 
when the unredeemed debt was as 
follows : 





Capital. 


Interest and Management. 


Cons. 5 per cent. Ann. 


£46,674,742 1 


8 


£2,354,740 14 


5 per cent. Ann. 1797 ) 
and 1802 - ] 
Cons. 4 per cent. Ann. 


2,406,132 13 


3 


121,389 7 10 


49,725,084 17 


2 


2,011,379 13 7 
5,015,284 12 3 


Eed. 3 per cen Ann. . 


164,705,570 6 


5 


Cons. 3 per cent Ann. 


406,116,201 18 


H 


12,366,238 6 11 


Def. 3 per cent. Ann. 


1,750,685 







3 per cent. Ann. 1726 


1,000,000 





30,450 


Bank of England 


11,686,800 





356,502 3 5 


South Sea Stock 


3,662,714 8 


6 ) 




Old South Sea Ann. . 


11,907,470 2 


7 i 


735,974 13 11 


New South Sea Ann. . 


8,494,830 2 10 ) 




South Sea Ann. 1751 . 


1,919,600 





58,667 15 6 


Value of Long Ann. . 


21,245,367 16 





1,151,510 9 li 


Ditto of Short Ann. . 


211,519 12 10 


423,039 5 9 


Ditto of Life Ann. 


279,074 7 


6 


55,811 17 6 


Ann. with survivorship, ) 
1765 . . } 


18,000 





540 


Tontine Ann. 1789 . 


239,428 4 


3 


19,952 7 0k 


Funded Debt . 


£732,033,231 11 


5k 


£24,701,484 7 6| 


Navy, victualling, and 








transport debt 


6,000,000 


° 1 




Exchequer Bills 


12,000,000 


o 1 




Do. for Bank Charter 


3,000,000 


I 


630,000 


Ordnance debt, Trea- 








sury Bills, &c. 


3,000,000 


o J 




Total funded and un- 








funded debt 


£756,033,231 11 


64 


£25,331,484 7 6| 


Redeemed by Com- 








missioners 


117,581,858 





3,316,252 14 9 


Total unredeemed debt ) 
in 1807 . . J 








£638,451,373 11 


5k 


£22,015,231 12 9| 



NAT 



445 



NAT 



An account of the amount of the 
interest of the public debt unre- 
deemed and due to the national cre- 
ditor, both funded and unfunded, in 



each year ended 5th January, 1798, 
1799. and 1800; stating also the 
market price of gold for the corre- 
sponding dates. 



Years ended. 


Charge for Interest of the Unredeemed 
Funded Debt. 


Issued for Interest or Unfunded 
Debt. 


5th January, 1798, 

England 
25th March, 1798, 

Ireland 


£ 
14,327,634 
505,721 


£ 
14,833*355 
15,911*185 

16,195,685 


£ 

297,722 

45,128 


£ 
342*850 

398*665 

1,090,528 


5 th January, 1799, 

England 
25th March, 1799, 

Ireland 


15,196,423 
714,762 


356,847 
41,818 


5th January, 1800, 

England 
25th March, 1800, 

Ireland 


15,241,462 

954,223 


1,021,626 

68,902 









In an account 
April 1824. 



presented to the House of Commons on the 15th of 



Price of Foreign 
Gold in coin. 




5th of January, 1798 
1799 



Gold rose afterward from 80s., at 
which it had been stationary for 
six or seven years, to 95s. in 1809 ; 
to 97s. 6d. in 1811 • to 105s. in 1812 ; 
and 110s. in 1813, or 29 per cent, 
above the mint price of 79s. 10^ d. 
per oz., to the great mischief of 
trade, to remedy which, parliamen- 
tary wisdom could find no better 
refuge than passing an act in the 
face of the truth, that a note of one 
pound of the Bank of England and 
a shilling, were of the same intrinsic 
value as a guinea in gold, the paper 
being in fact at 29 per cent discount. 
Amount and weight of the debt : 
to pay the national debt, as it stood 



in 1786, would require nearly 
47,0001bs. weight in £10bank notes, 
having 512 notes to one pound. 
This sum in cash, if put into carts, 
each containing 1000 lbs. weight, 
and having two horses to draw, 
allowing forty feet to each cart, 
would load 5000 carts, and cover 
37 miles in length, with a remain- 
der of 116 carts in the 38th mile. 
Were it to be laid down in carts in 
a line, it would extend above 4300 
miles in length. In 1794 the na- 
tional debt was 260 millions, and if 
a man were to count 100 shillings 
in a minute for 12 hours a-day, it 
would take him 1797 years, 283 



NAT 



446 



NAY 



days, 3 hours and minutes. The 
whole of this sum being 5900 mil- 
lions of shillings, and the coinage 
standard being 62 shillings in the 
Troy pound, its whole weight will 
be 83,709,968 lbs., which will re- 
quire 41,936 carts, each to have a 
ton weight, to convey it to any 
place ; or, supposing a man could 
carry one hundred pounds from 
London to York, it would require 
838,670 men to perform it ; and if 
all these men were to walk in a line 
at only one yard distance from each 
other, they would cover 456 miles 
and a half, and 70 yards. The 
breadth of a shilling being one inch, 
if all these shillings were laid in a 
straight line, close to one another's 
edge, the line they would cover 
would be 83,070 miles, more than 
double the circumference of the 
globe. — Query. Is there in the 
whole universe as much gold in 
circulation as would discharge this 
debt? If this is not sufficient, is 
there as much gold and silver in 
circulation as would be sufficient 
for the purpose ? 

National Confederation at Paris, 
commemorated, July 14, 1790, in 
Champ de Mars. 

National Debt of the United 
States of America in 1790, only 
£16,000,000, afterwards paid off. 

National Assembly of France, 
the States constitute themselves 
only, June 16, 1789; assembly dis- 
solved itself, Sept. 21, 1792. 

National Convention of France 
formed, Sept. 17, and opened in 
due state, Sept. 21, 1792 ; it con- 
tinued in existence until the Exe- 
cutive Directory was installed at 
the Luxemburgh, Nov. 1, 1795. 

Nativity of the Virgin Mary, 
celebration of, instituted, 695. 

Naturalization, first ' act for^ 
passed in England, 1467 ; another, 
1709 ; for the Jews, 1753 ; repealed 
in December following. 

National Gallery of Painting 
commenced by the government, 
which purchased Mr. Angerstein's 
collection of pictures in May, 1824 ; 



a receptacle called by the above 
name was opened for their reception 
in Trafalgar Square, 1827, built by 
Wilkin s. 

Naumbero, city of, founded, 808. 

Nautical inventions and im- 
provements took place, 1302, and 
better vessels were constructed than 
before. 

Natal Engagements, see Battles, 
Naval. 

Naval Estimates, annually voted 
under the following heads, 1849 : 
wages, seamen and marines, 
£1,425,380; victualling, £653,683; 
Admiralty office, £136,303; Regis- 
ter and Record office for seamen, 
£9772 ; scientific branches, £80,395 
(£30,000 of which were for two ex- 
peditions in search of Sir John 
Franklin) ; establishments at home, 
£140,841; abroad, £25,839 ; wages 
at home to artificers, ±'851,346 ; 
abroad, £39,280 ; naval stores, 
£1,511,671 ; improvements — repairs 
of vards, £688,601 ; medical stores, 
£29,000; miscellaneous, £81,547; 
total, £5,673,658, with half pay, &c; 
making £7,068,730 strictly naval , 
the post-office department, convict 
service, and army and ordnance 
transport, raised the total to 
£7,951,842. 

Naval Salutes, the compliment 
paid by ships to each other's flag at 
sea belonging to different nations, 
or on entering foreign ports, an- 
swered generally by fewer guns; 
fired also at the presence of royalty, 
or a commander-in-chief on the 
spot hoisting his flag ; formerly an 
honour exacted from all vessels in 
what were called the British seas ; 
the Dutch disputed it, but agreed 
to submit to the custom in 1673 ; it 
was formally assented to by France 
in 1704. 

Naval Dress, or Uniforms, regu- 
lations of, 1748; blue, faced with 
white, until altered by William IV. 
to blue and red ; the white facing 
has since been restored; in the 
reign of James I., 1609, the six 
principal masters in the navy wore 
coats of fine red cloth. 



N AV 



447 



NAV 



Naval Pay, 1626, captain of a 
first-rate, with from 400 to 600 men, 
monthly, £14 : lieutenants, ditto, 
£3, 10s. ; master, ditto, £4:13:9; 
in a fourth-rate, with from 100 to 
120 men, captains, £9:6:8; lieu- 
tenants," £2, 16s. ; master, £3:7:6; 
surgeons, £1, 10s. per month in all 
rates; the master gunner £2 and 
£1:6:8. 

Naval Asylum, founded by the 
Duke of Clarence, 1801. 

Naval College, Portsmouth, 
founded, 1720, on Portland Island. 

Naval Architecture, school of, 
founded at Portsmouth, 1816. 

Navarino, the Pylos of the an- 
cients, and the supposed birthplace 
of the venerable Nestor, situated on 
an eminence overlooking the vast 
harbour of the same name. The 
Turks took it from the Venetians 
in 1498, and in 1722 built the 
citadel, defended by six bastions. 
The Russians took it in 1770. 

Navakino, Battle of, between the 
fleets of England, Prance, and Rus- 
sia, under Admiral Codrington, and 
those of Turkey and Egypt, in 
which the latter were nearly all de- 
stroyed, to the number of 30 sail of 
the line, Oct. 20, 1827 ; it was the 
same day of the month on which, 
480 years before Christ, Themisto- 
cles, with 380 ships, defeated the 
fleet of Xerxes in defence of Greece 
at Salamis, when he saved his 
country; they who preferred the 
interests of a shortlived policy to 
the undying interests of humanity, 
called this victory of Navarino over 
Eastern barbarians " an untoward 
event," so was that of Salamis to 
the Persians ; all victories in defence 
of human rights have been unto- 
ward events to the enemies of free- 
dom. 

Navigablk Rivers, and Canals to 
join, made in Eng. by Hen. I., 1130; 
the Thames made navigable to Ox- 
ford, 21 James L, 1625 ; the Kennet 
from Reading to Newbury, 2 Geo. 
I., 1715 ; the Dee, from Hartford 
to Ware and London, 12 George II., 
1739 ; Manchester navigation open- 



ed, June 17, 1761 ; Northampton- 
shire navigation began, Aug. 7, 
1761. See Canals ; American Lake 
Erie, 363 miles long, with 84 locks, 
1822, Champlain, 64 miles long, 
1823; Delaware and Hudson, 109 
miles ; the Ohio and Erie 324 miles, 
1832; in 1840 no less than 4032 
miles of artificial navigation in the 
United States ; 985 in the State of 
New York alone ; 973 in Pensyl- 
vania, and 764 in Ohio ; in England 
582J miles completed between 1800 
and 1845; Caledonian opened, 1822, 
cost of, £1,149,613; tonnage rates 
produced in 1837 no more than 
£2520 from 1242 vessels that used 
it ; total length of French canals, 
1249^ English miles, 1848; in Ire- 
land 300 miles ; in England 2200, 
with 1800 miles of navigable rivers, 
or 4000 of all in 1835. 

Navigation, Art of, first recorded 
of the Phoenicians ; Hanno's voyage 
to the Gambia, or to Senegal, a.c. 
500; to Cornwall, the Cassiterides 
from Gades, or Cadiz, whence tin 
came, a.c. 1200 ; voyage to, related 
in Festus Avienus, the metal spoken 
of, temp. Solomon ; great advance 
in navigation about 1490; on the 
discovery of America, and in the 
18th and 19th centuries ; rendered 
more perfect by the chronometer 
and by steam, 1810 to 1850 ; also 
by the following discoveries and 
improvements, from 1420 to 1820 : 
plane charts and compass, 1420 ; 
compass, variation discovered, 1492 ; 
first work on naAdgation, 1545 ; the 
log, 1577 ; Mercator's chart, 1599 ; 
Davis's back-staff for measuring 
angles, 1600 ; Gunter's application 
of the logarithmic tables, 1620; 
middle latitude sailing, 1623 ; Nor- 
wood measurement of 367,200 feet 
to a degree, 1633 ; Harrison's time- 
keeper used, 1764; Nautical Al- 
manac published, 1767; Barlow's 
correction of the compass, 1820 ; 
the first attempt at circumnaviga- 
tion from Seville, 1519; Sir F. 
Drake's from Plymouth, 1577 ; 
Richie's pendulum researches, 1761; 
Newton and Huygens prove the 



NAV 



443 



NAV 



earth's figure; Ulloa, Condamine, 
Godin, and Bouguer, go to South 
America to measure an arc, 1735 ; 
Maupertuis, Clairault, and others, 
to Tornea, to measure an arc, 1736 ; 
measurement between Paris and 
Amiens, 1753; longitude between 
the sun and Sirius found, 1684; 
reward offered by Philip of Spain 
for the longitude, 1598 ; by parlia- 
ment, 1714; again, £20,000 if within 
30 miles of the truth, 1774 ; reward 
of 10,000 livres by the Duke of Or- 
leans, 1716; Werner's mode by the 
moon and stars, 1514 ; improved by 
Morin, 1634 ; Harrison's idea longi- 
tudinis, 1696; Dr. Halley's im- 
provements of, 1730 to 1731 ; 
Meyer's lunar tables, 1755; ditto 
purchased for £3000, 1762; Euler's 
lunar theory rewarded with £300; 
Maskelyne's advance of lunar obser- 
vations, 1764; longitude by the 
occupations of a star, 1676 ; Mar- 
cus discovered the satellites of Ju- 
piter, 1699, 1610; the satellites 
applied by Galileo to discover 
longitude, 1611 ; longitude by the 
clock and chronometer, by Hook and 
Huygens, 1662, 1664 ; by Roy and 
Berthoud, Paris, 1754, 1763, 1767 ; 
Harrison in England received in all 
£24,000 for his chronometer, 1735, 
1762 ; Mudge received £500 for an 
improvement, 1777 ; longitude by 
the variation chart of Halley, 1760 ; 
new azimuth compass, 1789 ; lati- 
tude by the altitudes of the sun, 
1594 ; the astrolabe and cross staff 
superseded by Hadley's quadrant, 
1731. 

Navigation Laws of Oleron, 
1194; acts passed, 1381; again, 
1541 ; for the colonies, 1646, 1651, 
1660, 1778; of the Thames ship- 
ping 1786; laws altered, 1822, 3 
Geo. IV. c. 41, 42, 43, 44, 46; re- 
ciprocity acts, 4 Geo. IV. c. 77, and 
5 Geo. IV. c. 1 ; repeal of the na- 
vigation laws in toto, 1849. 

Navigation by Steam, earliest 
attempts at, 1781 and 1790, in 
France, America, and Scotland; 
one by Fulton, established on the 
river Hudson, in America, 1806-7 ; 



the first that plied for hire on the 
Clyde, a three-horse power, 1812 ; 
steam vessels employed in the dif- 
ferent parts of the United Kingdom 
and its colonies in 1849, were 1296, 
amounting in burden to 177,310 
tons, viz. ports of England, 865, 
carrying 103,154 tons; Scotland, 
166, 29,206 tons; Ireland, 111, 
having 26,369 ; Guernsey and Jer- 
sey 7, of 955 tons ; in the colonies, 
147, of 17,626 tons burthen. There 
were built, 1820, in England, 3 
steam vessels of 102 tons ; Scotland, 
4 steam vessels of 403 tons ; Ire- 
land, 1 steam vessel of 150 tons; 
the colonies, 1 steam vessel of 116 
tons ; total, 9 vessels, and 771 tons 
aggregate , — 1830, in England, 10 
vessels, 931 tons ; Scotland, 8 ves- 
sels, 814 tons; colonies, 1 vessel, 
481 tons ; total, 19 vessels, and 
2226 aggregate ; — 1840, in England, 
59 vessels, 6186 tons ; Scotland, 16, 
vessels, 4110 tons ; colonies, 3 ves- 
sels, 461 tons ; total, 78 vessels, and 
10,757 tons;— 1848, in England, 80 
vessels, 5343 tons; Scotland, 32 
vessels, 9383 tons ; Ireland, 2 ves- 
sels, 610 tons ; colonies, 14 vessels, 
1142 tons; total, 128 vessels, and 
16,476 tons ; — the year of the heaviest 
tonnage was 1847, when 115 vessels, 
78 for England, 24 Scotland, 1 Ire- 
land, and 12 in the colonies, gave 
17,333 tons; in 1849, the grand 
total of the steam vessels of the 
United Kingdom and colonies 
reached, for England, 865, and 
103,154 tons; Scotland, 166, and 
29,206 tons; Ireland, 111, and 
26,369 tons ; Jersey, Guernsey, &c, 
7 vessels, and 13,896 tons; total, 
1274, 173,580 tons. The largest 
steam vessel, the Great Britain, 
built of iron, 1851 ; the length of 
the keel, 289 feet ; total length, 
322 feet ; beam, 51 feet ; depth, 32 
feet 6 inches ; feet of water when 
loaded, 16 feet ; displacement, 2984 
tons ; tonnage by old measurement, 
3443 tons ; plates of keel nearlv 
1 inch thick; plates of bottom vary- 
ing to | of an inch at extremes, and 
to §ths generally; topsides |-inch, 



NAV 



449 



NAV 



extreme aft 7-16ths ; the ribs framed 
of angle iron, 6 inches by 3^ inches, 
I inch thick, and 7-l6ths ; distance 
of ribs from centre to centre, amid- 
ships, 14 -inches, increasing to 21 
inches at the ends ; ten iron sleepers 
from the engine-room, gradually 
diminishing in number to the fore- 
end of ship and under the boilers, in 
midships 3 feet 3 inches in depth, 
supported by angle irons in the form 
of inverted arches ; five water-tight 
partitions ; could stow 1200 tons of 
coal ; the engines, 340 tons ; the 
boiler 200 ditto, and 200 tons of 
water tanks ; the main shaft 28 
inches in diameter in the centre, 
and 24 inches in the bearings ; in 
the rough weighed 16 tons, lightened 
by a hole of 10 inches in diameter, 
bored through ; the screw shaft one 
long and two coupling parts ; the 
part next the engine, solid, 28 feet 
by 16 inches diameter; the hollow 
intermediate shaft 65 feet by 2 feet 
8 inches diameter ; the screw part 
25 feet 6 inches, and 16 inches 
diameter ; the total length, 130 feet, 
weight, 38 tons ; the screw of six 
arms, 15 feet 6 inches diameter, 25 
feet pitch, and weighs 4 tons ; 
the main drum 18 feet diameter, 
weighing 7 tons ; the screw shaft 
drum 6 feet diameter, weight with 
the pull when working equal to 85 
tons on the bearings of the main 
shaft; the cylinders, 4 in number, 
88 inches each ; stroke, 6 feet ; 
power, 1000 horses ; the condensers 
of wrought iron, 12 feet by 8, and 5 
deep ; under the whole space of the 
engines up to the top, the angle 
irons doubled ; the upper main and 
saloon decks of wood, the two cargo 
decks of iron ; the officers and sea- 
men all accommodated on two 
decks under the forecastle; from 
the ship's bottom to the upper deck, 
ran on either side, for the whole 
length of the engines and boiler 
space, a strong iron partition, form- 
ing below the coal bunkers ; and 
above, the servants' accommodations 
on one side, engineers' cabins and 
stokers' accommodations on the 



other; she had six masts, fitted 
with iron rigging, adopted in con- 
sequence of its offering two-thirds 
less resistance than hemp ; the 
plain sails of the Great Britain 
amounted to nearly 5000 yards, she 
carried four large life-boats of iron, 
and two boats of wood in the davits, 
and one large life -boat on deck; 
built according to a patent, and 
capable of carrying 400 people. 

Navy, Commercial, of Europe, 
1849 :— 

Vessels. Tonnage. 



England 


and de- 




pendencies . 34,090 . 


4,144,515 


France 


. . . 13,845 . 


589,517 


Russia 


... 242 . 


59,706 


Austria 


. . . 6,199 . 


208,551 


Prussia 


. . . 835 . 


222,094 


Hanover 


... 545 . 


56,682 


Mecklenl 


>urg . 327 . 


46,260 


Hamburg 


di . . 237 . 


57,102 


Lubeck 


... 71 . 


4,752 


Bremen 


. . . 215 . 


63,052 


Holland 


. . . 1,195 . 


275,084 


Belgium 


. . . 289 . 


27,416 


Norway & Sweden 5,450 . 


471,172 


Denmark 


. . 3,036 . 


153,408 


Spain . 


. . 2,700 . 


80,000 


Portugal 


798 . 


80,525 


Sardinia 


. . . 3,522 . 


167,360 


Roman S 


tates . 950 . 


38,000 


Two Sici 


Lies . 9,174 . 


213,198 


Lucca 


. . . 180 . 


20,000 


Tuscany 


. . 774 . 


25,512 


Ionian Is 


lands . 2,183 . 


48,662 


Greece 


. . . 3,169 . 


137,558 


Turkey 


. . . 2,220 . 


182,000 


Navy, 


Commercial, tonnage of, 


outwards 


: — 






English. 


Foreign. 


1663 to 1 


669 , 95,266 


• 47,634 


1668 . 


. . 190,533 


. 95,267 


1700 . . 


. . 273,693 


. 43,635 


1715 . . 


. . 421,431 


. 26,573 


1726 . . 


. . 432,832 


. 23,651 


1736 . . 


. . 476,941 


. 26,627 


1750 . . 


. . 609,798 


. 51,386 


1760 . 


. . 540,241 


. 107,237 


1770 . . 


. . 806,495 


. 63,176 


1780 . . 


. . 731,286 


. 154,111 


1790 . . 


. 1,424,912 


. 148,999 


1800 . 


. 1,445,271 


. 685,051 


1809 . '. 


. 1,531,552 


. 699,750 


1810 . . 


. 1,624,274 


1,138,527 



2« 



NAV 



450 



NAV 



The following are exclusive of the 
intercourse between England and 
Ireland, and the coasting trade : — 

1820 . . . 1,549,508 . 433,328 

1830 . . . 2,102,147 . 758,368 

1840 . . . 3,292,984 1,488,888 

1849-50 . . 4,785,428 2,299,060 

Total inwards British and Foreign, 
1802, 1,813,256 tons; 1814, 1779,632; 
1835, 3,309,724; 1849, 6,919,900. 
In coasting vessels, as report received 
before 1824, when the tonnage was, 
1824, 8,552,177; 1830, 8,255,630; 
1840, 9,616,661 ; 1849-50, 10,489,414. 
Navt, East India, swept away- 
after the trade was thrown open ; 
in 1683, the company's merchant 
navy employed 22 ships of 10,880 
tonnage ; in 1810, it had 64 regular 
vessels, from 756 to 1200 tons, and 
39 extra vessels, 22,000 tons, having 
8000 men; in 1814, the trade thrown 
open and increased as follows : — In 
Inwards. Outwards. 

1833. 76,820 tons. 83,769 tons. 

1839, 138,486 do. 125,620 do. 

1849, 225,636 do. 231,937 do. 

Navy, Eoyal, of England, con- 
sisted in Alfred's time of very small 
vessels, number unknown, 897; 
under king Edgar, amounted to 350, 
in 965 ; the maritime towns furnish- 
ed their quota of ships to the crown, 
whence the Cinque ports, temp. 
Ethelred II., 1007; Edward III. 
summoned his ports to supply their 
quota for the siege of Calais, 1346 ; 
he possessed but 25 ships of his 
own, manned by 419 seamen, 
divided into the South and North 
East Eleet : Fowey 47 ships ; Dart- 
mouth 32 ; Plymouth 26 ; London 
25 ; the King 25 ; Bristol 22 ; Sand- 
wich 22; Southampton 21; Win- 
chelsea 21 ; Shoreham 20; Dover 
16; Mara ate 15; Isle of Wight 13 ; 
Weymouth 13 ; Hoke 11 ; Ham- 
hook 7; Teignmouth 7; Ilfracombe 6 ; 
Exmouth 10 ; Bye 9 ; Heth (Hythe) 
6 ; Maidstone 5 ; Lymington 5 ; 
New Hythe 5 ; Portsmouth 5 ; 
Hastings 5 ; Lyme 4 ; Sofford 5 ; 



Poole 4 ; Romney 4 ; Sidmouth 3 ; 
Warham 3 ; Alford, Hoo, Marten, 
Fevcrsham, Seaton, Yalme, New- 
mouth, 2 each ; Swansea, Patricks- 
town, Polruan, Wadworth, Cardiff, 
Bridgewater, Carmarthen, Carlches- 
worth, Millbrook, 1 each. The 
North East Eleet : Yarmouth 43 ; 
Newcastle 17 ; Hull 16 ; Lynn 16 ; 
Harwich 14 ; Grimsby 12 : Ipswich 
12 ; Goford 13 ; Dunwich 5; Hartle- 
pool 5 ; Bricklesea 5 ; Colchester 
5 ; Oreford 3 ; Barton 3 ; Saltfleet 
2 ; Wainfleet 2 ; Blackney 2 ; Mai- 
den 2; Tinmouth 2; Derwin, 
Whitbanes, Mersey, Scarborough, 
Wrangle, Swinfleet, Stockeith, 
Ravensey, York, Walcrich, Bam- 
burgh, Woodhouse. On 40 days' 
notice, each port sent its ships, and 

15 days' charge after setting sail, 
every year if demanded, and the 
king to pay the rest ; at the death 
of Elizabeth, 1603, she left her navy 

30 sail, from 1000 tons, and 500 
men, to 200 tons, 100 men, and 11 
of less burden ; in 1641, there 
Avere 33 sail, of 22,411 ton- 
nage in the royal navy; 1675, 
the navy consisted of 151 sail, 
70,587 tonnage, and 30,260 
seamen ; in 1702, of 272 sail and 
159,020 tonnage, and 40,000 men; 
in 1753, of 291 ships, 234,924 ton- 
nage, and 10,000 men ; 1783, of 617 
sail, 500,781 tonnage, and 110,000 
men ; in 1789, of 452 sail, 413,667 
tonnage, and 20,000 men ; the peace 
establishment then had in commis- 
sion 2 second rates, 15 third rates, 
1 fourth rate, 5 fifties, 6 forty-fours, 

31 frigates of from 36 to 20 guns, 
a sloop, and several cutters. In 
1815, March 1, there were in com- 
mission, efficient, 58 of the line, 

16 fifties and fifty-twos, 132 frigates, 
129 sloops, and 171 gun brigs ; 
guard, prison and hospital ships, 
7 of the line, and 5 others ; in or- 
dinary, 114 of the line, 12 fifties, 
Q6 frigates, 40 sloops, 38 gun brigs ; 
building, 21 of the line, 2 fifties, 
6 frigates, 5 sloops, 2 brigs ; in all, 
a total of 200 sail of the line, 32 
fifties, 208 frigates, 179 sloops, 211 



NA V 



451 



N A V 



brigs. The Koyal Navy in commis- 
sion in 1844, in ordinary, building 
and including steam vessels of all 
sizes, tenders, tugs, and yachts, was 
628 ; in commission, 233, of all class- 
es. Sea-going line-of-battle ships, 
31 frigates, 7 of 50 guns, 4 of 44 and 
42 guns, 5 of 38 and 36 guns, 15 of 
28, 26 and 24 guns ; 2 corvettes 
of 26 and 20 guns ; 35 sloops, 14 of 
18 guns, and 21 of 16 guns; 17 
brigs, 5 of 12 guns, and 12 of 10, 8, 
and 6 guns ; 36 small brigs, sailing- 
packets, cutters, &c. ; 13 guard and 
stationary ships ; 4 troop-ships ; 2 
sailing yachts ; 84 steam- vessels ; 
one royal yacht ; 4 frigates, 1 of 
22 guns; and 79 sloops, packets, 
tenders, tugs, &c. ; these stationed — 



Mediterranean 

East Indies 

Brazil and Pacific 

North America and West Indies 

and Lakes 

Coast of Africa and Cape 

Ireland 

Surveying 

Troop-ships 

At home, stationary, packets 

and fitting 



20 
21 

24 

17 

30 

10 

23 

4 

84 

233 

The return to July 30, 1849, con- 
stituting the naval force, 19 first- 
rates, mounting from 110 to 120 
guns, and ranging from 2612 tons 
to 3394 ; 52 second-rates, mounting 
from 78 to 104 guns, and ranging 
from 1954 tons to 3165 ; 20 third- 
rates, mounting from 70 to 72 guns, 
and averaging from 1742 tons to 
2214; 40 fourth- rates, mounting 
from 50 to 60 guns, and ranging 
from 1458 tons to 2147 ; 42 fifth- 
rates, mounting from 36 to 44 guns, 
and ranging from 946 tons to 1634 ; 
31 sixth-rates, mounting from 10 to 
28 guns, and ranging from 500 to 
1082 ; 85 sloops, corvettes, and 
brigs, mounting from 3 to 18 guns, 
and ranging from 227 tons to 363 ; 
11 packets, mounting from 4 to 6 
guns, and ranging from 182 tons to 
362 ; 14 surveying vessels, mount- 



ing from 2 to 22 guns, and ranging 
from 73 tons to 516 ; 5 troop-ships, 
mounting from 2 to 22 guns, and 
ranging from 501 tons to 1709 ; 1 
store ship, with 2 guns, of 314 tons ; 
and 29 cutters, schooners, and ten- 
ders, mounting from 2 to 6 guns, 
and ranging from 25 tons to 330 ; 
total 339. Steam vessels of the 
royal navy, 1849; 3 line-of-battle 
ships of 80 guns, ranging from 
2335 tons to 3074 ; 4 guard ships of 
56 guns, ranging from 1761 tons to 
1846 ; 4 frigate guard ships of 24 
guns, ranging from 1090 tons to 
1228 ; 22 frigates, mounting from 6 
to 36 guns, and ranging from 1190 
tons to 1980 ; 64 sloops, mounting 
from 2 to 6 guns, and ranging from 
649 tons to 1287 ; 26 gun- vessels, 
mounting from 2 to 4 guns, and 
ranging from 284 tons to 557; 4 
schooners, of 8 guns, ranging from 
490 tons to 516 ; and 34 tenders, 
&c., mounting from 1 to 3 guns, and 
ranging from 42 tons to 1034; 
total, 161. In addition to these, 
there are 47 steam-vessels, ranging 
from 225 tons to 1800, employed as 
packets under contract, and capable 
of being made available for warlike 
purposes in case of emergency. In 
1853, the total of the navy was 525 
ships, from 2 to 110 guns ; 180 
armed steamers, from 100 to 800 
horse-power; 32,000 seamen, 2000 
boys, and 15,000 marines. 

Navy of France, first noticed in 
records of 725, when it defeated the 
Prisons ; much improved under 
Henry IV., 1697 ; reached its high- 
est point during the American war, 
both of warlike efficiency and sea- 
manship. Of the 1110 vessels of 
different nations, captured or de- 
stroyed by the English navy, 
between 1793 and 1815, no less 
than 683 were French, of which 110 
were of the line and 216 were fri- 
gates ; force in 1853, 168 vessels, or 
130 for sea, 38 in port, and 24,624 
men. 

Natal Officers, pay of, in Eng- 
land, France, and Holland, 1830 to 
1850 ; the following is the compa- 



NEC 



452 



NEL 



rative pay of the naval officers of 
the various powers, not including 
mess allowances : — 

FRANCS. 

An English Vice Admiral 36,000 

A Dutch ditto 38,700 

A French ditto 28,000 

An English Rear Admiral 27,000 

A Dutch ditto 24,250 

A French ditto 12,000 

An English Commander ... 12,911 

A Dutch ditto 17,200 

A Russian ditto 10,920 

A United States Commander 7, 120 

A French ditto 6,000 

An English Commander of 

a Frigate 7,475 

A Dutch ditto 6,450 

A Russian ditto 4,740 

A United States ditto ... 4,212 
A French ditto 4,200 

Navy Office, formed 1644; altered 
1782 ; again 1843. 

Naworth Castle, Cumberland, 
built, 1330. 

Neath Abbey, Glamorganshire, 
built, 1150 ; the castle at the same 
place, 1090. 

Neapolitan Fisherman, revolu- 
tion made by one, commonly called 
Tomasi Anello, 1647; his name 
generally contracted to Masi- 
anello ; he was but 24 years old 
when he aroused the people, and for 
ten days was absolute master of 
that large city ; he overawed the 
nobility, terrified the government, 
disposed of princes, and put to death 
or elevated whom he pleased, and 
repealed the taxes ; but on July 16, 
1645, ten days after his assumption 
of power, he fell the victim of his 
audacity, in the midst of 100,000 
citizens, who had suffered them- 
selves to be led by him. 

Nazarenes, a Jewish sect, con- 
verts to the belief of Christianity, so 
called ; they disappeared at the 
beginning of the fourth century. 

Neckcloth of lace, a fashion 
adopted in the reign of Charles II., 
1674. 

Necromancy, sometimes called 
the black art, patronised by Mary 



of Medicis, mother of Henry III., of 
France, 1572, at which time it was 
a general study in France. 

Needles, said to have been ma- 
nufactured first in England by a 
negro, 1545, when he dying without 
teaching his trade, it was lost until 
1566, when it was taught by a 
German, named Growse ; an article 
of importance in British commerce, 
in which, the manufacturers of this 
country excel. 

Negroes adjudged to be free 
while in England, 1772; first de- 
clared free in Scotland, 1778 ; the 
first traffic in slaves begun by the 
Spaniards, 1508; the English fol- 
lowed the example, 1563 ; the traffic 
abolished, 1807 ; slavery abolished 
in the English colonies, 1834. 

Nelson, Lord, in England, and 
Duke of Bronte in Sicily, killed in 
the battle off Cape Trafalgar, Oct. 
21, 1805 ; born, 1758 ; went to sea, 
1770, in the Raisonable ; joined the 
Triumph, 1772 ; went on a voyage 
of discovery toward the North Pole, 
1773 ; went to India in the Sea- 
horse, but returned home in the 
Dolphin, from ill health, 1776; 
rated a lieutenant in the Worcester, 
and passed for his commission, 
April 8, 1777 ; was at once employ- 
ed as second on the Lowestoffe, and 
went in that ship to the West 
Indies ; in 1779 he was appointed 
to the Bristol; he distinguished 
himself in subduing a fire on board 
the Glasgow, and was posted, June 
11, 1779; he first commanded the 
Hichenbroke, on an ill-planned ex- 
pedition to the river San Juan, 
where he distinguished himself, but 
the fever took off more than half of 
his crew ; he next commanded the 
Janus, 44; then the Albemarle, 
1781 ; came home, 1782, and visited 
France to recruit his delicate con- 
stitution, 1783 ;, in 1786 he was em- 
ployed on the American station; 
in 1787 he married Mrs. Nesbit, a 
widow of Nevis; in 1793 he was 
appointed to the Agamemnon, 64 ; 
in that vessel he distinguished him- 
self against Bastia ; in 1794 he lost 



NES 



453 



NEW 



an eye before Calvi ; in the action 
with the French- fleet, March 14, 
1795, he showed his bravery and 
talent most conspicuously ; he cut 
out nine ships from Alassio Bay, 
and destroyed two ; he bore a broad 
pendant in April, 1796, and shifted 
his flag to the Captain, 74; he 
fought and captured a Spanish fri- 
gate of superior force, and was 
directly after attacked by a second, 
hauled off and got away from him ; 
after having been engaged above 
a hundred times against the enemy, 
he joined the fleet of Sir John Jer- 
vis, in the Captain, and took the 
San Nicholas, 80, by boarding, and 
then the San Josef, 112, in the same 
way ; after numerous lesser actions, 
but equally gallant, he led his fleet 
soon after his appointment, in pur- 
suit of the French, to Aboukir Bay, 
where he defeated them, Aug. 1, 
1798 ; of 12 sail of the line and 4 fri- 
gates he captured 8, burned 2 and 
2 frigates ; only 2 sail of the line 
and 2 frigates escaped. On April 2, 
1801, he engaged the Danish vessels 
and batteries off Copenhagen, and 
defeated them, burning, sinking, or 
capturing nearly the whole line. 
On Oct. 21, 1805, he achieved his 
crowning victory, off Trafalgar, 
where he was mortally wounded, 
and died two hours after the action 
was over ; his remains were brought 
to England, and interred in Saint 
Paul's, London, at the public ex- 
pense, Jan. 9, 1806. 

Neopolis, Battle of, between 
Sigismund of Hungary and the 
Turks, when the latter were victors ; 
fought in 1396. 

Nepaul, war with that state in 
India, Nov. 1, 1814 ; peace, Dec. 2, 
1815 ; war renewed, Jan., 1816 ; 
peace ratified, March 15, 1816 ; 
embassy from, to England, of Jung 
Bahadoor, who arrived at South- 
ampton, May 23, 1850, to whom 
due honour was paid; he quitted 
England to return, via Paris, Aug. 
20. 

Nestorians, a religious sect who 
were the followers of one Nestorius, 



once a bishop of Constantinople, 
called a heretic by ecclesiastical 
historians ; he maintained that the 
Virgin was the mother of Christ as 
man, but not of God, for it was 
impossible ; he died, 439. 

Nether Hall, Essex, built 1280. 

Netley Abbey, Hants, built, 
1239. 

Netherlands declared them- 
selves free, 1565 and 1789 ; became 
a province of France, 1724 ; placed 
under the House of Orange, 1814 ; 
revolted, and were made a kingdom 
under prince Leopold of Saxe Co- 
burg, named that of Belgium, 1831. 

Netherlands, education in; of 
the entire population of 6,148,286 
souls, the number receiving educa- 
tion in the elementary schools, in 
1825-26, was 633,859, and in the 
colleges and Latin schools, 7038. 
The proportion of students of the 
respective branches of learning in 
the six universities of Leyden, 
Utrecht, Groningen, Louvain, 
Liege, and Ghent, in the season 
1825-26, were, of theology, 325, of 
law, 807, of medicine, 374, of the 
natural sciences, 226, of philosophy 
and literature, 904. 

Nevill's Cross, Battle of, between 
the English under Philippa, queen 
of Edward III., and the Scots 
under David Bruce, when the latter 
was defeated and taken prisoner 
and 15,000 of his men slain, Oct. 
17, 1346. 

Nevis, Island of, West Indies, 
planted by the English, 1628 ; 
taken by the French, Feb. 14, 
1782; restored at the peace of 
1783. 

Newark. Castle, built 1140 ; the 
town chartered by Edward IV., and 
subsequently by Charles II. 

Newark . Priory, Surrey, built 
about 1189. 

Newberg, in the upper Palatinate, 
destroyed by fire, Aug. 1800. 

Newbrook House, Mayo, Ire- 
land, burned, Dec. 2, 1833. 

New Church, in the Strand, Lon- 
don, opened Feb. 1, 1720. 

Newcastle on Tyne founded and 



NEW 



454 



NEW 



the Castle built by Robert son of 
William L, 1080 ; Blackfriars Bridge 
at, founded, 1251 ; burned by acci- 
dent, 1349 ; sustained damage to the 
extent of £10,000, 1750 ; Nunsfield 
at, covered with streets, and 
£2,000,000 expended on, between 
1830 and 1840. 

NEwcASTLE-under-Lyne Castle, 
built, 1340. 

Newcastle, Duke of, obtained a 
verdict for £20,000 against the 
Hundred of Boxholme for the wan- 
ton destruction of his castle of Not- 
tingham , Oct. 1831, Aug. 9, 1832. 

New Caledonia discovered, 1774. 

New Cut from the river Lea to 
Limehouse, London, made Sept. 
17, 1770. 

New England settled by the Ply- 
mouth Company, 1614 ; New Ply- 
mouth built, 1620; Salem built, 
1628, and Boston, 1630. 

New College, Oxford, founded by 
William, Bishop of Winchester, for 
70 fellows, 1375. 

New Exchange, Strand, taken 
down, 1737. 

Newfoundland discovered by 
Cabot, 1500; settlement at, begun by 
the English, 1520 ; the fishing com- 
menced and began to flourish, 1577 ; 
Devonshire employed 150 vessels 
at, in 1625 ; value of fish and oil, 
1676, estimated at £386,400. 

New Eorest, Hants, made by 
turning off the people in the most 
despotic manner, 1080, by William 
I., and laying waste 30 miles of 
ground; large tract of woods burned 
at, near St. John's, 1786. 
New Guinea discovei'ecl, 1699. 
New Holland, the island of, though 
nearly as large as Europe, the south 
extremity only discovered by Tas- 
man, 1642; Cook surveyed east and 
north-east coasts, 1770, from 38° S., 
and ascertained its separations by 
Torres Strait from New Guinea ; its 
circuit completed by Captain Eur- 
neaux, 1773 ; Bass discovered the 
South Point to be part of an island, 
separated from New Holland by a 
strait ; large colonies are now formed 
on the southern, eastern, and wes- 



tern coasts ; Port Jackson in, first 
settled, 1787. 

New Inn, society of, founded, 
1485. 

New Jersey, United States of 
America, planted by the Swedes, 
1637 ; granted to the Duke of York, 
1674; settled by the English, 1682 ; 
proprietary government of, surren- 
dered, 1702. 

Newmarket, a flood caused great 
damage at, June 10, 1755. 

Newport, Shropshire, 20 houses 
consumed at, Sept. 3, 1749 ; again, 
1791, seventeen dwellings, and 20 
barns full of corn, with numerous 
out-offices, were destroyed. 

New River, London, an artificial 
cut completed in three years for the 
purpose of bringing good water to 
London, finished 1613 by Sir Hugh 
Middleton, who was knighted by 
James I.; 42 miles long, it is conduct- 
ed from Hertfordshire by many 
windings ; it ruined its projector; 
for 30 years after it was completed, 
its shares brought only £5 each, 
sold originally at £100 ; recently 
they have been sold at £9,000 and 
£10,000 per share. 

New South Wales, the English 
colonies on the eastern coast of New 
Holland thus denominated; the prin- 
cipal town is Sidney, having 30,000 
inhabitants ; originally begun as a 
convict settlement under Governor 
Phillips with 800 transports, Jan. 
20, 1788 ; Sidney is seven miles from 
the headland of Port Jackson ; the 
proclamation for the first legislative 
council made here, July 13, 1829. 
Up to the 31st of May, 1851, this 
colony was known only as a pas- 
toral country, furnishing to the 
European consumer wool, tallow, 
oil, and hides as its principal ex- 
ports. Its imports were about equal 
to its exports — 

Im ports. Exports. 

In 1845... £1,233,000... £1,556,000 
„ 1846... 1,680,500... 1,481,500 
„ 1847... 1,282,000... 1,870,000 
„ 1848... 1,556,500... 1,850,400 
„ 1849... 1,793,400... 1,891,300 
„ 1850... 2,078,300... 2,399,600 



NEW 



455 



NEW 



The ratio per head of the popu- 
lation being on an average, per 
annum — 

Imports. Exports. 
1844 to 1847, ... £6 18s. ... £7 lis. 
1847 to 1850, ... 7 8 ... 8 7 

New Spain and Mexico dis- 
covered, 1518. 

New Style introduced into Eng 
land, Sept. 3, which was made the 
14th, 1752 ; there was much opposi- 
tion to the change by the ignorant 
of all ranks ; this change was in- 
tended to make the reckoning agree 
with the Gregorian Calendar: a dif- 
ference of 11 days had arisen since 
the year 200, by reason that the 
solar year consisted of 365 days 5 
hours 49 minutes, and not 365 days 
6 hours. To obviate this error, Pope 
Gregory XIII. finding the error ten 
days in 1582, determined that year 
should consist of 365 days only; that 
a year beginning a century should 
not be bissextile excepting that be- 
ginning each fourth century ; thus 
three days are retrenched in 400 
years because 11 minutes make three 
davs in that period ; thus May 1, 
Old Style, would be May 12, New 
Style. 

Newspapers, or, "News'-papers" as 
originally written; first the English 
,l Mercurv," published in England, 
July 23," 1588 ; the " London 
Weekly Courant," 1622, the first 
containing general information ; 
the " Weekly Courant," 1662 ; the 
"London Gazette," under the com- 
monwealth, and during the civil war 
many provincial papers appeared, as 
the " Kingdom's Intelligencer," the 
" Mercurius Anticus," the " Parlia- 
ment's Scout," "Mercurius Civi- 
cus, or London Intelligencer," the 
" Weekly Account," " Mercurius 
Britannicus," &c. The " Public In- 
telligencer," by Sir R. L'Estrange, 
1663, which ceased when the London 
Gazette had printed the first num- 
ber at Oxford, where the court was 
during the plague, Nov. 7, 1665 ; 

continued in London Feb. 5, 1666 ; 
newspapers and pamphlets were 



prohibited from being published . 
without a licence, by Charles II., 
1680 ; after the revolution news- 
papers increased in number, and 
circulation ; the first daily paper 
was called the " Orange Intelli- 
gencer;" and from thence to 1692, 
there were 26 newspapers. In 
1696 there were 9 weekly papers, 
but only 1 daily paper, besides 
the votes of parliament, published 
in London. In 1709 there were 18 
weekly and 1 daily paper, the Lon- 
don Courant. In 1724, there were 
3 daily, 8 weekly, and 10 even- 
ing papers three times a week. 
In 1792, in London, were published 
13 daily, 20 evening, and 9 weekly 
papers ; in the country 70, and 
in Scotland 14 country news- 
papers. In 1795, there were 
38 published in London, 72 in 
the country, 13 in Scotland, and 
35 in Ireland, in all 158 papers; 14 
in London were daily, 10 three 
times a week, 2 twice a week, and 
12 weekly. In 1809, there were 
63 published in London, 93 in 
the country, 24 in Scotland, and 
57 in Ireland ; making a total 
of 237 newspapers in the United 
Kingdom. The Old Whig or " Con- 
sistent Protestant," of March 24, 
1706, was not larger than a foolscap 
sheet of paper, having four pages of 
three columns each ; a page and 
a quarter were filled with advertise- 
ments, nearly all of books ; it was 
published at the Oxford Anns, 
Warwick-lane, by J. Roberts, and 
also by H. Whitridge, Cornhill, 
price twopence; it contained acci- 
dents, deaths, and inquests; the 
lord mayor and aldermen were all 
it appeared of Portsoken in those 
days, for they began their convi- 
vialities by breakfasts at the Boars 
Head, East Cheap, still renowned 
it would seem for Sherris Sacke ; 
the first attempt to diminish news- 
paper circulation by a stamp oc- 
curred in 1713, increased 1725, 1765, 
1781, 1789, 1798, 1805, 1808, ; re- 
duced, 1833 : number of stamps is- 
sued : 



NEW 



456 



NEW 



there are now 94, and .the difference 
in the quality of the matter is not 
less remarkable than the numerical 
progress. 

Newspapeks, Erench, when, be- 
tween 1820 and 1830, the arbitrary 
system of rule in England disap- 
peared, the advance of the free 
press became rapid and extraordi- 
nary ; so in France, after the exclu- 
sion of the Bourbon dynasty, and its 
arbitrariness, the same kind of ad- 
vance ' was observable ; the first 
Erench paper was the " Journal de 
Scavans," 1665. In 1816, the " Mo- 
niteur" published 1,650, " Journal 
de Debats," 8,000, " Gazette dc 
France," 3,000, " Journal de Com- 
merce," 3,500, "L'ami de laReligion 
et du Eoi," 3,300, " Quotidienne," 
3,100, "Journal des Maires" 4,300 : 
In 1830, the papers above 100 were 
as follows, besides 22 of inferior or 
professional character, carrying 
the daily number of all to 91,982 ; 



1753, 7,411,757 

1760, 9,404,790 

1775, 12,680,000 

1780, 13,217,371 

1790, 14,035,639 

1800, 16,084,905 

1810, 20,172,837 

1820, 24,862,186 

1830, 30,158,741 

1840, 49,033,384 

1850, 65,741,271 at Id. 

, 11,684,423 at *d 

In 1850, there were 891,650 adver- 
tisements that paid duty at Is. 6d., 
and the amount wasl59 publications, 
of which 48 only were newspapers, 
properly so called ; the sum of duty 
received, £66,873 : 15 : 0. In 222 
English provincial papers there were 
875,631 advertisements, giving 
£65,672. 

Newspapers, Irish, the number of 
newspapers in 1836 was 78, and 
5,144,582 stamps; 1839, 90, and 
5,509,034 stamps ; and 1850, 102 ; 
advertisement duty at Is., 236,128, 
£11,806 ; stamps, 6,302,728 at Id., 
and 43,358 at |d; the first Irish 
newspaper, " Pue's Occurrences," 
published 1700 ; " Faulkner's Jour- 
nal," 1728. 

Newspapers, Scotch, papers 1836, 
number 54, stamps 2,654,438 ; 1839, 
64, 3,974,444 ; and 1850, 94, but 110 
paid duty, some not being news- 
papers; stamps, 7,643,045 at Id., 
241,264 at |d. ; the first newspapers 
of Scotland were got up in London* 
and sent down ; the oldest now in 
existence is the Edinburgh " Even- 
ing Courant," which dates from 
1705 ; then the " Caledonian Mer- 
cury," 1720; the "Glasgow Courant" 
was begun in 1715 ; the " Dumfries 
Journal," 1750 ; in 1793 there were 
only 14 newspapers in Scotland, 

Charivari, morning, 2,258 Radical politics. 

Corsaire, do 5,968 Violent, do. 

Constitutionnel, do 3,226 Thiers' party. 

Corsaire, do 606 Radical. 

Courrier Francais, do 3,225 Liberal. 

Debats, do 8,871 The Court. 

Droit, do 904 Judicial. 



Le Constitutionnel, 16,666 

Le Journal des Debats, 9,900 

La Gazette, 9,863 

Courrier Francais, 5,000 

Quotidienne, 4,166 

Moniteur, 2,666 

Universel, 1,000 

Drapeau Blanc, 666 

Le Temps, 4,000 

Gazette des Tribunaux, 3,000 

Journal du Commerce, 2,500 

Le Figaro, 2,336 

Le Globe, 1,833 

Le National, 1,590 

Messagerdes Chambres, .... 1,330 

Nouveau Journal dc Paris, 1,330 

Courrier des Tribunaux, ... 1,160 

Nov. 1842, the French had increased 
their daily papers as follows : — • 



NEW 



457 



NEW 



Echo Francais, do.; 2,451 

Estafette, do 5,873 

La France, do 1,613 

Galignani, do 2,500 

Gazette de France, evening, 4,355 

Gazette de Tribunaux, morning, ... 3,442 

Globe do 1,890 

Legislative, do 1,870 

Moniteur, do 1,935 

Messager, evening, 968 

Moniteur Parisien, do 1,613 

National, morning, 1,381 

Patrie, do 1,703 

Presse, do 18,863 

Union Catholique, do 1,984 

Univers Religieux, do 1,154 

Siecle, do 38,729 



Legitimist. 

Neuter. 

Septembrist. 

English. 

Legitimist. 

Judicial. 

Ministerial. 

Opposition. 

Ministerial and Official. 

Ministerial. 

do. 
Radical. 

Violent Legitimist. 
Anti-ministerial. 
Papal party. 
French Church. 
Opposition. 



The liberty of the press ceased in 
France on the accession of Louis 
Napoleon, 1852-3. 

Newspapers of America, 1840 ; 
116 were daily ; 14 every three 
weeks ; 30 twice a week, and 881 
once a week ; 38 in German, 4 in 
French, 1 in Spanish, and several in 
Spanish and French ; the first 
paper published was in Philadelphia, 
1719; m 1850, the State of New 
York published. 458 papers, 56 of 
which were daily. 

Newspapers in Holland, the first, 
1732 ; in Germany, 1715 ; in Con- 
stantinople, 1797. 

Newspaper, one printed by Robt. 
Barker, Newcastle, 1639. 

Newspapers sent to India, 1845 ; 
inwards 154,940 ; outwards 686,561 ; 
total 841,501 ; the number conveyed 
by post before the improved plan by 
Mr. Palmer, was 2,000,000 per an- 
num : after the plan took place, in 
1794, they amounted to near 
10,000,000 per annum ; number of, 
transmitted through the general 
post-office, 1830, 12,962,000 ; ditto, 
to the British Colonies, 1830, 
185,448. 

Newstead Abbey, Nottingham- 
shire, built, 1160. 

New Testament translated into 
the Chinese language by the East 
India company's translator at Can- 
ton ; printed 1814. 

New York State, settled by the 



Dutch, 1612 ; confirmed to the Eng- 
lish, 1664; dispossessed by the 
Dutch, 1673 ; restored, 1674 ; granted 
to the Duke of York, 1665 ; took 
out a new patent, 1672; first legis- 
lative assembly, politic, 1683 ; epis- 
copacy made the established creed, 
1693; adopted the constitution of 
the States, July 26, 1788. 

New York City, population of, 
1850, 750,000 ; of the State, 
2,428,921; imports, 1840, value 
of, 60,440,750 dollars; exports, 
34,264,080 dollars; partly burned, 
Dec. 29, 1773, and Nov. 20, 1776 ; 
300 houses destroyed in, by fire, 
Aug. 7, 1778 ; great fire in 1796, 
and 1811. 

New Orleans, United States of 
America, founded by the French, 
1717; conveyed by them to the 
Spaniards, 1762; re-conveyed to 
the French, 1800; British, under 
General Pakenham, defeated at, 
the general killed, and 3000 men 
killed and wounded, with the loss of 
only a score or two of the Americans, 
Jan. 8, 1815 ; population, 1840, 
102,193. 

New London, United States of 
North America, first settled, 1646 ; 
a large part burned in the war of 
independence ; population, 1840, 
5519 ; the harbour one of the best 
in the United States, tonnage, 
44,822 in 1840. 

New Zealand discovered by Tas- 



NIC 



458 



NIN. 



man, 1642 ; visited by Cook, 1769 ; 
colonized by the English, 1839 ; 
European population in 1843 — 7109 ; 
1844—7825; 1845—7581; 1846— 
7381; 1847—7973; 1848—10,483; 
imports, 1844, £74,381; exports, 
£38,644; 1847, imports, £105,216; 
exports, £26,762; 1848, imports, 
£109,412; exports, £22,875; tons 
of shipping engaged in the new 
trade from England, 10,365 in 1848. 

New Brunswick, population of, 
1806—35,000; 1816—56,000; 1824 
—78,000; 1834—119,457; 1847— 
156,162; the imports of, exceeded 
the exports for 16 years, terminating 
1847, by £2,000,000 ; timber, fish, 
and shipbuilding the exports and 
business of the colony. 

Newtownbabby, Ireland, riot at, 
on the clergy seizing stock for tithes, 
the yeomanry fired on the people, 
and 35 men, women, and children 
were killed and wounded; the 
coroner's inquest could not agree 
on a verdict, June 18, 1831. 

Ney, Marshal, Duke of Elchingen, 
Prince of Moskwa; one of the 
bravest and most distinguished 
marshals of France, who, with so 
many others, joined the cause of his 
old master and benefactor on his 
return from Elba, regarding the 
cause of the Bourbons as lost ; the 
Bourbons, under the protection of 
their country's enemies, determined 
to sacrifice him, and, though most 
clearly included in the armistice 
and decree of July 24, 1815, he 
was hunted out, sentenced, and 
clandestinely shot, meeting his doom 
with a fortitude worthy of himself, 
Aug. 16, 1815. 

Niagara Eort, near the celebrated 
falls of that name, in North Ame- 
rica, taken by the English, Dec. 
19, 1819. 

Nicene Creed, composed at the 
council of Nice, held in the time of 
the Emperor Constantine, 325 ; here 
the Arians were condemned, and 
318 bishops settled to their mind 
the time to observe Easter, and the 
doctrine of the Trinity ; first appoint- 
to be read by Pope Marcus, 336. 



Nice taken by the French, 1705 

Nicolaites, a sect founded by 
Nicholas, one of the first deacons 
of the church, who, taking a vow 
of continence, bade his wife marry 
whom she pleased; hence his fol- 
lowers maintained the doctrine of a 
community of wives ; the Nicolaites 
about the year 68 denied the divinity 
of Christ, 

Niger, Steam Expedition to, in 
1841, commenced the ascent of the 
river, Aug. 20, in three vessels; 
fever appeared on board, Sept. 2 ; 
the expedition reached 270 miles 
from the sea, on Sept. 11 ; one 
vessel returned with the sick ; one 
of the others ascended the Niger to 
Egga, 320 miles from the sea, but 
the fever was so rapid that she was 
obliged to return ; the other vessels 
having returned before her, when 
all three dropped anchor at Fer- 
nando Po, Oct. 17, greatly reduced 
by sickness. 

Night Watchmen in the streets, 
said to have originated in Germany, 
when a horn was used in place of a 
rattle, but the latter are mentioned 
before 1671 ; placed at first upon 
steeples day and night, their busi- 
ness was to call the hour ; a bill 
passed for a nightly watch in Lon- 
don, 1812. 

Nile, Battle of the, fought Aug. 
1, 1798, under Nelson in Aboukir 
Bay, Egypt ; source of the, said to 
be in the Mountains of the Moon, in 
10° Lat. N. ; receives no lateral 
waters for 1250 miles; Bruce left 
England to trace the river to its 
source, 1768 ; reached what he 
deemed that object, Nov. 14, 1770 ; 
returned 1773 ; in 1829, the river 
rose 26 in place of 22 feet, and, in- 
undating an extraordinary tract of 
country, it drowned 30,000 persons. 

Nine of Diamonds, this card is 
named the curse of Scotland, because 
the butcher of Culloden, as he was 
called, or the Duke of Cumberland, 
wrote his sanguinary orders on the 
back of that card, 1745, at the battle 
of Culloden. 

Nineveh, City of, once the capital 



NON 



459 



NOR 



of Assyria, so called from Minis, 
2009 a.c. ; Sardanapalus set fire to 
his palace and burned himself here, 
820 a.c. ; destroyed by the Medes, 
612 a.c; the ruins of, now called 
Mosul, recently opened by Mr. 
Layard, and of which some portion 
has been lately placed in the British 
Museum. 

Nisbet, Battle of, between the 
English and Scotch, in which the 
latter were routed, and 10,000 slain, 
May 7, 1402. 

Nitric Acid, discovered by the 
chemist Lully, 1287. 

Nitrous Acid, discovered by 
Scheele, 1771 ; gas by Dr. Hales ; 
oxide gas by Priestly, 1776. 

Nissa taken by the imperialists, 
July 28, 1737; retaken by the 
Turks, Nov. 13, same year. 

Nithesdale, Earl of, taken pri- 
soner at Prestonpans, Nov. 13, 1715 ; 
condemned to death for high trea- 
son, but escaped from the Tower, 
Feb. 25, 1715-16. 

Nobility in England permitted 
to build 1117 castles, 1150; the 
privilege withdrawn and 1100 razed, 
1153 ; patents to nobles of an estate 
granted by Philip the Fair of France, 
1095; Neville, Duke of Bedford, 
degraded from the peerage for 
being jDoor, temp. Edward IV., 
1478; noblemen's privileges re- 
strained, June, 1773. 

Nobility of France renounced 
their privileges, May 23, 1789 ; live- 
ries and armorial bearings abolished, 
June 18, 1790 ; records of, destroy- 
ed, June 25, 1792 ; a new nobility 
created by the Emperor Napoleon, 
1808 ; hereditary peerage abolished 
in France, Dec. 27, 1831. 

Nocton, seat of Lord Ripon, de- 
stroyed by fire, July 15, 1834. 

Nonconformists, the name given 
to those (2000 in number) who, 
after the act of uniformity passed, 
uprightly left the establishment 
rather than sign the articles as re- 
quired, Aug. 24, 1662. 

Nonjurors doubly taxed, and 
obliged to register their estates, May 
27, 1723. 



Non-resistance, Doctrine of, 
maintained at Oxford, July 24, 1683. 

Noble, an old English coin, 
made in the reign of Edward III., 
and stamped with a rose, whence it 
was called a rose noble : value 6s. 
8d., anno 1340. 

Nones, the 7th of March, May, 
July, and October, and the 5th of 
all the other months ; the nones are 
the six days following the above 
four months named, and of the 
other months, the four days next 
after the first. 

Non-residents, by a return sent 
to the privy council by the arch- 
bishops and bishops in the present 
century ; the numbers resident and 
non-resident in the enumerated sees, 
are shown to be as follows, between 
1830 and 1840 :— 

Resident. Nonresid. 

Canterburv 202 127 

York ...... 391 276 

Lincoln 501 532 

Norwich 462 413 

Glouces. & Bris. 179 196 

Hereford 156 150 

Ely 246 226 

Worcester 168 151 

Chichester 134 113 

St. David's 81 331 

Llandaff 69 110 

It thus appears that in the sees of 
the Archbishop of Canterbury and 
York, who have the surveillance of 
the bishops in the other sees, the 
number of non-resident incumbents 
falls short of the number resident 
by only one-fifth. 

Nonius, a Spanish physician and 
mathematician, was the inventor of 
the angles of 45° in every meridian ; 
he died 1577, aged 80. 

Nootka Sound, discovered by 
Captain Cook, 1778 ; settled by the 
English, 1786 ; the Spaniards, in 
1789, took possession of the settle- 
ment ; a demand of reparation was 
made and arranged amicably, 1790. 
Norfolk Island, discovered 1747 
by Cook ; made a colony of Port 
Jackson, by Govern or Phillips, 1788; 
and a severe penal colony of Port 
Jackson, 1805. 



NOR 



460 



NOR 



Norbertines, Order of, instituted 
by St. Norbert, 1120. 

Norfolk, Duke of, beheaded on 
Tower Hill, May 8, 1575 ; Duke of, 
committed to the tower, Oct. 24, 
1722; archdeaconry of, erected 
1124. 

Norham Castle, Durham, built, 
1100; the feast of St. Cuthbert's 
translation first observed there, 
1104; taken by the Scotch, 1513. 

Norman, John, the first Lord 
Mayor of London that went by 
water to Westminster to be sworn, 
1453. 

Norman Language, first used in 
English courts of law, 1079 ; archi- 
tecture of, prevailed in England, 
from 1066 to 1189. 

Normans massacred at Durham, 
1069. 

Normandy, once part of Neustria, 
ceded by Charles the Simple of 
France, to the Norsemen ; made a 
dukedom, 876 ; reduced by the Eng- 
lish, 1137 ; conquered by the 
Erench, 1204; purchased of the 
English by the Erench, 1259. 

Norroy, Lord, the Earl of Abing- 
don's son, burned bv accident at 
Rycaut, Oxfordshire, "Nov. 12, 1746. 

North, Lord, administration of, 
under which England lost her North 
American colonies , Earl Gower 
was Lord President, Lord Halifax 
privy seal, &c. ; this lord became 
premier, Jan. 1770, and remained 
such until March 30, 1782 ; he then 
leagued himself with the whigs, and 
the coalition ministry was formed, 
which had only a few months of 
existence ; Lord North died Earl of 
Guildford, 1792. 

North America, discovered by 
Sebastian Cabot, 1497; settlement 
begun in, by the English, 1610. 

Northampton, St. Sepulchre's 
church at, built by the Knights 
Templars; archdeaconry of, pro- 
vided, 1092 ; battle of, between the 
Duke of York and Henry VI. of 
England, in which the latter was 
made prisoner, July 19, 1460 ; 
ravaged by the plague, 1637 ; forti- 
fied by the parliament, 1642 ; walls 



of, demolished, 1663; town burned, 
Sept. 3, 1673 ; navigation opened, 
Aug. 7, 1761. 

Northallerton, Battle of, the 
Standard, between the English and 
Scotch, Aug. 22, 1137-8, in which 
the archbishop unfurled a conse- 
crated standard, and the English 
placed a cross on a waggon, which 
was carried along by the troops ; 
the Scotch under King David were 
routed with great slaughter. 

North Briton paper, Wilkes, 
No. 45, April 23, 1763 ; burned in 
London, by order of both houses of 
parliament, by the common hang- 
man, Dec. 3, 1763 ; it contained a 
satirical commentary on the king's 
speech ; Wilkes arrested on a gene- 
ral warrant, which was pronounced 
illegal; he reprinted the No. 45, 
and was then prosecuted in the 
ordinary manner. 

NoRTH-East Passage to Russia 
discovered, 1553. 

North- West Passage sought in 
vain, in 1744 and 1746, by Captain 
Phipps; afterwards died at Mul- 
grave, 1773. The following at- 
tempts have been made for this 
purpose, down to the last, of Sir 
John Eranklin, in search of whom 
so many vessels have sailed and 
returned in vain ; Sir Hugh Wil- 
loughby's expedition sailed from 
the Thames, May 20, 1553; Sir 
Martin Erobisher's attempt to find 
a north-west passage, 1576 ; Cap- 
tain Davis' expedition, 1585; Ba- 
rantz's expedition, 1594; Weymouth 
and Knight's, 1602; Hudson's 
voyages, the last undertaken, 1610; 
Sir Thomas Button's, 1612; Baf- 
fin's, 1616; Eoxe's expedition, 
1631 ; Middleton's expedition, 1742; 
More and Smith's, 1746 ; Hearne's 
land expedition, 1769; Captain 
Phipps, afterwards lord Mulgrave's 
expedition, 1773; Captain Cook, in 
the Resolution and Discovery, 
1776 ; Mackenzie'^ expedition, 

1789 ; Captain Duncan's voyage, 

1790 ; the Discovery, captain Van- 
couver, returned from a voyage of 
survey and discovery on the north- 



NOR 



461 



NOS 



west coast of America, Sept. 24 
1795; Lieutenant Kotzebue's ex- 
pedition, Oct., 1815 ; Captain Bu- 
chan's and Lieutenant Franklin's 
expedition in the Dorothea and 
Trent, 1818; Captain Ross and 
Lieutenant Parry, 1818; Lieuten- 
ants Parry and Lyddon, in the 
Hecla and Griper, May 4, 1819; 
they return, Nov. 3, 1820 ; Captains 
Parry and Lyon, in the Fury and 
Hecla, May 8, 1821 ; Captain Par- 
ry's third expedition with the Hecla, 
May 8, 1824; Captains Franklin 
and Lyon, after having attempted 
a land expedition, again sail, Feb. 
16, 1825 ; Captain Parry, again in 
the Hecla, sailed from Deptford, 
March 25, 1827, and returned, Oct. 
6, 1827 ; Captain Ross arrived at 
Hull, on his return from his Arctic 
expedition, after an absence of four 
years, when all hope of his return 
had been nearly abandoned, Oct. 
18, 1833; Captain Back and his 
companions arrived at Liverpool 
from their perilous Arctic land 
expedition, after having visited the 
Great Fish River, and examined its 
course to the Polar seas, Sept. 8, 
1835; Captain Back sailed from 
Chatham in command of his Ma- 
jesty's ship Terror, on an exploring 
adventure to Wager River, June 
21, 1836. Captain Back, in the 
month of December 1835, awarded, 
by the Geographical Society, the 
king's annual premium for his polar 
discoveries. Sir John Franklin and 
Captain Crozier, in the ships Erebus 
and Terror, left England, May 24, 
1845. 

Northumberland, Kingdom of, 
begun 547 ; ended 828 ; it was a 
kingdom of the Heptarchy. 

Northumberland, Dudley, Earl 
of, became popular, 1552; made 
Count Palatine of Durham, 1552 ; 
beheaded, Aug. 22, 1553 ; Earl of, 
beheaded, 1592. 

North and Grey, Lord, appre- 
hended at Brussels, Oct. 4, 1715; 
set at liberty soon afterwards ; taken 
in the Isle of Wight and committed 
to the Tower, Sept 29, 1722. 



Norton Priory, Cheshire, built, 
1210. 

Norway, part of, around Scandi- 
navia, fell by marriage to the king 
of Denmark, 1375; converted to 
Christianity, 1000; subdued by 
Canute, 1019; Norway, Denmark, 
and Sweden, united, 1439 ; Pome- 
rania and Rugen annexed to Den- 
mark, in 1814, in exchange for 
Norway, given to Sweden. 

Norwich burned by Sweyn, king 
of Denmark, 1004; cathedral be- 
gun, 1096, Saxon and Norman, 411 
feet long, 71 broad, steeple 313 feet 
high ; bishopric formed, 1088 ; 
worsted manufactory established at, 
1340 ; the plague here, 1 348 ; the 
chief magistrate first styled mayor, 
1419; St. Andrew's hall erected, 
1415; deanery, 1538; the public 
library instituted, 1784; riot at, 
June 12, 1828 ; new canal and har- 
bour opened, June 3, 1831. 

Norwood, Richard, measured a 
degree of the meridian between 
London and York, 1632. 

Nose Manufacture ; this art in- 
vented by Gasper Taliacotius, born 
at Bononia, 1553, professor of phy- 
sic and surgery; he died, 1599. 
His statue stands in the Anatomy 
Theatre there, holding a nose in his 
hand. He wrote Chirurgia Notes, 
in which he teaches the art of en- 
grafting noses, ears, lips, &c. He 
shows that Alexander Benedictus, 
a writer on surgery, described the 
operation for lost noses before him ; 
and the great anatomists, Vesalius 
and Mr. Charles Barnard (Sergeant 
Surgeon to Queen Anne) assert, 
that it has been practised with dex- 
terity and success, from authorities 
not to be contested. Dr. Fludd, 
a Rosecrucian philosopher and 
physician, informs us of a noble- 
man in Italy who lost part of 
his nose in a duel : he was ad- 
vised by one of his physicians to 
take one of his slaves, and make a 
wound in his arm, and to join the 
little remainder of his nose to the 
wounded arm of the slave, and con- 
tinue it there for some time, till the 



NOT 



462 



NUN 



flesh of the arm was united to his 
nose. The nobleman prevailed on 
one of his slaves to consent to the 
experiment, by which the double 
flesh was united, and a piece of 
flesh was cat out of the slave's arm, 
which was so managed by a skilful 
surgeon as to serve for a natural 
nose. The slave, being rewarded 
and set free, went to Naples, where 
he fell sick and died ; at the same 
instant a gangrene appeared on the 
nobleman's nose ; upon which that 
part of the nose which belonged to 
the dead man's arm was, by the 
advice of his t "physicians, cut off, and, 
being encouraged by the experi- 
ment, he was prevailed upon to 
have his own arm wounded in the 
like manner, and to apply it to the 
remainder of his nose, which was 
done, and a new nose was cut out 
of it, which continued with him till 
his death ; again practised, 1815-24. 

Notables of France, convened 
by the minister Calonne, 1788 ; 
they were dismissed by the king, 
Dec. 12, 1788 ; notables of Spain, 
assembled at Bayonne, May 25, 
1808, conformably to a summons 
issued by the Emperor Napoleon to 
that effect. 

Notaries Public, originally ap- 
pointed by the fathers of the church 
to collect the acts and the remains 
of martyrs, in the 1st century; 
afterwards changed to a commer- 
cial office ; an act to regulate their 
transactions, 40 George III., 1800. 

Notes and Bills, first stamped, 
1782 ; taxes on, advanced, 1796, 
1808, 1815. 

Notke Dame, Church of. at Pa- 
ris, built, 1270 ; bell in, baptised 
and named after the Duke and 
Duchess of Angouleme, the Prince 
deFoixandDuchesse Damas acting 
as proxies, Nov. 15, 1816. 

Nottingham, built, 924: the 
castle defended by the Danes 
against king Alfred ; rebuilt by 
William I., 1068; town burned, 
1140 ; archdeaconry formed, 1194 ; 
-riots at, Nov. 14, 1811 ; ditto, Jan. 
1812; again, April 1814, being di- 



rected against the use of machinery 
in manufactures ; Watch and Ward 
act enforced, Dec. 2, 1816 ; the 
castle belonging to the Duke of 
Newcastle burned by a mob, Oct. 8, 
1831. 

Nova Castella, in Calabria, Italy, 
and a number of villages near, de- 
stroyed by an earthquake, Sept. 30, 
1789. 

Nova Scotia settled in 1622 by 
the Scotch, under Sir William Alex- 
ander, who obtained a charter, 
confirmed in England at the peace 
of Utrecht, 1713 ; it was taken by 
the French 1745, and 1758, but 
confirmed to England, 1760; di- 
vided into 2 provinces, 1784 ; a 
bishopric founded in, l787; popu- 
lation of, 1838,154,991; trade of, 
exports, 1847, £568,720 in value; 
imports, £1,031,835; shipping built 
in the province, 1836, 9280 tons ; in 
1838, 182 ships, 16,966 tons ; in 
1841, 167 ships, and 23,904 tonnage ; 
in 1841, there were 1799 vessels of 
all sizes belonging to the province, 
of which six were steam-vessels. 

Nova Zembla discovered by Sir 
Hugh Willoughby, 1553. 

November, the ninth of the Eo- 
man calendar, and thus the eleventh 
from the year 713, a. c. 

Novi, Battle of, between the 
French under General Joubert, and 
the Bussians under Suwarrow, Aug. 
15, 1798, when the French were 
beaten, and Joubert fell ; a second 
battle between the French and 
Austrians took place at Novi, Jan. 
8, 1800, when the former were de- 
feated. 

Nuncio from the Pope, one ar- 
rived in England in 1687, and was 
admitted to an audience by James 
II., a step that hurried on the revo- 
lution. 

Nuneaton Nunnery, Warwick- 
shire, built 1170. 

Nunnery, the first in France 
founded at Poictiers, by the sister 
of St. Martin, in 360 ; the first Eng- 
lish was established at Folkstonc, 
by King Eadbald, 630. 

Nuns expelled from their con- 



OAT 



463 



OBS 



vents by Henry VIII. in England, 
who- seized their property for his 
own use, 1545 ; many expelled from 
their convents in Germany, 1785, 
and from those of France, Jan. 
1790. 



Nutlet Abbey, Buckingham- 
shire, built 1170. 

Nutmeg, the first planted in Ja- 
maicain the 18th century. 

Nutvs' Land, New-Holland, dis- 
covered by the Dutch, 1628. 



o 



Oak of Navarre, order of knight- 
hood, begun in Spain, 722. 

Oak Sawdust first discovered to 
be useful in tanning, as well as the 
bark, 1765 ; the timber best adapted 
for shipbuilding ; named by Dr. 
Halley the royal oak, from Charles 
II. having hid in one, 1676 ; the 
ilex, or evergreen oak, brought from 
the south of Europe to England in 
the 16th century; the scarlet oak, 
from the north in the 17th century; 
the chestnut-leaved oak, from North 
America in the 16th century ; the 
Turkey oak, from the south of Eu- 
rope, 1735. 

Oaken Boughs, several persons 
committed for carrying them, May 
29, 1716; two soldiers nearly whip- 
ped to death in the park for. 

Oakham Castle, Kutlandshire, 
built 1162. 

Oakhampton, or Okehampton, 
Castle, Devonshire, built 1058. 

Oaks, Roses first grafted on, by 
M. Borrowsky, 1825. 

Oates, Titus, a chaplain of a man- 
of-war, who was dismissed the ser- 
vice for immoral conduct, and be- 
came a public lecturer ; in conjunc- 
tion with one Tongue he invented a 
plot, affecting to be the discovery of 
an intention to assassinate King 
Charles II., for which several per- 
sons of the Catholic faith were tried 
and executed, 1678 ; he received a 
pension, which was taken from him, 
April 21, 1681, and Aug. 30, 1681 ; 
£100,000 damages given against 
him for scandal respecting the Duke 
of York, June 18, 1684; convicted 
of perjury, and whipped from New- 
gate to Tyburn, and pilloried, May 



8, 1685, and sentenced to imprison- 
ment for life ; pardoned, and pen- 
sioned with £300 per annum, May 
31, 1689 ; died, 1705. 

Oaths introduced by the Saxons, 
600; admitted in decisions, 824; 
administered to a judge, 1344 ; of 
supremacy first administered, 1535 ; 
refused by all the bishops but one, 
1559; of allegiance, first, 1605, 
temp. James I. ; of engagement, im- 
posed by parliament, Feb. 1648 ; of 
abjuration, enjoined March 2, 1701 ; 
" So help me God and all the 
saints ! " concluded every oath until 
1550 ; oath modified on repeal of 
the test and corporation act, 1828 ; 
certain oaths abolished in the cus- 
toms and excise departments, sub- 
stituting declarations, 1831 ; affir- 
mations in place of oaths by Sepa- 
ratists, 1833-1837 ; Quakers were 
admitted to an affirmation, 1702 ; 
altered and modified again, 1721. 

Oatmeal and Oats ; imported from 
Ireland, 1845, 2,353,955 qrs. ; in 
1849, only 1,122,067 qrs. 

Obelisk erected on the spot 
where the Emperor Joseph II. and 
General Lacey ploughed an acre of 
land, Aug. 19, 1769. 

Obolus, an old Greek coin of 
about five farthings in value ; noted 
in the record of the ungrateful 
treatment of Belisarius by the Em- 
peror Justinian, who, after all his 
public honours and services, was 
forced to beg alms at the gates of 
Constantinople, — " Give an obolus 
to Belisarius," about the year 560. 

Observatories for astronomical 
purposes and the aid of nautical 
science ; one anciently in Egypt, on 



occ 



464 



OCC 



the tomb of Osymandias ; at Be- 
nares ; in Alexandria ; the first at 
Cassel, 1561; Tycho Brahe's at 
Uraniburg, 1676 ; at Copenhagen, 
1657 ; Royal French, at Paris, 1667 ; 
at Greenwich, 1675, latitude, 51° 
28' 39" north, longitude, 0, 0, 0; 
at Nuremberg, 1678; Utrecht, 1690; 
Berlin, 1711; Bologna, 1714; St. 
Petersburgh, 1725; Oxford, 1772, 
lat. 51, 45, 40 N, long. 0, 5, 15 W. ; 
Dublin, 1783, lat. 53, 23, 13, N, long. 
0, 25, 22, W. ; Armagh, 1793; Cam- 
bridge, 1824, lat. 52, 12, 50*7 N, 
long. 0, 0, 23*54 E. ; besides these, 
there are observatories at Aberdeen, 
lat. 57, 8, 57-8 N, long. 0, 8, 22-78 
W. ; at Abo, Dorpat, Altona, Bed- 
ford ; Edinburgh, lat. 55, 59, 20, 
long. 0, 12, 43-6, W. ; Geneva, Bre- 
men, Gotha ; Christiana, Buda, Cra- 
cow, Cadiz Real and the city ; Bu- 
shy Heath, Beaufoy's, lat. 51, 37, 
44.3, long. 0, 1, 20-93, W. ; Gottin- 
gen ; Cape of Good Hope, lat. 33, 
56, 3, long. 1, 13, 55, E. ; Kensing- 
ton, South's, lat. 51, 30, 12*7, long. 
0, 0, 46, W.; Kew, 51, 28, 37 ; long. 
3, 1, 3, W. ; Manheim, Naples, Ni- 
colaiff, Koenigsburg, Marseilles, Pa- 
dua, Rome, Kremsmunster, Milan, 
Ormskirk, lat. 53, 34, 18, N. long. 
0, 11, 36, W. ; Modena, Padua, Pa- 
lermo, Madras, lat. 13, 4, 9'2, N, 
long. 5, 21, 33-77, E. ; Makerstoun, 
lat. 55, 34, 45, N, long. 0, 10,4, W. ; 
Munich, Paris, lat. 48, 50, 13, N. 
long. 0, 9, 21-5, E. ; Speyer, Stock- 
holm, Wilna, Verona, Turin, Vien- 
na, Prague, Slough, lat. 51, 30, 20, 
N., long. 0, 2, 24, W. ; Paramatta, 
lat. 33, 48, 49, S., long. 10, 4, 6 25, 
E.; South Kilworth, lat. 52, 25, 51, 
N., long. 0, 4, 26, W ; Santa Cruz, 
St. Helena, lat. 15, 55, 26, S., long. 
0, 22, 50, W. ; Viviers. 

Occupations of the People, 1831 ; 
England, 2,745,336 families em- 
ployed in — 
Trade and manufactures, 1,182,912 

Agriculture 761,348 

All other families 801,076 

Wales, 166,548 families 

employed in — 
Trade and manufactures, 44,702 



Agriculture 73,195 

All other families 48, 641 

Scotland, 502,301 families 

employed in — 

Trade and manufactures, 207,259 

Agriculture 126,591 

All other families 168,451 



Total families in G. Brit. 3,414,175 
Employed in — 

Manufacts. & commerce, 1,437,873 
Agriculture 961,134 

All other families 1,018,168 

As to 1831 and 1841, there was a 
decrease in those employed in agri- 
cultural pursuits ; thus in all Great 
Britain, in agriculture, in 1831, 
there were 31*51 per cent, employed, 
in 1841 only 25-93 ; in trade and 
manufactures, 1831, 39*65, and in 
1841, 43-53; in other pursuits, 28'84 
in 1831, and 30*54 in 1841. Of these 
there were, for all Great Britain, the 
following numbers engaged in — 
Trade, commerce, and 

manufactures 3,092,787 

Agriculture 1,490,785 

Labour not agricultural. . . 758,495 
Army at home and ) 41,394 

abroad ) 89,230 

Navy and Merchant sea- 
men, marines, half-pay, 
watermen, &c, at home 

and abroad 216,351 

Clerical profession 23,406 

Legal do 17,340 

Medical do 22,004 

Other educated pursuits, 141,977 
Government civil service 16,865 
Municipal and Parochial 

Officers 25,210 

Domestic servants 1,157,698 

Persons of independence 504,264 
Alms people, paupers, &c. 197,896 

Total occupied 7,795,702 

Women and children 10,922,268 

Total 18,717,970 

Occupations of the People of 
Ireland, 1841— Families, 1,472,787 ; 
and of these were employed in agri- 
culture, 974,188, or 632 in every 



DCC 



465 



OCO 



1000 raised food for the population 
of Ireland ; in England, 251 persons 
raised food for the remainder of the 
1000. Of tea-dealers in England 
and Scotland there were, in 1841, 
82,063 and 13,357; of hrewers, 
44,232 and 433 ; of maltsters, 9286 
and 1690 ; of soapmakers, 150 and 
.17; of spirit-dealers, 56,012 and 
15,720; tobacco-dealers, 158,344; 
wine-dealers, 24,170 and 2948, who 
all have licenses from the excise ; 
the male-servants in the united 
kingdom were 211,966 in 1831, and 
529,231 in 1841, in the latter year 
being 40 per 1000 of the popula- 
tion ; the female servants in 1831, 
were 936,646, and in 1841, 1,162,966, 
being 85 in 1000 of the female po- 
pulation ; the persons employed in 
the cotton manufacture in England ; 
Wales, Scotland, &c, were, in 

1841, 377,662 

Hose 50,955 

Lace.*. 35,347 

Wool and Worsted 167,296 

Silk 83,773 

Flax and Linen 85,213 

Total 800,246 

In Ireland : 

Cotton 6415 

Lace 655 

Wool and Worsted, 77,726 

Silk 770 

Flax and Linen 138,609 

Other Fabrics 441,044 

Total 665,219 

In mines of Coal 118,233 

„ Copper 15,407 

Lead 11,419 

Iron 10,949 

Tin 6,101 

„ Manganese ... 275 

„ Salt 268 

,, Other minerals 31,173 

Total, Eng., Scotd., &c. ...193,825 

Ireland 3096 



Emploved in factories in England, 
1847, 105,588; Scotland, 7931; 
Ireland, 1721 ; Total, 121,240. 
Workers of metals, 36,222 in Eng- 
land, Wales, and Scotland. 

Occupations of the People in 
France, 1835 : 

Town population 7,000,000 

Landed proprietors, fa- 
milies, &c 20,000,000 

Agricultural labourers 

and families 3,000,000 

Artisans in rural districts 2,000,000 

Total 32,000,000 

Ocean Monarch, American emi- 
grant sbip from Liverpool to Bos- 
ton, with 396 passengers on board, 
took fire near Great Orme's Head, 
North Wales, and of those on board 
178 perished in the flames or in the 
sea, Aug. 24, 1848. 

Ochotsk, in Siberia, a dreadful 
gale of wind at, from the south-east, 
came on towards the end of Jan. 
1810, which lasted two days : the wa- 
ters of the Ochotsk rose 12 feet, 
flowed over the tops of the houses, 
and a transport was driven into the 
middle of the town. 

Octarchy, the most powerful of 
the sovereignties in the time of the 
heptarchy over the rest ; Hengist 
the first octarch, 455. 

October, the eighth Eoman 
month under Romulus, and tenth 
afterwards both among Roman and 
Christian nations in general. 

Octogenarians, of 100,000 born 
in England in 1841, 50,301 will 
reach 45 years of age ; but of this 
last number 9398 will reach 80, and 
be alive in 1921, a term of life in 
proportion to numbers elsewhere 
unparalleled. 

Oczokow, Town of, taken by the 
Russians, July 13, 1737 ; demolished 
and abandoned by them, Oct. 9, 
1738. 

O'Connell, Daniel, a Roman 
Catholic, first returned to parlia- 
ment for the county Clare, Irelan i, 
July 5, 1828. 

2h 



OFF 



466 



OLE 



O'Connor, Roderick, last Irish' 
monarch, died 1198, very old. 

Odometer, a degree of the meri- 
dian, measured with an instrument ; 
one by Fernel, 1550 ; one described 
by Hulsius of Frankfort, 1604 ; the 
most perfect made by one Hoklfield 
in Saxony, 1765 ; the most complete 
now used, having an index and dial- 
plate, invented by Mr. Payne of 
Bond Street, the watchmaker. 

Offa, King of the Mercians, 757 ; 
made England tributary to E-ome, 
790. 

Offa's Dyke, an intrenchment 
from the Wye to the Dee river, 
made by Offa the Saxon, to secure 
the country from Welsh incursions, 
774. 

Offan, near Stratford-on-Avon, 
damaged greatly by fire, May 14, 
1754. 

Offerings first instituted by Pope 
Pelagius II., 558. 

Officers' Widows, corporation 
founded for their relief, Oct. 23, 
1732. 

Officers of the board of works, 
great wardrobe, treasurer of the 
chamber and jewel office, and cof- 
ferer of the household, abolished by 
parliament, July, 1781. 

Offices, Public, in London, of 
which there are many ; a few of the 
earlier of which are as follows : — 
Mint office, Tower hill, 1066 ; Lan- 
caster duchy court, 1376; exche- 
quer office, Westminster, 1399 ; 
commissioners of sewers, 1425 ; 
heralds' office, 1483 ; wardrobe 
great, office, 1485 ; first fruits, 1543; 
secretary of state's, 1530 ; navy 
office, 1644; general post office, 
1660 ; trade and plantation office, 
1660; wine licence, 1661; victual- 
ling: office, 1663 ; doctors' commons, 
1670 ; penny post office, 1683 ; York 
buildings water works, 1691 ; stamp 
office, 1694; hackney coach office, 
1694 ; bank of England, 1694, and 
offices built 1732, enlarged and em- 
bellished 1770 and 1787, and sub- 
sequently to its completion under 
Soane in the present century; hand- 
in-hand office 1696 ; the hawkers' 



and pedlars' licence office, 1697; salt 
office, 1702, tax since repealed; 
augmentation office, 1704 ; sun fire 
office, 1706 ; union office, 1714 ; 
London assurance, 1716; West- 
minster do., 1717 ; custom house, 
1666, 1718, 1817; excise office, 1641, 

1772 ; phoenix insurance, 1781 ; 
south sea house, 1710; Somerset 
house offices, 1775 to 1796, includ- 
ing naval pay office, audit, stamp, 
inland revenue, and legacy duty 
offices ; colonial office, Downing 
street ; admiralty offices, 1726 ; 
horse guards' offices, 1753; board 
of control, Cannon street, 1784 ; 
post office, 1829. 

Oil of the Dahlia, discovered by 
Mr. Payen, 1824, soluble in alcohol, 
but with difficulty in water. 

Oil consumed in London in 1795, 
cost £300,000. 

Old Bailey Sessions-house built 

1773 ; enlarged, 1808 ; sessions held 
at, eight times in the year for the 
county of Middlesex and oity of 
London ; Old Bailey sessions proved 
fatal to the lord mayor, one alder- 
man, two judges, the greatest part 
of the jury, and numbers of specta- 
tors, who caught the jail distemper 
and died, May, 1750 ; again fatal to 
several, 1772; Old Bailey, 28 per- 
sons killed in, during the execution 
of Mr. Steel's murderers, Feb. 23, 
1807. 

Oldcastle, Sir John, burned un- 
der pretence of heresy, 1418. 

Oldenburg, Duchess of, visited 
England, March 31, 1814; left with 
the emperor of Russia and king of 
Prussia, June 27, 1814 ; married the 
Duke of Wurtemberg, Jan. 23, 
1816. 

Old Man of the Mountains, king 
of the assassins, or assassiniaus, in 
the vicinity of Tyre, in Syria ; his 
people were Mahometans, and 
trained up their children to kill such 
as their chief devoted to die; he 
gave the French king, Louis IX., 
notice that he spared him on ac^ 
count of his virtues, 1235. 

Oleron, Laws of, regarding mari- 
time affairs, framed by Richard I., 



OPE 



467 



OPI 



King of England, when- at the Isle 
of Oleron, in France, 1194. 

Olives first planted in Italy, b.c. 
562. 

Olveston Priory, Lincolnshire, 
built 1058. 

Olympiads, the old Greek mea- 
sure of time, the first in 776 ; 2nd 
in 772 ; 3rd in 768 ; 4th in 764 ; 5th 
in 760 ; 7th in 752 ; 10th in 740 ; 
13th in 728 ; 15th in 720 ; 16th in 
716 ; 17th in 712 ; 21st in 696 ; 23rd 
in 688 ; 24th in 684 ; 25th in 680 ; 
27th in 672 ; 28th in 668 ; 29th in 
664 ; 39th in 624 ; 43rd in 608 ; 46th 
in 596 ; 55th in 560 ; 56th in 556 ; 
60th in 540 ; 61st in 536 b.c. 

Omaai, a native of the Friendly 
Islands, brought to England by 
Captain Furneaux, 1775, and after- 
wards sent back with presents. 

Omers, St., taken by the French, 
1677. 

Omnibus Coaches first introduced 
from Paris, into London, 1829 ; the 
first started from Paddington to the 
bank, July 4 ; introduced by Shilli- 
ber, a coach proprietor. 

O. P. Riots at Covent-garden 
theatre, O. P. meaning old prices, 
Sept. 18, 1809, on opening the new 
theatre ; the performances for many 
weeks could not be heard ; at last 
the manager, who had raised the 
prices too exorbitantly, gave way, 
and peace was restored, Dec. 10, 
1809. 

Opera House, or Queen's Theatre, 
built about 1704 by Wren or Van- 
burgh, Haymarket ; burnt, 1789, 
and the foundation of a new one 
laid, April 3, 1790 ; used as a play- 
house, Sept. 22, 1791. 

Opera House, New English, built 
on the site of the Lyceum in the 
Strand, 1816; burned down, Feb. 
16, 1830; new house opened, July 
14, 1834. 

Opera House at Rome, roof fell 
in, Jan. 18, 1762. 

Operas invented by one Rinuc- 
cini of Florence, 1590 ; they were 
performed in 1600 in Italy ; and 
one in 1607, called l'Orfeo, by Mon- 
teverde, was the first ever published ; 



operas were introduced into Paris, 
1669; in 1672 "Pomona" was got 
up there ; Sir William D'Avenant 
introduced them into England, 1684; 
performed in York building, 1692 ; 
the first at Drury-lane was in 1705 ; 
Handel's operas were performed 
1735. 

Ophites, a religious sect which 
believed that the serpent which 
tempted Eve was a god, 187. 

Opium, duty on, in England 1832, 
produced £'6,081 ; trade of, between 
India and China, small, before 
1767; in that year reached 1,000 
chests, and so continued several years, 
the traffic being wholly in the hands 
of the Portuguese. It was in 1773 
that the East India Company first 
made a small adventure in opium to 
China, and in 1780 a depot of the 
article was established in Lark's 
Bay, south of Macao. The follow- 
ing is a portion of the return of the 
produce of Bengal, so far as verified 
by the sales of the India Company 
at Calcutta, commencing with 1798- 
99 to 1836-7:— 



Value in 
Sicca Rupees. 

1798-9 1,172 1,731,161 

1807-8 4,538 6,854,157 

1817-18 3,692 8,043,197 

1827-2S 6,650 11,228,416 

The return is from the Chinese Re- 
pository. In a circular of the Bom- 
bay Chamber of Commerce, and a 
petition of the Calcutta merchants, 
the statement is given for — 

Chests. Value in Rupees. 

1837-38 19,600 ...21,292,386 

The exports from Bombay and Da- 
rn oun to China, from 1821 to 1838, 
are thus stated : — . 

ThPS+q YalUe P CT CheSt ln 

Cftests. Rupees. 

1821 2,278 2,024 

1831 9,333 1,450 

1836 11,724 958 

The Bombay Chamber of Commerce 
return the total value of the export 
from thence, for — 

1836-7 at 24,249,821 rupees, 
1837-8 at 11,242,325 do. 



OPT 



ORA 



A proportion of the opium thus ex- 
ported from India, was directed to 
other parts besides China ; and of 
the whole quantity produced in Ben- 
gal in 1830, about one-third was 
shipped to ports in the Eastern 
Archipelago. In the opium dis- 
tricts of Bengal, the plant is culti- 
vated by the ryots on account of 
the India government, and paid at 
a certain rate of remuneration. At 
Bombay it is taxed in a duty of 125 
rupees per chest. The total reve- 
nue derived from it, which, in 1832, 
was equal to .£1,000,000, exceeded 
£2,000,000 in 1837, and in the year 
following may be taken to have 
reached to nearly £3,000,000. 

Oporto, a town of Portugal noted 
for a species of wine strengthened 
with brandy, drank out of the coun- 
try almost exclusively by the Eng- 
lish, a duty being paid of a third 
less upon it than on other wines by 
a treaty called the Methuen treaty, 
1703 ; a company monopolizing the 
trade was formed here 1753, which 
regulated the exports, so as to keep 
up prices ; dissolved in 1834 by 
Don Pedro, but re-established 1841 ; 
Soult was surprised here by Wel- 
lington, and defeated, May 11, 1809; 
the town, naturally very strong, was 
besieged by the partisans of Don 
Miguel, but they were obliged to 
retire, Sept. 19, 1832 ; an insurrec- 
tion, in which the insurgents entered 
Oporto, 1847 ; a Spanish force en- 
tered Oporto on behalf of the Queen, 
and the insurgents capitulated, June, 
1847. 

Optic Nerve, the discovery of, by 
a surgeon of Bologna in the 16th 
century. 

Optics, the science of, supposed 
to have originated in the twelfth 
century ; Halley and Newton made 
great advances in its progress, which 
depends upon the particles of light, 
which are so small that it has been 
computed there are six million mil- 
lion times the number given off by 
a candle in a second of time as there 
are grains of sand on the whole 
earth; burning lenses known at 



Athens, b.c. 424 ; first treatise on, 
by Euclid, about 280 ; the magni- 
fying power of convex glasses and 
concave mirrors, and the prismatic 
colours produced by angular glass, 
mentioned by Seneca, a.d. 50; trea- 
tise on optics, by Ptolemy, 120 ; 
greatly improved by Alhazen, 1108 ; 
hints for spectacles and telescopes 
given by Roger Bacon, 1280 ; spec- 
tacles invented by Salvinus Arma- 
tus, of Pisa, before 1300; camera 
obscura said to have been invented 
by Bap tista Porta, 1560; telescopes 
invented by Leonard Digges, about 
1571 ; telescope made by Jansen 
about 1609; the same instrument 
constructed by Galileo, without 
knowing the invention of Jansen ; 
astronomical telescope suggested by 
Kepler, 1611 ; microscope, accord- 
ing to Huygens, invented by Dreb- 
bel, about 1621 ; Cassegrainian re- 
flector, A.d. 1621 ; law of refrac- 
tion discovered by Snellius, about 
1624; reflecting telescope, James 
Gregory, 1663; do., Newton, 1666; 
motion and velocity of light dis- 
covered by Boemer and Cassini, 
1667 ; double refraction explained 
by Bartholinus, 1669 ; Newton's dis- 
coveries, 1674 ; telescopes with a 
single lens, by Tschirnhausen, about 
1690 ; polarization of light, Huy- 
gens, about 1692 ; structure of the 
eye explained by Petit, about 1700 ; 
achromatic telescope constructed by 
Mr. Hall, in 1733 ; constructed by 
Dollond, 1757; Herschel's great re- 
flecting telescope, erected at Slough, 
1789; camera lucida, Dr. Wollaston, 
1807; Ramage's reflecting telescope 
erected at Greenwich, 1820. 

Oran, in Africa, with the greatest 
part of its inhabitants, destroyed by 
an earthquake, Oct. 8, 1790. 

Orange Trees brought first to 
England, 1595. 

Orange, House of, the title came 
with the Nassau family by the 
marriage of Claude de Chalons with 
the Count of Nassau in 1530 ; Wil- 
liam, prince of this house, subse- 
quently William III., landed in 
Torbay with an army, Nov. 5, 1688, 



ORB 



ORD 



and was crowned with Mary, daugh- 
ter of James II., April 11, 1689. 

Orangemen, a party in Ireland 
affecting great attachment to the 
high church, and continually con- 
cocting broils with their Catholic 
fellow countrymen, dressing up the 
statue of king William in Dublin, 
and promoting party feuds ; for that 
purpose they formed a lodge in Ar- 
magh, Sept. 21, 1795, and others in 
Dublin, in 1798. 

Orange, Prince of, excluded from 
his right in Zealand, 1732; made 
knight of the garter, 1733 ; arrived 
in England, 1733 ; married the prin- 
cess Mary, March 14, 1733-4, with 
£80,00Q; attended the House of 
Commons and was naturalized, 
March 21, 1733-4; returned to Hol- 
land, April 22, 1734 ; his princess 
visited England, July 2, 1734 ; re- 
turned, Nov. 9, 1734 ; had a prin- 
cess, Dec. 10, 1739 ; the prince got 
possession of the principality of 
Nassau-Dittingbourg, Aug. 16, 
1739 ; was elected the S fcadtholder, 
July 14, 1746. 

Orange, Prince of, embarked at 
Deal for Holland, Nov. 25, 1813; 
made his solemn entry into Amster- 
dam, as sovereign prince of the 
united Netherlands, Dec. 2, 1813 ; 
his sovereignty confirmed by the 
allied princes, Eeb. 1815 ; inaugu- 
rated at Brussels, Sept. 21, 1815 ; 
hereditary prince of, married to the 
grand duchess Anna Paulowna, sis- 
ter of the emperor of Russia, June, 
1816. 

Orange, William, first Prince of, 
assassinated, June 30, 1584.' 

Oransey Abbey, Scotland, built, 
567. 

Orator Henley, a theological 
demagogue, who gave lectures in 
Clare Market, in 1726; he sank 
into merited obscurity, and died 
1756. 

Oratorians, priests so called at 
Rome, from the place where they 
officiated, 1564 ; they also appeared 
in Prance, 1612. 

Orbits Parabolic, of comets, ex- 
plained, 1680. 



Oratorios, the first in London, 
performed in 1732 in the theatre in 
Portugal street, Lincoln's-Inn. 

Orbits of the planets first deter- 
mined by a Saxon clergyman, 1681. 

Ordeal bv fire and water abo- 
lished, 1261/femp. Henry III. 

Orders, Roman Catholic, that 
of Anchorets began 1255 ; Augus- 
tines, 389 ; Barnabites in Prance, 
1533 ; of St. Basil, 354 ; of French 
Begging friars, 1587 ; of Beguines, 
or nuns who might marry, 1208 ; 
Bethlamites, 1250 ; Benedictines, 
548 ; Brigetine nuns, 1370 ; Canons 
regular, 400 ; Capuchins, 1515 ; of 
Carmelites, 1171 ; St. Catherine 
nuns, 1273 ; of Carthusians, 1086 ; 
Celestine nuns, 1274 ; Chaplins, 
1284; Cistertians, 1091 ; of Clare's- 
nuns, 1212 ; of Clareval, 1114; Cor- 
deliers, 1200 ; Conceptionist nuns, 
1488; Crossed friars, 1170; Domi- 
nicans, 1215 ; of Pranciscans, 1209 ; 
Grey friars, 1222 ; of Hermits, 1157; 
Holy Trinity, 1211 ; Humbled, 1164; 
Jacobites, 1198 ; Jesuans, 1367 ; 
Jesuits, Society of, 1536; expelled 
England, 1604 ; Venice, 1606 ; Por- 
tugal, 1759 ; Prance, 1762 ; Spain, 
1767; Naples, 1768; Rome, 1773; 
order abolished, Aug. 17, 1773 ; ex- 
pelled Prussia, and other states, 
1776 ; St. John of Jerusalem, 1113 ; 
these last banished from England, 
1540 ; Sisters of the Society of Jesus 
in France, nurses of the sick, 1626 ; 
ofMinories, 1435; of Minors, 1009; 
Monks first associated, 328 ; of Pe- 
nitent Women orMagdalens, 1494; 
of Recollets, 1503 ; French Thea- 
tines, 1580 ; White Monks, 1055 ; 
Ursuline nuns, 1055 ; of the Holy 
Trinity for redeeming slaves, called 
Mathurins, in France, 1198; White 
coats, 1396. 

Ordericus Vitalis, a remarkable 
Englishman, born at Attingham, a 
village on the river Severn, four miles 
from Shrewsbury, in the year 1075, 
on February the 16th ; the son of 
Odelerius Constantius, a native of 
Orleans, counsellor to Roger Earl 
of Shrewsbury ; when five years old, 
he was entrusted by his father to 



OEI 



470 



OEL 



the tuition of Seward, a priest ; at 
the age of eleven, he was sent off to 
Normandy, to Mainerius, abhot of 
the monastery of Eu, and by him 
enrolled among the monks, in the 
year 1091 ; he was ordained sub- 
deacon by Gislebert, bishop of 
Lisieux, on March the 15th ; then 
after two years, deacon, by Serlon, 
bishop of Saes ; in the year 1108, 
priest, by William, archbishop of 
Rouen ; he nourished in the year 
1140, and spent his life in the 
monastery of Eu, where he wrote 
13 books of ecclesiastical history. 

Ordnance, cost of, from 1801 to 
1814, £58,148,904 in 14 years ; in 
35 years, from 1815 to 1844, 
£61,241,088. Total, £119,439,992 
in 49 years ; in 1812 and 1813, the 
cost was £5,241,000 each year; 
in 1834, £1,068,223; in 1840, 
£1,631,640 ;andin 1848, £3,076,124, 
being above what it was in the year 
of war 1803. 

Ordo Disciplinarian, an order 
of knighthood in Bohemia, begun 
by the German Emperor Sigismund, 
in the year 1412. 

Organs. The first mention of a 
musical instrument of this descrip- 
tion which we find, at least in our 
northern histories, is in the annals 
of 757, when Constantine Cu- 
pronymus, Emperor of the East, 
sent to Pepin, king of France, 
among other rich presents, a musi- 
cal machine, which the French 
writers describe to have been com- 
posed of pipes, and large tubes of 
tin, and to have imitated sometimes 
the roaring of thunder, and some- 
times the warbling of a flute ; first 
applied to religious worship by 
Pope Vitalianus, 658 ; that at Haer- 
lem, the largest in Europe, having 
60 stops, and 8000 pipes ; one at 
Seville with 100 stops, and 5300 
pipes ; that at York Minster, the 
largest in England, and that in the 
Music Hall, Birmingham, the next; 
the best in London is that in the 
Temple church, though not the 
largest. 

Oriano, at Naples, nearly all de- 



stroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 20, 
1782. 

Oriel College, Oxford, founded 
bv Adam de Brome, temp. Edward 
III. 1337. 

Oriental Garden formed at 
Brighton, 1826. 

Oriental MSS. discovered, of 
the greatest importance, by M. Berg 
zren, and sent to St. Petersburgh 
1829; among others was the secret 
law of the Druses. 

Origenists, a sect that grounded 
its opinions upon the works of 
Origen, maintaining that Christ was 
the son of God only by adoption 
and grace ; that souls were created 
before bodies; that the sun and 
planets had souls ; that the damned 
and fallen angels shall ultimately 
be saved; this sect existed in the 
4th, 5th, and 6th centuries; con- 
demned by popes and councils, and 
forbidden to read the works of their 
founder. 

Orion steam vessel, from Liver- 
pool to Glasgow, struck on a rock 
north of Portpatrick, close to the 
land, and more than 50 of the pas- 
sengers were drowned, in fine wea- 
ther and a calm sea, June 18, 1850 ; 
the two principal officers were tried, 
and condemned to severe punish- 
ment, the mate to 18 months' im- 
prisonment, and the captain to 
seven years' transportation. 

Orkney and Shetland Islands, 
57 in number, of which 29 are in- 
habited. Of the Shetland Islands, 
above 100 in number, only 32 are 
inhabited. Sold by Denmark to 
Scotland, 839 ; regranted, for a sum 
of money to James III., 1468 ; once 
were called Orcades ; bishopric of, 
founded by St. Servanus, but it 
terminated with the abolition of 
episcopacy in Scotland, 1689. The 
parliamentary constituency in 1845, 
was 546 ; the county town is Kirk- 
wall, the only royal burgh in the 
shire, situated in Pomona, one of 
the Orkneys; population, 3046. 

Orleans, siege of, May, 1428; 
again, 1563, when the Duke of 
Guise was killed ; the first siege was 



ORT 



471 



OST 



under the command of le Grand 
Talbot, as the French call him, or 
John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, 
which siege was raised by the 
heroism of Joan of Arc, April 29, 
1429. 

Orleans, royal house of, called 
to the French throne in 1830, in 
the person of Louis Philippe, son 
of the Duke of Orleans, beheaded 
during the French revolution, and 
well known as Egalite ; King Louis 
Philippe reigned 18 years, when 
monarchy was once more abolished, 
and the king and royal family 
obliged to leave France, Feb. 24, 
1848; they came to England, and 
Louis Philippe died at Claremont, 
Aug. 24, 1850. 

Orleans, Duke of, assassinated 
at Paris, Nov. 24, 1407, by order of 
the Duke of Burgundy. 

Orleans, Duke of, regent of 
France, died, 1752. 

Ormond, Duke of, displaced and 
affronted, Sept. 19, 1714; impeach- 
ed, June 21, 1715; returned to 
France, Aug. 1715 ; concerted mea- 
sures against England, Dec. 29, 
1718 ; ten thousand pounds offered 
bv the Irish to secure him, Jan. 19, 
1718-9 ; £5000 offered by the Eng- 
lish for the same object, March 15, 
1718-9; died in France, and brought 
over to be buried at Westminster, 
1746. 

Orrery, said to be invented by 
Lord Orrery, after several machines 
approaching to it in character were 
upon record, as a planetary clock by 
Finee, 1553 ; the planetarium of 
deEheita, 1650; modern mechanism 
has greatly increased tbe utility of 
this instrument ; doubt exists as to 
the real inventor. 

Orrery, Lord, committed to the 
Tower for high treason, Sept. 28, 
1722 ; died Aug. 28, 1731. 

Orseille, discovery of the colour- 
ing principle of, by a French che- 
mist, 1829. 

Orthes, Battle of, between Wel- 
lington and Soult, Feb. 27, 1814, 
when the latter was defeated with 
considerable loss. 



Osborne and his Wife murdered 
at Tring,in Hertfordshire, from being 
suspected of witchcraft, April 22, 
1751 ; in the same county, Jane 
Wenham, in 1712, was committed 
by Sir Henry Chauncey, a Solomon 
justice, for witchcraft, and afterwards 
tried and condemned. 

Osnaburgh, Bishopric of, found- 
ed by Charlemagne, 780; the brother 
of George I., who held it, made 
Duke of York, June 29, 1716 ; this 
bishop received the order of the 
garter, July 3, 1716, died Aug. 3, 
1728 ; the last bishop, the Duke of 
York, commander-in-chief of the 
English army, who died, 1827; the 
Duke only retained the title after 
the secularizations of these German 
abuses in 1802. 

Ossory, Bishopric of, translated 
to Agadoe, in Upper Ossory, in 
1052; united to the bishopric of 
Ferns Loighlin, in 1822, in pursu- 
ance of the provisions of the church 
temporalities act of 1833. 

Ostend, in Flanders, endured a 
siege of three years, and the gar- 
rison and inhabitants, reduced by 
famine, surrendered on capitulation 
to the Spaniards in 1604 ; attempted 
to be taken by the French, on the 
death of Charles II. of Spain, but 
the scheme miscarried, with great 
loss to them, owing to the minister 
having been deceived by his agents, 
1658 ; taken by the allies after the 
battle of Ramillies, 1706 ; India 
company chartered, 1722 ; sup- 
pressed by the treaty at Vienna; 
1731 ; taken by the French, 1745, 
but restored, 1748 ; garrisoned by 
the French for Maria Theresa, 
1756 ; made a free port, June 15, 
1784; surrendered to the French 
in 1792; taken by the English in 
1793; and in 1794, with all the 
Netherlands, surrendered to the 
French ; restored 1814. 

Ostrogoths, their kingdom began 
in Italy, 476 ; ended, 554. 

Ostrolenka, Battle of, between 
the Poles and Russians, exceedingly 
sanguinary, May 26, 1831 ; the 
Poles remained masters of the 



OUR 



472 



OXF 



field of battle, though the Russians 
claimed the victory. 

Oswega Fort, on Lake Ontario, 
North America, built 1727 ; rebuilt, 
1759. 

Oswald, king of Northumbria, 
633 ; Osway, 643. 

Osyth's, St., Priory, Essex, built 
1120. 

Otaheite, island of,more correctly 
Tahiti, discovered by captain Wal- 
lis, 1767 ; visited by Cook, to 
observe the transit of Venus, 1768, 
and twice subsequently; in 1799, 
the king, Pomarre, ceded the dis- 
trict of Matavia to English mission- 
aries ; queen Pomarre placed herself 
under the protection of England, 
1843 ; then under that of the French 
king, Nov., 1843; Mr. Pritchard, 
English consul, seized at, March 5, 
1844. 

Otterburn, Battle of, between 
the English, under Percy of Nor- 
thumberland and his two sons, and 
the Scotch, under Sir William 
Douglas, who was slain by Henry 
Percy; but the two Percies were 
made prisoners, and the Scotch 
obtained the victory. 

Ottery, St. Mary, Devon, priory 
of, built, 1060. 

Ottoman Empire founded, on the 
downfall of the Greek empire at 
Constantinople, by Othman I., 1278; 
Mahomet II., took the city itself, 
1453, and made it the capital of his 
empire. 

Oudenarde, Battle of, between the 
Duke of Marlborough and Prince 
Eugene and the French, July 11, 
1708, when the latter were defeated 
with great loss, and the French 
commenced a negotiation for peace, 
which was broken off. 

Oulart, Battle of, Ireland, be- 
tween the rebels and the king's 
forces, in which the North Cork 
militia were nearly all cut to pieces, 
May 27, 1798. 

Ourique, Battle of, between Al- 
fonso of Portugal, and a vast army 
of Moors, fought on the plains of 
Ourique, July 25, 1139; destroying 
the Moorish dominion in Portugal. 



Ouse Bridge, York, rebuilt, 1566. 

Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned 
in the Tower, Sept. 15, 1613. 

Overland Route to India; for 
which England is much indebted to 
the perseverance of Lieut. Wag- 
horn of the navy, whose first attempt 
to reach England in 31 days, was 
crowned with success. He left Bom- 
bay, Oct. 1, 1845, and arrived in 
London, Oct. 31, with the Bombay 
mail of Oct. 1 ; he proposed, in two 
years, to bring the mail to London 
in 21 days, when death put an end 
to his labours, Jan. 8, 1850. 

Owen Glendower, born 1348, 
died, 1415 — the celebrated Welsh 
chieftain. 

Owyhee, Island of, discovered by 
Captain Cook, 1778 ; that brave 
officer killed here, in consequence of 
a dispute with the natives, Feb. 14, 
1779. 

Oxford, City of: Henry III., upon 
compulsion, summoned a parlia- 
ment here, 1258; the statutes of 
Oxford settle the popular represen- 
tation in the 42d Henry III. — that 
twelve representatives should be 
chosen for the people by the sixth 
statute, three parliaments to be held 
annually ; town restored by Alfred 
the Great, 886; destroyed by the 
Danes, 1003 ; laid under an inter- 
dict by the Pope's legate, 1238 ; 
bishopric of, founded, 1541 ; dread- 
ful sickness at the assizes there, 
when 300 persons, the sheriff, and 
others, died of the jail distemper, 
caught from the prisoners, who were 
infected from the filthiness and 
crowded state of the prison, 20th 
Elizabeth, 1577; diocese of the 
bishopric taken out of Lincoln by 
Henry VIIL, and endowed with the 
lands of certain monasteries at 
Abingdon and Osney ; and the same 
monarch assigned the church of the 
abbey at Osney for the cathedral 
church of the see, but afterwards 
removed the seat of the bishopric to 
Oxford, the present cathedral being 
that of St. Frideswide, which as- 
sumed the title of Christ Church ; 
Elizabeth denuded the see of many 



OXF 



47S 



OXF 



of the endowments profusely heap- 
ed upon it by Henry, her father; 
visited by commissioners, and abuses 
in reformed, 1560; a parliament 
held at in 1625, in consequence of the 
plague raging in London ; again from 
the same cause, 1665, when the courts 
of law also were removed there ; 
a parliament summoned there by 
Charles I., 1643-4; a great fire at, 
Oct. 6, 1644 ; refused to submit to 
the visitation by the authority of 
Parliament, 1648 ; theatre at, built, 
July 9, 1669 ; a great fire at, again, 
April 25, 1671 ; visited by the court, 
and the king summoned the parlia- 
ment to meet there, when the mem- 
bers came armed with a considerable 
retinue, March, 1681 ; visited by 
William ILL, Nov. 10, 1695; by 
queen Anne and the prince George, 
Aug. 26, 1702; a riot at, on the 
birthday of the Prince of Wales, 
Oct. 22, 1716; a regiment of dra- 
goons quartered in the city, under 
General Pepper, to overawe the 
university, which was deemed Jaco- 
bitish, Oct. 7, 1715. 

Oxford University, first public 
lecture in Arabic, 1636 ; rejected 
the king's order for electing a Ca- 
tholic master of Magdalen College, 
April 11, 1687 ; rejected the king's 
order again, Aug., the same year ; 
James II. visited the university on 
Sept. 4, 1687, and Nov. 16, same 
year; and while his visiters ex- 
pelled several of the fellows, he 
filled their places with Catholics ; 
the fellows restored and their rights 
confirmed, Oct. 12, 1688; Modern 
History Professor established at, 
1724 ; Queen Caroline gave £1000 
to repair Queen's College, 1733; 
library built, 1745 ; hospital begun, 
1772 ; observatory built, 1772 ; one 
wing of Queen's College bumed, 
Dec. 19, 1778; visited by George 
III., Oct. 12, 1785 ; by the Empe- 
ror of Russia, King of Prussia, and 
George III., 1814. Colleges and 
Halls of the University ; All Souls' 
College, founded by Henry Chi- 
chely, archbishop of Canterbury, 
1437 ; Baliol, John Baliol, knt., and 



Deborah his wife, father to Baliol, 
king of the Scots, 1263 ; Brazenose, 
William Smith, bishop of Lincoln, 
and Sir Richard Sutton, 1509 ; 
Christ Church, Cardinal Wolsey, 
1525 ; Corpus Christi, Richard Fox, 
bishop of Winchester, 1516; Exe- 
ter, Walter Stapleton, bishon of 
Exeter, 1314; Hertford College, 
1312 ; Jesus College, Dr. Hugh 
Price, 1571 ; Lincoln College, 
Richard Fleming, 1427; finished 
by Rotheram, bishop of Lincoln, 
1479 ; Magdalen, William of W ayn- 
fleet, bishop of Winchester, 1458; 
Merton College, Walter de Merton, 
bishop of Rochester, 1264; New 
College, William of Wykeham, bi- 
shop of Winchester — first called St. 
Mary of Winchester, 1375 ; Oriel 
College, King Edward II., Adam 
de Brome, archdeacon of Stowe, 
1337; Pembroke, Thomas Teesdale, 
and R. Whitwick, 1620 ; Queen's 
College, Robert de Eglesfield, con- 
fessor to queen Philippa, consort of 
Edward III., 1340; St. John's, Sir 
Thomas White, 1557 ; Trinity, Sir 
Thomas Pope, 1554; University, 
said to have been founded by king- 
Alfred, 872 ; re-founded by William, 
archdeacon of Durham, about 1232 ; 
Wadham, Nicholas Wadham, and 
Dorothy, his wife, 1612 ; Worcester, 
Sir Thomas Coke of Bentley, in 
Worcestershire — originally called 
Gloucester College, 1714; St. Al- 
ban's, 1547; St. Edmund's, 1269; 
St. Marv's, 1616 ; St. Mary Mag- 
dalen, 1602 ; New Inn Hall, 1392. 

Oxford Castle, built, 1074. 

Oxford, Earl of, his administra- 
tion ; Harley, Earl of Oxford, first 
lord of the Treasury; Sir Simon 
Harcourt, lord keeper; lordBoling- 
broke and lord Dartmouth, secre- 
taries of state; the Hon. t Robert 
Benson, the chancellor of the ex- 
chequer, &c, June 1, 1711. 

Oxford, Edward, his attack on 
Queen Victoria, by discharging 
two pistols, June 10, 1840 ; he was 
found insane, and sent to Bethle- 
hem hospital, July 10, the same 
year. 



PAC 



474 



PAC 



Oxford Street Bazaar burned 
down, May 27, 1829. 

Oxford, County or Shire of, 
council held at Burford, by the 
kings Etheldred and Burthwald, 
682; Ethelbalcl, king of Murcia, 
defeated by Cuthred, king of Wes- 
sex, at Battle Edge, 752; a wit- 
tenagemot held at Woodstock, 866 ; 
one at Shifford, by Alfred the 
Great, 885; Thorne plundered by 
the Danes, 1010 ; Edmund Iron- 
side murdered at Oxford, Nov. 30, 
1016 ; great council at Oxford, held 
by King Canute, confirming the 
edicts of King Edgar ; Harold Hare- 
foot crowned at Oxford, 1036 ; Wil- 
liam I. stormed the city, ] 069 ; Par- 
liament held by King Stephen at 
Oxford, when dane gelt was abo- 
lished, 1136 ; the empress Maude 
besieged in Oxford castle by 
Stephen, for three months, when 
the ground being covered, with 
snow, and the water frozen, she 
made her way out with three knights, 
all dressed in white, and escaped 
on foot to Abingdon, 1142 ; a par- 
liament at Wallingford ; a parlia- 
ment held at Woodstock, 1163-4, 
when Malcolm, King of Scotland, 



and Bees, Prince of Wales, did ho- 
mage to Henry II. ; parliaments 
held at Oxford, 1177, 1185, 1203, 
1207 ; a female of the city being 
killed by a student, the town's peo- 
ple seized and hung three students, 
1209 ; at Woodstock, a tournament 
held by Edward III., 1355 ; battle 
of Radford Bridge, 1387 ; the York- 
ists defeated by Sir John Conyers 
at Danesmoor, and 6500 slain ; at 
Chalgrave field, John Hampden 
first opposed openly the tyranny of 
Charles I. ; Oliver Cromwell routed 
four regiments of the royal horse 
at Islip Bridge, April 24, 1645, 
and took Bletchington House, the 
same day ; Woodstock manor- 
house surrendered to the parlia- 
ment, April 26, 1646. 

Oxygen Gas discovered by 
Priestley, Aug. 17, 1774, the prin- 
ciple of atmospheric air. 

Oxford, Cathedral of, built 
1004 and 1119, Saxom architecture, 
154 feet4ong, 54 feet wide, 144 feet 
high. 

Oxford Castle, Suffolk, erected 
1066. 

Oysters, an immense bed of, dis- 
covered off Brio-hton, 1824. 



Padlocks, invented at Nurem- 
berg by M. Becker, 1540. 

Padua, built a.c. 1269; walled 
round by the Venetians, who united 
it to their dominion, 1406 ; it was 
admirably fortified by the Vene- 
tians ; the bastion of Cornaro, con- 
structed in 1534 by San Micheli, 
much boasted of; the first bishop 
said to have been the disciple of St. 
Peter ; Marcils, bishop, 1123 ; noted 
for its brilliant fete of St Anthony, 
on the 13th June. 

Pacification, Edicts of, in France, 
the name given to royal concessions 
from time to time in favour of Pro- 
testantism, to appease public dis- 



turbances on account of religion ; 
edict published by Charles IX., 
permitting the free exercise of the 
reformed religion near all the cities 
and towns in the realm, Jan. 1562 ; 
edict, the reformed religion permit- 
ted in the houses of lords justicia- 
ries, and certain other persons, 
March, 1563 ; these edicts revoked, 
and all Protestant ministers ordered 
to depart the kingdom in 15 days, 
1568; edict, allowing lords and 
others to have service in their 
houses, and granting public service 
in certain towns, 1570 ; authorized 
the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 
1572 ; edict of pacification published 



PAG 



475 



PAI 



by Henry III., April, 1576; this 
edict was revoked, Dec., 1576 ; and 
was renewed for six years, Oct., 
1577 ; edict of Henry IV., renewing 
that of Oct. 1577, 1591 ; edict of 
Nantes by Henry IV., extending 
the toleration allowed to Protest- 
ants, April, 1598; this last edict 
confirmed by Louis XIII., 1610; 
again by Louis XIV., 1652 ; revo- 
cation of the edict of Nantes by 
Louis XIV., Oct., 1685. 

Paganism overthrown under the 
Roman empire, in the reign of 
Theodosius the Younger, 388 and 
395 ; the emperor Constantine 
had previously ordered the Pa- 
gan temples in his empire to be 
destroyed. 

Page, Baron, charged with cor- 
ruption, 1722. 

Pageants and Pageantry, Lon- 
don, some of the earliest as follows, 
with the authorities :• — 
Henry III., (Matthew Paris) 1236 
Edward I., (Matthew Westmin- 
ster) 1274 

Queen Margaret, (Stow) . . 1300 

Edward II., (Holinshed) . .1307-8 

Richard II., (Walsingham) . 1377 

Do. (Kimpton, Fabian) . . 1392 

Duke of Lancaster, (Tyrrel) . 1399 

Henry IV., (Froissart) . . 1399 

Henry V., (Thos. ofElinhan) 1413 

(Holinshed) . . 1415 

( and Queen Catherine, 

" I (Walsingham).' 1421 

Henry VI 1422-32 

Queen Margaret, (Fabian) . 1445 
Edward IV., (Sprotti Chron.) 1451 
Queen Elizabeth Grey . . . 1465 

Richard III 1483 

Henry VIL, (Fabian) . . 1485-87 
Queen Elizabeth of York, (Ives) 
1487 
Katherine of Spain .... 1501 
Henry VIII. and Queen Catherine, 

(Hall) 1509 

Queen Ann Boleyn, (Hall) . 1533 
Edward VI., (Leland) . . . 1546-7 
Queen Mary, (Holinshed). . 1553 
King Philip, (Fox and Holin- 
shed) 1554 

Queen Elizabeth . . . .1558-9 
James 1 1603-7 



Charles I., (Whitelocke) . . 1633 

Do (1641-2 

Do (1641-2 

The Parliament 1641-2 

Charles II., 1660, 1661-2, 1671-2-3, 
1674-5, 1676-7, 1681 

James II 1687 

William and Mary , . . 1689-92 

William III 1697 

Queen Anne 1702 

George 1 1714 

George II 1727 

George III 1761 

Painting, the Art of, first attri- 
buted to the Egyptians, in relation 
to the exploits of Osymandias, then 
pictured b.c. 2200 ; introduced into 
Rome from Etruria, by Quintus 
Fabius; the best pictures came 
to Rome from Greece ; no painters 
of note appeared for a long time 
after the emperor Augustus ; paint- 
ing in oil said to have been invented 
by John Van Eyck, in Flanders, 
about 1414 ; one of the earliest pic- 
tures was an Ecce Homo, 1455 ; 
painting introduced into Venice, by 
Venetiano, 1450; into Italy by 
Antoneilo, 1476; Ucello, said to 
have been the first who studied per- 
spective ; the first mention of the 
art in England was about the year 
1520. 

Painting, British Institution 
for Exhibition of, formed June 4, 
1805. 

Painters in Water Colours, 
Society of, London, founded 
1804. 

Painters, Society of British, 
in Suffolk- street, formed 1824 ; 
New Society of, in Water Colours, 
1825. 

Painting, English Royal Aca- 
demy of, established, 1768; Na- 
tional Gallery of Paintings, March, 
1824. 

Painters, the most celebrated 
artists of Italy, France, Flanders, 
and Holland, have long had their 
positions in art assigned to them by 
De Piles, in the following table, 
as to their various merits ; the dates 
of their birth and decease are 
added. 



PAI 



476 



PAI 







Com- 




Co- 


Ex- 


School. 


Name, Birth and Decease. 


posi- 


De- 


lour- 


pres- 






tion. 


sign. 


ing. 


sion. 


Lorn. 


Albano, 1578, 1660 - 


14 


1 


10 


6 


Flem. 


Albert Durer, 1471, 1528 - 


8 


10 


10 


8 


Rom. & Flor. 


Andrea del Sarto, 1471, 1520 - 


12 


16 


9 


8 


Rom. 


Baroccio, 1528, 1612 - - . 


14 


15 


6 


10 


Ven. 


James Bassano, 1510, 1592 


6 


8 


17 





Ven. 


John Bellini, 1422, 1512 - 


4 


6 


14 





Fr. 


Bourdon, 1616, 1671 - 


10 


8 


8 


4 


Fr. 


Le Brun, 1619, 1690 - 


10 


16 


8 


16 


Ven. 


Claude Lorraine, 1600, 1682 


18 


18 


16 





Lorn. 


Caracci, 1560, 1609 - 


15 


17 


13 


13 


Lorn. 


Coreggio, 1494, 1534 


13 


13 


15 


12 


Rom. 


Daniel da Volterra, 1509, 1566 - 


12 


15 


5 


8 


Flem. 


Diepenbeck, 1607, 1675 - 


11 


10 


14 


6 


Lorn. 


Domenichino, 1581, 1641 - 


15 


17 


9 


17 


Rom. 


Giulio Romano, 1492, 1546 


15 


16 


4 


14 


Ven. 


Giorgione, 1477, 1511 - 


8 


9 


18 


4 


Lorn. 


Guercino, 1590, 1666 


18 


10 


10 


4 


Lorn. 


Guido, 1574, 1642 - 





13 


9 


12 


Flem. 


Holbein, 1498, 1544 - 


9 


10 


16 


13 


Flem. 


James Jordaens, 1594, 1678 


10 


8 


16 


6 


Flem. 


Luca Giordano, 1629, 1704 


13 


12 


9 


6 


Lorn. 


Lanfranco, 1581, 1647 


14 


13 


10 


5 


Rom. 


Leonardo da Vinci, 1445, 1520 - 


15 


16 


4 


14 


Flem. 


Lucas of Ley den, 1404, 1533 


8 


6 


6 


4 


Rom. 


Michael Angelo Buonarotti 1474, 1563 


8 


17 


4 


8 


Lom. 


Michael de Caravaggio, 1569, 1609 - 


6 


6 


16 





Ven. 


Mutiano, 1528, 1589 - - ■ - 


6 


8 


15 


4 


Flem. 


Otho Venius, 1556, 1634 


13 


14 


10 


10 


Ven. 


Palma the Elder, 1460, 1556 - 


5 


6 


16 





Ven. 


Palma the Younger, 1544, 1628 - 


12 


9 


14 


6 


Rom. 


Parmegiano, 1503, 1540 - 


10 


15 


6 


6 


Ven. 


Paul Veronese, 1532, 1588 


15 


10 


16 


3 


Rom. 


Pierino del Vaga, 1500, 1547 - 


15 


16 


7 


6 


Rom. 


Pietro da Cortona, 1596, 1669 - 


16 


14 


12 


6 


Rom. 


Pietro Perugino, 1446, 1524 


4 


12 


10 


4 


Rom. 


Polidore de Caravaggio, 1495, 1543 - 


10 


17 





15 


Ven. 


Pordenone, 1484, 1540 


8 


14 


17 


5 


Fr. 


Poussin, Nich., 1594, 1665 


15 


17 


6 


15 


Rom. 


Primaticcio, 1490, 1570 - 


15 


14 


6 


10 


Rom. 


Raffaelle, 1483, 1520 


17 


18 


12 


18 


Flem. 


Rembrandt, 1606, 1674 - 


15 


6 


17 


12 


Flem. 


Rubens, 1577, 1640 - 


18 


13 


17 


17 


Rom. 


Salviati, Fra., 1510, 1563 - 


13 


15 


8 


8 


Fr. 


Le Sueur, 1617, 1655 - 


15 


15 


4 


15 


Flem. 


Teniers, 1582, 1649 - 


15 


12 


13 


6 


Rom. 


Pietro Testa, 1611; 1650 - 


11 


15 





6 


Ven. 


Tintoretto, 1512, 1594 - 


15 


14 


16 


4 


Ven. 


Titian, 1477, 1576 - 


12 


15 


18 


6 


Flem. 


Vandyck, 1599, 1641 - 


15 


10 


17 


13 


Rom. 


Vanni, 1563, 1610 - - - -- 


13 


15 


12 


13 


Rom. 


Zucchero, Taddeo, 1529, 1566 - 


13 


14 


10 


9 



PAL 



477 



PAN 



To the above might be added the 
masters of the English school, at the 
head of which stands Sir Joshua 
Reynolds, born 1723, died 1792; 
Isaac Oliver, born 1551, died 1617 ; 
William Dobson, born 1610, died 

1646; Walker, bora died 

1660; S. Cooper, born 1609, died 
1672; Thornhill, born 1676, died 
1724; T. Hudson, born 1671, died 
1779; Hogarth, born 1697, died 
1764; Wilson, born 1714, died 
1782 ; West, born 1738, died 1820 
Barry, bora 1741, died 1806 
Mortimer, born 1739, died 1779 
Wright of Derby, born 1734, died 
1797; Romney, born 1734, died 
1802 ; T. Gainsborough, bom 1727, 

died 1788; Cosway, born 

died 1821 ; Opie, born 1761, died 
1807 ; J. M. W Turner, born 1774, 
died 1852; Wilkie, bora 1785, 
died 1841 ; Bone, born 1755, died 
1834; Haydon, born 1786, died 
1846; and others. 

Paine's Castle, Radnorshire, re- 
built by Henry III. 

Paisley, Monastery of, Scotland, 
founded 1160 ; five persons burned 
there for witchcraft, 1697. 

Palatine, a dignity of German 
origin; Hugh d'Abrincis made 
palatine of Chester, 1070 ; a pala- 
tine of Lancaster created by Ed- 
ward III., 1376 ; the bishoprics of 
Ely and Durham were made pala- 
tinates ; Elizabeth abrogated that 
of Hexham, made by her father; 
the palatinate of Durham was se- 
parated from the crown as to its 
jurisdiction and vested in the crown, 
June 21, 1836. 

Palatines, 7000 of the Protes- 
tant inhabitants came to England, 
driven from their habitations by the 
French, 1709 ; they were encamped 
on Blackheath and Camberwell 
commons, and a brief granted to 
collect pecuniary aid for them ; five 
hundred families went to Ireland, 
and most of the remainder to New 
York and Hudson's Bay; but not 
being well treated there, they settled 
in Pennsylvania, at German Town, 
near that city. 



Palatine, the Elector, took re- 
fuge in England, 1635; Cromwell 
settled £8000 per annum upon him, 
1644 ; he visited London, 1680 ; 
restored to the palatinate, Oct. 19, 
1708 ; protested against the elector 
of Hanover taking the title of arch- 
treasurer of the empire, May 29, 
1735. 

Palermo, Sicily, nearly destroyed 
by an earthquake, Aug. 21, 1726. 

Palissy, a Erench artist, disco- 
vered the method of placing the 
enamel upon stone ware, 1550 ; he 
died, 1590. 

Pall, a habit of the Roman 
Church on important occasions ; 
certain offices could not be per- 
formed until an archbishop had re- 
ceived his from the see of Rome; 
it was first worn by an Irish arch- 
bishop, 1152. 

Pallas Frigate wrecked, toge- 
ther with the Nymphe, of 36 guns, 
below Dunbar, and several lives 
lost, Dec. 19, 1810. 

Palm Sunday, and observances of 
the papal church, in honour of the 
day when Christ made his trium- 
phal entry into Jerusalem, 33 ; this 
observance on the Sunday before 
Easter was very early instituted. 

Palmyra, in the Syrian desert, 
discovered by some English travel- 
lers from Aleppo, 1678 ; this is the 
ancient Tadmor in the desert, ra- 
vaged by Aurelian the emperor; 
Wood visited these ruins, 1751, and 
published his account of them, 
1753. 

Pampeluna, Spain, taken by the 
French on their invasion of Spain ; 
besieged by the British in 1813 ; 
surrendered Oct. 31, after being 
three months invested. 

Panama, City of, destroyed by 
fire, 1737 ; colony of, in Central 
America, settled by Spain, 1516; 
revolted and became free, 1810. 

Pandects, the digest of the civil 
law made by Justinian, discovered 
at Amalfi in Italy, 1137 ; then re- 
moved to Pisa, 1416 ; they pro- 
moted the revival of the Roman law 
| from the excellence they exhibited. 



PAP 



478 



PAP 



Pandora, Sloop of War, struck 
on a rock off the coast of Jutland, 
and 29 of the crew perished from 
the severity of the weather, Feb. 13, 
1811. 

Panorama, a species of exhibition, 
the invention of Robert Barker, 
1788 ; first shown in Edinburgh, and 
subsequently in Leicester Square. 

Pantaloon Sa, the brother of 
the Spanish ambassador, executed 
for murder, July 6, 1764. 

Pantheon, Oxford Street, Lon- 
don, opened Jan. 28, 1772 ; turned 
into an opera-house, 1791 ; wholly 
destroyed by fire, to the extent of 
£60,000, Jan. 14, 1792 ; rebuilt soon* 
afterwards in 1795 ; finally con- 
verted into a bazaar, 1834. 

Pantheon, a temple at Rome 
built by the emperor Augustus, of 
a circular form, with niches to con- 
tain the images of the gods ; the 
gates were of brass, as well as the 
interior of the roof; Pope Boniface 
mutilated it, and converted it into a 
church dedicated to the Virgin 
Mary, calling it the Santa Maria de 
Rotunda, about 31. 

Pantomimic Dances, originally 
introduced on the Roman stage a.c. 
25, in plays acted by gesture only, 
being the most difficult species of 
action, hence modern pantomimes. 

Papal Authority abolished by 
act of parliament, 1531. 

Papal Aggression, a new phrase 
applied to the appointment of 
bishops and cardinals of the church 
of Rome to places in England, Sept. 
30, 1850, at a consistory held at 
Rome by Pius IX. ; in consequence 
of this a letter was written to the 
bishop of Durham, by the premier, 
Lord John Russell, which detached 
the Catholics from the number of 
his supporters, Dec. 31, 1850, and 
an act of parliament was passed to 
disallow their titles. 

Paper invented in China, 170 
years before Christ ; made of linen 
rags, 1170 ; coarse paper made at 
Dartford, in Kent, 1588 ; scarcely 
any but brown paper made in Eng- 
land until 1670 ; act passed to 



encourage the manufacture, 1690 ; 
the French emigrants first instruct- 
ed the English in the art of making 
fine white paper; made of asbestos, 
at Danbury, United States of 
America, 1792, by Mr. Beach; 
Fourdrinier's patent for making 
paper by machinery, 1807 ; a sheet 
made 13,800 feet long and 4 wide, 
at the Whitehall Mills, in Derby- 
shire, 1830. 

Paper, Licences to make, 1849, 
in England, 349 ; in Scotland, 48 ; 
in Ireland, 40 ; total, 437. 

Paper Stamped, first made in 
Spain and in Holland, 1555 ; floss 
and other kinds for hangings, 1620; 
some recently made at twelve shil- 
lings a yard, and other kinds twelve 
yards for a shilling. 

Paper, duty charged upon, in 
1711; in 1803, at 3d. per lb., 
31,699,437 lbs. paid duty, and the 
amount received was £394,824; in 
1841, at l^d. per lb., 97,103,548 lbs. 
paid duty, and the revenue was 
raised to £637,254; in 1803, each 
individual used 1.92, and in 1839 
3.581bs.; in 1849, 132,132,6571bs. 
paid duty. 

Papists encouraged in England 
under Charles L, 1640 ; forbid from 
attending the ambassadors' chapels, 
1641 ; licensed in Ireland, Feb. 16, 
1671 ; forbid the court, June 24, 
1673 ; admitted to places of trust, 
1685 ; one made a judge, Aug. 26, 
1686 ; made privy counsellors, July 
17, 1687; justices of the peace, 
April 28, 1687 ; obliged to register 
their names and estates, 1717, 1762, 
1780, 1781, and 1784 ; registered to 
the value of £375,284, 1719; taxed 
£100,000, Nov. 3, 1722 ; ordered by 
proclamation to be apprehended, 
Dec. 7, 1745; indulgences granted 
to, by parliament, 1779 ; admitted 
to seats in parliament, April 10, 
1829. 

Papyrus, paper made from the 
cuticle of a species of reed grown in 
Egypt, before parchment was used, 
the latter said to have been the 
invention of Eumenes of Pergamus, 
a. c. 190. 



PAR 



479 



PAR 



Paraguay, South. America, dis- 
covered, 1525. 

Pardons, the first granted at 
coronations, in 1327, by Edward 
III. ; the seal for that of 70 Scotch 
prisoners passed, Aug. 10, 1748. 

Parhelion, or mock sun, a re- 
markable one seen in Wales, at 
Brecon, May 1, 1750. 

Parian Marbles, chronology of, 
put together 264 years before 
Christ, discovered in the Isle of 
Paros 1610, and presented to Oxford 
university by Lord Arundel. 

Paris, called the city of the 
Parisii, 380; Clovis made it his 
capital, 507; burned, 588 ; St. Denis 
built, 613 ; rebuilt, 1231 ; the city 
first paved with stone, 1186 ; Notre 
Dame cathedral built, 1270; first 
parliament there, 1302 ; the Louvre 
commenced, 1522 ; the Hotel de 
Ville, 1533 ; the Boulevards clears 
ed, 1536; the Tuileries built, 
1564; the Pont Neuf, 1578; the 
barricades of, 1588, to oppose the 
Duke of Guise ; again in 1648, 
against the regency ; the Luxem- 
burg, 1594 ; the Invalids' hospital, 
1595 ; the Hotel Dieu, 1606 ; the 
Palais Royal, built, 1610 ; gate of 
St. Denis erected, 1672; military 
school, 1751 ; bastile destroyed at, 
1789 ; seat of empire under Napo- 
leon, 1804 ; church of St. Genevieve, 
1764 ; Rue de Rivoli completed, 
1845 ; the fortifications begun, 
1840; completed March, 1846, at 
an expense of £500,000; treaties 
were signed in Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, 
May 15, 1796, Jan. 6, 1810 ; capi- 
tulation of Napoleon, April 11, 
1814; between France and the 
allied powers, April 23 and May 14, 
1814, Julv 3, 1815, Aug. 2, 1815, 
Nov. 20, 1815, June 10, 1817. 

Paris, some statistics of, 1835 ; 
that year 170 new romances were 
published, of which eleven only 
were translations. Those 166 ori- 
ginal romances were the work of 
144 authors ; 27 were by ladies, 
nearly a fifth of the whole number. 
The same year produced 299 new 
poems, and 151 new dramatic pieces. 



In 1835 were born in private resi- 
dences in Paris, 9637 legitimate 
male children, and 9207 legitimate 
female children. The number of 
illegitimate children born in private 
hotises during the same year, 
amounted to 2747 boys and 2669 
girls. In the public hospitals the 
total amount of legitimate births 
was but 517, whilst that of illegiti- 
mate births in the same establish- 
ments was 4444. Of the illegitimate 
children 2459 were acknowledged 
by their fathers. The total number 
of dead bodies exhibited at the 
Morgue, consisted of 226 male and 
42 female. The total number of 
births was 29,792, of deaths 24,792; 
majority of births 5000. The in- 
crease of the population during the 
year 1835, calculated throughout 
France, amounted to 166,338 souls. 
Parishes, Bounds of, fixed by 
Honorius, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, 636 ; reduced to 10,000 in the 
fifteenth century ; the parishes of 
England and Wales given, with 
some variations, in one statement, 
England, 14,397 ; Wales, 1212 ; 
in others, that there are in England 
14,353 parishes ; others, in Wales, 
1182; making a total of 15,535; of 
which there are — 

56 parishes, inhabitants under 

10 

148 from 16 to 20 

533 . . 20 50 

1170 . 50 100 

4774 . 100 300 

3121 . 300 500 

2332 . 500 800 

806 . 800 1,000 

1543 . 1,000 2,000 

437 . 2,000 3,000 

209 . 3,000 4,000 

133 . 4,000 5,000 

245 , 5,000 10,000 

118 . 10,000 50,000 

. 50,000 & upwards. 

Parish Registers commenced 

1586. 

Parish Apprentices, new law re- 
specting, making the assent of two 
magistrates necessary to bind them, 
Oct. 1, 1816. 



PAR 



480 



PAR 



Park, Mimgo, set out on his se- 
cond and last voyage to Africa, to 
discover the course of the Niger, on 
the 30th of Jan. 1804, and returned 
no more, having been drowned at 
Bousa during an attack of the na- 
tives. 

Park, the first in England made 
by Henry I. at Woodstock, 1123. 
"Park, St. James', drained by 
Henry VIII., 1537; planted, 1688; 
improved, 1774 ; deer removed and 
drains filled up, 1775; improved 
further, and ornamented, 1825 ; the 
Serpentine river, Hyde park, made 
about 1730, by Queen Caroline, 
wife of George II. 

Parliament of England, first men- 
tioned as such in the statute of 
Westminster, 3 Edward I., 1272; 
though some have declared that the 
term was used, temp. Edward the 
Confessor, 1041 ; the first summons 
by writ, 7 John, 1205 ; the first ac- 
count of a house of commons, in a 
mode not to be mistaken, in the 
year 1258, when 12 persons were 
chosen to represent the commons 
in three different parliaments, to be 
held yearly ; the representation of 
knights, citizens, and burgesses oc- 
curred 49 Henry III., 1265 ; first 
summon of barons, by king John, 
a.d., 1205 ; parliament of Merton, 
1236; refused to assist the king, 
1241 ; the assembly of knights and 
burgesses, 1258; first assembly of 
the commons as a confirmed repre- 
sentation, 1264; first regular par- 
liament, according to many histo- 
rians, 22 Edward I., 1294; the com- 
mons receive various distinctions 
and privileges; regular succession 
of, 1297 ; first a deliberative assem- 
bly, they become^a legislative power, 
whose assent was essential to con- 
stitute a law, 1308; delegated their 
power to nobles appointed by the 
king, 1398; parliament of but one 
session, of only one day, Richard 
II. deposed, 1399; lawyers excluded 
from the house of commons, 1404; 
the illiterate parliament, 1404; 
members were obliged to reside at 
the place they represented, 1413; 



freeholders only to elect knights, 
1429; the journals commenced,' 
acts of parliament printed, 1501, 
and consecutively from 1509; mem- 
bers protected from arrest, 1542 ; 
Erancis Russell, son of the Earl of 
Bedford, was the first peer's eldest 
son who sat in the house of com- 
mons, 1549; members fined £20 
each for absence ; refused the lords' 
conference, and denied their autho- 
rity in levying taxes, 1593; the 
parliament remarkable for the epoch 
in which were first formed the 
parties of court and country, June 
1620; complained of the king's en- 
croachments on their privileges, 
1621 ; met at Oxford on account of 
the plague in London, Aug. 1, 1625; 
new one called and dissolved, and 
several members committed, 1640; 
four members of, sent to the Tower, 
and dissolved by Charles I., 1628 ; 
refused bail, and claimed their pri- 
vilege, which the king denied them, 
1629 ; the long parliament, which 
voted the house of lords useless, 
first assembled, Nov. 3, 1640 ; long 
parliament met, 1640 ; every mem- 
ber obliged to take the sacrament, 
1640; triennial parliaments esta- 
blished, 1641 ; parliament kept the 
Scotch army in pay to proceed vi- 
gorously against the bishops, 1641 : 
voted a continual sitting ; protected 
five members the king demanded of 
them, and armed the militia, Jan. 
1641 ; impeached the lords who ad- 
hered to the king, and borrowed 
money on loans; committed the 
attorney-general to the Eleet pri- 
son, and nrastered the train bands, 
1641-2; made the Earl of Essex ge- 
neral, seized Dover castle, treated 
the king's message with due con- 
tempt, 1641 ; assembled 15,000 
troops, 1642 ; parliament defeated 
at Powick bridge, near Worcester, 
Sept. 23; secured Hereford, Glou- 
cester, and Bristol, fought the battle 
of Edgehill, Oct. 23 ; sent £20,000 
and 300 barrels of powder to Ire- 
land; voted their general £5,000, 
Nov. 7 ; treat with the king for 
peace ineffectually, Nov. 11 ; mus- 



PAR 



481 



PAR 



tered 24,000 men on Turnham 
Green ; invited the Scotch into Eng- 
land, Nov. 15 ; took Farnham castle, 
Chichester, Winchester, Leeds, 
Doncaster, and Wakefield, their ge- 
neral wintering at Windsor ; would 
not permit the courts of law to re- 
move to Oxford, and forbade holding 
assizes until further orders, Dec. 
1642 ; requested the king to come 
to parliament unarmed, Jan. 1642- 
3 ; forbade free commerce between 
London and Oxford, Feb. 1 ; drew 
up propositions for peace, and took 
the solemn league and covenant, 
Sept. 25, 1642 ; made a new seal, 
declared that of Charles void ; seized 
the regalia and plate, and sold them, 
Nov. 11, 1643; received an em- 
bassy from Holland to seek a recon- 
ciliation ; a great part of the mem- 
bers met at Oxford, Jan. 1643 ; had 
very great success against the king's 
troops, and sent proposals of peace 
to Charles, Nov. 20, 1644; convert- 
ed Christmas day into a fast ; erased 
the king's preservation out of the 
commission given to General Fair- 
fax, 1645 ; the members entertained 
at Grocer's hall, in the city, June 
17, 1645 ; the king made overtures 
for peace, which were rejected, Dec. 
1645 ; the parliament army success- 
ful ; the votes against any personal 
treaty with the king, Jan. 1645-6 ; 
both houses of parliament voted 
that the king should be disposed of 
as th^y saw fit, Sept. 18, 1646 ; the 
Scotch receive £400,000 of their 
arrears, to deliver up the king, Jan. 
30, 1646-7; voted the disbanding 
the Irish army, April 7, 1647 ; put 
London in a posture of defence 
against the army, June 11 ; sent 
four bills to the king to sign, which 
he refused, Dec. 24, 1647 ; proceeded 
without his consent, Jan. 1647-8 ; 
voted to present no more addresses 
to him, Feb. 15; formed a union with 
the city, May 20; voted a personal 
treaty with the king, June 30 ; broke 
off all treaty with him, June 30 ; 
voted the seizing the king to be 
without their consent, the army 
made a declaration against them, 



Dec. 4; forty-one members seized 
and imprisoned by the army, Dec. 
6 ; it seized the public money, Dec. 
7 ; met to consider how to proceed 
against the king, Dec. 25 ; ordered 
the bended knee to be omitted to- 
wards him, Dec. 27; resolve that 
the people under God are the ori- 
ginal of all just power, Jan. 4, 1648- 
9 ; the rump parliament ; it voted 
the trial of Charles I., Jan. 
1649; a peer elected, and sat as 
a member of the house of commons, 
1649; declared it treason to proclaim 
the prince of Wales, and style them- 
selves the Commonwealth of Eng- 
land, Jan. 29 ; voted the peers use- 
less, Feb. 6 ; abolished kingly go- 
vernment, Feb. 7 ; ordered a coun- 
cil of state, the house being reduced 
to 80 members, Feb. 14 ; the earl of 
Pembroke elected a member for the 
county of Berks, April 16, 1649 ; an 
act passed for the sale of church 
and crown lands, July 16, 1649 ; 
law proceedings ordered to be in 
English, Oct. 25, 1650 ; incorpo- 
rated Scotland into the general 
commonwealth, Feb. 4, 1650; the 
Scotch sent 21 members, Aug. 16, 
1652 ; turned out of doors by Crom- 
well, April 20, 1655 ; met at Crom- 
well's summons, July 4 ; dissolved, 
Dec. 12, 1653 ; restored in the an- 
cient forms, Jan. 27, 1658-9; Ri- 
chard Cromwell granted £10,000 to 
pay his debts, and ordered to quit 
Whitehall in six days, May 25, 
1659; turned out of the house by 
Lambert, Oct. 13, 1659; appointed 
a council of state and an oath to 
renounce the title of Charles Stuart 
to the throne, and refused by Monk, 
Feb. 6 ; dissolved the house, Feb. 
20, 1660 ; a convention parlia- 
ment, 1660 ; Catholics excluded 
from parliament, 30 Charles II ; 
the commons committed a secretary 
of state to the tower, Nov. 1678 ; 
the speaker of the commons refused 
by the king, 1679 ; a convention 
parliament, 1688 ; James II. con- 
vened the Irish parliament at Dub- 
lin, attainted 3000 Protestants, 
1689 ; act for triennial parliaments, 
2i 



P AE 



482 



PAE 



1694; presented to the duke of 
York £10,000, to the duke of Glou- 
cester £10,000, and £1,200,000 to 
the king, Charles II. ; met at Ox- 
ford on account of the plague, Oct. 
1665 ; opposed the marriage of the 
duke of York with a Catholic, Aug. 
27, 1673; prorogued for a year, 
which was unconstitutional, Nov. 
16, 1675 ; the duke of Bucks, lord 
Wharton, and the earl of Shaftes- 
bury sent to the Tower for contempt, 
Feb. 15, 1676-7; the speaker re- 
fused by the king, 1679 ; the king's 
authority denied in pardoning an 
impeached lord, March 23, 1679; 
resolved that it is the undoubted 
right of the subject to petition for 
the calling of a parliament, Oct. 27, 
1680 ; resolved to grant no supply 
until the duke of York was excluded 
from the throne, Jan. 7, 1681 ; the 
next parliament wholly devoted to 
the court, 1685 ; sent a member to 
the Tower for taking a bribe, and 
the speaker expelled, March 7, 
1694-5 ; refused the continuance of 
the Dutch guards, March 16, 1699 ; 
dissolved by George I. without see- 
ing them, Jan. 15, 1714-15 ; scruti- 
nized severely the conduct of the 
preceding ministry, April 1, 1715 ; 
expelled Gen. Forster, Jan. 10, 1715- 
16 ; repealed the triennial act, May 
7, 1716 ; septennial act, 1716 ; dis- 
agreed about the trial of the earl of 
Oxford, June 29, 1717; Mr. Ship- 
pen committed to the tower for 
speaking lightly of the king's speech, 
Dec. 4, 1717 ; expelled all members 
who were South Sea directors, and 
committed several to the Tower, 
Jan. 23, 1720 ; deprived the late di- 
rectors of the South Sea Company 
of their estates, to make good the 
deficiency, to the amount of 
£2,014,000, May 17, 1721 ; dis- 
agreed with the peers on the com- 
mittal of the duke of Norfolk, Oct. 
26, 1722 ; ordered the pretender's 
declaration to be burned by the 
common hangman, Nov. 16, 1722 ; 
expelled lord Barrington for coun- 
tenancing the Hamburgh lottery, 
Feb. 15, 1722-3; expelled Sir R. 



Sutton and Sir A. Grant for frauds 
in the charitable corporations, May 
4, 1732 ; lord mayor and an alder- 
man committed to the Tower, 1771 ; 
John Ward of Hackney expelled 
the House of Commons for perjury, 
May 16, 1776; Mr. Atkinson, a 
corn contractor, expelled for the 
same crime, 1784 ; a vote passed to 
pay the debts of the prince of Wales, 
1787 ; decided that a dissolution did 
not abate an impeachment, 1791 ; 
bills passed against the circulation 
of French assign ats here, 1793; Mr. 
Pitt denominated the reform he had 
before so strenuously advocated to 
the house, "seditious," 1794; Irish 
parliament merged with the Eng- 
lish at the Union, 1800; Home 
Tooke expelled under the pretence 
that no clergyman could sit in the 
house, 1801 ; lord Melville brought 
to trial for misapplication of the 
public monies, 1806 ; the affair of 
the duke of York and Mrs. Clarke, 
with an examination of the case by 
the house, 1809 ; Perceval, the mi- 
nister, assassinated at the door of 
the House of Commons, 1812 ; 
the first parliament of Great Bri- 
tain met, Oct. 24, 1707 ; the trien- 
nial act repealed, and septennial 
act voted, May 1, 1715; the jour- 
nals ordered to be printed, 1752 ; 
privilege as to freedom from arrest 
of the servants of members relin- 
quished by the commons, 1770; 
the lord mayor of London (Oliver) 
and alderman Crosby committed to 
the Tower by the commons, in 
Wilkes's affair, 1770 ; assembly of 
the first parliament of the united 
kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- 
land, Feb. 2, 1801 ; committal of 
Sir Francis Burdett to the Tower, 
April 6, 1810 ; return for Clare 
county, Ireland, of Mr. O'Connell, 
the first Catholic elected since the 
revolution, July 5, 1828 ; the duke 
of Norfolk took his seat in the lords, 
the first Catholic peer under the 
Roman Catholic Relief Bill, April 
28, 1829 ; the reformed parliament, 
Aug. 7, 1832; both houses of par- 
liament destroyed by fire, Oct. 16, 



PAE 



483 



PAR 



1834 ; committal of Smith O'Brien 
by the Commons for contempt, July 
20, 1846. 

Parliament, correct statement of 
the increase of the representatives in, 
from the reign of Henry VIII. to 
James I. — . 

Henry VIII. added . . 38 

Edward VI. ... 44 

Mary . . . .25 

Elizabeth .... 62 
James I. .... 27 

Total . . .196 

The great disproportion that exist- 
ed between the representation of 
Middlesex and Surrey, with London 
and Westminster, before the passing 
of the reform bill in 1832, and six 
boroughs electing an equal num- 
ber of representatives, may show the 
necessity of the reform bill : — 



Edward I. 
Edward II. 
Edward III. 
Richard II. 
Henry IV. 
Henry V. 
Henry VI. 
Edward IV. 
Richard III. 
Henry VII. 
Henry VIII. 
Edward VI. 
Mary 
Elizabeth 
James I. 
Charles I. 
Charles II. 
James II. 
William III. 
Anne 
George L 
George II. 
George III. 
George IV. 
William IV. 
Victoria 



The duration of the different par- 
liaments which have sat since the 
reign of Henry VIII. is as follows, 



PLACES. 


ELECTORS. 


MEMBEB 


London 


7,000 


send 4 


Westminster 


10,000 


2 


Middlesex . 


3,500 


2 


Surrey 


4,500 


2 


Southwark . 


2,000 


2 




27,000 


12 


Newton 


. 1 


send 2 


Old Sarum . 


. 1 


2 


Midhurst 


. 1 


2 


Castle Rising 


. 2 


2 


Marlborough 


. 2 


2 


Downton 


. 4 


2 



12 



12 



Number and duration of parlia- 
ments, from 27 Edward L, 1299, to 
4 Victoria, 1841 :— 



8 pari. 


m. 8 yrs. 


reign 


15 ditto 


» 20 




37 ditto 


n 5 




26 ditto 


„ 22 




10 ditto 


„ 14 




11 ditto 


„ 9 




22 ditto 


„ 39 




5 ditto 


„ 22 




1 ditto 


, 2 




8 ditto 


, 24 




9 ditto 


, 38 




2 ditto 


, 6 




5 ditto 


, 5 




10 ditto 


, 45 




4 ditto 


, 22 




4 ditto 


, 24 




5 ditto 


, 36 




2 ditto 


, 4 




5 ditto 


, 13 




5 ditto 


i 12 




2 ditto 


, 13 




5 ditto 


, 33 




12 ditto 


, 59 




3 ditto 


i io 




3 ditto 


, 7 




4 ditto 


, 17 





with the days of meeting and of 
dissolution : — 



PAR 



484 



PAR 



Reign. 


Day of Meeting. 


When Dissolved. 


Henry VIII 


21 Jan 


. 1510 


23 Feb 


. 1510 




4 Feb 


. 1511 


4 March .. 


. 1513 




5 Feb 


. 1514 


22 Dec 


. 1515 




15 April .. 


. 1523 


13 Aug. . .. 


. 1523 




3 Nov 


. 1530 


4 April . 


. 1536 


, 


8 June.... 


. 1536 


18 July 


. 1536 




28 April . . 


. 1539 


24 July 


. 1540 




16 Jan 


. 1541 


29 March .. 


. 1544 




23 Nov 


. 1545 


31 Jan 


. 1547 


Edward VI 


4 Nov 


. 1547 


15 April . . 


. 1552 




1 March . 


. 1553 


31 March . 


. 1553 


Mart 


5 Oct 


. 1553 


6 Dec 


. 1553 




2 April . . 


. 1554 


5 May ... 


...1554 




12 Nov 


. 1554 


16 Jan 


. 1555 




21 Oct 


. 1555 


9 Dec 


. 1555 




20 Jan 


. 1557 


17 Nov. . . 


. 1557 


Elizabeth 


23 Jan 


. 1558 


8 May.... 


. 1558 




11 Jan 


. 1562 


2 Jan 


. 1567 




2 April . 


. 1571 


29 May.... 


. 1571 




8 May.... 


. 1572 


18 March . 


. 1580 




23 Nov 


. 1585 


14 Sept 


. 1586 




29 Oct 


. 1586 


23 March . 


. 1587 




4 Feb 


. 1588 


29 March . 


. 1588 




19 Nov 


. 1592 


10 April . 


. 1593 




24 Oct 


. 1597 


9 Feb 


. 1598 




7 Oct 


. 1601 


29 Dec 


. 1601 


James I 


19 March . 


. 1603 


9 Feb 


. 1611 




5 April . 


. 1614 


7 June.... 


. 1614 




30 Jan 


. 1620 


8 Feb 


. 1621 




19 Feb 


. 1623 


24 March . 


. 1625 


Charles I 


17 May.... 


. 1625 


12 Aug 


. 1625 




6 Feb 


. 1626 


15 June.... 


. 1626 




17 March . 


. 1627 


10 March . 


. 1628 




13 April . 


.. 1640 


3 May.... 


. 1640 




3 Nov 


. 1640 


20 April . 


. 1653 


Charles II 


25 April . 


. 1660 


29 Dec 


. 1660 




8 May .... 


. 1661 


24 Jan 


. 1678 




6 March . 


. 1679 


12 July.... 


. 1679 




17 Oct 


. 1679 


18 Jan 


. 1681 




21 March . 


. 1681 


28 March . 


. 1681 


James II 


12 March . 


. 1685 


28 July.... 


. 1687 




22 Jan 


. 1688 


26 Feb 


. 1689 


William III 


20 March . 


. 1689 


11 Oct 


. 1695 




27 Nov 


. 1695 


7 July.... 


. 1698 




24 Aug. .. 


. 1698 


19 Dec 


. 1700 




26 Feb 


. 1700 


11 Nov 


. 1701 




20 Dec 


. 1701 


7 July.... 


. 1702 


Anne 


20 Aug.... 


. 1702 


5 April . 


. 1705 




14 June.... 


. 1705 


15 April . . 


. 1708 




8 July.... 


. 1708 


21 Dec 


. 1710 




25 Nov 


. 1710 


8 Aug 


. 1713 




12 Nov 


. 1713 


15 Jan 


. 1715 



PAE 



485 



PAR 



Reign. 


Day of Meeting. 


When Dissolved. 


George L 


17 March 


... 1715 


10 March . 


. 1721 




10 May ... 


.. 1722 


5 Aug 


.. 1727 


George IL 


28 Nov.... 


... 1727 


18 April . 


. 1734 




13 June... 


... 1734 


28 April . 


. 1741 




25 June... 


... 1741 


18 June.... 


. 1747 




13 Aug.... 


.. 1747 


8 April . 


. 1754 




31 May... 


.. 1754 


20 March . 


. 1761 


George III 


19 May... 


.. 1761 


11 March . 


. 1768 




10 May... 


.. 1768 


30 Sept 


. 1774 




29 Nov.... 


.. 1774 


1 Sept ■ 


. 1780 




31 Oct. ... 


.. 1780 


25 March . 


. 1784 




18 May... 


.. 1784 


11 June.... 


. 1790 




10 Aug. . 


.. 1790 


20 May.... 


. 1796 




11 July ... 


.. 1796 


29 Jan 


. 1802 




31 Aug. . 


.. 1802 


24 Oct 


. 1806 




15 Dec. ... 


.. 1806 


29 April . . 


. 1807 




22 June... 


.. 1807 


29 Sept 


. 1812 




24 Nov. . 


.. 1812 


10 June.... 


. 1818 




4 Aug.... 


.. 1818 


29 Feb 


. 1820 


George IV 


23 April . 


.. 1820 


2 June 


. 1826 




14 Nov.... 


.. 1826 


24 July.... 


. 1830 




26 Oct. ... 


.. 1830 


22 April. .. 


. 1831 


William IV 


14 June.... 


.. 1831 


3 Dec 


. 1832 




29 Jan. ... 


.. 1833 


30 Dec 


. 1834 




19 Feb 


.. 1835 


17 July.... 


. 1837 


Victoria 


15 Nov. .. 


.. 1837 


23 June..,. 


. 1841 




11 Aug. . . 


.. 1841 


23 July 


. 1847 




21 Sept. , . 


.. 1847 


1 July.... 


. 1852 


. 


4 Nov 


.. 1852 







Parliamentary grants to the king 
were once paid in kind, 30,000 sacks 
of wool being in the grant, 1340. 

Parliament, the first of George 
IV., opened by the king in person, 
April 27, 1820. 

Parliament House, Westminster, 
destroyed by fire, Oct. 16, 1834; 
new house opened, Feb. 19, 1835. 

Parliament House, Dublin, built 
1731, at the expense of £40,000 ; 
destroyed by fire, Feb. 28, 1792, 
and rebuilt. 

Parma, Italy, founded by the 
Etruscans ; made a duchy, and 
united with Placentia, 1545 ; came 
to Spain by marriage, 1714 ; the 
duke of, raised to the throne of 
Tuscany in 1801, as king of 
Etruria ; afterwards united to 
France ; conferred on the Empress 



of Napoleon, April 5, 1814; battle 
of, June 29, 1734, the confederates 
against the Emperor, indecisive ; 
between the French and Russians, 
in which the former were defeated, 
July 12, 1799. 

Parr, Robert, died at Kinner, 
Shropshire, Sep. 21, 1757; aged, 124. 

Parties, the first distinction of, 
in the English court, in a political 
sense, by the titles of "town and 
country parties," 18 James 1. 1621 ; 
of whigs and tories, 31 Charles II., 
1682, occasioned by the meal tub 
plot; of high and low church, 
caused by the prosecution of the 
notorious Sacheverel for seditious 
sermons, 8 Anne, 1710 ; of Jaco- 
bites, from 1716, those who appeared 
in arms for, or expressed their 
wishes in behalf of James II. 



PAR 



486 



PAU 



Partition Treaty, between Eng- 
land and Holland, Oct. 11, 1678, 
settling the Spanish succession; 
another, between England, Erance, 
and Holland, March 13, 1700, de- 
claring the archduke Charles pre- 
sumptive heir ; for the partitions of 
Poland, secret and infamous, be- 
tween Russia and Prussia, Feb. 17, 
1772, and the same with Austria, 
Aug. 5, 1772; a third, to the same 
unworthy end, between Austria, 
Russia, and Prussia, Nov. 25, 1795. 

Passage Boat lost in the Erith of 
Dornoch, and 40 persons out of 127 
drowned, Aug. 13, 1807; another, 
on the Ardrossan canal, between 
Paisley and Johnstone, heeled over, 
and precipitated 100 persons into 
the water, 84 of whom were 
drowned, Nov. 10, 1810. 

Passau, Treaty of, between the 
emperor Charles V. and the Pro- 
testant princes of Germany, Aug. 
12, 1552 ; a large part of the town 
consumed by fire, 1662. 

Passion of Jesus Christ, Order of 
knighthood in France, began, 1382. 

Patay, Battle of, in which the 
brave Joan of Arc, the maid of 
Orleans, was present, 'and thejEarl of 
Richmond defeated the English, and 
took the celebrated Talbot, Earl of 
Shrewsbury, prisoner, June 10, 1429 ; 
when Charles VII. entered Rheims, 
in triumph, and was crowned, July 
17 ; Joan carried the sword of state, 
upon the occasion. 

Patents granted for titles, first, 
in 1344, by Edward III. ; for print- 
ing books, 1591 ; one, for copper 
and brass coins in England, granted 
1636. 

Patras, in Greece, in the Morea, 
destroyed by an earthquake, April 
18, 1785. 

Patrick St., Order of, in Ireland, 
began, Eeb. 25, 1783. 

Patrick St., the Irish apostle, 
said to have been born, 373, and 
dying, 493, was buried at Down- 
patrick. 

Patronage of Churches begun, 
402. 

Patten, Margaret, died near 



Paisley, in Scotland, 1739, aged 
138. 

Pattison, Mr. and Mrs., drowned 
in the Lake de Gaune, in the Pyre- 
nees, Sept. 20, 1832. 

Paul Jones, the commander of 
an American privateer, who landed 
in Scotland, pillaged the house of 
Lord Selkirk, and burned the ship- 
ping in the harbour of Whitehaven, 
1778 ; he took two vessels of the 
navy, with which he entered a port 
of Holland, and the Dutch refused 
to deliver them up, 1779. 

Paul, St., converted, 33 ; wrote 
his first epistle to the Corinthians, 
51 ; to the Galatians, 51 ; to the 
Thessalonians, 53 ; second do., 53 ; 
second epistle to the Corinthians, 
to the Ephesians, Colossians, Phi- 
lippians, and to Philemon, 62 ; to the 
Hebrews, 63 ; to Timothy and Titus, 
65 ; second epistle to Timothy, 66 ; 
visited Athens and Corinth, 50 ; 
died, 67. These dates are tradi- 
tional only. Festival of, insti- 
tuted, 813 ; order of, instituted at 
Rome, 1549. 

Paulet and Harry, Captains, tried 
by a court- martial, and acquitted, 
1755. 

Paul's, St., Church of, built in 
London, 1755 ; according to report, 
on the site of an old temple of 
Diana, 610; burned, 964; rebuilt, 
1240, after 150 years' labour ; fired 
by lightning, 1443; rebuilt after 
partial burning, 1631 ; totally 
burned in the great fire, 1666 ; first 
stone of the present church laid, 
1675; finished, 1710; cost £1,000,000; 
first service in, Dec. 2, 1697 ; the 
churchyard iron balustrade rather 
more than 3 furlongs round, style 
Grecian ; 500 fromE. to W., 248 from 
N. to S. ; 107 wide, 356 high. 

Paul's School, London, founded 
by Dr. Colet, 1509. The rules were 
these: — "Themauster shall reherse 
these articles to them that offer 
their children on this wyse here 
followynge: — If youre chylde can 
rede and wryte Latyn and Englyshe 
suffycyently, so that he be able to 
rede and wryte his own lessons, then 



PEA 



487 



PEA 



lie slial be admitted into the Scliole 
for a Scholer. If youre chylde, after 
reasonable season proved, be founde 
here unapte and unable to lernynge, 
than ye, warned thereof, shal take 
hym awaye, that he occupye not 
ouse rowme in vayne. If he be apt 
to lerne, ye shal be contente that he 
continue here tyl he have compe- 



tent lyterature. If he be absent vi. 
dayes, and in that mean season ye 
shew not cause resonable (resonable 
cause is al only sekenes) than his 
rowme to be voyde, without he be 
admitted agayne, and pay iiiid." 

Paulists, robbers who left Brazil, 
and attempted to form a republic 
about 1590. 



Paupers' and Bread Prices. 



Tears. 


Price of 
Bread. 


Value of 
the pound 
sterling in 
quartern 
loaves. 


Average 
money wages 
of husbandly 

labour. 


Bread wages 

in 

quartern 

loaves. 


Poor Rates. 


Number of 
Paupers. 


1687 
1776 
1785 
1792 
1803 
1811 
1812 


3d. 

6h 

6" 

7 
10 
12 
20 


80 
37 
40 
34 
24 
20 
12 


6s. 

8 

8 

9 
10 
12 
15 


24 
15 
16 
15 
12 
12 
9 


£665,362 
1,523,163 
1,943,649 
2,645,520 
4,113,164 
5,922,954 
6,452,656 


311,917 
695,177 

818,851 

955,326 

1,039,716 

1,247,659 

2,079,432 



Pavia taken by the Lombards, 
568; fell to Austria, 1706; taken 
by the French, 1796, and held until 
1814, when Austria again obtained 
it; battle of, between the French 
under Francis I., and the Impe- 
rialists, when the latter gained the 
victory, and Francis was made pri- 
soner, Feb. 24, 1525. 

Pawnbrokers began their trade 
in Italy about 1458 ; regulated by 
various statutes, 1756, 1783, 1796, 
1804; there are 334 in London, 
and in the rest of England 1127. 

Peace betwen England and the 
Welsh, 1121 ; France, 1160 ; Scot- 
land, 1174; France, 1200; Welsh 
and Scotch, 1209, 1219 ; France, 
1291, Scotland, 1319 and 1343; 
France, 1359, 1395, 1420; Scot- 
land, 1424, 1458; France and 
Scotland, 1465, 1492, 1527; Scot- 
land, 1534, 1546; Scotland, 1549; 
France, 1550 ; France and Scot- 
land, 1558, 1560; France, 1563; 
France and Scotland, 1572; France, 
1628; Spain, 1630; Holland, 1653 ; 
France, 1654; Spain, 1648; Algiers, 



1662; France, Denmark and Hol- 
land signed at Breda, June 19, 
1667; Spain, 1668; Algerines, 
1671 ; France, 1672 ; Spain and 
Holland, 1674; France, 1697; of 
Utrecht with France, &c, Mar. 3, 
1713; Spain, July 13, 1713; be- 
tween Spain and Portugal, Feb. 6, 
1714-5; England and Sweden, 1719; 
England and Spain, 1720 ; Sweden 
and Russia, Sept. 1, 1721 ; Eng- 
land, the Emperor, and France, 
May 20, 1727 ; France, England, h 
and Spain, Oct. 28, 1729; Impe- 
rialists and Turks, Sept. 12, 1739; 
Russians and Turks, Jan. 27, 
1739-40; Swedes and Russians, 
1742 ; Hungary and Poland, 1742 ; 
Bavarians and Austrians, April 29, 
1745; Russians, Saxons, and Im- 
perialists, Dec. 16, 1745 ; at Aix 
la Chapelle with France, April, 
1745; concluded Oct, 20; proclaim- 
ed in London, Feb. 2, 1748-9 ; the 
states of Tripoli and Tunis, Nov. 1, 
1751 ; between the Russians and 
Prussians, April 7, 1761 ; between 
England and France, Fontainebleau, 



PED 



488 



PEE 



Nov. 3, and definitively, Nov. 22, 
1762; Russia and Turkey, 1774; 
with France, Spain, Holland, and 
the United States of America, Jan. 
1783 ; France and Spain, 1801 ; be- 
tween France and Russia, Oct. 9, 
1801 ; England and France, pre- 
liminary, Oct. 1, 1801 ; Spain and 
Russia, Oct. 10, 1801 ; definitive 
treaty signed at Amiens, Mar. 25, 
1802 ; England and her allies with 
France, April, 1814; England and 
her allies with France, July 3, 1815 ; 
between Saxony and Prussia, May 
18, 1815; England and Algiers, 
Aug. 27, 1816; with the United 
States, Dec, 19, 1814. 

Peace Congress, a society thus 
denominated for the purpose of pro- 
moting peace between different 
nations, and sending deputations 
to other countries for that purpose ; 
the sittings of the society com- 
menced at Exeter Hall, Oct. 30, 
but there had been a previous meet- 
ing at Paris, Aug. 22, 1849 ; the 
society also met at Frankfort, Aug. 
22, 1850. 

Peace, great ceremonies at the 
proclamation of, in London, 1814 ; 
procession to St. Paul's on thanks- 
giving clay, for the restoration of, 
July 7, 1814; national jubilee in 
the parks in celebration of, Aug. 1, 
1814. 

Pearl, a substance found in a 
particular species of the oyster, 
highly valued for ornamental pur- 
poses ; one, said to have been found 
i in 1574 as large as a pigeon's egg, 
valued at £13,996; a very large 
one spoken of by Tavernier, be- 
longing to the Shah of Persia, 
valued at £110,000. 

Pearls, Artificial, first invented 
and manufactured, 1686. 

Pearl Ashes, manufactory of, 
established in Ireland, 1783. 

Pedestrianism, Powell, an Eng- 
lishman, went on foot from London 
to York, and back again, in 140 
hours; Captain Barclay walked 
1000 miles in 1000 successive hours 
in 1809. 

Pedro, Dom, ex-emperor of Bra- 



zil, died in Portugal, Sept 24, 1834, 
aged 36. 

Peel Castle, Isle of Man, built 
before 1245. 

Peel Castle, Lancashire, built, 
1140. 

Peel, Sir Robert's two adminis- 
trations ; Sir R. Peel first lord of 
the treasury and chancellor of the 
exchequer; Lord Lyndhurst chan- 
cellor ; Henry Goulburn, Duke of 
Wellington, Earl of Aberdeen, 
home, foreign, and colonial secre- 
taries, Nov. and Dec, 1834 ; went 
out of office, April, 1835 ; — second 
administration, Sir Robert first lord 
of the treasury, the Duke of Wel- 
lington in the cabinet without 
office ; Lord Lyndhurst lord chan- 
cellor; Sir J. Graham Earl of 
Aberdeen, and Lord Stanley, home, 
foreign, \and colonial secretaries, 
Aug. and Sept., 1841 ; Sir Robert 
resigned, June, 1846. 

Peel, Sir Robert, killed by a fall 
from his horse, July 2, 1850. 

Peep of Day Boys, in Ireland, a 
species of banditti who visited 
houses to rob them of arms ; they 
first appeared in July, 1784. 

Peers of France began to be 
created, 778; abolished, 1790; re- 
newed by Napoleon, 1801 ; abolish- 
ed, 1848. 

Peers, the first in England cre- 
ated by William the Conqueror, 
1066, in the person of William Fitz- 
osborne, made Earl of Hereford; 
the first made by patent was Lord 
Beauchamp of Holt Castle, by 
Richard II., 1387; in Ireland Sir 
John de Courcy was the first made, 
as Baron Kinsale, 1181 ; in Scot- 
land, Gilchrist was created Earl of 
Angus by Malcolm III., 1037. 

Peers, House of, the number at 
the death of Charles II. was 176 ; 
at the death of William III., 192 ; 
Queen Anne created twelve at once, 
1711, at whose death there were 
209 ; at the death of George I., 216 ; 
of George II., 229 ; of George III., 
339 ; of George IV., 396 ; of Wil- 
liam IV., 456. 

Peers of Scotland complained of 



PEN 



489 



PEN 



court influence being used in their 
election, 1735. 

Peers, eldest sons of, first per- 
mitted to sit in the House of Com- 
mons, 1550. 

Peers, protections of, and of fo- 
reign ministers, cancelled, Jan. 17, 
1723-4. 

Pelagius, the founder of the Pe- 
lagian sect, a native of England, 
400; he maintained that Adam 
was mortal by nature, whether he 
had sinned or not ; that the conse- 
quences of his sin were confined to 
his own person ; that new-born in- 
fants were in the same state as 
Adam before he fell ; that the law 
qualified men for heaven, and was 
founded upon equal promises with 
the gospel ; that the general resur- 
rection does not follow in virtue of 
the Saviour's, &c. 5 these doctrines 
were held to be most dangerous 
heresies by the church ; he was a 
disputant with St. Augustine. 

Pelham Administration, called 
the Broad Bottom, having in its 
ranks nine dukes of all party co- 
lours, 1744. 

Pellew Islands, the Antelope 
wrecked upon, in 1783; the king 
Abba Thule permitted Captain 
Wilson to bring his son Lee Boo to 
England, where he died in 1784, of 
the smallpox. 

Pellew, Edward, Lord Exmouth, 
the conqueror of Algiers, a gallant 
naval officer, of the first character 
for seamanship, elder brother of an 
equally brave officer, Sir Israel Pel- 
lew, who was blown up in his own 
frigate, the Amphion, at Plymouth, 
in 1796, and miraculously saved ; 
Lord Exmouth was born 1757, died 
1833 ; Sir Israel 1761, died 1832. 

Pembroke College, Oxford, 
founded, 620; Hall, Cambridge, 
founded, 1343. 

Penal Laws, treaty of, Limerick; 
this treaty, signed Oct. 3, 1691, was 
ratified by William III., April 5, 
1691, and by parliament, 1697 ; 
" The Boman Catholics of this 
kingdom shall enjoy such privileges 
in the exercise of their religion as 



are consistent with the laws of Ire- 
land, or as they did enjoy in the 
reign of King Charles II. ; and 
their Majesties, as soon as their 
affairs will permit them to summon 
a parliament in this kingdom, will 
endeavour to procure the said Bo- 
man Catholics such further security, 
in that particular, as may preserve 
them from any disturbance upon 
account of their said religion." 

Penal Laws and Tests attempted 
to be repealed, even as far as re- 
lated to Protestants, but in vain, 
1732 ; test and corporation acts' 
repeal argued against by Pitt, in 
1792; subsequently repealed by 
George IV., 1828. 

Penal Laws affecting Boman 
Catholics, most of them subsequent 
to the treaty of Limerick, being the 
heads of the principal acts : If any 
popish priest shall celebrate matri- 
mony between any two persons, 
knowing that both or either is of 
the Protestant religion (unless pre- 
viously married by a Protestant 
clergyman), he shall suffer the pun- 
ishment of a Popish regular, [that 
is, transportation ;] and if he return, 
the punishment of high treason ; 
first statute, 6 Anne, 1708 ; second 
statute, 8 Anne, 1710. No peer of 
the realm shall sit in the House of 
Peers, nor person chosen as a mem- 
ber of the House of Commons shall 
sit as such, unless he first take the 
oath of allegiance and supremacy, 
and subscribe to the declaration 
against transubstantiation, the sa- 
crifice of the mass, idolatry of the 
church of Bome, invocation of the 
Virgin Mary, or of the saints ; 
penalty,-^all the punishments of a 
popish recusant convict, 3 Will, and 
Mary, 1691. No Catholic shall 
vote at the election of any member 
to serve in parliament, as a knight, 
citizen, or burgess, 14 Geo. I., 1727 ; 
conditionally reinstated, 1793. No 
Catholic shall be mayor, sovereign, 
portreef, burgomaster, bailiff, alder- 
man, recorcfer, treasurer, sheriff, 
town-clerk, common-councilman, 
master or warden of any guild, cor- 



PEN 



490 



PEN 



poration, or fraternity in any city, 
walled town, or corporation in Ire- 
land ; first statute, 1 7 and 18 Chas. 
II., 1667 ; Irish statute, 21 and 22 
Geo. III., confirming the English 
Test and Corporation Acts. Per- 
sons holding offices, civil and mili- 
tary, and receiving pay, salary, fee, 
or wages, to take the oaths of su- 
premacy and abjuration, and to 
subscribe to the declaration against 
transubstantiation, the mass, &c. : 
English statute, 25 Chas. II., 1675 ; 
a severer enactment as regards 
penalties in Ireland, 9 Anne, 1710. 
All military offices, except master- 
general of the ordnance, com- 
mander-in-chief, and generals, 
opened to Catholics, 1793. By act 
for preventing Papists having it in 
their power to obstruct the building 
or repairing of churches, by out- 
voting the Protestant parishioners, 
12 Geo. I., 1745. By act for dis- 
arming the Papists, requiring them 
to deliver up to the justices or civil 
officers all their armour, arms, and 
ammunition, &c, and authorising 
search, &c., by day or night; ma- 
kers of fire-arms forbidden Catholic 
apprentices, 7 Will. III., 1695. No 
Catholic to be employed as fowler 
for any Protestant, 10 Will. III., 
1698 ; penalty, — fine and one year's 
imprisonment for first offence ; for 
the second, all the pains and pe- 
nalties of persons attainted of a 
prcemunire ; these acts were con- 
firmed, 13 Geo. II., 1739 ; they were 
qualified, 33 Geo. III., 1793. Ca- 
tholics not to serve as grand jurors, 
unless a sufficient number of Pro- 
testants cannot be found, 6 and 8 
Anne ; issues to determine questions 
arising upon popery laAvs, to be 
tried by known Protestants only, 
6 and 8 Anne, 1708-10. No Catho- 
lic to serve on juries in actions be- 
tween a Protestant and Catholic, 
29 Geo. II., 1755. Catholics (in 
England) prohibited from practising 
physic, or exercising the trade of 
apothecaries, 5 Jas. I., 1606. The 
Catholics disabled from taking 
leases for a longer term than 31 



years, or at rents less than two- 
thirds of the improved yearly 
value, 2 & 8 Anne, 1703-9 ; they can- 
not dispose of their estate by will, or 
lend money upon the security of 
land, 2 Anne, 1703 ; allowed to 
take leases for a term of 999 years, 
"18 Geo. III., 1778; permitted to 
take or to transfer lands by devise, 
descent, purchase, or otherwise, the 
same as Protestants, 21 and 22 
Geo. III., 1781. Catholics prohi- 
bited from the keeping any horse of 
a value exceeding 51., statute 7 
Will. III., 1694. A child conform- 
ing to the established religion, may 
force his parent to surrender his 
estate under a fair allowance, 2 
Geo. I., 1716 ; the eldest son may 
reduce his fee-simple estate to a 
life estate, 1 Geo. II., 1727; a 
younger brother may deprive the 
elder of the legal right of primoge- 
niture. Catholics prohibited from 
keeping schools, or procuring the 
education of their children at home, 
2 Geo. I., 1716; prohibited from 
sending them beyond seas for edu- 
cation, 6 Geo. I., 1719. Catholics 
permitted to keep schools and teach, 
32 Geo. IL, 1758; admissible to 
Trinity College, 1793. No Catho- 
lic to be guardian, or to have the 
custody or tuition of any orphan or 
child under the age of 21 years, 2 
Anne, 1703 ; permitted to be guar- 
dians, 1782. A Catholic may dis- 
pose of the custody of his own child 
or children, by will, during mino- 
rity, to any person other than a 
Catholic ecclesiastic, 30 Geo. III., 
1790 Punishment for not working 
upon Catholic holidays, each of- 
fence, 2s. fine on labourers, or in 
default, the punishment of whip- 
ping, 7 Will. III., 1694 ; punish- 
ment for burying the dead except 
in Protestant churchyards, or being 
present at the burying any dead 
other than therein, 9 Will. III., 
1697. Who shall attend or be pre- 
sent at any pilgrimage, or meeting 
held at any holy well or reputed 
holy well, fine 10s., or in default, 
I whipping, 2 Anne, 1703; magis- 



PEN 



491 



PEN 



trates to demolish all crosses, pic- 
tures, and inscriptions publicly set 
up to promote the piety of Catholics, 
2 Anne, 1703 ; all officers and sol- 
diers shall diligently frequent divine 
service and sermon, in the places 
appointed for the assemblage of the 
regiment, troop, or company, to 
which he may belong ; [no excep- 
tion made in favour of Catholic 
soldiers.] If a Catholic become 
possessed of any right of presenta- 
tion to a benefice, the same shall be 
ipso facto vested in the crown, if he 
do not abjure his religion, 2 Anne, 
1704. Statutes (in England) inter- 
dicting donations and bequests for 
superstitious uses ; such as towards 
the maintenance of a piiest or chap- 
lain to say mass, to pray for the 
souls of the dead, or to maintain 
perpetual obits, lamps, &c, to be 
used as prayers for dead persons. 
Such to be vested in the king, and 
applied to Protestant institutions, 
1 Edw. VI., 1546. The obtaining 
from the bishop of Eome any man- 
ner of bull, writing, or instrument, 
written or printed, containing any 
thing or matter, or publishing or 
putting in use any such instrument, 
the procurers, abettors, and coun- 
sellors to the fact, shall be adjudged 
guilty of high treason, 13 Eliz., 
1570 ; any child who (with the con- 
sent of parents) shall be found beg- 
ging, the parson and warden of the 
parish shall detain, and they shall 
bind such child to a Protestant 
master until the age of 21, or to a 
Protestant tradesman until the age 
of 24 years, 2 Geo. I, 1716. 

Penance introduced into the Ca- 
tholic church, 157 ; in the English 
at present, only adjudged for scan- 
dal, brawling, or fornication. 

Pendragon Castle, Westmore- 
land, destroved, 1341 ; repaired, 
1660. 

Pendulums for Clocks, disputed 
between the celebrated Galileo, 
1641, and Huygens, 1656 ; the per- 
fect use of them is undoubtedly 
owing to the latter. 

Penitents, in the Catholic church 



of many orders ; Magdalens, Mag- 
dalenettes, &c. ; the order of St. 
Magdalen penitents was founded at 
Marseilles, 1272 ; those of Jesus, in 
Spain, 1556; those of Orvieto 
became an order of nuns, 1662 ; 
there were others in Italy and 
Germany. 

Penitentiabt House, Milbank, 
for the imprisonment of convicts, 
act for the erection of, 1812 ; con- 
victs removed into, June, 1816. 

Pennakvon Priory, Anglesey, 
built, 540. 

Penn, Sir William, and his son ; 
the elder, a brave admiral of the 
time of Charles II., died, 1670 ; the 
son, the founder of Pennsylvania in 
the United States of America, died, 
1718 ; his charter for settling Penn- 
sylvania dated 1680. 

Penny, Mr., of Clements Inn, mur- 
dered by his servant, May 18, 1741. 

Penny Post-Office established 
by one Murray, an upholsterer, 
1683; who assigned it to another 
person named Dochra ; the govern- 
ment subsequently claimed it, and 
allowed the last-named person £200 
per annum; penny-post set up in 
Dublin 1774 ; made a twopenny- 
post in London, July, 1794 ; merged 
into the general penny-post, Jan. 
10, 1840. 

Penny, the first English coin cur- 
rent among the Anglo-Saxons; in 
the reign of Edward I. it was struck 
with a cross, that it might be parted 
into halfpence and farthings ; cop- 
per money or pence, halfpence, and 
farthings, were coined by Boulton 
and Watt at Birmingham in 1795 
for the crown. 

Penkuddock, Mr., beheaded at 
Exeter, May 16, 1655. 

Pennan Castle, Anglesey, built, 
540. 

Penrtn, Cornwall, incorporated, 
1610. 

Penrith destroyed by the Scotch, 
1385. 

Pensioners, the band of, first 
established, 1590. 

Pens, first made from quills, 
635. 



PER 



492 



PER 



Pensions in Ireland, exceeded the 
civil list by £35,129, 3s. 3d., Nov., 
1761. 

Pension Bill rejected by the 
House of Lords, 1731, also in 1733, 
1739-40. 

Pensionees from the crown dis- 
abled from sitting in parliament, 
June 26, 1716 and 1742. 

Pennsylvania, 6200 Irish settled 
in, 1730. 

Pension of £20 first granted to a 
lady for national services, 1514; 
another, £6, 13s. 4d. per annum, 
1365 ; another for the maintenance 
of a gentleman in studying the laws 
of the kingdom, 1558; 

Penton near Andover, 15 houses 
burned at, 1754. 

Perceval's, Spencer, administra- 
tion commenced, Oct; 30, 1809 ; it 
terminated with his death, being 
assassinated in the lobby of the 
House of Commons by a per- 
son named Bellinghanij May 11, 
1812. 

Percy, the last of that celebrated 
family, died, Nov. 23, 1722. 

Perkin Warbeck, the impostor, 
appeared, 1493. 

Perrott, Mr., a bankrupt, hanged 
for embezzling his estate and effects, 
Oct. 26, 1761. 

Perjury punished with the pil- 
lory, 1563. 

Perreau, Robert and Daniel^ exe- 
cuted for forgery, Jan. 17, 1776. 

Perfumery, stamp tax on, and a 
licence required from the vendor of, 
1786. 

Peronne, treaty of s between 
Louis XI. of France, and the Duke 
of Burgundy, confirming Arras and 
Conflans to the duke-, 1468. 

Persecutions : the first, 33 ; the 
second, 44 : the first general perse - 
cution of the Christians was under 
Nero, 64 ; under DomitiaiL, 93 ; un- 
der Trajan, 107 ; under Adrian, 
118; under Marcus Aurelius, 164; 
under Severus, 202; under Maxi- 
mus, 235; under Decius, 250 ; under 
Valerian, 257 ; under Aurelian, 272 ; 
under Dioclesian, 302 : by the Ari- 
ans under Constantine, 337 ; under 



Sapor, 340 ; under Julian the apo- 
state, 361. 

Persecutions of the Jews : Antio- 
chus, King of Syria, killed 40,000 
Jews at Jerusalem, and sold 40,000 
for slaves, 170 ; the Romans destroy- 
ed 520,000 ; an inunlerable number 
perished by sickness, despair, and 
famine ; no account is handed down 
of the number sold for slaves, which 
however exceeded the slain ; and an 
edict was issued forbidding them to 
approach Jerusalem, 18th Adrian 
a. d. 136 ; the Emperor Leo I. want- 
ing them to turn Christians, they 
set fire to their houses at Constanti- 
nople, and perished in the flames, 
77*2 ; in London, on the coronation of 
Richard I., though they had come 
from all parts of Europe, and brought 
the king presents for their protec- 
tion, 1189 ; 500 were besieged in 
York Castle by a mob, and cut each 
other's throats, 1190; in London, one 
of them being accused of usury, 700 
were murdered, 1262; an act passed 
that no Jew should possess a 
freehold, 1269 ; all apprehended the 
same day throughout England, their 
effects confiscated, and banished the 
realm, to the number of 15,000, with 
scanty provision for departing, 1287; 
re-admitted into England by Crom- 
well ; they were massacred in Ger- 
manyj on a suspicion of having 
poisoned the springs and wells, 
1348. 

Persecutions by the Papists of 
the Protestants : in Franconia, 
50,000 of Luther's followers were 
killed by William de Furstemburg, 
1524; in England, when Cranmer 
archbishop of Canterbury, and 
above 300 Protestants were burnt, 
and great numbers perished in pri- 
son, May 3, 1555 ; of the Protestants 
in France great numbers were hang- 
ed, their assemblies prohibited, their 
places of worship pulled down, and 
sentence of the galleys passed against 
all who harboured them, 1723. 

Persecutions of Protestants by 
Protestants ; those of the Puritans by 
the Stuarts, Laud, and the Star- 
Chamber ; the sanguinary persecu- 



PER 



493 



PET 



tions by Lauderdale in the north, 
1660 and 1665. 

Persian Trade began, 1569 ; 
through Russia, 1741 ; importations 
from thence, Sept., 1742. 

Persia subjugated by the Greeks 
in the reign of Sapor, 238 ; Hor- 
misdas ruled it, 273 ; Sapor II., 
310; conquered by the Saracens, 
651 ; Tamerlane, 1402; Shah Abbas, 
1582; Abbas II., 1641; Solyman, 
1666; Mahmoud, 1722; Ashraff, 
the usurper, slain in battle, 1725 ; 
Tamasp, or Thamas II., recovered 
the throne of his ancestors, 1729 ; 
Abbas II., infant son of Tamasp, 
under the regency of Kouli Khan, 
who afterwards caused himself to be 
proclaimed as Nadir Shah, 1732 ; 
Nadir Shah (the victorious king), 
assassinated by his nephew at Koras- 
san, 1736 ; Adil Shah, 1747 ; Shah 
Rokh, 1748; Interregnum, 1750; 
KureemKhan, 1753 ; Abool- Fatteh- 
Khan, 1779 ; Interregnum, 1780 ; 
Ali-Moorad-Khan, 1781 ; Jaffier 
Khan, 1785; Interregnum, 1788; 
Looft-Ali-Khan betrayed into the 
hands of his successor, who ordered 
his eyes to be plucked out, and 
afterwards put him to death, 1789 ; 
Aga-Mahommed Khan, assassi- 
nated, 1794 ; Feth-Ali-Shah, 1798 ; 
Mahommed-Shah, grandson of Feth, 
succeeded by his son, 1834 ; Nasr- 
ul-Din, or Nausser-ood-deen, Sept. 
4, the present Shah of Persia, 
1848. 

Perth, Scotland, said to have been 
founded by Agricola, 70 ; besieged 
by the regent Robert, 1339 ; James 
I. murdered at, in the Blackfriars 
monastery, for which his murderers 
were tortured to death; Gowrie's 
conspiracy at, Aug. 5, 1600 ; taken 
by Cromwell, 1651 ; by the Earl of 
Mar, after the battle of Dunblane, 
1715. 

Peru discovered, 1513 ; conquer- 
ed, and the most abominable cruel- 
ties executed upon the inhabitants, 
by Pizarro, 1530 ; all the incas or 
princes brutally murdered ; the 
Spanish yoke thrown off, 1826 ; a 
new Peruvian constitution intro- 



duced, and signed by the president 
of the republic, March 21, 1828. 

Peruke, the first used in France 
and Italy, 1620 ; came into England, 
1660. 

Pesth, Hungary, a city frequently 
taken and re-taken in the wars be- 
tween Turkey and Hungary ; Buda- 
Pesth, so called because one-half 
the town with the first name is on 
one side of the Danube, and the 
other upon the opposite bank, re- 
mained with the Hungarians after 
the siege of Vienna, in 1684 ; taken 
by the Austrians, Jan. 5, 1849; 
it was re-taken by the Hunga- 
rians, who evacuated it the same 
year. 

Petard, a species of mortar, con- 
sisting of a conical chamber, with a 
rim to suspend it against gates 
intended to be blown open ; said 
to have been first used by the Hu- 
guenots, in 1579 ; it is applied for 
breaching under several other 
circumstances. 

PETER-Pence, originally presented 
by Ina king of the West Saxons to 
the pope, for the endowment of an 
English college there, 735 ; it was 
paid at the feast of St. Peter, and 
levied on all families possessing 30d. 
per annum in land, yearly rent ; 
confirmed by Offa, 777, and after- 
wards claimed by the pope as an an - 
nual tribute until suppressed by 
Henry VIII. 

Peter the Wild Boy, a youth 
found in a state of nature in a fo- 
rest of Hanover, in the reign of 
George L, in Nov. 1725; he was 
supposed to be then about 13 years 
old ; he preferred for food wild 
plants, leaves, and bark, to the lux- 
uries of the royal table : he was 
never known to articulate a syllable, 
nor vary in his savage habits, but 
died as he had lived, in Feb. 1785, 
aged 72. 

Peter, St., Festival of, established 
813. 

Peter I. of Russia, born 1672 ; 
visited England, 1697 ; disinherited 
his eldest son, Feb. 1716; condemn- 
ed him to death, June 21, 1717; took 



PET 



494 



PHE 



the title of emperor, Oct. 1721 ; died, 
1725. 

Peter II. married tlie daughter 
of his prime-minister, Nov. 30, 
1729; died of the small-pox, Jan. 
19, 1730. 

Peter III. deposed and murdered, 
July 16, 1762. 

Petersburg^ built, 1713; 2000 
houses destroyed at, by fire, Aug. 
12, 1736 ; and 11,000 in 1780 ; in 
June, 1796, a large magazine of 
stores and 100 sail of vessels burned. 

Peterborough founded, 633; one 
of the kings of Mercia built an ab- 
bey at, dedicated to St. Peter, 689 ; 
the monastery turned into the cathe- 
dral by Henry VIII., and made a 
bishop's see; the first bishop was 
the last abbot of the monastery, 
John Chamber ; the present build- 
ing erected between 970 and 1170 ; 
the style Saxon and Gothic, 471 feet 
long, and 156 broad. 

Peter St., Order of knighthood, 
begun in Eome, 1520. 

Peter's, St., Church, at Rome, be- 
gun in 1514 ; finished, 1629. 

Peterhouse College, Cambridge, 
founded, 1257. 

Peters, Hugh, M. A., put to death 
with great insult and cruelty by 
Charles II., for having signed the 
sentence of Charles I., 1660. 

Peterswaesden, Convention of, 
between Great Britain and Russia, 
at which they planned a decisive 
course of action against Prance, 
July 8, 1813. 

Petronius Arbiter, a Roman 
satirist, put to death, 66. 

Pevenset Castle, Sussex, built on 
a Roman fortress, before the reign 
of Henry IV., in 1540 ; numerous 
brass coins of six or seven Roman 
emperors discovered at. 

Pfaefendorf, Battle of, between 
the Prussians and Imperialists, 
when the latter were defeated by 
the king of Prussia with great 
slaughter, Aug. 15, 1760 ; by which 
he prevented the junctions of the 
Russian with the Austrian armies. 

Pharos, Tower of, built by 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, esteemed 



one of the wonders of the world, seen 
at the distance of 100 miles, 280. 
a. c. ; it became the example 
for all the light-houses that were 
subsequently erected. 

Phenomena, Remarkable, the first 
eruption of Vesuvius on record, 
flame and smoke darkening the air, 
and the cities of Herculaneum and 
Pompeii destroyed, 79 ; (Hercu- 
laneum discovered, 1737, and a 
number of ancient works of art, 
MSS., and utensils have been dug 
out of it ever since ; but every thing 
combustible .^had the marks of hav- 
ing been charred by fire.) Another 
fatal eruption — 4000 persons were 
destroyed, and great part of the 
neighbouring country, 1632. The 
most dreadful eruption that had 
been known for a century previous, 
happened in 1767 ; a column of fire 
appeared in the air at Rome, 30 
days, 390 ; the country of Palestine 
infested with such swarms of 
locusts, that they darkened the 
air, and, after devouring the fruits 
of the earth, they died, and caused 
a stench, which occasioned a pesti- 
lential fever, 406 ; in the month of 
Aug. 873, such a prodigious swarm 
of large grasshoppers or locusts 
settled upon the lands of France, 
that in one night they devoured 
every thing green, even to the 
leaves and bark of young trees ; 
they died soon after, and the stench 
caused a pestilential fever. A pro- 
digious quantity of snakes formed 
themselves into two bands in a 
plain near Tournay, in Flanders, 
and fought with such fury that one 
band was almost destroyed, and the 
peasants killed the other with sticks, 
and by fire, 1059 ; at Oxen Hall, 
near Darlington, the earth suddenly 
rose to an eminence, resembling 
a mountain, remained so several 
hours, then sunk in as suddenly 
with an horrible noise, leaving a 
deep chasm, which continues to this 
day, 1179; Alice Hackney, who 
had been buried 175 years, acciden- 
tally dug up in St. Mary -hill, 
London ; the skin was whole, and 



PHE 



495 



PHI 



the joints of the arms pliable, 1494; 
Marcley hill, near Hereford, was 
moved from its situation on Satur- 
day evening, Feb. 17, 1571 ; con- 
tinued in motion till Monday fol- 
lowing — carried along with it the 
trees, hedges, and cattle, on its 
surface — overthrew a chapel in its 
way — formed a large hill twelve 
fathoms high, where it settled, and 
left a chasm forty feet deep and 
thirty long, where it stood before ; 
in 1583, a similar prodigy happened 
in Dorsetshire, a field of three 
acres, with the trees and fences, at 
Blackmoor, moved from thence, 
passed over another field, and settled 
in the highway to Hearn ; an unac- 
countable darkness (no eclipse) at 
noonday, in England, so that no 
person could see to read, Jan. 12, 
1679 ; a remarkable comet appeared 
in England for a week, 1680 ; a 
body of light appeared iii the north- 
east, which formed several columns 
or pillars of light, and threw the 
people into great consternation ; it 
lasted from the evening of March 6, 
till three the next morning, 1715 ; 
the Thames laid dry, both above 
and below London bridge, by a 
strong westerly wind, which drove 
back the tide, 1716 ; so remarkable 
a fog in London, that several chair- 
men mistook their way in St. 
James' Park, and fell with their 
fares into the canal, many persons 
fell into Eleet-ditch, and consider- 
able damage was done on the 
Thames, Jan. 1, 1729, in the even- 
ing ; heart of a man found at 
Waverley, in Surrey, preserved 700 
years in spirits, 1731 ; Portland 
IsJ.e had 100 yards of its north end 
sunk into the sea, which did <£400(i 
damage to the pier, Dec. 20, 1 735 ; 
Scarborough cliff sunk, and the 
Spa removed, Dec. 18, 1737; 
Pilling bog destroyed 60 acres of 
land, April, 1745 ; a remarkable 
meteor appeared like a flash of 
lightning, penetrated the theatre 
at Venice during the represen- 
tation, when 600 people were in the 
house, several of whom were killed ; 



it put out the candles, melted a 
lady's gold watch-case, the jewels 
in the ears of others, which were 
compositions, and split several 
diamonds, Aug. 1769 ; Mercury 
passed over the sun's disk, visible 
to the naked eye, from twelve to 
two o'clock, at London, Nov. 25, 
1769 ; Solway Moss, bordering on 
Scotland, ten miles from Carlisle, 
began to swell, owing to heavy 
rains, and upwards of 400 acres of 
it rose to such a height above the 
level of the ground, that at last it 
rolled forward like a torrent, and 
continued its course above a mile, 
sweeping along with it houses, 
trees, and every thing in its way ; 
it then divided into islands of 
different extent, from one to ten 
feet deep, upon which were found 
hares, wild-fowl, &c, it covered 
near 600 acres at Netherby, to which 
it removed, and destroyed about 
30 small villages ; it continued in 
motion from Saturday to Wednes- 
day, Dec. 31. 1771 ; the river Pever 
in Gloucestershire, suddenly altered 
its course, and ten acres of land, 
with every thing upon its surface, 
were removed with the current, 
1773 ; a large plantation, with all 
the buildings, destroyed by the land 
removing from its former site to 
another, and covering every thing 
in its way, Oct. 16, 1784, in St. 
Joseph's parish, Barbadoes ; an un- 
accountable but total darkness at 
Quebec, North America, Sunday, 
Sept. 16, 1785; the island of 
Sabrina rose out of the sea, near 
the Azores, in the Atlantic, June 
13, 1811— at first, the columns of 
smoke arose out of the sea from 
the depth of 40 fathoms, then 
flame, and lastly, land appeared; 
at length it rose 150 feet above the 
sea, and ultimately to 300 — persons 
landed upon it — it afterwards sunk 
down again, and in 1814 had an 
anchorage over it in 16 fathoms 
water. 

Philadelphia greatly injured by 
a fire which broke out there at the 
theatre, Dec. 28, 1799. 



PHY 



496 



PIC 



Philanthropic Society founded, 
1788. 

Philip II., of Spain, refused the 
order of the garter sent him by 
Queen Elizabeth, 1559. 

Philip III. published his re- 
nunciation of the crown of Prance, 
July 8, 1712. 

Philippine Islands discovered by 
the Spaniards, 1521. 

Philipsburgh taken by the Im- 
perialists, July 9, 1676. 

Phillipopoli, in Romania, had 
4000 persons destroyed by an earth- 
quake, Feb. 1749-50. 

Phillips, Lieut.-Colonel, the 
companion of Captain Cook in his 
circumnavigation, who witnessed 
the death of Cook, died at Lambeth, 
Sept. 11, 1832. 

Phipps, Captain, afterwards 
Lord Mulgrave, sailed from Eng- 
land, to make discoveries as near 
as practicable to the North Pole, 
1773 ; environed with ice for some 
time near Spitzbergen — he returned 
without advancing the cause of 
discovery, Sept. 20, 1773. 

Philpot, John, a divine of Eng- 
land burned in Smithfield, Dec. 18, 
1555. 

Phosphorus, discovered by 
Brandt, 1667 ; Scheele prepared it 
from bones ; Kunckell, a Saxon 
chemist, 1670 — and by Boyle, in 
England; Canton's phosphorus, so 
named from its discoverer, 1678 ; 
proto-phosphoretted hydrogen dis- 
covered by Sir Humphrey Davy, 
1812. 

Phosphoric Barometer, pheno- 
mena of, discovered 1699. 

Phrenology, one of the principal 
sciences in which Germany has been 
so fertile, promulgated by Dr. Gall, 
in 1803; Spurzheim followed the 
steps of Gall, and societies have 
been established for the same pursuit 
in England. 

Physic Garden, the first culti- 
vated in England, by John Gerard, 
at London, 1567 ; one endowed at 
Oxford by the Earl of Danby, 
1652 ; one at Chelsea begun by 
Sir Hans Sloane, given to the 



Apothecary's company, 1721 ; the 
botanic garden, Dublin, commenced 
1763. 

Physic, the practice of, confined 
to ecclesiastics from 1206 to 1500 ; 
school of, established in Dublin, 
1814. 

Physicians, College of, projected 
in London by Dr. Lin acre, who 
obtained a patent, constituting it a 
corporate body of regular London 
physicians, Oct. 23, 1518, he being 
the first president — the celebrated 
Harvey bequeathed it books and 
instruments ; the college in War- 
wick Lane, built by Sir Christopher 
Wren, left in 1823, for a new 
building in Trafalgar Square. 

Physicians, Dublin, College of, 
founded by Charles II., 1667 — rein- 
corporated, 1692 ; royal college of 
phvsicians, Edinburgh, Nov. 29, 
1681. 

Physiognomy, the discovery of 
the mental passions by the natural 
form and expression of the features 
of the face, in 1776 — Lavater, of 
Zurich, carried researches on the 
subject the farthest, for the idea 
was not new. 

Piazza Navona, fountain at 
Rome, made, 1680. 

Pigeons employed as carriers by 
the Turks in Hungary, 1552. 

Pichegru, General, conspiracy of, 
againstBonaparte, detected ; arrested 
with Georges and Moreau, Feb. 23, 
1804, and confined in the Temple, 
where he strangled himself, April, 
6, 1804, aged 43. 

Pickett, William, revived the 
art of painting on glass, died Oct. 
14, 1795, aged 65. 

Picton Castle, Pembrokeshire, 
built before the Conquest, and yet 
entire. 

Picquet, the first known game 
on cards, invented 1390. 

Picts, first mentioned in history, 
284 — the Scots being the moun- 
taineers, and the Picts the low- 
landers, supposed to have been a 
German colony ; they were subdued 
by the Scotch about 838, under 
Kenneth, who extended the terri- 



PIL 



497 



PIL 



tory of Scotland nearly as far as 
Newcastle. 

Picts Wall, the first from the 
Forth to the Clyde, built by Agri- 
cola, 85 ; in Northumberland, from 
the town of Newcastle to Carlisle, 
in Cumberland, for 74 miles, 8 feet 
thick and 12 high, erected by 
Adrian, to defend the south from 
the incursions of the northern bar- 
barians, 121 ; that of the emperor 
Severus, from the mouth of the 
Tyne to Bowness, on the Solway 
Frith, 209. 

Pictures — Three of the most 
celebrated collections sold in this 
country, were : — 1779, the Hough- 
ton, 232 pictures, £40,555; 1798, 
the Orleans, 296 pictures, 43,500; 
1824, the Angerstein, 38 pictures, 
57,000. In the Houghton collec- 
tion, " the Consultation of the 
Doctors," by Guido, was valued 
at £3500; "Holy Family," by 
Vandyke, £1600; "Magdalen at 
Christ's feet," by Rubens, £1600; 
" Cook's Shop," by Teniers, £500. 

Pictures and Crosses removed 
out of the English church, 1641. 

Pie-poudre Court, a tribunal for 
doing justice between buyers and 
sellers, at fairs and markets, in 
temp. Edward IV., 1476 — one of 
these courts was held at Bar- 
tholomew fair, as late as Sept. 6, 
1804. 

Pierre, St., Martinique, 700 
houses burned at, Oct. 1752. 

Pigeon, the carrier, a number let 
loose from London at 7 a.m., and 
one of thirty-two let fly, arrived at 
Antwerp at noon the same day — 
a second, in an hour after the first, 
and all by the following day, Nov. 
23, 1819. 

Pilgrims — The number of pil- 
grims who Visited Rome in 1750, 
when a jubilee was proclaimed, 
was, at the opening of the Holy 
Gate, 1300 — and in the week which 
followed Christmas, 8400. In 1850, 
only 36 pilgrims attended the open- 
ing of the Holy Gate, and but 440 
arrived during the ensuing week. 

Pilgrimages began in the middle 



ages of religious superstition, but 
were most in repute about the 
year 1100 — kings, nobles, and com- 
mon people, performed the most 
painful journeys ; some to Rome, 
others to more distant shrines, even 
to Palestine. The foundation of 
hospitals was owing to their neces- 
sities, about the year, 840 ; licences 
were issued to vessels to take the 
pilgrims abroad, 1428. 

Pilgrimage of Grace, an English 
insurrection so denominated, head- 
ed by one Aske, and 40,000 fol- 
lowers, against Henry VIII. — they 
were subdued by the Duke of Nor- 
folk, and a great number were put 
to death, 1536-7. 

Pillage of the Thames annually, 
on each branch of trade, was once 
estimated as under; to prevent 
which was the chief cause for mak- 
ing the new docks at Wapping and 
in the isle of Dogs, 1802, 1803, 1827 : 



East Indies - 


£25,000 


West Indies - 


232,000 


British American colonies 


10,000 


Africa and Cape of Good 




Hope - 


2,500 


North and South Fisheries 


2,000 


United States of America - 


30,000 


Mediterranean and Turkey 


7,000 


Spain and Canaries - 


10,000 


France and Netherlands - 


10,000 


Portugal and Madeira 


8,000 


Holland - 


10,000 


Germany - 


25,000 


Prussia - 


10,000 


Poland - 


5,000 


Sweden -_•■-'-*..- 


3,000 


Denmark - 


5,000 


Russia - 


20,000 


Guernsey, Jersey, Alder- 




ney, Isle of Man - 


2,000 


Ireland - 


5,000 


Coasting trade 


20,000 


Coal trade - 


20,000 



Total £461,000 
Pillory, the punishment of, abo- 
lished, 1 Victoria, June, 1837 ; it 
was used in cases of libel, perjury, 
forgery, and misdemeanour, the 
first statute being 41 Hen. III., 
2k 



PIN 



PIT 



1256 ; sometimes the nose was slit 
in addition, the face branded with 
letters, or both ears cut off, as was 
so cruelly executed by Charles I. 
and his star-chamber, for censuring 
his favourite priest, Laud ; if very 
obnoxious to the populace, rotten 
eggs, stones, and other missiles 
caused loss of life ; if the reverse 
was the case, the sufferer was cheer- 
ed, and the attendant officers of 
justice hooted and pelted; it was 
first abolished in 1815-16, except 
for perjury, and in the last case 
temp. 1 Victoria. 

Pilnitz, Treaty of, against 
France ; this convention, to which 
Europe indirectly owed 22 years of 
bloodshed, and an enormous waste 
of treasure, took place July 20, 
1791 ; the revolution in France 
appeared to offer an opportunity, 
from its apparent weakness, of imi- 
tating the partition of Poland; a 
treaty was agreed upon by which 
the emperor should seize all that 
Louis XIV. had acquired in the 
Netherlands, and, uniting that to 
the other Netherlands, give them to 
the Elector Palatine, while Austria 
should unite Bavaria to her own 
dominions ; the same object mainly 
produced the celebrated march to 
Paris of the Duke of Brunswick, 
in 1793 ; the spoil of France was a 
stronger bait to action than even the 
Bourbon restoration. 

Pines, these trees were introduced 
into England at different periods ; 
the stone and cluster pine, and 
other sorts, it is uncertain when, 
but the Weymouth pine was intro- 
duced from North America, 1705 ; 
the frankincense pine from the same 
quarter, before 1713. 

Pinket, Battle of, between the 
English and Scotch, when the latter 
were routed, with the loss of 10,000 
men and 1200 prisoners, while the 
victors did not lose 200. 

Pinney, Mayor of Bristol, tried 
for negligence and pusillanimity 
during the memorable riots ; he was 
acquitted, Nov. 1, 1832. 

Pins first used in England, and 



articles of foreign commerce, 1483 ; 
made of brass wire brought from 
France, 1540 ; made in Engl., 1543. 

Pipes of lead for water conveyance, 
first cast by the Rev. Robert Brook, 
1539. 

Pippins first planted in Lincoln- 
shire, 1525. 

Pisa, republic of, founded 1403 ; 
leaning tower or campanile at, 188 
feet high, and 11 feet over the base. 

Pistols first used by cavalry in 
war, 1544. 

Pitch and Tar first made from 
pit coal, at Bristol, 1774. 

Pitcairn's island in the Pacific, 
discovered 1773, inhabited by the 
descendants of the mutineers of the 
Bounty, Captain Bligh, 1789, un- 
known until 1814 ; emigrated to 
Otaheite for want of water, but dis- 
gusted with the Otaheitan manners, 
returned again, 1832. 

Pitt's Straits, in the East Indies, 
discovered, April 30, 1760. 

Pitt, William, afterwards Earl 
of Chatham, the most popular, 
powerful, and successful minister 
England ever possessed, with ora- 
torical powers of the highest order, 
born 1708, died May 11, 1778 ; 
buried at the public expense in 
Westminster Abbey, June 9. 
"Without dividing he destroyed 
party, without corrupting he made 
a venal age unanimous. France 
sunk beneath him. With one hand 
he smote the house of Bourbon, and 
wielded with the other the fierce 
democracy of England." 

Pitt, William, the second son of 
the Earl of Chatham, who became 
prime minister, Dec. 27, 1783, and 
remained in office until 1801 ; he 
came into office again, May 12, 
1804, and remained until his death, 
Jan. 23, 1806 ; he possessed great 
oratorical powers, and continued to 
keep his place under very disadvan- 
tageous circumstances ; with a 
strong desire to be a great war 
minister, he was unfortunate in all his 
objects, France to the hour of his 
decease obtaining a continued series 
of successes ; he received the honour 



PL A 



499 



PLA 



of a public funeral in Feb. 1806. 
His ambition, above all pecuniary 
considerations for himself, did not 
hesitate to make them the means 
for the attainment of his objects, 
and the burthens of the nation were 
made under his administration to 
press with a weight that had no 
previous example. The want of 
success in the measures of the allies, 
whom he unsparingly subsidized, 
preyed upon his mind, and acce- 
lerated his death. 

Pius IX., the existing pope 
and bishop who fills the chair of 
St. Peter ; the name of nine of the 
same Catholic high functionaries, 
derived from Antoninus Pius, so 
named from his piety, 138. 

Pius, Order of knighthood at 
Eome, 1500. 

Pix, the box that contains the 
host, as ordered by the Lateran 
council, 1215. 

Plague, numerous visitations of 
that scourge occur before the Chris- 
tian era. At Rome, 10,000 persons 
perished daily, a.d. 78 ; the same 
disease again ravaged the Roman 
empire, a.d. 167. In Britain a 
plague raged so formidably, and 
swept away such multitudes, that 
the living were scarcely sufficient 
to bury the dead, a.d. 430. A 
dreadful one began in Europe in 
558, extended all over Asia and 
Africa, and it is said did not cease 
for many years ; at Constantinople, 
when 200,000 of its inhabitants 
perished, a.d. 746 ; at Chichester in 
England, an epidemical disease car- 
ried off 34,000 persons, 772. In 
Scotland, 40,000 persons perished of 
a pestilence, a.d. 954. In London 
a great mortality, a.d. 1094 ; and in 
Ireland, 1095. Again in London; 
it extended to cattle, fowls, and 
other domestic animals, 1111. In 
Ireland, after Christmas this year, 
Henry II. was forced to quit the 
country, 1172; again in Ireland, 
when a prodigious number perished, 
1204. A general plague raged 
throughout Europe, causing a most 
extensive mortality. Britain and 



Ireland suffered grievously. In 
London alone, 200 persons were 
buried daily in the Charterhouse- 
yard. In England, 1247 and 1347, 
when 50,000 died in London, 1500 
in Leicester, &c. ; in Germany, 
which cut off 90,000 people, 1348 ; 
In Paris and London, a fearful mor- 
tality prevailed in 1362 and 1367, 
and in Ireland, in 1370 ; a great 
pestilence in Ireland, called the 
fourth, destroyed a great number 
of the people, 1383 ; 30,000 persons 
perished of a dreadful pestilence in 
London, 1407; again in Ireland, 
superinduced by a famine, great 
numbers died, 1466; and Dublin 
was wasted by a plague, 1470 ; a 
pestilence at Oxford, 1471 ; and 
throughout England a plague, which 
destroyed more people than the 
continual wars for the fifteen pre- 
ceeding years, 1478. The sweating 
sickness fatal at London, 1485 ; the 
plague at London so dreadful, that 
Henry VII. and his court removed 
to Calais, 1500; again, the sweat- 
ing sickness ; in most of the capital 
towns in England half the inhabi- 
tants died, and Oxford was depopu- 
lated, 9 Henry VIII., 1517. Lime- 
rick was visited by a plague, when 
many thousands perished, 1522 ; a 
pestilence throughout Lreland, 1525 ; 
and the English sweat, 1528 ; and 
a pestilence in Dublin, 1575 ; 
30,578 persons perished of the 
plague, in London alone, 1603- 
1604 ; 200,000 perished of a pesti- 
lence at Constantinople in 1611 ; in 
London a great mortality prevailed, 
and 35,417 persons perished, 1625 ; 
in France, a general mortality ; at 
Lyons 60,000 persons died, 1632. 
The plague brought from Sardinia 
to Naples (being introduced by a 
transport with soldiers on board), 
raged with such violence as to cany 
off 400,000 of the inhabitants in six 
months, 1656 ; memorable plague, 
which carried off 68,596 persons in 
London, 1665 ; 60,000 persons pe- 
rished of the plague at Marseilles 
and neighbourhood, brought in a 
ship from the Levant, 1720; at 



PLA 



500 



PLA 



Messina, Feb. 1743; at Algiers, 
1755 ; in Persia, when 80,000 per- 
sons perished at Bassorah, 1773 ; at 
Smyrna, that carried off about 
20,000 inhabitants, 1784; and at 
Tunis, 32,000, 1784; in the Levant, 
1786 ; at Alexandria, Smyrna, &c., 
1791 ; the yellow fever destroyed 
2000 at Philadelphia, 1793; on the 
coast of Africa, particularly at Bar- 
bary, 3000 died daily. One of the 
most terrible plagues that ever 
raged, prevailed in Syria, 1760. In 
Persia, a fatal pestilence, which 
carried off 80,000 of the inhabitants 
of Bassorah, 1773 ; in Egypt more 
than 800,000 persons died of plague, 
1792 ; in Barbary, 3000 died daily ; 
and at Fez 247,000 perished, 1799; 
in Spain and at Gibraltar, immense 
numbers were carried off by a pes- 
tilent disease in 1804 and 1805; 
at Arta, 1817, two -thirds of the 
population taken off after 48 hours' 
illness. At Malta it committed 
great ravages, 1813 ; in Lesser 
Asia, Syria, and the adjacent 
islands, by which Smyrna is com- 
puted to have lost 30,000 per- 
sons, 1814 ; in Naples, 1816 ; 
again, at Gibraltar, an epidemic 
fever much resembling the plague, 
caused great mortality, 1828; the 
Asiatic cholera made its first ap- 
pearance in England, at Sunderland, 
Oct. 26, 1831 ; in Scotland, at Had- 
dington, Dec. 23, in the same year ; 
and in Ireland, at Belfast, March 
14, 1832; again visited England, 
1848 and 1849. The black death 
raged in Europe in the 14th aad 
15th centuries, and in Asia ; Alep- 
po lost 500 daily ; Cyprus, nearly 
all its inhabitants ; Florence, 
60,000; Venice, 100,000; Mar- 
seilles, in a month, 16,000 ; Sierra, 
70,000; Paris, 50,000; St. Denis, 
14,000; Avignon, 60,000; Stras- 
burgh, 16,000; Quebec, 9000; 
Basle, 14,000; Euport, 16,000; 
Weimar, 5000 ; Liniburg, 2500 ; 
London, 100,000; Norwich, 51,100; 
the Franciscan friars in Germany, 
124,434; the Minorites in Italy, &c, 
30,000; in some parts of France 



not 2 out of 20 inhabitants were 
left alive ; 500 per day died in the 
Hotel Dieu at Paris; Yarmouth, 
7052, &c, terminating in England, 
1349 ; Spain was ravaged till after 
1350 by the black death, which had 
ravaged every country in Europe, 
except Russia, from 1347 ; no less 
than 25,000,000 of its inhabitants 
disappeared from Europe. 

Plague in London ; the morta- 
lity from this disease most fatal; 
the last year of its appearance, 
1665, in Sept., when 7165 died in 
one week ; 1 person died Feb. 14 ; 
2, April 25 ; 9, May 9 ; 3, May 16 ; 
14, May 23 ; and so it increased up 
to Sept. 17, when 8297 died, of 
which number 7165 died of the 
plague; these fell to 281 in the 
week of Dec. 19, of all diseases, in- 
cluding these cases, 525 ; the great 
plague years of London gave for 
deaths of plague, besides other di- 
seases, 1592, 11,503 of plague j 
1603, 30,561 ; 1625, 35,403 ; 1630, 
1319; 1636,10,400; 1665,68,596. 
In 1625 the total deaths were 
54,256 ; of plague, 35,403, including 
within and without the walls in the 
liberties in Middlesex and Surrey ; 
the 9 out- parishes and the post- 
house ; 121 parishes were infected, 
and one was clear; two or three 
persons were reported annually to 
die of it for nearly fourscore years 
previous to its extinction, the year 
of the great fire, 1666. 

Plague in Edinburgh, 1513, the 
year before the battle of Flodden 
field ; disappeared until 1645 ; all 
business and intercourse suspended, 
from April to December, of 5000 
inhabitants in Leith 3000 perished ; 
a great famine followed ; entering 
one end of a street, it would clear 
one side and leave the other un- 
touched; water-courses were ob- 
served to stop its progress ; at 
Stirling all the magistrates, the 
executioner, and all the town coun- 
cil died. 

Planets and Asteroids, the years 
of their discovery were as follows, 
"with their revolutions, &c. : — . 



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Plains of Abraham, Battle of, in 
Canada, between the French, under 
the Marquis of Montcalm and 
General Wolfe, Sept. 13, 1759 ; both 
the commanders fell, and both have 
monuments on the field where they 
died. 

Planets, the inferior planetary 
orbs of the earth's system, or rather 
of the sun's ; the primary planets 
are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, 
Mars, Jupiter, known 2000 years 
b.c. ; Saturn, Uranus, discovered 
1781, and Neptune; the space between 
Mars and Jupiter being void, while 
all the distances between the other 
planets were proportional; it was 
imagined that one was not yet ob- 
served ; it was found that there were 
ten or twelve fragments of a planet 
moving in the vacant space at the 
point where the planet should be 
that was missing, some being only 
400 miles in diameter ; these are 
named Ceres, Juno, Vesta, Pallas, 
&c, discovered 1801, 1802, 1804, 
1807, 1850, &c. ; the satellites of 
Jupiter were discovered by Gali- 
leo, 1610, that of Uranus by Her- 
schel, that of Saturn by Huygens 
and Herschel. See Table, p. 501. 

Pantagenet Kings of England, 
fourteen in number, from Henry II. 
to Eichard III., 1485 ; what the ap- 
pellation is derived from is not 
clearly understood. 

Plaskey Castle, Essex, built by 
the Romans. 

Plasset Plain, Battle of, between 
the English, under Lord Clive, and 
the natives under Surajah Dowlah, 
June 23, 1757; the English, with 
only 3000 men, vanquished the 
Rajah at the head of 70,000, and 
thus laid the foundation of the In- 
dian empire. 

Plaster of Paris, properly gyp- 
sum, method of taking a mask with, 
invented by Andrew Verocchio, 
1470. 

Plate, use of, prohibited at inns, 
with the exception of spoons, by 8 
Wm. III., 1696 ; plate act passed, 
May, 1756; repealed, 1780; duty 
on, 1784. 



Plate, gold and silver, retained 
for home use : 

Gold. Silver. 

1801 5174 oz, 760,261 oz. 

1810 6329 ... 1,171,092 

1820 4430 ... 1,113,597 

1830 6429 ... 1,161,415 

1840 6868 ... 1,114,467 

1850 7350 ... 659,106 

The gold and silver retained for 
home consumption was greater in 
weight from 1807 to 1815, than 
from 1830 to 1837; in the first 
period it was 50,750 oz. gold, and 
of silver 8,290,157 oz. ; and the 
second period, 48,432 oz. gold, and 
7,378,651 oz. silver. 

Plate Glass manufactory esta- 
blished in Lancashire, 1773; first 
made in France, 1688. 

Plated Ware exported in 1799, 
valued at £18,172. . 

Platonic Year, that which the 
equinoxes occupy to complete their 
revolutions, at the end of which 
time the stars and constellations 
will have the same place in regard 
to the equinoxes as they had at first, 
it would require 25,816 years of 
the common time to complete this 
precession ; some making it a cen- 
tury more, some the same term less. 

Plattsburgh, expedition under- 
taken by Sir George Prevost 
against that town on Lake Cham- 
plain, and abandoned in conse- 
quence of the defeat of the British 
naval force on the lake, Sept. 11, 
1814. 

Plays first performed in England, 
1378; those by clerks, 1390; sup- 
pressed by parliament, 1647 ; per- 
mitted again, 1659 ; subjected to a 
censorship, 1737, called " the play- 
house bill." • 

Pleadings in the law courts in- 
troduced, 786 ; changed from the 
Saxon into French, 1066; into 
English, 1362; Cromwell ordered 
all law proceedings to be in English, 
1650 ; the Latin was used in con- 
veyancing until 1731. 

Plettres, in Switzerland, de- 
stroyed by the falling of the part of 
a mountain upon it, when 2000 per- 



POI 



503 



POL 



s ons perished, Aug. 22, 1618 ; 
another town in the same district 
•had heen hefore buried by a similar 
accident. 

Plum, a native fruit of England, 
other and better kinds introduced 
about 1522 ; the date plum came 
from Barbary in the 16th century. 

Plural Pronoun, "we," as used 
by the kings of England, first adopt- 
ed by John, 1179. 

Plunket, Oliver, titular arch- 
bishop of Dublin, shamefully char- 
ged with high treason, and executed 
as a traitor, July 1, 1681. 

Plymouth, that noble seaport, 
burned by the French, 1377 ; re- 
ceived a new charter, July 7, 1684 ; 
dockyard of, established, temp. Wil- 
liam III. ; victualling office at, 
burned, July 22, 1779; a fire in 
South Side street destroyed much 
property, 1795; breakwater at, 
commenced, Aug. 10, 1812 — com- 
pleted 1814. 

Poaching prohibited, 1753; made 
a trespass, 1831. 

Poet Laureate, the first, 1251, 
temp. Henry L, Chaucer so styled, 
1389; James I. granted to the 
laureate, 1615, a hundred marks as 
a pension ; augmented by Charles 
I. to £100, with a tierce of canary 
wine out of the royal cellar annu- 
ally. The first poet laureate, temp. 
Elizabeth, was Edmund Spencer, 
1598— Daniel, 1619^Jonson, 1737 
■ — Davenant, 1668 — Dryden, turned 
out by William III., 1688— Shad- 
well, 1692— Tate, 1715— Eowe, 1718 
— Eusden, 1730 — Gibber, the hero 
of the Dunciad, 1757 — Whitehead, 
1785— Warton, 1790— Pye, 1813— 
Southey, 1843— Wordsworth, 1850 
Tennyson, 1850. 

Pogoio, who revived Greek and 
Latin literature, flourished, 1390. 

Poictiers Battle of, in France, 
between the Black Prince and John, 
king of France; the latter was van- 
quished, taken prisoner, and brought 
to London, where the king of Scot- 
land was already taken as a captive 
before him, Sept. 19, 1356. 

Poisoning a husband, made petty 



treason in England by Henry VIH., 
1532. 

Poland, anciently the country 
of the Vandals, made a duchy, 
694; Piastus, a peasant, elected 
to the ducal dignity — he lived 
to 120, and his reign was so 
prosperous, that every succeeding 
native sovereign was called a Piast, 
842 ; introduction of Christianity, 
992 ; Eed Russia added to Poland, 
1059 ; Boleslas II. murdered the 
bishop of Cracow with his own 
hand ; his kingdom laid under an 
interdict by the pope, 1080— he 
fled to Hungary for shelter, but was 
refused it by order of Gregory VII., 
and at length killed himself, 1081 ; 
Uladislas deposed, 1102; Premis- 
las assassinated, 1295; Louis of 
Hungary elected king, 1370; war 
against the Teutonic knights, 1447 ; 
the Wallachians treacherously car- 
ried off 100,000 Poles, and sold 
them to the Turks as slaves, 1498; 
reign of Sigismund II., 1548 ; Ste- 
phen formed a militia composed of 
Cossacks, a barbarous race, on 
whom he bestowed the Ukraine, 
1575 ; abdication of John Casimir, 
1669 ; massacre of the Protestants 
at Thorn, 1724 ; Stanislas's un- 
happy reign began, 1763; he abo- 
lished torture, 1770 ; an awful pesti- 
lence swept away 250,000 people, 
1770 ; the evils of civil war made 
the country fall an easy prey to the 
royal plunderers, the empress of 
Russia, emperor of Austria, and 
king of Prussia, 1772 ; the first par- 
tition treaty, Feb. 37, 1772; the 
public partition treaty, Aug. 5, 
1772 ; a new constitution formed by 
the virtuous Stanislas, May 3, 
1791 ; the royal and imperial rob- 
bers, on various pretexts, marched 
their armies into Poland, 1792. The 
Poles, under Poniatowski and Kos- 
ciusko, several times contended suc- 
cessfully against superior armies, 
but in the end were defeated. Kos- 
ciusko, wounded and taken, was 
carried prisoner to Russia, 1794 ; 
Suwarrow's victories and massacres, 
1794; battle of Warsaw, 30,000 



POL 



504 



POL 



Poles coolly butchered by the victor ; 
this intelligence was the cause of a 
renewed " Te deum " at St. Peters- 
burgh. The crimes of the crowned 
heads of Prussia and Kussia were 
thus consummated, Oct. 12, 1794 ; 
Courland annexed to Eussia, 1795 ; 
Stanislaus resigned his crown — final 
partition of his kingdom, Nov. 25, 
1795 ; Kosciusko set at liberty, 
Dec. 25, 1796 ; he arrived in Lon- 
don, May 30, 1797; Stanislaus 
died at St. Petersburgh, Feb. 12, 
1798; treaty of Tilsit, July 7, 1807; 
duchy of Warsaw formed, and gene- 
ral diet at Warsaw, June 1812 ; new 
constitution, Nov. 1815 ; Cracow 
declared to be a free republic, Nov. 
1815 ; Polish diet opened, Sept. 
1820 ; a revolution at Warsaw — the 
army declare in favour of the people, 
Nov. 29, 1830 ; the diet declares 
the throne of Poland vacant, Jan. 
25, 1831 ; battle of Growchow, near 
Praga — the Russians lose 7000 
men — the Poles, who keep the field, 
2000, Peb. 20, 1831; battle of 
Wawz, March 31, 1831 ; the insur- 
rection spreads to Wilna and Vol- 
hynia, April 3, 1831 ; battle of 
Zelicho, April 6, 1831; battle of 
Seidlez, April 10, 1831; battle of 
Ostrolenka, signal defeat of the 
Russians, May 26, 1831 ; the Rus- 
sian general, Diebitsch, dies, June 
10, 1831 ; battle of Wilna, June 19, 
1831 ; grand duke Constantine 
dies, June .27, 1831; battle of 
Winsk, July 14, 1831; Warsaw 
taken, Sept. 8, 1831 ; ukase issued 
by the emperor Nicholas, decreeing 
that the kingdom of Poland shall 
henceforth form an integral part of 
the Russian empire, Peb. 26, 1832 ; 
general attempt at revolution in 
Poland, Feb. 22, 1846 ; the courts 
of Austria, Russia, and Prussia, re- 
voke the treaty of 1815, constituting 
Cracow a free republic, violating 
that treaty, and Cracow declared 
Austrian territory — (this annexa- 
tion is protested against by Eng- 
land, France, Sweden, and Turkey,) 
Nov. 16, 1846; the kingdom of 
Poland incorporated with Russia, 



and made a Russian province, May, 
1847. 

Poland, Kings and Rulers of : — * 
842. Piastus. 
861. Ziemovitus, his son. 
892. Lesko or Lescus IV. 
913. Ziemomislas, son of Lesko. 
964. Miecislas I. 

992. Boleslas I., surnamed the 
Lion-hearted. 
1025. Miecislas II. 
1034. Richense or Richsa, his con- 
sort, regent ; driven from the 
government. 
1037. Interregnum. 
1041. CasimirL, her son, surnamed 

the Pacific. 
1058. Boleslas II., styled the In- 
trepid. 
108*1.. Ladislas, called the Careless. 
1102. Boleslas III., surnamed Wry- 
mouth. 
1138. Ladislas II., son of the pre- 
ceding. 
1146. Boleslas IV., the Curled. 
1173. Miecislas III., the Old ; de- 



1177. CasimirlL, surnamed the Just. 

1194. Lesko V., the White; re- 
linquished. 

1200. Miecislas IV. ; his tyranny 
restored Lesko, but the latter 
was again forced to resign. 

1203. Ladislas III. ; retired. 

1206. Lesko V., a third time ; as- 
sassinated ; succeeded by his 
son, an infant. 

1227. Boleslas V., surnamed the 
Chaste. 

1279. Lesko VI., surnamed the 
Black. 

1289. Interregnum. 

1295. Premislas ; assassinated. 

1296. Ladislas IV., the Short; de- 
posed. 

1300. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia. 
1304. Ladislas, the Short, again. 
1333. Casimirlll, the Great; killed 

by a fall from his horse. 
1370. Louis, king of Hungary. 
1382. Interregnum. 
1385. Hedwige, daughter of Louis, 

and her consort, Jagello, 

duke of Lithuania, with the 

title of Ladislas V. 



POL 



505 



POL 



1399. 
1434. 



1445. 
1445. 
1492. 
1501. 

1506. 



1548. 



1573. 
1574. 



1575. 



1586. 
1587. 



1632. 
1648. 



1668. 
1669. 



1674. 



1697. 
1697. 



1704. 

1709. 
1734. 



Ladislas V. alone ; he united 
Lithuania to Poland. 
Ladislas VI., his son; suc- 
ceeded as king of Hungary, 
1440. 

Interregnum. 
Casimir IV. 

John, Albert, I., his son. 
Alexandei*, prince of Livonia. 
Sigismund I., brother of 
Alexander ; obtained the 
surname of the Great. 
Sigismund II., Augustus, son 
of the last king; he added 
Livonia to his kingdom. 
Interregnum. 

Henry, duke of Anjou, bro- 
ther to the king of France ; 
he afterwards succeeded to 
the French throne. 
Stephen Batthori, prince of 
Transylvania ; established 
the Cossacks as a militia. 
Interregnum. 

Sigismund III., son of the 
king of Sweden, to the ex- 
clusion of Maximilian of 
Austria, elected by the 
nobles. 

Ladislas VII., Vasa, son of 
Sigismund III. ; succeeded 
by his brother. 

John II., or Casimir V. ; 
abdicated, and retired to 
Prance, where he died in 
1672. 

Interregnum. 

Michael - Koributh - Wiesno- 
wiski ; in this reign the Cos- 
sacks join the Turks, and 
ravage Poland. 
John III., Sobieski, whose 
victories over the Csssacks, 
Turks, and Tartars, procured 
him the crown. 
Interregnum. 

Frederick-Augustus, son of 
John-George, elector of 
Saxony, and elector in 1694, 
deprived of his crown. 
Stanislas I., forced to retire 
from his kingdom. 
Frederick-Augustus, again. 
Frederick- Augustus II., son 
of the preceding sovereign. 



1763. Interregnum. 

1764. Stanislas II., Augustus Po- 
niatowski, commences his 
unhappy reign. 

1772. The Austrians, Russians, and 
Prussians make their first 
division of Poland. 
1793. Second great division of the 
kingdom by the same powers. 
1795. Final partition of Poland, and 
deposition of the king, who 
died at St. Petersburgh, a 
state prisoner, in 1798. 
Police of London, consisted of 
different establishments under suc- 
cessive sovereigns ; the London 
watch instituted, 1253 ; officers and 
Bow street establishment, under sta- 
tutes 5, 11, 32, 54, George III.; 
twenty-one magistrates to preside 
over each of the seven divisional 
offices, Aug. 1, 1792 ; Thames po- 
lice established, 1791 ; London po- 
lice remodelled by statute, 10 Geo. 
IV., June 19, 1829 ; began duty, 
Sept. 29, 1829 ; improvement act, 
Aug. 17, 1839, Aug. 7, 1840 ; Dub- 
lin police commenced, Sept. 29, 
1786 ; remodelled, 1807 and 1824 ;. 
new act, July 4, 1836. 

Poll Act, Ireland, a tyrannical 
act exercised in Ireland, putting a 
price upon the heads of many native 
Irish of distinction, by the Earl of 
Desmond, 1465. 

Poll Tax, an impost in England 
levied with oppressive severity, 4d. 
per head on all above 14 years of 
age, 1378-79, causing subsequently 
the rebellion of Wat Tyler, 1381, 
being raised to 12d. ; it was 6d. 
1448 ; revived in 1518 ; and also 
by Charles II., when every subject 
was taxed by the head, 1666-67, 
1678, 1689, a duke £100, a marquis 
£80, a baron £30, a knight £20, 
an esquire £10, and every private 
person 12d., 1667 ; this tax was 
abolished at the revolution by Wil- 
liam III. 

Polotzk, Battle of, between the 
French under Oudinot and the Rus- 
sian general Wittgenstein, July 30 
and 31, 1812; the Russians were 
victors the first day, and then were 



PON 



506 



POO 



beaten ; the town was taken and 
retaken, Oct. 20, 1812. 

Polygamy, admitted in almost all 
the ancient nations of the East, ge- 
neral among the Jews, but not 
among the civilized nations of 
Greece and Eome; Mark Antony 
was the first who took two wives, 
and there were frequent examples 
of it until it was forbidden by Ar- 
cadius, 393 ; an offence in England 
punishable with transportation. 

Polyglot Bible of Cardinal 
Ximenes, 6 vols, fol., printed 1514- 
1517. 

Pomegranate Tree brought to 
England from the south in the 15th 
century, generally supposed from 
Spain, about 1584. 

Pomerania ceded to Denmark by 
Sweden, 1814; by Denmark to 
Prussia, 1815. 

Pomfbet, or Pontefract castle, 
Yorkshire, built 1069 ; chartered 
by Richard III. ; in this castle Ri- 
chard II. was confined and murder- 
ed ; Henry IV. desiring his death, 
assassins, eight in number, entered 
his room, when Richard with a pole- 
axe, wrested from one of the num- 
ber, killed four of them, but was at 
last struck down himself, Eeb. 13, 
1400 ; here too Lords Rivers, Gray, 
Sir T. Vaughan, and Sir R. Howie, 
were murdered by order of the 
Duke of Gloucester, June 1483. 

Pompeii, nearly destroyed by an 
earthquake, 63 ; buried in hot ashes 
by an eruption of Vesuvius, Aug. 
24, 79 ; discovered after 1500 years 
had passed away, 1750, and many 
of the streets cleared. 

Pondicheery, in the East Indies, 
taken from the Erench, 1693, by 
the Dutch, who had first settled 
there, 1574 ; besieged by the Eng- 
lish, 1748 ; taken, 1761 ; restored, 
1763; taken again, Oct. 1778; re- 
stored, 1783; taken again, Aug. 23, 
1793 ; and finally retained, 1803. 

Poniatowski, Prince, drowned in 
the Elster after the battle of Leipsic, 
Oct. 19, 1813. 

Ponsonby, Miss, and Miss Elea- 
nor Butler, left their friends early 



in life clandestinely, with a female 
servant, and settled in Llangollen, 
in North Wales, where they lived 
in friendship and seclusion, the last 
named, the only survivor, dying, 
aged 76, 1832. 

Poole, Montgomeryshire, the 
floor of the sessions' hall fell in 
while the court was sitting, and 
several persons were killed, Aug. 
11, 1758. 

Poole, Hants, fire at, by which 
the custom-house, store-house, and 
a large inn were destroyed, April 
20, 1813. 

Poole, Dorsetshire, chartered 14 
Edward IV.; custom house of, rob- 
bed by smugglers, Oct. 7, 1747. 

Pontus, the ancient province of, 
under the emperors, and still more 
ancient kingdom of Mithridates, 
included by Alexis Comnenus, em- 
peror of the East, in a new empire 
of the Greeks at Trebisonde in this 
country, 1204 ; which empire con- 
tinued in existence until tbe time 
when the Turks overwhelmed that 
nation and destroyed it, in 1459. 

Poob Laws and Pauperism — the 
poor of England were maintained 
by the church, and by the religious 
establishments, before the time of 
Henry VIII., and by act of parlia- 
ment, 1388, so regulating their 
maintenance, that when that mon- 
arch destroyed the monastic estab- 
lishments, and appropriated their 
property to his own use, he not 
only left the poor without re- 
sources for support, but increased 
their number, by turning the in- 
mates themselves of those establish- 
ments, for the most part, upon the 
world, in 1538 ; the wreck of great 
families and breaking up of feudal 
households, had begun to be con- 
siderable in the preceding reign; 
persons who begged, being able- 
bodied, were to be set to work by 
27 Henry VIII., though how work 
was to be obtained there was no 
clear provision ; whipping was the 
penalty for the first offence for 
begging — the right ear cut off upon 
the second conviction — and death, 



POO 



507 



POO 



for the third. The amount was be- 
tween 70,000 and 80,000 executions 
in the reign of that sanguinary- 
tyrant ; the present poor law 
originated with Queen Elizabeth, 
1600 ; in 1580, there was paid, in 
aid of the support of the poor, 
£108,811— in 1748-50, the average 
was £730,000— between 1750 and 
1775, the rate levied had doubled, 
being £1,720,000, of which about 
£1,500,000 were expended for the 
relief of the poor; the American 
war commenced, and from that time 
to 1814, the amount of the rates 
increased regularly — the last three 
years of that period averaged 
•£6,123,177, expended upon the poor ; 
from 1813 to 1844 inclusive, the 
sums levied under poor law acts, 
and expended on the poor, were in 
amount £238,153,571, of which 
there was expended in their main- 
tenance, £190,369,632, the amount 
in each year being as follows : the 
difference consisting of county 
rates and similar imports. 

1813 8,646,841 6,656,106 

1814 8,388,974 6,294,581 

1815 7,457,676 5,418,846 

1816 6,937,425 5,724,839 

1817 8,128,418 6,910,925 

1818 9,320,440 7,870,801 

1819 8,932,185 7,516,704 

1820 3,719,655 7,330,254 

1821 8,411,893 6,959,251 

1822 7,761,441 6,358,704 

1823 6,898,153 5,772,962 

1824 6,836,505 5,736,900 

1825 6,972,323 5,786,989 

1826 6,965,051 5,928,502 

1827 7,784,352 6,441,088 

1828 7,715,055 6,298,000 

1829 7,642,171 6,332,410 

1830 8,111,422 6,829,042 

1831 8,279,218 6,798,889 

Poor Rates. 

Keign of James II. £160,000 

1776 ... 1,496,906 

1780 ... 2,250,000 

1833 ... 6,700,000 

The poor law amendment bill 
passed in 1834, produced the fol- 
lowing results in 1836 and 1837, in 



1832 8,622,920 7,036,969 

1833 8,606,501 6,790,800 

1834 8,338,079 6,317,255 

1835 7,373,807 5,526,418 

1836 6,354,538 4,717,630 

1837 5,294,566 4,044,741 

1838 5,186,389 4,123,604 

1839 5,613,938 4,406,907 

1840 6,014,605 4,576,965 

1841 6,351,828 4,760,929 

1842 6,552,890 4,911,498 

1843 7,085,595 5,208,027 

1844 6,848,717 4,982,096 
The sums since expended upon 

the poor have been, in 1845, 
£5,039,703 ; in 1846, £4,954,204 ; 
in 1847, £5,298,787; in 1848, 
£6,180,764; in 1849, £5,792,963. 

An act for the better administra- 
tion of the poor laws was passed, 
Aug. 14, 1834; the rates do not 
bear heavier now upon the public, 
than they did at the commencement 
of the century. The rates were, 
per head on the population, in — 

s. d. 

1801 9 1 

1811 13 1 

1821 10 7 

1831 9 9 

1841 6 

1842 6 13 

1843 6 5i 

1844 6 0% 

1845 6 0j| 

1846 5 10| 

1847 6 2h 

1848 7 1| 

1849 6 6± 

But the difference of the currency 
should be considered, when it will 
be found that the difference in the 
two periods is against the later; 
the increase in the poor rates has 
kept pace with the government 
taxes. 

Govt. Taxes. 

£1,300,000 

8,000,000 

16,000,000 

52,000,000 

the several counties of England and 
in Wales, paid as follows : — 



POO 



508 



POO 



Sussex 

Bedford 

Buckingham ... 
Northampton... 

Kent 

Leicester 

Oxford 

Suffolk 

Berks 

Hertford 

Norfolk 

Surrey 

Huntingdon ... 
Southampton... 

Wilts 

Essex 

Middlesex 

Warwick 

Cambridge 

Gloucester 

Derby 

Worcester 

Salop 

Dorset 

Hereford 

Lincoln 

Butland 

Stafford 

Monmouth 

Nottingham ... 

Somerset 

York, West Biding 

Chester 

Lancaster 

Westmoreland ... 
York, East Riding 
York, N. Riding. 

Cornwall 

Cumberland 

Durham , 

Devon , 

Northumberland. 

Totals of England 
Totals of Wales... 

Totals of Eng-) 
land and Wales \ 



Population in 
1831. 



272340 

95483 
146529 
179336 
479155 
197003 
152156 
296317 
145389 
143341 
390054 
486334 

53192 
314280 
240156 
317507 
1358330 
336610 
143955 
387019 
237170 
211365 
222938 
159252 
111211 
317465 

19385 
410512 

98130 
225327 
404200 
976350 
334391 
1336854 

55041 
204253 
190756 
300938 
169681 
253910 
494478 
222912 



13091005 

806182 



13897187 



Expended for the Belief of the 

Poor in the Years ended 25th 

March, 



1834 1836 1837 



£ 

246626 

77819 

124200 

140179 

343878 

100857 

120616 

245509 

100183 

85799 

306787 

261501 

35844 

203466 

173925 

239646 

582412 

158159 

96497 

161449 

72721 

81612 

82493 

84293 

56683 

161074 

9008 

120512 

27626 

66030 

176286 

251821 

92640 

253405 

22283 

91111 

75810 

93037 

43067 

79399 

210825 

71983 



6029371 

287883 



6317254 



£ 

161589 

46524 

74436 

91901 

247930 

70077 

77322 

187896 

65343 

59369 

230762 

187279 

27273 

141934 

133472 

185395 

408027 

116404 

74808 

116185 

55018 

58788 

64003 

68019 

42195 

131685 

7510 

92176 

22377 

50366 

140442 

197386 

73894 

193854 

18019 

70446 

61639 

74856 

34883 

65392 

172406 

62800 



4462080 
255549 



4717629 



£ 

116684 

37530 

63329 

74072 

185503 

55019 

66483 

136870 

56618 

49670 

177538 

351959 

21676 

123840 

105451 

148654 

360981 

98910 

62722 

105670 

48867 

54706 

56351 

58267 

39218 

111242 

6179 

83817 

19487 

46562 

124699 

179610 

67917 

183790 

16162 



56013 

70653 
( 32598 

60594 
161696 

59363 



3803309 
241432 



4044741 



Decrease in 
1837 a 
pared with 
1834. 



£ 

129942 
40289 
60871 
66107 

158375 
45838 
54133 

108639 
43565 
36129 

129249 

109542 
14168 
79626 
68474 
91292 

221431 
59249 
33775 
55779 
23854 
26906 
26142 
26026 
17465 
49832 
2829 
36695 
8139 
19468 
51587 
72212 
24723 
69615 
6121 
24772 
19797 
22384 
10469 
18805 
49129 
12620 



2226062 
46451 



2272513 



POO 



509 



POP 



The number of paupers relieved with- 
in doors, and the total without 
doors in 8 years, from 1840 to 1848, 
was as follows: the difference be- 
tween the in-door and total was 
the out-door relief: 

In-door. Total. 

1840 169,232 1,199,529 

1841 192,106 1,299,048 

1842 223,642 1,427,187 

1843 238,560 1,539,490 

1844 230,818 1,477,561 

1845 215,325 1,470,970 

1846 200,270 1,332,089 

1847 265,037 1,721,350 

1848 • 265,140 1,626,201 
Of these the impotent, sick, or pau- 
pers from accident, comprised about 
one-third of the whole number ; the 
burthen of the poor-rates is always 
where there is the greatest igno- 
rance, or in the agricultural coun- 
ties; the rates were heaviest in 
Wilts and Sussex in 1841-2, and 
least in Lancaster and Stafford; 
the poor-law amendment bill pass- 
ed Aug. 1834 and in June 1838; 
for the removal of the poor, Aug., 
1846 and July 1847. 

Poor in Scotland, the disgraceful 
neglect of the poor in this country, 
was first attempted to be remedied 
by an act, passed Aug. 4, 1845, in 
consequence of the mockery of all 
charity in the means before existing 
for that purpose, as displayed in evi- 
dence before parliament ; the sums 
raised for the relief of the poor were 
in 1847, in 880 parishes, £433,934, 
and in 1848, £533,462, of which 
were expended for actual relief; 
£385,743, and £485,709 respectively; 
number relieved, 1849, 228,645, 
cost per head, 42s. 5d, total £501,420. 

Poor Law, Irish, the act for an 
Irish poor-law passed July 1, 1838 ; 
amendment of act, March 15, 1839 ; 
poor law rate in aid act, May 18, 
1849 ; the total sum raised by assess- 
ment, Sept. 1849, was £1,671,148. 

Poor in Sweden, 1829, the num- 
ber relieved was 63,348, out of a po- 
pulation of 2,750,132 ; another au- 
thority stated the number relieved 
in 1825, to be 544,064 ; the annual 



disbursements of a farmer's family 
here, are only about £7, 10s. per 
annum. 

Poor in Norway, there are so few 
in many places, that one is divided 
amongst five or six farmers, who 
take him in rotation, he doing any 
light business for them which he is 
able to perform. 

Poor and Pauperism in France, 
the sums levied in charity (for there 
are no poor-laws in that country), 
were in 1832 as follows : — 
For Foundlings in towns £422,921 
In the departments, ex- 
pended by the Bureau 
de Bienfaisance, at the 
dwellings of 695,932 
persons - - £358,241 

Revenues of the hospitals and alms- 
houses, 1833 - - £2,048,882 
Poor in the United States, 1852, 
134,972 received relief as paupers, 
but only 50,353 subsistence ; three- 
fourths of these were natives. 

Poor in Holland, their number is 
greater than in England in propor- 
tion, or in 1831 over 1 in 9, or 
11*40 per cent; the population, 1827, 
was 2,307,661, and 454,304 received 
relief. 

Poor and Population in Belgium, 
the sums raised here for the poor in 
1832, amounted together to £378, 160; 
both in Holland and Belgium what 
are called colonies were established, 
or farms where the poor are set at 
work ; it did not turn out profitably. 
Poor Knights of Windsor, insti- 
tuted by Henry VIII. in his will, 
dated 1547-8, at first 13 only in 
number, but subsequently increased 
to 28 ; the name changed by Wil- 
liam IV. to military knights of 
Windsor, Sept. 1833; the naval 
knights of Windsor are a different 
foundation, under the will of 
Samuel Travers, Esq. 

Pope, from " papa," a name given 
to all bishops until the time of Gre- 
gory VII., when it was confined to 
that of Rome exclusively, 1073. 

Pope's power in England, 
quarrelled with the king about 
the choice of an archbishop of 



POP 



510 



POP 



Canterbury, 1207; laid England 
under an interdict, when all 
the church services ceased, 1208 ;• 
excommunicated the king and ab- 
solved his subjects from their allegi- 
ance, 1209 ; proceeded to depose 
King John, and to give away his 
kingdom, 1212; received John's sub- 
mission, and absolved him, upon his 
resigning into the papal hands the 
sovereignty of his entire kingdom, 
and becoming a tributary to Rome, 
1213 ; excommunicated the barons 
and the citizens of London, 1213; 
demanded an annual tribute from 
every monastery and cathedral in 
England, but was denied it, 1226 ; 
collected the tenths of the kingdom 
with great rigour, 1229 ; caused 
great extortion to be practised 
in this country, 1242, 1244; tri- 
bute to, refused by England, 1365 ; 
sent several presents to the King of 
England, 1510, 1514 ; taken prisoner, 
and his palace pillaged by the Duke 
of Bourbon, 1527 ; his supremacy 
abolished in England, 1531 ; power 
in England entirely abrogated, 1536; 
power and popery re-established, 
1553 ; finally abolished, 1558. 

Popes, succession of, asserted to 
be from St. Peter, the date of whose 
death (pretended by some to have 
occurred a. d. 42) is really unknown, 
and his immediate successor St. 
Clement (as some authors pretend), 
is equally uncertain ; the third 
bishop of Rome was St. Linius, 66. 
78. St. Anacletus: martyred. 
91. St. Clement: abdicated. 

100. St. Evaristus : martyred. 

109. St. Alexander : martyred. 

119. St. Sixtus : martyred. 

128. St. Telesphorus: martyred 

139. St. Hyginus. 

142. St. Pius: martyred. 

157. St. Anicetus. 

169. St. Soterus: martyred under 
Marcus Antoninus. 

176. St. Eleutherus. 

192. St. Victor: martyred under 
Severus. 

202. St. Zepherinus. 

219. St. Calixtus : martyred. 

222. Vacant. 



223. St. Urban : beheaded. 
230. St. Pontianus : banished by 
the Emperor Maximin. 

235. St. Anterus : martyred. 

236. St. Eabian: martyred under 

Decius. 

251. St. Cornelius. 

252. St. Lucius : martyred the 

year following. 
Novatianus : antipope 

253. St. Stephen : martyred. 

257. Sixtus II. : martyred ' three 

days before his disciple St. 
Laurence. 

258. Vacant. 

259. Dionysius. 

269. Felix : martyred ; canonised. 

275. Eutychianus: martyred. 

283. Caius : a relative of the Em- 
peror Diocletian. 

296. Marcellinus : canonised. 

304. Vacant^ 

308. Marcellus : banished from 
Rome by the Emperor 
Maxentius ; canonised. 

310. St. Eusebius : died the same 

year 

311. St. Melchiades. 
314. Sylvester. 

336. Marcus or Mark. 

337. Julius : of great piety and 

learning ; maintained the 
cause of St. Athanasius. 

352. Liberius : banished. 

356. Felix II. ; antipope : placed 
in the chair by Constans 
during the exile of Liberius, 
on whose return he was 
driven out of it. 

358. Liberius again. 

358. Felix became legal pope ; but 

was dispatched by Liberius. 

359. Liberius again. 

366. Damasus: opposed the Arians; 
St. Jerome his secretary. 
384. Siricius. 

398. Anastasius : caused the works 
of Origen to be proscribed. 
402. Innocent I. 

417. Zosimus: canonised. 

418. Boniface I. : maintained in 

the pontifical chair by the 
Emperor Honorius ; can- 
onised. 
422 Celestine I. : canonised. 



POP 



511 



POP 



432. 
440. 



461. 
468. 
483. 



492. 
496. 



498. 
514. 
514. 
523. 
526. 



530. 
533. 

535. 

536. 



538. 

555. 

560. 
573. 
574. 

578. 

590. 



604. 
606. 
607, 
614, 



Sixtus III; suppressed the 
heresies of Nestorius and 
Pelagius. 

Leo I. the Great : zealous in 
his endeavours to extend 
the papal see ; canonised. 

St. Hilary. 

St. Simplicius. 

Felix III. : disputed with the 
Emperor Zeno respecting 
the Western Church ; 
canonised. 

Gelasius : canonised. 

Anastasius II. : endeavoured 
after a unity between the 
Eastern and Western 
Churches ; canonised. 

Symmachus : canonised. 

Laurentius : antipope. 

Hormisdas : canonised. 

John I. : died in prison, 526. 

Eelix IV. : introduced extreme 
unction as a sacrament ; 
canonised. 

Boniface II. 

John II. : opposed the Euty- 
chians and Nestorians: 

Agapetus : died the same 
year. 

Silverius : son of Pope 
Hormisdas, who had mar- 
ried before entering into 
the ecclesiastical state. 
The Empress Theodosia 
persecuted him, and pro- 
cured his banishment, 
making Vigilius his succes- 
sor. 

Vigilius: banished, but re- 
stored. 

Pelagius I. : the reformer of 
the manners of the clergy. 

John III. 
Vacant. 

Benedict I., surnamed Bo- 
nossus. 

Pelagius • H. : died of the 

plague. 
Gregory the Great : who con- 
verted the English to Chris- 
tianity 
Sabinianus. 
Boniface III. 
Boniface IV. 
Deusdedit. 



617. Boniface V. 
625. Honorius I. 

639. Vacant. 

640. Severinus. 
640. John IV. 
642. Theodoras I. 

640. Martin I. : starved to death, 
or who died of bis suffer- 
. ings. 

654. Eugenius I. : canonised. 

657. Vitalianus who sent mis- 
sionaries into England. 

672. Adeodatus, " the Gift of 
God." 

676. Domnus I. 

678. Agathon. 

682. Leo II. : instituted holy water. 

683. Vacant. 

684. Benedict II. 

685. John V. 

686. Connon. 

686. Theodore and Pascal: anti- 

popes. 

687. Sergius. 
701. John VI. 
705. John VII. 
708. Sissinnius. 
708. Constantine. 

715, Gregory II. : canonised. 
731. Gregory IH. : the first pope 

who sent nuncios to foreign 

powers. 
741. Zacharias. 
752. Stephen II. : with this pope 

commenced the temporal 

power of the church. 
757. Paul I. 
768. Stephen III. 
772. Adrian I. : sanctioned images. 
795. Leo. III. 

816. Stephen IV. 

817. Pascal I. 
824. Eugenius II. 

827. Valentinus. 

828. Gregory IV. 
844. Sergius II. 

847. Leo IV. : defeated the Sara- 
cens. 
Between Leo IV. and the 
next pontiff, Benedict III., 
the absurd story of " pope 
Joan." 

855. Benedict III. 

858. Nicholas I. 

867. Adrian II. 



POP 



512 



POP 



872. John VIII. 
882. Martin II. 

884. Adrian III. 

885. Stephen V. 

891. Formosus : died detested. 

896. Boniface VI. : deposed. 

897. Eomanus ; antipope. 

897. Stephen VI. : strangled in 

prison. 

898. Theodoras II. 
898. John IX. 
900. Benedict IV. 

903. Leo V. : driven from his seat 

a few months after his elec- 
tion, died in prison. 

904. Sergius III., disgraced by his 

vices. 
911. Anastasius III. 

913. Landonius or Lando. 

914. John X. -. stifled by Guy, 

Duke of Tuscany. 

928. Leo VI. : considered an in- 

truder by some Boman 
Catholic historians. 

929. Stephen VII. 

931. John XL : imprisoned in the 
castle of St. Angelo. 

936. Leo VII. 

939. Stephen VIII. : of "ferocious 
character." 

942. Martin III. 

946. Agapetus II. 

956. John XII. : called the Infa- 
mous : deposed for adul- 
tery and cruelty, and mur- 
dered. 

963. Leo VIII. 

963. Benedict V. : chosen on the 
death of John XII. ; but 
opposed by Leo VIII., who 
was supported by the em- 
peror Otho. 

965. John XIII. : elected by the 
authority of the emperor 
against the popular will. 

972. Benedict VI. : murdered in 
prison. 

974. Boniface VII. 

974. Domnus II. 

975. Benedict VII. 

983. John XIV. 

984. John XV. : died before con- 

secration. 

985. John XVI. 



996. 



1003. 
1003. 
1009. 
1012. 
1024. 
1033. 



1044. 
1046. 
1047. 
1048. 
1048. 
1054 
1055. 
1057. 
1058. 

1058. 
1061. 



1073. 



1085. 
1086. 



1099. 
1118. 
1119. 
1124. 
1130. 
1143. 
1144. 

1145. 
1153. 
1154. 



1159. 
1181. 
1185. 
1187. 
1187. 
1191. 



Gregory V. : an antipope, 
named John XVII., was 
set up, but expelled by the 
emperor. 

Sylvester II. 

John XVII : legitimate pope. 

John XVIII. : abdicated. 

Sergius IV. 

Benedict VIII. 

John XIX. 

Benedict IX. : became pope, 
by purchase, at 12 years 
of age. 

Gregory VI. : abdicated. 

Clement II. 

Benedict again deposed. 

Damasus II. : died soon after. 

Louis IX. : canonised. 

Vacant a year. 

Victor II. 

Stephen IX. 

Benedict X. : antipope, ex- 
pelled. 

Nicholas II. 

Alexander II. : carried the 
papal power to a height it 
had not reached before. 

Gregory VII., the celebrated 
Hildebrand ; remarkable 
for the unexampled power 
he usurped, and his un- 
principled career. 

Vacant one year. 

Victor III. 

Urban II. 

Pascal II. 

Gelasius II. 

Calixtus II. 

Honorius II. 

Innocent II. 

Celestine II. 

Lucius II. : killed by accident 
in a popular tumult. 

Eugenius III. : canonised. 

Anastasius IV. 

Adrian IV., or Nicholas 
Brakespear, an English- 
man. 

Alexander III. 

Lucius III. 

Urban III. 

Gregory VIII. 

Clement III. 

Celestine III. 



POP 



513 



P OP 



1198. Innocent III., Lothario Conti : 


1378. 


Urban IV. : so severe and 




he excommunicated King 




cruel that the cardinals 




John. 




chose Robert of Geneva, 


1216. 


Honorius III. 




under the name of Clement 


1227. 


Gregory IX. : caused a new 




VH. 




crusade. 


1389. 


Boniface IX. 


1241. 


Celestine IV. 


1394. 


Benedict, called XTTL : 


1241. 


Vacant. 




antipope at Avignon. 


1243. 


Innocent IV. 


1404. 


Innocent VII. 


1254. 


Alexander IV. 


1406. 


Gregory XII., Angelo Co- 


1261. 


Urban IV. 




rario : elected during the 


1265. 


Clement IV., an enlightened 




schism in the East ; Bene- 




Frenchman, who dis- 




dict XIH. being the other 




couraged the crusades. 




pope ; both were deposed. 


1268. 


Vacant. 


1409. 


Alexander V. 


1271. 


Gregory X. : elected while 


1410. 


John XXIII ; elected during 




with Edward I. of Eng- 




the great schism : deposed. 




land in the Holy Land. 


1417. 


Martin V., Otho Colonna. 


1276. 


Innocent V. 


1431. 


Eugenius IV., Gabriel Con- 


1276. 


Adrian V. : Legate to Eng- 




domiera : deposed, and 




land in 1254. 




Amadeus of Savoy chosen, 


1276. 


Vicedominus. 




as Eelix V. 


1277. 


John XX. or XXI. : died in 


1447. 


Nicholas V. 




8 months. 


1455. 


Calixtus III. 


1277. 


Nicholas in. : died in 1280. 


1458. 


Pius II., iEneas Silvius Pic- 


1281. 


Martin IV. 




colomini. 


1285. 


Honorius IV. 


1464. 


Paul II. 


1288. 


Nicholas IV. : endeavoured 


1471. 


Sixtus IV. 




to stir up the princes of 


1484. 


Innocent VHI. : persecuted 




Christendom to a new 




the Waldenses. 




crusade. 


1492. 


Alexander VI., the infa- 


1292. 


Vacant. 




mous Roderic Borgia : poi 


1294. 


Celestine V. : resigned from 




soned at a feast by drink- 




fear. 




ing of a bowl he had pre- 


1294. 


Boniface VIII. : proclaimed 




pared for another. 




that " God had set him 


1503, 


Pius III., Francis Todeschini ; 




over kingdoms ; " laid 




a second Tiberius, infamous 




Erance and Denmark un- 




for his vices and cruelty, 




der interdict. 


1503. 


Julius II., Julian de la Ru- 


1303. 


Benedict XL : poisoned by 




vere : whose pontificate 




some ambitious cardinals. 




cost the lives of 200,000 


1304. 


Vacant. 




men. 


1305. 


Clement V., Bertrand : remov- 


1513. 


Leo X., John de Medicis : his 




ed the papal seat to Avi- 




grant of indulgences led 




gnon. 




to the Reformation ; a 


1314. 


Vacant. 




cardinal at 13, he used to 


1316. 


John XXII. : assumed the 




talk of "that Fable of 




triple crown or tiara. 




Christ." 


1334. 


Benedict XII., Nicholas V. : 


1522. 


Adrian VI. : a good man, 




antipope at Rome. 




who regarded his elevation 


1342. 


Clement VI. 




as a misfortune. 


1352. 


Innocent VI. 


1523. 


Clement VII., Julius de Me- 


1362. 


Urban V. : patron of learning. 




dicis: refused to divorce 


1370. 


Gregory XI. : restored the pa- 




Catherine of Arragon to 




pal chair to Rome. 




please Henry VHI. 
2l 



POP 



514 



POP 



1534. Paul III., Alexander Ear- 
nese. 

1550. Julius III. : gave his cardi- 
t nal's hat to the keeper of 
his monkeys on his elec- 
tion. 

1555, Marcellus II. : died soon af- 
ter election ; a good man, 
who expressed his wonder 
how any pope could he sav- 
ed. 

1555. Paul IV., John Peter Caraf- 
fa. When Queen Eliza- 
heth sent to him to an- 
nounce her accession, this 
pope answered, " That to 
the holy see, and not to 
her, belonged the throne, to 
which she had no right, be- 
ing a bastard." 

1559. Pius IV., cardinal de Medicis. 

1566. Pius V. 

1572. Gregory XIII.; the civilian 
and canonist, he reformed 
the calendar. 

1515. SixtusV. 

1590. Urban VII. 

1590. Gregory XIV., Nicolas Sfond- 

rate. 

1591. Innocent IX. 

1592. Clement VIII. 
1605. Leo XI. 

1605. Paul V, Camille Borghese. 
1621. Gregory XV., Alexander 

Ludovisio. 
1623. Urban VIII. : gave the title 

of Eminence to cardinals. 
1644. Innocent X., John Baptist 

Pamphilus. 
1655. Alexander VII., Eabio Chigi. 
1667. Clement IX. 
1670. Clement X., John Baptist 

Emile Altieri. 
1676. Innocent XI. : a miser and 

an ignoramus. 
1689. Alexander VIII. 
1691. Innocent XII., Antonio Pig- 

natelli. 
1700. Clement XL, John Erancis 

Albani. 
1721. Innocent XIII., Michael An- 

gelo Conti. 
1724. Benedict XIII. 
1730. Clement XII. 
1740. Benedict XIV. ; Lambertini. 



1758. Clement XIII., Charles Kez- 

zonico. 
1769. Clement XIV. : Ganganelli. 
1775. Pius VI., Angelo Braschi. 
1800. March; Pius VII., elevated by 

the interest of Bonaparte ; 

deposed by Bonaparte in 

1809 : restored, 1814. 
1821. Gave a new constitution to 

his states. 
1823. Leo XII., cardinal della 

Ganga. 
1829. Pius VIII., cardinal Casti- 

glione. 
1831. Gregory XVI., cardinal Cap- 

pellari, Eeb. 2 — died June 

1, 1846. 
1846. Pius IX., cardinal Eeretti, 

June 16. 
Pope Joan, a story asserted on 
no solid grounds, that a female 
named Joan, disguised in a male 
habit, entered a monastery, became 
a learned professor, and on the 
death of Leo IV., 855, was elected 
pope. 

Poplar Tree brought to England 
from Italy in seventeenth century ; 
the American poplar was brought 
over in 1750. 

Population. See also Census. 
Population of the Earth, accuracy 
in the conjectures upon the sum 
total of the inhabitants of our globe, 
can hardly be brought to the test ; 
some able writers on statistics, cal- 
culated the total number in 1845, 
at 1,075,000,000— giving Europe, 
275,000,000 — Asia, 570,000,000 
—Africa, 120,000,000— America, 
80,000,000— and the fifth division, 
named Australasia, 30,000,000. 

Population — the Slaves of the 
United States. During the last 
forty years, it would appear that the 
proportion of the slave population 
is on the decrease, although the 
actual number of the slaves has 
been considerably on the increase. 
In 1790, the whole population of 
the United States was 3,939,827 
souls, of whom 697,897, or 10 in 
every 56, were slaves; in 1800, 
whole population, 5,305,925, of 
whom, 893,041, or 10 in 58, were 



POP 



515 



POP 



slaves ; in 1810, whole population, 
7,239,814, of whom 1,191,364, or 10 
in 61, were slaves ; in 1820, whole 
population, 9,638,131, of whom 
1,538,064, or 10 in 62, were slaves ; 
and in 1830, whole population, 
12,866,020, of whom 2,009,031, or 
10 in 64, were slaves. In this in- 
terval of forty years, the whole 
population increased at the average 
rate of 8 per cent per annum, whilst 
the slave population scarcely ex- 
ceeded an average increase of 7 per 
cent. In 1830, the States of Vir- 
ginia, North and South Carolina, 



Georgia, and Kentucky alone, con- 
tained 1,413,323 slaves, or nearly 
three-fourths of the whole of that 
class of wretched beings in the 
United States, whilst the entire 
number of inhabitants in those five 
states did not amount to more than 
3,735,317. The proportion of the 
slaves in the latter to the popula- 
tion was then, 10 in every 26 in- 
habitants. 

Population, average of, in France, 
from 1817 to 1837, inclusive, from 
the returns of 1840. 



Births. — Legitimate 


rBoys 

(Girls 


... 463,944 ^ 
... 435,507) 


899,451 


Do. Illegitimate 


TBoys 

(Girls 


... 35,385^ 
... 33,916) 


69,301 


C Legitimate 
Total < and 

( Illegitimate 
Marriages 

Deaths 


TBoys 
(Girls 
r Males 
(Females ... 


... 499,329 ^ 
... 469,423) 
..." 405,792 J 

... 398,947) 


968,752 

.. 245,613 

804,739 


Increase of Population 

Population 1820 ... 
1831 ... 

1836 ... 


fBoys 

(Girls ... 


... 93,537^ 

... 70,476) 


164,013 

30,451,187 
32,560,934 
33,540,910 



The average population for 20 
vears, from 1817 to 1837, is 
31,815,000. The wars of Napoleon 
did not appear to affect this increase, 
as the following statement evinces. 

In 1791, a committee of the 
Constituent Assembly, appointed 
specially for the purpose, returned 
the population at 26,363,000. In 
1817, France, restored to the 
same limits, 29,217,187; in 1825, 
30,451,187; in 1831, 32,560,934; 
in 1841, 34,230,178. The increase 
in 50 years, from 1791 to 1841, was 
29 5-6ths per cent. ; from 1791 to 



1831, the period of revolutions and 
sanguinary wars, 23 \ per cent. ; from 
1791 to 1817, 10 4-5ths per cent. ; 
from 1817 to 1825, 4J per cent. ; 
and from 1825 to 1831, 7 per cent. 
In England, between 1801 and 1841, 
the increase was 79| per cent. ; the 
births in France > in 1817, were 1 in 
31 ; in 1834, they were 1 in 
33 2-3rds; the deaths in 1817, 
were 1 in 39§ ; in 1834, they were 1 
in 41 ; the annual births to the 
whole population, 1 in 32 4-lOths; 
marriages to the whole population, 
1 in 131 6-10ths ; average of chil- 



POP 



516 



POP 



dren to a marriage, 4 7-100ths — 
legitimate to illegitimate births, 13 
to 1. 

Population of Europe, effect of 
political prospects upon. During 
the years 1817, 1818, and 1819, 
when the political prospects of 
Prance were in their zenith, 1 per- 
son was married in 98 ; in the sub- 
sequent years, the numbers again 
fell, to 1 in 108—1 in 111— and 1 in 
118. In France, from the year 
1815 to 1822, the number of mar- 
riages was less than before the re- 
volution, although the population 
was greater by several millions. 
After 1817, annual marriages in- 
creased by about 8,000, and con- 
tinued stationary at that rate till 
1821— but, in 1822, after the evacu- 
ation of the country by foreign 
troops, the number quickly rose by 
26,000 — and, in the ensuing year, 
even to 40,000. It again declined 
during the obnoxious administra- 
tion of Villele, and again increased 
after the overthrow of his ministry. 
Even in Russia, from 70,000 to 



80 ; 000 couples less than usual were 
married in 1812. The proportion 
of deaths among children under 5 
years, is remarkable, and seems to 
keep pace with the degree of edu- 
cation and comfort of the inhabi- 
tants. It is smallest in the large 
towns ; and would be smaller still, 
if it were not for those who die in 
workhouses and hospitals, deserted 
by their parents. The degree of 
fertility of marriages, seems to vary 
between 3,500 and 5,506 children to 
1000 couples. The average of more 
than 77 millions of births, and 17 
millions of marriages, all extending 
over a period of several years, 
shews, that to a thousand mar- 
riages there were born in the 

Kingdom of the 

Two Sicilies ... 5, 546 children. 

In Prance 4,448 „. 

In England 4,090 in 1841. 

In Zealand 3,439 

The Two Sicilies and Zealand being 
the extremes. Marriages appear to 
be less prolific, as countries lie 
nearer to the north. 



Population, Slave, in the British Colonies, before emancipation. 



Barbadoes 

Bahamas 

Berbice 

Bermuda 

Demerara 

Grenada 

Ditto 

Jamaica 

Nevis 

St. Christopher 

St. Vincent 

Tobago 

Ditto 

Trinidad 

Virgin Island.. 



Year. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


1826 


36,995 


43,556 


80,551 


1825 


5,549 


5,292 


10,841 


1825 


11,423 


10,041 


21,464 


1827 


2,208 


2,400 


4,608 


1826 


38,758 


32,624 


71,362 


1825 


12,057 


12,840 


24,897 


1826 


11,896 


12,685 


24,581 


1826 


162,726 


168,393 


331,119 


1825 


4,591 


4,695 


9,286 


1825 


9,324 


10,192 


19,516 


1825 


13,070 


12,245 


24,252 


1826 


6,394 


7,034 


13,428 


1827 


6,138 


6,861 


12,999 


1825 


13,435 


11,017 


24,452 


1825 


2,505 


2,931 


5,436 



POP 



517 



POP 



Population of England's Euro- 
pean Colonial Dependencies, viz. : — 
Gibraltar, 1840, 
British subjects . 10,122 
Strangers and fo- 
reigners . . . 4,886 



Malta, 1839 :— 
Natives . . . 
Resident English 
Aliens . . . 
Military . . . 

Gozzo, 1839 :— 
Natives . . . . 
English residents 



95,591 
2,114 
4,661 
3,090 



15,008 



105,456 



61,449 
23 



Ionian Islands, 1840 : — • 



16,472 



Corfu. 
Cephalonia . 
Zante. . . 
Santa Maura 
Ithaca , . 
Cerigo . . 
Paxa . . . 



75,334 
64,636 
40,899 
17,450 
10,623 
9,447 
4,960 



223,349 

Heligoland 2,000 

Population, Asiatic Colonies of 
England : — 
1835, Ceylon, Island of, 
Whites .... 9,121 
Free blacks . 1,194,482 
Other blacks . . 27,397 
Aliens & strangers 18,825 

1,241,825 

Provinces of Hindoostan, or India, 
acquired, Bombay, 1688; the twenty 
four purgunnahs, 1757 ; Masulipa- 
tan, 1759 ; Burdwan, Midnapore, 
and Chittagong, 1760; Bengal, 
Bahar, and Orissa, 1765 ; Jaghire, 
Madras, 1765; Northern Circars, 
1766 ; Zemindary of Benares, 1775 ; 
Salsette Island, 1776; Nagore, 
1778; Pulo Penang, 1786; Gun- 
toor Circar, 1788 ; Malabar, Din- 
digul, Sabiente, 1792 ; Coimbatoor, 
Canara, Wynaad, and Tanjore, 
1799 ; Nizam's acquisitions from 
Tippoo Saib, 1800; Carnatic, 
Gomehpoor, Lower Doab, Bareilly, 
&c, 1801 ; districts of Bundelcund, 
1802 ; Kuttack, Balasore, Upper 
Doab, Delhi, &c, 1803 ; districts in 



Guzzerat, 1805 ; Kumaon, and port 
of Nepaul, 1815 ; Tangur, Huttah 
Darwar, &c, 1817; Candeish, 
Ajmere, districts on the Nerbudda, 
Sumbhulpoor, Patna, Poonah, Con- 
can, south Mahratta country, 1818 ; 
lands in southern Concan, 1820; 
districts in Bejapoor and Ahmed- 
nugger 5i 1822; Island of Singapoor, 
1824 ; Malacca,* 1825 ; Assam, 
Arracan, Tavoy, Teneserim, 1826; 
Cachar, 1832; Coorg, Loodhiana, 
and the adjoining district, 1834; 
Jynteah, 1835 ; Aden, 1839 ; Kin- 
noul, 1840 ; Jalorn, 1841 ; Scinde, 
1843; the Punjab, 1849. The 
population of the whole of India, 
subject to British control, cannot 
be less than 130,000,000. Isle of 
Mauritius : — 
Europeans and 

Africans, 1838 . 112,146 
Indians and other 

emigrants . . 58,735 

■ 170,881 

Australia, viz : — 
New South 

Wales, 1848. . 220,407 
Van Dieman's Land 70,164 
W estern Australia, 

whites . . . . 4,460 
Do., natives . . 2,000 
South Australia . 38,666 

In March, 1850, the population 
of Victoria, or Port Philip, alone, 
had reached 77,345; Adelaide, 
1852, had a population of 67,000— 
occasioned through the discovery of 
gold in that part of those vast 
territories — the entire population 
being in all the colonies, over 
500,000, 1853. 

Islands of New Zealand, European 
population, 1848—10,483. 

Population, African Dependen- 
cies, 1806, viz. : — 
Cape of Good Hope, 

whites, and free 

coloured . . . 25,614 
Free blacks . . 1,134 
Negro and coloured 

slaves .... 29,303 
Hottentots . . . 17,431 

73,482 



POP 



518 



POP 



In 1849, slavery being abolished, 


1839 Tobago . . 


. . . 11,748 


and the colony improved, the 


1835 Virgin Islands . . 7,731 


population was 175,540, of all 


1824 Auguilla . 


. . . 3,666 


races. 


1837 Trinidad . 


. . . 39,828 


St. Helena had a population of 


1839 Barbadoes . 


. . . 23,048 


all races, in 1839; total 4706. 


1839 Bermudas . 


. . . 8,933 


Ascension Island has an inconsider- 


Falkland Islands . . 


able population. Sierra Leone, in 






1844, contained only 175 whites — 


Population of 


the principal 


with the free Macks, the number 


Cities, 1850 :— 




amounted to 44,935. The popula- 


London 


. 2,000,000 


tion of the other settlements on the 


Jeddo 


. • . 1,680,000 


Gambia, was 4446 blacks, and 49 


Pekin . 


. 1,650.000 


whites ; and at Cape Coast, Arica, 


Paris 


. 1,105,000 


Dix Cove, and Annamabo, the 


Calcutta 


. 950,000 


white population is very incon- 


Nankin . 


. 850,000 


siderable, owing to the deadly 


Constantinople 


. 850,000 


nature of the climate ; but the Bri- 


New York 


. 750,000 


tish influence extends over not less 


Benares . 


. ■ . . 650,000 


than 800,000 of the black popula- 


Madras . 


. 435,000 


tion on the gold coast, called 


Naples . 


. 410,000 


Fantees. To the population of 


Vienna . 


. 395,000 


these stations must be added that of 


Moscow . 


. 355,000 


Fernando Po, an island which has 


Grand Cairo . 


. - . 335,000 


but 3 white inhabitants, and from 


Glasgow 


. 334,000 


3000 to 4000 blacks. The settle- 


Manchester . 


. 316,000 


ments of Tacia, Quittah, Ningo, 


Madrid . 


. 300,000 


and Addah, purchased of Denmark 


Lisbon . 


. 298,000 


by England, contain no more than 


Aleppo . 


. 280,000 


a dozen white people in any, owing 


Berlin . 


. 280,000 


to the fatal fever of the country. 


Amsterdam . 


. 274,000 




St. Petersburgh 


. 270,000 


Population, Colonial, of the 


Dublin . 


. 255,000 


North and South American con- 


Bordeaux 


. 247,000 


tinent : — ■ 


Bagdad . 


. 245,000 


1844 Lower Canada . . 691,193 


Mexico . 


. 225,000 


1844 Upper do 486,055 


Rome 


. 224,000 

. 220,000 


1840 New Brunswick . . 156,162 


Philadelphia . 


1838 Nova Scotia and 


Rio Janeiro . 


. 200,000 


Cape Breton . . 178,237 


Milan . 


. 198,000 


1841 Prince Edward's Is- 


Barcelona 


. 188,000 


land 47,033 


Hamburgh 
Lyons . 


. 172,000 
. 168,000 


1836 Newfoundland . . 74,' 705 


1839 Honduras . . , . 7,935 


Edinburgh 


. 158,000 


1833 British Guiana . . 96,424 


Palermo . 


. 147,000 


1832 Antigua .... 35,412 


Marseilles 


. 146,000 


1829 Barbadoes 


. . . 102,412 


Copenhagen . 


. 145,000 


1833 Dominica 


. . . 18,605 


Turin . 


. 143,000 


1837 Grenada 


. . . 20,994 


Seville . 


. 142,000 


1824 Jamaica . 


. . . 375,405 


W^arsaw . . 


. 141,000 

. 138,000 


1836 Montserrat 


. . . 7,119 


Tunis . 


1838 Nevis . 


. . . 7 424 


Prague . 
Smyrna . 


. 133,000 
. 132,000 


1838 St. Christopher . . 22,482 


1839 St Lucia . . . . 14,179 


Brussels . 


. 130,000 


1831 St. Vincent 


. . 27,122 


New Orleans . 


. 126,700 



POP 



519 



POR 



Florence 


. 122,000 


Stockholm 


. 121,000 


Munich . 


. 118,000 


Dresden . 


. 114,000 


Frankfort 


. 110,000 



Population; conjectural estimate 
of the principal Empires and King- 
doms of the world, 1840 : — 
Chinese empire . . . 185,000,000 
British empire . . . 171,000,000 

Russian empire . . . 65,000,000 

French empire . . . 36,000,000 

Austrian empire . . 35,400,000 

Japan 29,000,000 

Spain 13,500,000 

Spanish empire . . . 17,000,000 
United States of Ame- 
rica, &c, 1850 . 23,500,000 

Turkey 14,500,000 

Turkish empire . . . 23,500,000 

Prussian monarchy . 17,000,000 

Persia, &c 12,500,000 

Kingdom of the Two 

Sicilies .... 8,750,000 

Empire of Brazil . . 5,750,000 

Sardinia 6,250,000 

Holland 4,750,000 

Dutch monarchy and 

colonies .... 8,500,000 

Bavaria 4,600,000 

Sweden and Norway . 4,500,000 

Belgium 3,850,000 

Portugal 3,950,000 

Ecclesiastical States . 2,950,000 

Denmark ..... 2,400,000 

Hanover 1,300,000 

Wurtemberg . . . . 1,800,000 

Saxony 1,800,000 

Tuscany 1,780,000 

Baden 1,500,000 

Population, American, 1840, 
employed in agriculture, 3,717,756; 
in commerce, 117,575; in trades 
and manufactures, 791,545 ; ocean 
navigation, 56,025 ; river and lake 
navigation, &c, 33,067 ; mining, 
15,203 ; learned professions, 65,236 ; 
total population, 17,062,666. 
• Population Resident in a house, 
in England and Wales, gave in 
1841, the proportion 5|, and in 
Scotland 5g to each dwelling ; the 
proportion fluctuates in different 



towns ; where the population is 
densest at one time, at another 
it is found to differ, and become 
more diffused from the extension of 
new buildings. London gave 7| 
in 1832; Manchester and Liver- 
pool 6| ; Bath 7| ; Plymouth 9| ; 
Birmingham 5 ; Leeds, Norwich, 
Sheffield, about 4f . 

Population of China, estimated 
by the suite of Lord Macartney at 
150,000,000; but a Chinese manda 
rin told him that the population 
was above 330,000,000 in 1793 ; 
Neuhoff in his travels gave it at 
230,000,000; the denseness of the 
population is undoubted, but the 
exact number it is impossible to 
ascertain. 

Porcelain first brought to per- 
fection in Saxony, 1706 ; made at 
Chelsea, 1760, and in several other 
places in England subsequently, as 
in Staffordshire and at Worcester. 

Port Jackson, New South 
Wales. See Sidney. 

Portchester Castle, Hants, one 
of the earlier works of the Romans 
in England, 4 miles north of Ports- 
mouth, used as a receptacle for 
prisoners of war from 1794 to 
1814. 

Porcupine, Order of Knight- 
hood, began in France, 1393: 

Porterage Act passed, regulat- 
ing the tonnage of small parcels, 
1799. 

PoRT-Royal, Jamaica, destroyed 
by an earthquake, June 1692 ; in 
1722 inundated by the sea, and in 
1744 ravaged by a hurricane ; after 
these injuries the principal offices 
were removed, and no market hell 
there afterwards ; in 1815 it was so 
ruined by a fire that only 200 houses 
remained, most of the inhabitants 
had removed to Kingston ; the 
cholera visited it in 1850 ; the har- 
bour is fine ; 1000 vessels might 
ride in it securely. 

Port-au-Prince, St. Domingo, 
150 persons burned at, June 1784 ; 
nearly the whole town was burned 
in a riot, Dec. 1791. 

Porteous, Captain, hung by the 



POR 



520 



POR 



populace at Edinburgh; a smug- 
gler was to have been executed ; a 
fellow-depredator on the revenue 
kept back the soldiers from seizing 
his companion, and gave him the 
opportunity of escape, for which act 
he was to suffer ; the crowd sym- 
pathised with the men and pelted 
the guard, and Captain Porteous 
ordered his men to fire on the 
people, April 14, 1736, when 17 
persons were killed or wounded ; 
the captain was tried and found 
guilty of murder, but was reprieved, 
evidently with the intention of sav- 
ing him ; the people in consequence 
broke into the prison, took him out 
and hanged him on a sign-post, 
in defiance of the military and the 
authorities ; though large rewards 
were offered, no individual con- 
cerned in the deed was ever disco- 
vered, Sept. 7, 1736. 

Porter, two huge butts of, at 
Meaux's brewhouse, burst Oct. 17, 
1814, and between 8000 and 9000 
barrels were lost ; porter raised 2d. 
per gallon, Jan 10, 1762, again, 
1801. 

Portland Island, the castle built 
by Henry VIII. ; fortified before 
1142: engagement off, between the 
English and Dutch fleets, lasting 
three "days, Eeb. 18, 1653; 11 
Dutch men of war destroyed, be- 
sides 30 merchant vessels, by Van 
Tromp and Blake, the command- 
ers ; north-east arm sunk in the 
sea, Dec, 1738 ; breakwater at, be- 
gun July 25, 1849. 

Portglaine, Order of, begun in 
Livonia, 1196. 

Portholes introduced into ships 
of war, 1545. 

Portland Lighthouse erected, 
1716-89. 

Portland Administrations, • the 
first the well-known coalition mi- 
nistry, of which William Henry 
Cavendish Bentinck, cluke of Port- 
land was the head, April 5, 1783 ; 
the second was in March 25, 1807, 
terminating Dec, 1809, when 
Spencer Perceval became prime 
minister. 



Portobello discovered by Co- 
lumbus, Nov. 2, 1502 ; taken from 
the Spaniards by Admiral Vernon, 
Nov. 22, 1739 : again in 1742, and 
the fortifications of, destroyed. 
PoRTO-Rico discovered, 1497. 
PoRro-Eerrajo, Isle of Elba, for- 
tified by Cosmo of Florence, 1548, 
finished only in 1628 ; became the 
residence of Napoleon Bonaparte 
in 1814. 

Portreeve, the ancient name of 
the principal magistrate of a town, 
who ultimately became mayor, in 
the reign of Richard I., 1189. 

Portsmouth, one of the great 
stations of the navy of England; 
burnt, 1265 ; again by the French, 
1377 ; attempted again, but failed, 
1544 ; the dockyard supplied with 
water, 1741 ; £12,000 voted for an 
hospital at, 1744-5 ; set fire to, 
July 3, 1760, and damage done to 
the extent of £400,000; another 
fire, July 27, 1770 ; again, Dec. 7, 
1776; sham naval engagement at, 
in presence of the king, June 1773 ; 
twenty men, women, and children 
bloYvOi to pieces at, by an explosion 
of gunpowder, June 24, 1809; at 
the launch of the Queen Charlotte, 
a dock gate burst open, and 60 per- 
sons drowned, 1805. 

Portugal, once called Lusitania, 
made a part of Spain or Iberia 
under the Roman sway; it was 
conquered by the Moors, 713, and 
remained long subject to them until 
conquered by Alphonso of Spain, 
who was the first sovereign ; though 
taken by Spain, it subsequently 
revolted successfully ; the House of 
Braganza sat on the throne no 
longer under the sovereigns of 
Spain, and that race retained it. 

The following are some of the 
leading events in the history of 
Portugal : 
Settlement of the Alains and 

Visigoths . . . a.d. 472 
Invasion by the Saracens . 713 
The kings of Asturias subdue 
some Saracen chiefs ; Al- 
phonsusIII. establishes epis- 
copal sees . . . 900 



TOR 



521 



POR 



Alphonsus Henriquez defeats 
five Moorish kings ; pro- 
claimed king by his army . 1139 

Assisted by a fleet of Crusa- 
ders in their way to the Ho- 
ly Land, he takes Lisbon 
from the Moors . . . 1147 

The kingdom of Algarve taken 
from the Moors by Sancho I. 1189 

Reign of Dionysius I., or 
Denis, who built 44 towns 
in Portugal . ■ . 1279 

Military orders of Christ and 
St. James instituted, 1279 to 1325 

John I., the Great, carried his 
arms into Africa . . 1415 

Madeira and the Canaries seiz- 
ed 1420 

Passage to the East Indies by 
the Cape of Good Hope dis- 
covered . . . 1498 

Discovery of the Brazils . 1500 

The Inquisition established . 1526 

The kingdom seized by Philip 
H. of Spain . . . 1580 

The Portuguese throw off the 
yoke, and place John duke 
of Braganza on the throne . 1640 

The great earthquake which 
destroyed Lisbon . . 1755 

Joseph I. is attacked by assas- 
sins, and narrowly escaped 
death .... 1758 

This affair caused some of the 
first families in the kingdom 
to be tortured to death, their 
names being forbidden to be 
mentioned ; many were un- 
justly condemned, and their 
innocence was soon after- 
wards made manifest. 

Joseph, having no son, obtain- 
ed a dispensation from the 
pope to enable his daughter 
and brother to intermarry . 1760 

The Spaniards and French in- 
vade Portugal, which is sav- 
ed by the English, 1762 and 1763 

Regency of John owing to the 
queen's lunacy . . 1792 

The Court on the French inva- 
sion emigrated to the Bra- 
zils . . . Nov. 2, 1807 

Marshal Junot entered Lisbon, 

Nov. 29, 1807 



1811 

1814 

1820 
1820 
1821 



1822 



1823 



1824 



Convention of Cintra, Aug. 30, 1808 

Battle of Busaco. Sept. 27, 1810 

The British parliament granted 
the sufferers in Portugal 
£100,000 

Portugal ceded Guiana to 
France .... 

Revolution in Portugal, 
Aug. "29, 

Constitutional Junta, Oct. 1, 

Return of the Court, July 4, 

Independence of Brazil, the 
prince regent made emperor, 
Oct. 12 ... 

The king of Portugal sup- 
pressed the constitution, 
June 5, 

Disturbances at Lisbon; Dom 
Miguel leaves . May 1-9, 

Treaty with Brazil, Aug. 29, 1825 

Death of John VI., Feb. 18, 1826 

Dom Pedro granted a charter 
and confirmed the regency, 

April 26, 1826 

He relinquished the throne of 
Portugal in favour of his 
daughter Donna Maria da 
Gloria . . May 2, 1826. 

Dom Miguel took the oath of 
fealty at Vienna . Oct. 4, 1826 

Marquess of Chaves' insurrec- 
tion. . . Oct 6, 1826 

Dom Miguel and Donna Ma- 
ria betrothed . Oct. 29, 1826 

Portugal solicited the assis- 
tance of Great Britain, 

Dec. 3, 1826 

Departure of the first British 
troops for Portugal, Dec. 17, 

Bank of Lisbon stopped pay- 
ment . . Dec. 7, 

Dom Miguel arrived in 
London . . Dec. 30, 

Arrived in Lisbon . Feb. 22, 

He took the oaths as regent 

Formal act of abdication by 
Dom Pedro, . March 3, 

The British armament quitted 
Portugal . April 28, 

Foreign ministers withdrew, 
May 3, 
arrested, 
June 13, 

Dom Miguel assumes the title 
of king . . July 4. 



Sir John Doyle 



1826 

1827 

1827 
1828 
1828 

1828 

1828 

1828 

182S 



1828 



FOR 



522 



POR 



He dissolved the three estates, 

July 12, 1828 

Miguel's troops take Madeira 

Aug. 24, 1828 

Eelease of Sir John Doyle, 

Sept. 7, 1828 

The Queen Donna Maria ar- 
rived at Falmouth, Sept. 24, 1828 

Arrived in London, Oct. 6, 1828 

Her reception at Windsor, 

Dec. 22, 1828 

Dom Miguel's expedition 
against Terceira defeated 

Aug. 11, 1829 

Kevolution in Brazil, April 7, 1831 

Dom Pedro arrived in Eng- 
land, . . June 16, 1831 

Insurrection , in Portugal in 
favour of the queen, more 
than 300 lives lost, Aug. 21, 1831 

Dom Pedro's expedition sailed 
from Belleisle , Feb. 9, 1832 

At Terceira Dom Pedro pro- 
claimed himself regent of 
Portugal, on behalf of his 
daughter . . April 2, 1832 

He took Oporto . July 8, 1832 

The Miguelites, attacking 
Oporto, are defeated with 
considerable loss, Sept. 19, 1832 

Mount Cavello taken, April 9, 1833 

Admiral Napier took the whole 
of Dom Miguel's squadron 
off Cape St. Vincent, 

July 2, 1833 

Lisbon evacuated by the duke 
of Cadaval's army, July 23, 1833 

Dom Miguel capitulated to 
the Pedroite forces, and 
Santarem surrendered, 

May 26, 1834 

Dom Miguel permitted to leave 
the country unmolested, he 
embarked at Evora for Ge- 
noa . . May 31, 1834 

Massacres at Lisbon, June 9, 1834 

The queen declared by the 
Cortes to be of age, Sept. 15, 1834 

Dom Pedro died, Sept. 21, 1834 

Oporto wine company abo- 
lished .... 1834 

Prince Augustus of Portugal 
(duke of Leuchtenberg), 
just married to the queen, 
died .- .March 28, 1835 



The queen married prince Fer- 
dinand of Saxe Coburg 

Jan. 1, 1836 

Revolution at Lisbon, Aug. 9, 1836 

Another outbreak there, 

Nov. 8, 1836 

The duke of Terceira attempt- 
ed to restore Dom Pedro's 
charter . . Aug. 18, 1837 

He failed, and embarked for 
England with General Sal- 
danha . S^pt. 18, 1837 

Insurrection in the northern 
provinces . . April, 1846 

The duke of Palmella resign- 
ed his ministry ' . Oct. 31. 1846 

Action at Evora, the queen's 
troops defeated the insur- 
gent forces . .Oct. 31, 1846 

British squadron under Admi- 
ral Parker arrived in the 
Tagus . . Oct. 31, 1846 

Palmella banished, Nov. 26, 1846 

Marquess of Saldanha defeated 
count Bomfin at Torres Ve- 
dras . . . Dec. 22, 1846 

The insurgents entered Oporto 

Jan. 7, 1847 

London conference, by which 
England, France, and Spain 
determine to assist the queen 
of Portugal to terminate the 
civil war . . May 21, 1847 

Submission of Sa de Bandeira 
to the queen, June 11, 1847 

A Spanish force entered Opor- 
to, and the Junta yielded, 

June 26, 1847 

The Conde de Thomar's minis- 
try tendered their resigna- 
tion to the queen, in conse- 
quence of a military outbreak 
in Oporto, owing to arrests 
ordered by the Conde Casal, 
who was overpowered and 
quitted the city, when Mar- 
shal Saldanha was recalled, 

April 25, 1851 

Marshal Saldanha entered the 
city on the 27th of April, and 
made it his headquarters 1851 

Marshal Saldanha and 3000 of 
his soldiers entered Lisbon, 
and were favourably receiv- 
ed by the queen, the marshal 



POE 



523 



POS 



being placed at the head of 

the ministry, May 15, 1851 

Portugal, Sovereigns of, from 

1093 :— 

1093. Henry, count or earl of Por- 
tugal. 

1112. Alfonso, his son, and Theresa. 

1128. Alfonso, count of Portugal, 
alone. 

1139. Alfonso declared king, obtain- 
ed a signal victory over a 
vast army of Moors on the 
plains of Ourique. 

1185. Sancho I., son of Alfonso. 

1212. Alfonso II., surnamed theFat. 

1223. Sancho II, or the Idle: de- 
posed 

1248. Alfonso III. 

1279. Denis or Dionysius, styled 
the Father of his Country, 

1325. Alfonso IV. 

1357. Peter the Severe : succeed- 
ed by his son, 

1367. Ferdinand I. : succeeded by 
his natural brother, 

1384. John I., the Bastard, and the 
Great: married Philippa, 
daughter of John of Gaunt. 

1433. Edward. 

1438. Alfonso V., the African, 

1481, John II., whose actions pro- 
cured him the title of the 
Great, and the Perfect. 

1495. Emanuel, the Fortunate. 

1521. John III., son of Emanuel ; 
he admitted into his king- 
dom the Inquisition. 

1557. Sebastian : slain in the great 
battle of Alcazar, in Afri- 
ca, Aug. 4, 1578 ; when 
the crown reverted to his 
great uncle, 

1578. Henry, the Cardinal, son of 
Emanuel. 

1580. Anthony, prior of Crato, son 
of Emanuel: deposed by 
Philip II. of Spain, who 
united Portugal to his 
other dominions. 

1640. John IV., duke of Braganza : 
dispossessed the Spaniards 
in a bloodless revolution, 
and was proclaimed king, 
Dec. 1. 



1656. Alfonso VI. : deposed in 
1668, and his brother and 
successor Peter made re- 
gent. 

1683. Peter II. : succeeded by his 
son, 

1706. John V. : succeeded by his 
son, 

1750. Joseph. The daughter and 
successor of this prince 
married his brother, by 
dispensation from the pope, 
they ascended the throne, as 

1777. Maria Frances-Isabella, and 
Peter III. 

1 786. Maria, alone : this princess 
afterwards fell into melan- 
choly and derangement. 

1792. Regency. John, son of the 
queen, and afterwards king, 
declared regent of the 
kingdom. 

1816: John VI. : previously regent. 
He had withdrawn in 1807, 
owing to the French inva- 
sion, to his Brazilian do- 
minions ; the discontent 
of his subjects obliged him 
to return in 1821 : died in 
1826. 

1826. Peter IV. son of John VI. : 
making his election of the 
empire of Brazil, abdicated 
the throne of Portugal in 
favour of his daughter, 

1826. Maria II., who became queen 
at 7 years of age. 

1828. Dom Miguel brother to Pe- 
ter IV. usurped the crown, 
which he retained, amid 
civil contentions, until 
1833. 

1833. Maria II. restored: declared 
in Sept. 1834 to be of age, 
and assumed the royal 
power accordingly. 

Portuguese Ambassador's brother 
beheaded for murder, 1654. 

Posen annexed to Prussia, 1815. 

Posing, in Hungary, 107 houses 
burned at, 1784, and in April 1803, 
285 houses. 

Posts for letters, mode of carrying, 
invented in Paris university, 1470 ; 



POS 



524 



POS 



post-horses, by stages, established 
1483; Louis XL first established 
them in France ; in England, 1581 ; 
Germany, 1641 ; in the Turkish do- 
minions, 1740 ; offices erected, 1643 
and 1657 ; made general in Eng- 
land, 1656 ; in Scotland, 1695 ; as 
at present formed, 12 Charles II., 
Dec. 27, L660 ; penny-posts began 
in London, 1681 ; taken in hand by 
the government, 1711 ; the penny- 
post made twopence, 1801 ; mails 
first conveyed by coaches, Aug. 2, 
1784 ; the first mail by railway, 
Nov. 11, 1830, between Manchester 
and Liverpool; the speed of con- 
veyance naturally increased the num- 
ber sent 6 per cent. ; postage of 
letters advanced 1784, 1797, 1801, 
1810, 1812. The revenue received 
increased in the following ratio : — 



1644 
1654 

1664 
1674 
1685 
1688 
1697 
1710 



.£5,000 per annum 

10,000 

21,910 

43,000 

65,000 

76,318 

90,505 
111,461 



1714 


£145,227 per annum 


1723 


201,805 „ 


1744 


235,492 „ 


1764 


432,048 




141,829 management. 


1788 ] . 


276,466 net produce. 




418,285 gross amount 




132,733 management. 


1789 ] . 


308,109 net. 




440,842 gross. 




139,650 management. 


1790 ] 


340,424 net. 




480,074 gross. 




125,070 management. 


1791 ] 


336,818 net. 




411,880 gross. 




392,884 management. 


1807 ] 


, 1,277,538 net. 




. 1,670,423 gross. 




585,083 management. 


1820 ] 


. 1,380,434 net. 




. 1,965,468 gross. 


1823 | 


. 1,393,011 net. 


. 1,530,205 gross 



Post-Office of the United King- 
dom. An account of the gross and 
net revenue, and charges of manage- 
ment in each year ending April 5, 
from 1824 to 1850:— 



Years. 


Gross. 


Net. 


Management. 




£ 


£ 


. £ 


1824 


1,965,468 


1,400,080 


500,675 


1825 


2,060,390 


1,517,621 


512,585 


1826 


2,184,514 


1,478,669 


584,776 


1827 


2,162,179 


1,366,853 


595,181 


1828 


2,048,102 


1,396,355 


566,384 


1829 


2,024,418 


1,360,778 


579,175 


1830 


2,053,720 


1,368,307 


594,349 


1831 


2,064,334 


1,395,039 


574,578 


1832 


2,034,603 


1,321,585 


557,313 


1833 


2,062,839 


1,391,469 


552,734 


1834 


2,062,839 


1,426,499 


552,735 


1835 


2,079,508 


1,382,544 


611,511 


1836 


2,107,676 


1,440,839 


582,509 


1837 


2,206,736 


1,511,026 


609,220 


1838 


2,200,973 


1,529,684 


574,310 


1839 


2,212,781 


1,548,352 


568,446 


1840 


2,267,114 


1,530,981 


631,934 



POS 



525 



POS 



Here the change to the penny- 
charge took place ; in the foregoing 
statement the returns are not men- 



tioned separately, nor are the Irish 
post-office returns included — 



Tears. 


Gross Revenue. 


Management. 


Net. 




£ 


£ 


£ 


1841 


1,359,466 


858,677 


500,789 


1842 


1,499,418 


938,168 


561,249 


1843 


1,578,145 


977,504 


600,614 


1844 


1,620,867 


980,650 


540,217 


1845 


1,705,067 


985,110 


719,917 


1846 


1,887,576 


1,125,594 


761,982 


1847 


1,963,857 


1,138,745 


825,112 


1848 


2,181,016 


1,196,520 


984,496 


1849 


5,143,679 


1,403,250 


740,429 


1850 


2,165,349 


1,324,562 


840,787 



There is a heavy postage charge 
upon the government departments, 
of about £110,000 per annum, not 
deducted above. The duties of the 
office have been greatly extended 
both abroad and at home, which 
accounts for the heavy additional 
charges of management. The num- 
ber of letters which passed through 
the post-office, between 1839 and 
1852, under the new system, was as 
follows : — 



1839,.. 
1840,.. 
1841,.. 
1842,.. 
1843,.. 
1844,.. 
1845,.. 
1846,.. 
1847,.. 
1848,.. 
1849,.. 
1850,.. 
1851,.. 
1852,., 



Number. 

76,000,000... 
169,000,000.. 
196,500,000.. 
208,500,000.. 
.220,500.000.. 
,242.000,000.. 
.271,500,000.. 
.299,500,000.. 
.322,000,000.. 
.329,000,000.. 
.337,500,000.. 
.347,069,071.. 
.360,500,000.. 
.379,500,000.. 



An. Increase. 

,93,000,000 
,27,500,000 
,12,000,000 
,12,000,000 
.21,500,000 
.29,500,000- 
.28,000,000 
.22,500,000 
. 7,000,000 
. 8,000,000 
. 9,500,000 
.13,500,000 
.19,000,000 



In 1850, there were 4,439,713 mo- 
ney orders ; 8,494,498 money orders 
paid ; ,£70,577 the expenses of the 
money order office, and there were 
£73,813 received; £400,964 was 



paid to railways ; only £52,860 was 
paid to railways in 1839, and there 
were but 188,921 money orders, in 
amount £313,129. 

In 1788, on Mondays, from 18,000 
to 20,000 letters passed through the 
post-office ; Tuesdays, from 16,000 
to 18,000 ; "Wednesdays, Thursdays, 
and Fridays, about 15,000 ; and Sa- 
turdays, 22,000 to 25,000 ; Sundays 
no mail. The post, in the reign of 
James I., by an endorsement on a 
letter, dated Plymouth, 1623, left on 
June 17, 1623, at 11 a.m., reached 
Ashburton the same day at 4 p.m., 
and Exeter at 4 a.m., June 18 ; at 
Honiton at 11 a.m., and at Sher- 
borne late at night, June 18 ; Sa- 
lisbury, June 19, at 6 a.m., Andover, 
after 9 a.m., and Basing, at noon on 
the 19th, Hartford Bridge at half- 
past 2 p.m., Staines at 5 p.m., June 
19th, and the Strand by 8 at night ; 
thus this post rider, whose letter 
was endorsed, " Haste, post ! haste 
for thy life ! " was from — ■ 



Plymouth to Exeter, 17 

Exeter to Honiton, . 7 

Honiton to Sherborne 11 

Sherborne to Salisbury 10 

Salisbury to Andover 17£ 



MHes. 

41| 

16* 
35 
34 
3£ 



POS 



526 



POU 



Having got on the old 

Boman road, he went 

to Basingstoke . 19| 3 
Prom Basingstoke to 

Hartford Bridge . 10 2£ 

Hartford Bridge to 

Staines .... 19 3| 

To the Strand with his 

dispatch .... 19 3g 

In all, 57 hours, or 3| miles an 
hour, the whole distance being 
about 213 miles. In 1835, the De- 
fiance coach ran the whole distance 
in 27 hours, at 8 miles an hour ; the 
Great Western railway in 4| hours. 
In 1612, the mail from London to 
Edinburgh consumed 13 days, or 
about 32 miles in each 24 hours, 
with 80 able horses at £4, 10s. per 
head the whole journey, and 6d. 
above 20 for every pound weight of 
luggage. In 1825, the mail from 
London to Edinburgh ran the dis- 
tance in 46 hours. 

Post. — The mail first began to be 
conveyed by coaches, on Palmer's 
plan, Aug. 2, 1785; to Milford 
Haven, and thence by water to 
Waterford, 1787. The increase of 
the revenue by the mail-coaches 
was above £30,000 in 1788. 

Post-Office, New, in St. Martin's 
le Grand, begun 1825, opened 1829 ; 
it was originally established in 
Cloak-lane, near Dowgate-hill ; 
then removed to the Black Swan in 
Bishopsgate ; after the fire of 1666 
it was removed to Bridges-street, 
Covent-garden, and subsequently to 
Lombard- street, where it continued 
until 1829, Sept. 23. 

Post-Office, Dublin, a new one 
opened, Jan. 6, 1818. 

Postmaster- General, the first 
said to have been Thomas Ban- 
dolph, appointed by queen Eliza- 
beth, 1581 ; a foreign postmaster 
was established by James I., and 
Matthew de l'Equester received that 
office ; Charles I. ordered that a 
running-post should be established 
in Edinburgh, to go and return in 
six days and nights ; the parliament 
in 1643, seemed, by one of its or- 



ders, to have suspicions that corre- 
spondence was sometimes inspected 
at the post-office. 

Posting and Post-chaises invented 
in France ; the price was fixed by 
Edward IV. at one penny per mile, 
1548; none but the postmaster, or 
his authority, could furnish post 
horses for the traveller, 1660. 

PosT-Chaise Tax imposed, 1779; 
altered, 1780. 

Potato, according to some autho- 
rities, brought to England by Sir 
Erancis Drake from South America, 
others ascribe the introduction to 
Sir Walter Ealeigh, or Sir John 
Hawkins ; Sir Walter, it is not dis- 
puted, introduced it into Ire- 
land, though perhaps through an- 
other person ; for in 1693, Sir B. 
Southwell informed the Eoyal 
Society that his grandfather first 
brought potatoes into Ireland, hav- 
ing received them of Sir Walter 
Ealeigh ; esteemed a great delicacy, 
for it was noticed among the dif- 
ferent articles provided for the 
Queen' ci household, 1619 ; first be- 
came an object of national import- 
ance to plant, 1662 ; in a report to 
the Eoyal Society, Linnaeus endea- 
voured to introduce the use of the 
root into Sweden more extensively, 
1764; a royal act issued to en- 
courage it; first planted in open 
fields in Scotland, 1728; the cul- 
tivation general in England, 1745 ; 
a failure of the crops in Ireland in 
1845 produced famine and fever 
there to a very frightful extent. 

Potosi, discovery of the mines of, 
by the Spaniards, 1545. 

Potsdam, the fine cathedral of 
St. Nicholas at, destroyed by fire, 
Sept. 4, 1795. 

Pottery, valuable discoveries and 
tasteful improvements of, by Mr. 
Wedgwood, 1763. 

Pound in the time of the Saxons 
was the weight of 240 pence ; it is 
also said to have been in 671 a 
pound Troy of silver ; in the time 
of William Bums, 11 oz. 2 dwt. of 
fine silver, and 18 dwt. of alloy, or 
the weight of fine silver in 20s. ; 



PK^E 



527 



PEA 



in 1087, 11 oz. 2 dwt., worth £3, 2s. 
of present money ; the oz. of fine sil- 
ver was Is. 9|d., twelve times, which 
was the pound value, and the 
weight in tale was 12 oz. 

Powder Mills at Dartford ex- 
ploded, and killed several persons, 
Oct. 12, 1827. 

Powdered Hair taxed first by 
Pitt, May 5, 1795 ; scarcely returns 
more than £7500 per annum. 

Powderham Castle, Devon, huilt, 
970. 

Powdering the hair, the custom 
is said to have arisen from the bal- 
lad singers in the fair at St. Ger- 
mains in France, whitening their 
heads with flour to appear ridicu- 
lous ; in France, before the revolu- 
tion, and also in England, ladies 
used different coloured powders, 
some consisting of gold particles. 

Powell, the pedestrian, walked 
from London to York and back 
again in six days, Nov. 27, 1773, 
above 402 miles ; he performed the 
same feat again, June 20, 1788, 
when he was 57 years old. 

Power-looms, number of, in 
England, 1835, 113,428; 1850, 
288,336; the number of cotton 
looms was respectively as follows : 
108,632, and 249,627 of worsted, 
3082, and 32,617 of silk, 1714 and 
6092 ; increase in 15 years, 174,998 
looms. 

Powis Castle, Montgomeryshire, 
built 1110. 

Poyning's Law, one of those dis- 
graceful statutes which once dis- 
figured the Irish statute-book, so 
called from having been passed 
under the deputyship of Sir Edward 
Poyning, at Drogheda, in 1495 ; it 
gave the power of originating all 
public acts to the crown, leaving the 
Irish parliament upon recognition 
the right of refusal ; repealed, 
1782 — 5, with sundry other acts of 
no better character. 

Pe^munire, statute enacting the 
offence of introducing any foreign 
power into the country, 35 Edward 
I., 1306 ; other statutes to the same 
end were passed temp. Edward III., 



but the common statute is that of 
Richard II., 1392 ; it is by this sta- 
tute, so utterly useless in modern 
times, that the pope is prevented from 
having a proper representative in 
England, under the invidious pre- 
tence that it will endanger the mon- 
archy ; Mr. Canning was prevented 
from complying with the common 
custom of replying to a civil letter 
from the pope, because the above act 
affected any such correspondence. 

PrjEmonstratensian Order, the 
first house of this religious order in 
England was founded at Newsham, 
Lincolnshire, 1143 ; other establish- 
ments of a similar character were 
soon afterwards formed. 

Prague, the capital of Bohemia, 
founded by the Emperor Charles 
II., 1361. In size and beauty it is 
the third city in Germany ; and 
strongly surrounded by fortifications. 

Prague, Battle of, between the 
Imperial troops and Bohemians, 
when the latter were defeated, £ ov. 
7, 1620; taken by the Saxons, 1631 ; 
by the Swedes, 1648 ; stormed by 
the French, 1741 ; by the king of 
Prussia, 1744 ; the memorable bat- 
tle of, in which the Imperialists 
were defeated by Prince Henry of 
Prussia; unsuccessful siege of, by 
the king of Prussia, directly after- 
wards. 

Prague, Battle of, between the 
Poles and the Russian butcher Su- 
warrow, Oct. 10, 1794, when 30,000 
Poles fell ; second battle of, in which 
the Russians were defeated, with the 
loss of 4000 killed and wounded, 
6000 prisoners, and 12 pieces of 
cannon, took place, March 31, 1831, 
the Poles were commanded by 
Skrzynecki. 

Pragmatic Sanction, undertaken 
to limit the power of the pope as to 
the Gallican church; also for set- 
tling the German Empire in the 
House of Austria, 1439 ; in 1714, re- 
lative to the settlement of the crown 
in default of male issue; and in 1722, 
when Joseph I. settled the crown on 
Maria Theresa, wbo succeeded to it 
in 1840. 



PEE 



528 



PEE 



Praise God Barebones, a parlia- 
ment so called from the peculiar 
name attached to one of the mem- 
bers, July 4, 1653 ; it consisted of 
120 members summoned by Crom- 
well, who sat for 15 months. 

Praslin, Duke of, cruelly mur- 
dered his wife, the daughter of Mar- 
shal Sebastiani, in Paris, Aug. 
17, 1847; the duke, to avoid capital 
punishment, took poison, of which 
he died. 

Praying towards the East, order- 
ed by the Pope, 532 ; by the Pusey- 
ites in England, 1836-45. 

Praters for the dead introduced 
into the Eoman Catholic church, 
190 ; to the Virgin Mary and Saints, 
by Pope Gregory, 593. 

Precedence, order of, 1852 : — 
The Queen 
Prince of Wales. 
Prince Albert. 
[Queen's other sons.] 
Princess royal. 
The other princesses. 
Duchess of Kent. 

Queen's aunt, the Duchess of Glou- 
cester. 
Queen's cousins. 
Archbishop of Canterbury. 
Lord Chancellor. 
Archbishop of York. 
Lord high treasurer, if of the rank 

of a baron. 
Lord president, the same. 
Lord privy seal, the same. 
Lord high constable, above all of 
his own rank, by 31 Henry VIII. 
Lord great chamberlain of England 

when in office only, by 1 Geo. I. 
Earl marshal, do. 
Lord high admiral, do. 
Lord steward of the household, by 

31 Henry VIII. 
Lord chamberlain, do. 
Dukes, according to patent, do. 
Marquesses, according to their pa- 
tents, do. 
Dukes' eldest sons, do. 
Earls, according to their patents, 

do. 
Marquesses' eldest sons, do. 
Dukes' younger sons, do. 
Earls' eldest son?, do. 



Viscounts, according to their pa- 
tents, do. 

Marquesses' younger sons, do. 

Earls' eldest sons, do. 

Bishop of London, do. 

Bishop of Durham, do. 

Bishop of Winchester, do. 

All other bishops, according to their 
seniority of consecration, do. 

Secretary of state, being a baron, 
do. 

Commissioners of the great seal, do. 

Barons, according to their patents, 
do. 

The Speaker of the House of Com- 
mons. 

Treasurer, comptroller, and vice- 
chamberlain of the royal house- 
hold. 

Secretaries of state under the de- 
gree of baron. 

Viscounts' eldest sons. 

Earls' younger sons. 

Barons' eldest sons. 

Knights of the garter. 

Privy councillors. 

Chancellor of the exchequer. 

Chancellor of the duchy of Lanca- 
ster. 

Lord chief justice of the Queen's 
Bench. 

Master of the rolls. 

Vice-chancellor. 

Lord chief justice of the Common 
Pleas. 

Lord chief baron. 

Judges and barons, according to 
seniority. 

Hereditary bannerets. 

Viscounts' younger sons. 

Barons' younger sons. 

Baronets. 

Bannerets for life only. 

Knights of the Bath. 

Grand crosses of ditto. 

Knights commanders of ditto. 

Knights bachelors. 

Eldest sons of the younger sons of 
peers. 

Baronets' eldest sons. 

Knights of the garter's eldest sons. 

Bannerets' eldest sons. 

Knights of the Bath's eldest sons. 

Knights' eldest sons. 

Baronets' younger sons. 



PRE 



529 



PRE 



Flag and field officers. 

Sergeants-at-law. 

Doctors, deans, and chancellors. 

Masters in chancery. 

Companions of the Bath. 

Gentlemen of the privy chamber. 

Esquires of the knights of the Bath. 

Esquires by creation. 

Esquire by office or commission. 

Younger sons of knights of the 

garter. 
Sons of bannerets. 
Younger sons of knights of the 

Bath. 
Younger sons of knights bachelors. 
Gentlemen entitled to bear arms. 
Clergymen, not dignitaries. 
Barristers-at-law. 
Officers of the army and navy, not 

esquires by commission. 
Citizens, burgesses, &c. 
Married women and widows are en- 
titled to the same rank among 
each other, as their husbands 
would respectively have borne be- 
tween themselves, except such 
rank is merely professional or 
official ; and unmarried women, 
to the same rank as their eldest 
brothers would bear among men 
during the lives of their fathers. 
Precedence of Nations ; in the 
year 1504, the master of the cere- 
monies of Pope Julius the Second 
ranked the powers of Europe as un- 
der. This was the rule of prece- 
dence for ambassadors : — 

1. Emperor' of Germany. 

2. King of the Romans. 

3. France. 

4. Spain. 

5. Arragon. 

6. Portugal. 

7. England. 

8. Sicily. 

9. Scotland. 

10. Hungary. 

11. Navarre. 

12. Cyprus. 

13. Bohemia. 

14. Poland. 

15. Denmark. 

16. Republic of Venice. 

17. Duke of Brittany. 



18. Duke of Burgundy. 

19. Elector of Bavaria. 

20. Elector of Bradenburg. 

21. Elector of Saxony. 

22. Archduke of Austria. 

23. Duke of Savoy. 

24. Grand Duke of Florence. 

Not a quarter of these states exist 
as independent sovereignties ; and 
the four powers, Russia, Prussia, 
Turkey, and the empire of Austria, 
are not included in the list. 

Predestination taught by the 
Stoics and the earlier Christians, the 
controversy never ending ; began 
about it in 450, in a belief that God 
has unchangeably appointed all that 
comes to pass ; supported by St. 
Augustin, and taught by Lucidus, 
470 ; Mahomet introduced the doc- 
trine into the Koran, 614. 

Prerogative Court for proving 
wills ; appeals from that court esta- 
blished to the judicial committee of 
the privy council, by statutes of Geo. 
IV. and William IV., 1830. 

Presbyterian Meeting-house, the 
first in England at Wandsworth, 
Surrey, Nov. 20, 1572. 

Presnitz, Bohemia, destroyed by 
fire, Aug. 14, 1811. 

Press, office of censorship esta- 
blished in France, Oct. 21, 1814; 
last act restraining the liberty of, 
expired 1694, See Printing. 

Preston, in Somersetshire, 14 
houses burned down, and many 
much injured by the fire, Dec. 1792. 
Presburg, Peace of, between 
France and Austria, in which Ve- 
nice was ceded to Italy, Austria 
humbled, and the independence of 
the Helvetic republic established, 
Dec. 26, 1805. 

Presbyterianism, the creed of 
Scotland; that church repudiates the 
government of popes or bishops, and 
is ruled, as it maintains, by the 
New Testament, through presby- 
ters, ministers, or elders ; this 
church was secured in the act of the 
Union with England, 1707. 

Prescott, Battle of, between the 
I revolted Canadians and the English; 
2m 



PRE 



530 



PRE 



the former were dispersed with con- 
siderable loss on both sides, Nov. 
17, 1738. 

President of the Council, first ap- 
pointed 12 Charles II., 1660, in the 
person of Lord Ashley. 

President of the United States of 
America, the highest office in the 
States; there have been 13 who have 
served out the office — George Wash- 
ington, John Adams, Thomas Jeffer- 
son, James Munroe, John Quincy 
Adams, Andrew Jackson, Martin 
Van Buren, W. H. Harris, John 
Tyler, J. K. Polk, Z. Taylor, Millard 
Film ore, Z. Pearce, 1852. 

PREss,productiveness of the Erench. 
The number of books, pamphlets, 
and printed works of every kind, 
which issued from the press in 
France during the year 1850, was 
7,208; of these, 4,711 were printed 
in Paris — 2,460 in the departments, 
and 37 in Algeria; 1,360 were 
prints and new editions, while 
5,843 might be considered as new 



works; 6,661 were in the French 
language — 68 in various dialects of 
the French provinces — 53 in Ger- 
man — 61 in English — 2 in Arabic, 
51 in Spanish — 83 in Greek — 9 in 
Hebrew — 16 in Italian — 165 in 
Latin — 14 Polish — 16 in Portu- 
guese — 4 in Romania — 1 in Rus- 
sian — 2 in Turkish. — and 2 in poly- 
glot ; among these 7,208 works 
were reckoned — 211 newspapers, 
partly new,, and published in 1850, 
of which, 79 were printed and ap- 
peared in the departments, and 73 
were printed by the lithographic 
process. Lastly, 2,697 engravings 
and lithographs were stated to have 
appeared in the year 1850, with 122 
maps and plans, 579 pieces of vocal 
music, and 625 of instrumental 
music. 

Press of America, 
of periodicals, 

magazines, in the United States in 
1839 :— 



The number 
newspapers, and 



In the State of Maine 41 

„ „ New Hampshire 26 

„ „ Vermont 31 

„ „ Massachusetts (at Boston, 65) 124 

„ „ Rhode Island 14 

„ „ Connecticut 31 

„ „ New York (New York city, 31) 274 

„ ,, New Jersey 39 

„ „ Maryland (at Baltimore, 20) 48 

„ „ Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 71) 253 

„ „ Delaware 3 

District of Columbia, (at Washington, 11) 16 

In the State of Virginia (at Richmond, 10) 52 

„ „ North Carolina 30 

„ „ South Carolina 20 

„ „ Georgia 33 

Florida Territory 9 

In the State of Alabama j , 34 

„ „ Mississippi ". 36 

„ „ Louisiana (at New Orleans, 10) 10 

„ „ Arkansas 4 

„ „ Tennessee 50 

„ „ Kentucky 31 

,, „ Ohio (at Cincinnati, 27) 164 

„ „ * Michigan 31 

Wisconsin Territory 5 

James Territory 3 






PRE 



531 



PRE 



In the State of Indiana 69 

„ „ Illinois 33 

„ „ Missouri 25 

Total 1,555 



Of the above, 116 are published 
daily — 14 every 3 weeks — 30 twice 
a- week — and 881 once a week ; the 
remainder are issued half monthly, 
monthly, and quarterly — principally 
magazines and reviews. 38 are in 
the German language — 4 in French 
— and 1 in Spanish. Several of the 
New Orleans papers are printed in 
Spanish and French. 

Pkess, the German, — the whole 
population of the German states, 



composing the confederation, was 
for 1833, 36,288,668 ; the number 
of places in which printing was then 
carried on, was 164 ; the number of 
publishers, 505 ; and the works 
published by them in that year, 
5,653. An examination into the 
proportions between the population 
of the several states, and the num- 
ber of towns in which printing 
presses exist, is curious. 



Austria 

Prussia 

Bavaria 

Saxony 

Hanover 

Wurtemberg 

Baden 

Frankfort on the Main 

Hamburgh 

Saxe- Weimar 



Population. 



10,964,295 

10,081,214 

4,258,205 

1,455,676 

1,557,900 

1,594,671 

1,223,584 

54,000 

150,000 

233,814 



Towns with 
Print Presses. 



7 
64 
21 
11 



Publishers. 


Publications 


27 


290 


172 


1,758 


67 


778 


83 


1,110 


10 


141 


23 


425 


19 


190 


16 


144 


7 


118 


7 


127 



Pressing to Death ; — Hugh Cal- 
verly, Esq. of Calverly, in York- 
shire, having murdered two of his 
children, and in a fit of jealousy 
stabbed his wife, refusing to plead, 
was pressed to death in York castle, 
1605 ; this was called, standing 
mute — see Mute. 

Pressing Seamen, first adopted, 
1355 ; when first made, Read, a Lon- 
don alderman, pressed and sent off 
for refusing to pay a tax, 1544; pun- 
ishment in temp. Henry VIII. ; cri- 
minals continually sent to sea, temp. 
George III. 

Preston's Guild established, 
1172. 

Preston, Battle of, between the 
Scotch rebels under Forster, and the 
British under General Wills, when 



the latter, investing Preston, the 
rebels laid down their arms — the 
principals were secured, and many 
shot as deserters ; others Avere sent 
to London to be tried for high trea- 
son, Nov. 12, 1715 ; 7 were trans- 
ported, 1716 ; 7 escaped from the 
Tower, 1716 ; a 40 were discharg- 
ed, July 1716 ; 30 transported, 
mastered the ship, and escaped to 
France, 1716 ; 100 transported, 
1717 ; 200 discharged. 

Prestonpans, Battle of, between 
the Scotch rebels, led by the young 
pretender, Charles Stuart, and the 
English under General Cope, when 
the latter behaved with great pusil- 
lanimity, and were defeated with the 
loss of 500 men, Sept. 21, 1745. 

Pretender, the Elder, alias the 



PRE 



532 



PKI 



Chevalier St. George, alias James 
III. of England, as acknowledged 
by Louis XIV. of France, 1701, 
was the son of James II., the ex- 
pelled monarch, and born 1688 ; he 
asserted his right, Aug. 29, 1714; 
£100,000 offered to apprehend him, 
Sept. 15, 1714; he landed his troops 
in Scotland, Aug. 30, 1715 — pro- 
claimed by the Earl of Mar, and his 
standard set up at Braemar and 
Castletown, Sept. 3, 1715 ; at Lan- 
caster, Nov. 9, 1715; landed at 
Peterhead, Dec. 26 ; made a public 
entry into Perth, Jan. 9, 1716 ; sent 
an order to the lord mayor of 
London to proclaim him, Jan. 10, 
1716 ; embarked for France from 
Montrose, the rebellion being sup- 
pressed, Feb. 5 ; landed at Grave - 
lines — deprived Henry Lord Boling- 
broke of his secretaryship, Feb. 25, 
1716 ; obliged by the French regent 
to remove from Avignon to Italy, 
1716 ; married the princess Sobieski, 
grand-daughter of the king of Po- 
land, Aug. 21, 1718; joined Cardi- 
nal Alberoni in his scheme to dis- 
turb England, Dec. 29, 1718 ; re- 
ceived at Madrid as king of Eng- 
land, March 28, 1719 ; his^ son, born 
Dec. 20, 1720 ; in vain, attempts 
again a rebellion in England, 1725 ; 
his princess retired to a convent, 
1725; the Duke of Parma honoured 
him as king of England, July, 
1728 ; his eldest son quitted Rome 
for France, Jan. 9, 1744 ; died at 
Rome, Dec. 30, 1765. 

Pretender, the Younger, or 
Prince Charles, born 1720 — reached 
France, Jan. 27, 1744 ; £6000 offer- 
ed by the city of Dublin for his 
apprehension, should he land in 
Ireland, March 7, 1744 ; the same 
sum bv Edinburgh, should he land 
in Scotland, March 25, 1744; 
£30,000 offered by England for his 
person, if landed in any part of the 
British dominions, Aug. 6, 1745 ; 
landed in Scotland, and proclaimed 
his father at Perth, Sept. 4, 1745 ; 
at Dundee, Sept. 1745 ; proclaimed 
in Edinburgh, Sept, 21, 1745 ; de- 
feated General Cope at Preston- 



pans, Sept. 21 ; proclaimed at 
Ormskirk, Nov. 25, and worsted 
General Hawley at Falkirk, Jan. 
17, 1746 ; defeated at Culloden, 
April 16, losing all his baggage, and 
becoming a wanderer for six months 
in the desert wilds of Scotland, and 
£30,000 offered for his person ; he 
managed to escape, after great hard- 
ships, from the Isle of Uist to Mor 
laix ; he died, March 3, 1788 ; his 
brother (calling himself Henry IX.), 
Cardinal York, born March 1725, 
died at Rome in 1807 — he had re- 
ceived benefices from the pope, to 
the annual value of 20,000 crowns, 
in 1747. 

Primer, the first book used in the 
instruction of children, so named 
from a book of Catholic devotion — 
there are copies extant of some, as 
early as 1539. 

Primogeniture, a usage from 
feudal times of barbarism, unknown 
in England before the reign of 
William the Conqueror, 1068 ; be- 
fore that, the more rational mode of 
gavel-kind prevailed under the 
Saxons, by which estates were 
equally divided among the sons. 

Printing, the most important of 
all the mechanical arts, and the 
most generally useful. The honour 
of the invention has been claimed 
by several countries and by differ- 
ent cities, but it appears to rest 
between Strasburgh, Mentz, and 
Haarlem ; the Chinese had the in- 
vention long before the inhabitants 
of Europe. Koster of Haarlem 
used wooden blocks in 1430 or 
1438 — the leaves, when printed on, 
were pasted together, as they were 
only printed on one side. Faust or 
Fust printed a book at Mentz, in 
1442; Guttenberg seems to have 
been the first who cut metal types, 
and printed a Bible with them, 
1444-60; the honour of completing 
printing is due to Schoeffer, as he 
cast the first metal types ; printing 
with wood types, introduced at Ox- 
ford, from Haarlem, 1459. Next to 
the types, the press was of most 
importance. The construction seems 



PRI 



533 



PRI 



to have been nearly the same up to 
the commencement of the 19th cen- 
tury. Caxton introduced a press 
into London, 1471 ; he died, 1494. 
". The Game and Play of Chesse" 
was the first book printed in Eng- 
land ; the press improved by 
Blaess, Amsterdam, 1601, and the 
earl of Stanhope's press first used 
in 1806 ; Koenig introduced a print- 
ing machine in 1811, and Apple- 
garth subsequently ; the Columbian 
press of Clymer, appeared in 1814 ; 



and the Albion, an improvement, 
soon after. Steam machinery was 
first attempted by Kcenig, for " The 
Times" paper and Bensley — and 
first used for that paper, Nov. 28, 
1814, after an expense of £20,000, 
in bringing it to a working con- 
dition. Rollers were substituted 
for balls in 1817, by Cooper and 
Applegarth. The following will 
shew the dates of some of the 
earliest works printed in England. 



Caxton's " Game and Play of Chesse," — 1st Press at Westminster 

Tully's Offices 

JEsop's Fables, the first book with pages numbered 

Printing used in Scotland 

The Liturgy, the first book printed in Ireland 

In Irish characters . 

The first newspaper in England .... 

Eirst patent for Printing 

In the English colony of New England . 

The first Bible printed in Ireland 

Eirst types cast in England, by Caslon . 

Stereotype Printing suggested by William Ged, of Edinburgh 

The present mode of Stereotype invented by Mr. Tilloch, abo 

Stereotype Printing in use in Holland, in the last century 

The Printing-machine was first suggested by Nicholson 

The Stanhope Press was in general use in 

Machine Printing . 

Steam Machinery . 

The Columbian Press 

The Albion Press . 

The Roller, a suggestion of Nicholson's, introduced 

Applegarth's Rollers . ■. 



1471 
1474 

1509 
1550 
1591 
1588 
1691 
1639 
1704 
1720 
1735 
1779 

1790 
1806 
1811 
1814 
1814 
1816 
1816 
1817 



Printing introduced in the 15th century, as follows 



Dates. 


PLACES. 


First Impressions, with known Date. 


Names of the First Printers. 


1457 


Mayence. 


Psalmorum codex, in folio. 


Joan. Fust. & Petrus Schoif- 
fer. (Joan. Guttenberg.) 


1461 


Bamberg. 


Eecueil des fables, germanice, fol 


Albert Pfister. 


14G5 


Subiaco. 


Lactantii opera, 4to. 


Conradus Sweynheym and 
Arnoldus Pannartz. 


1467 


Pome. 


Ciceronis epistolse familiares, 4to. 


The same. 


— 


Elfeld. 


Vocabularium ex quo, 4to. 


Henry and Nic. Bechtermunt- 
ze, and Wigandus Spyes. 


— 


Cologn. 


S. August, de Singul. clericor., 4to. 


Ulricus Zell, or Zell, of Hanau. 


1468 


Augsbourg. 


Meditationes vitse Christi, folio. 


Ginther Zainer, of Reutlingen. 


1469 


Venice. 


Ciceronis epistolse familiares, fol. 


Joannes de Spira. 


— 


Milan. 


Miracoli de la glor. V. Maria, 4to. 


Philippus de Lavagna. 


1470 


Nurenberg. 


Comestorium vitiorum, folio. 


Joannes Sensensclmiidt, 

(1472.) 
Ulricus Goring, M. Crantz, and 


— 


Paris. 


Epistolse Gasparini Pergamensis, 






4to. 


M. Friburger, of Colmar. 


— 


Foligno. 


Leon. Aretini de Bello Italico, fol. 


Emilien de Orfinis. 



PR I 



534 



PRI 



Dates. 


PLACES. 


First Impressions, with known Date. 


1470 


Treves. 


Hist, de indulgentia B. Francisci, 

4to. 
La Batracomiomachia, 4to. 


_ 


Verona. 


1471 


Strasbourg. 


Gratiani decretum, folio. 





Spires. 


Postilla super Apocalypsim, 4to. 


_ 


Tre'viso. 


Mercurius Trimegister, 4to. 


— 


Bologna. 


Ovidii opera, folio. 


— 


Ferrara. 


Martialis epigram, 4to. 


— 


Naples. 


Bartholi de Saxo Ferrato lect.ura, 

folio. 
Johann. Matthaei de Gradibus 




Pavia. 






opera medica, folio. 





Florence. 


Comment. Servii in Virgil, folio. 


1472 


Cremona. 


Angeli de Perusio lectura, folio. 


— 


Fivizano. 


Virgilius, folio. 


— 


Padua. 


La Fiametta di Boccaccio, 4to. 




Mantua. 


Tractatus Maleficiorum, folio. 


— 


Montereal. 


S. Antonini de instruct, confes. 
4to. 





Jesi. 


Comedia di Dante, folio. 





Minister. 


Boderici speculum, folio. 


— 


Parma. - 


Plutarchus de liberis educandis, 

4to. 
Statuta Brixise, folio. 


1473 


Brescia. 




Messina. 


Vita di S. Hieronimo, 4to. 





Ulm. 


Opus de Mysterio missas, 4to. 





Buda. 


Cronica Hungarorum, folio. 


— 


Lauguingen. 


S. Aug. de Consensu Evangelista- 
rum, folio. 


_ 


Mersbourg. 


S. Aug. de Qu8estionibusOrosii,4to. 


— 


Alost. 


Speculum conversionis peccator, 

4to. 
Historia scholastica novi Testam. 




Utrecht. 






folio. 


~ 


Lyon. 


Lotharii Diaconi cardinalis com- 
pendium breve, 4to. 


— 


St. Ursio. 


J. Duns Scotus, super tertio sen- 
tentiarum, folio. 


1474 


Vicenza. 


Dita mundi, folio. 




C6ma. 


Tractatus de appellationibus, fol. 


— 


Turin. 


Breviarum romanum, 8vo. 


- 


Geneva, 


Summa Pisanella, folio. 




Savona. 


BoetiusdeConsol.pbilosophi£e,4to. 





Eslingen. 


Th. de Aquino in Job., folio. 


— 


Basle. 


Der Sassen Spiegel, folio. 





Val. St. Marie. 


Breviarium Moguntin., 4to. 


— 


Valence. 


Trobes de la S. V. Maria, 4to. 




Louvain. 


Commoda ruralia, folio. 


— 


Westminster. 


The Game at Chess, folio. 


1475 


Lubeck. 


Rudimentum Novitiorum, folio. 


— 


Burgdorff. 


Tractatus de apparitionibus, folio. 


— 


Blauburren. 


Ob ein Man sey zu nemem Weib, 

&c. 
Mafei Vegii de Morte Astianactis, 





Cagli. 






4to. 


„ 


Casell. 


Vitse Sanctorum, 4to. 





Mod en a. 


Virgilius, folio. 


— 


Perouse. 


Verulami, de Arte grammatica, 
4to. 


— 


Pieve di Sacco. 


Qnatuor ordines, hebraice, folio. 



Names of the First Printers. 



Joan. Reynardi. 

Joan, de Verona (1472.> 
Henricus Eggestein (Johan. 

Mentel.) 
Petrus Drach (1477.) 
Gerardus de Lisa, of Flanders. 
Balthazar Azzoguidi. 
Andreas Belfortis. 
Sixtus Riessinger, of Stras- 
bourg. 
Anton, de Carcano, or de 

Carchano (1476.) 
Bernard Cennini and son. 
Dion, de Paravisino & Stepli. 

de Merlinis de Leucho. 
Jacobus, Baptista Sacerdos, 

and Alexander. 
Barth. de Valdezochio <fc Mart. 

de Septem Arboribus. 
Petrus Adam de Michaelibus 
Ant. Mathia? de Antuerpia, 

and Baltbasar Corderius. 
Fridericus Veronensis. 
Helias Helye, or de Louffen. 
Andreas Portilia. 

Thomas Ferrandus. 
Henricus Aldino;. 
Joan. Zainer, of Reutlingen. 
Andreas Hess. 

No name. 
Lucas Brandis. 

Theodoricus Martens. 
Nicolus Ketelaer, and Ger. de 

Leempt. 
BartholomaBus Buyer. 

Joannes de Rheno. 

Leon ardus Achates, of Bale. 

Amb.rosius de Orcho, and 
Dionys. de Paravicino. 

Joh. Fabri and Joanninus 
de Petro. 

Matthias Moravus and Mich, 
de Monacho. 

Johannes Bonnus. 

Conradus Fyner. 

Bernardus Richel (Berthol- 
dus Rodt.) 

Fratres Vitse Communis. 

Alonzo Fernandez de Cordo- 
va and L. Palmart (1478). 

Joannes de Westphalia. 

William Caxton. 

Lucas Brandis, of Schass. 

No name. 

Conradus Mancz. 

Robertus de Fano and Ber- 

nardinus de Bergamo. 
Jean Fabri. 

Joan. Vurster, of Campidonia. 
Henricus Clayn, of Ulm 

(1476.) 
R. Mescullam, of Kotzi. 



PRI 



535 



PRI 



Dates. 


PLACES. 


1475 


Plaisanza. 
Eeggio. 


- 


Barcelona. 


1476 


Saragossa. 
Savillano. 
Antwerp. 
Bruges. 


- 


Brussels. 
Nova Plzna. 
Piostock. 
Polliano. 


1477 


Trent. 

Delft. 


— 


Deventer. 

Gouda. 

Angers. 


- 


Palermo. 
Ascoli. 
Lucca. 
Seville. 


1478 


Cosenza. 


— 


Colle. 


- 


Chablis. 
Geneva, 


— 


Oxford. 
Prague. 


- 


Monast. Sorten. 


1479 


Eichstett. 
Wurtzbourg. 


— 


ZwoU. 

Nimeguen. 


- 


PigneroL 


— 


Tusculano. 
Tolosa. 


- 


Poitiers. 


1480 


Lerida. 
Oudenarde. 
Hasselt. 
Nonaltola. 


- 


Reggio. 


— 


FriulL 
Caen. 


1481 


St. Albins. 


- 


Salamanca. 


* 


Leipsia 
Casal. 



First Impressions, with known Date. 



Biblia Latin a, 4to. 

R. Salomon Jarchi in Pentateu- 

chum, folio. 
Valasti de Tarenta, de Epidemia, 

4to. 
Manipulus Curatorum, folio. 
Manipulus curatorum, folio. 
Thesaurus pauperum, folio. 
Bocace, du dechiet des nobles, &c. 

folio. 
Gnotosolitos, folio. 
Statuta synodalia Pragensia, 4to. 
Lactantii opera, folio. 
Petrarca, degli huomini famosi, 

4to. 
De obitu pueri Simonis, 4to. 
Biblia, belgice, folio. 

Reductorium Biblisg, folio. 
Episrelen en evangelien, folio. 
Manipulus curatorum, folio. 

Consuetudines Panormi, 4to. 
Cronica de S. Isidoro Menorc, 4to. 
Les triomphes de Petrarque, folio. 
Sacramentale, 4to. 

Dell' immortalita dell' anima, 4to. 

Dioscorides, Mine, folio. 

Des bonnes moeurs, folio. 

Le livre des Saintes Anges, folio. 

Expositio in simbolum, 4to. 
Statuum utraquisticoruin articuli, 

folio. 
Leonardi Aretini comcedia, &c. 

folio. 
Summa hostiensis, folio. 
Breviarium herbipolense, folio. 

Sumulse Petri Hispani, folio. 

Epistola de privileges Ord. Men- 
dicant., 4to. 

Boetius, de Consol. philosophise, 
folio. 

iEsopi fabul83, 4to. 

Tractatus de Jure emphiteotico, 
folio. 

Breviarium histox'iale, 4to. 

Breviarium Illerdense, folio. 
Herm. de Petra Sermones, folio. 
Epistelen en Evangelien, 4to. 
Breviarium romanum, 4to. 

Nic. Perotti Rudim. gram., 4to. 

Platina de honesta voluptate, 4to. 
Horatii epistolas, 4to. 

Laur. Guil. de Saona, Rhetorica 

nova, 4to. 
Nebrixa, introductiones latinse 

folio. 
Glosa super apocalipsim, 4to. 
Ovidii Epist. heroides, folio. 



Names of the First Printers. 



Joan. Petrus de Ferratis. 
Abraham Garton. 

Nicolaus Spindeler (1478.) 
Matthseus Flandrus. ' 
Christoph Beggiamo&J.Glim. 
Theodoricus Martens, of Alost 

Colard Mansion. 

Fratres Vitas Communis. 

No name. 

Fratres Vitse Communis. 

Innocentius Ziletus, and Felix 

Antiquarius. 
Hermaunus Schindeleyp. 
Jacob Jacobs, and Maurice 

Yemants. 
Richard Paffroet. 
Gerard Leeu, or Leew. 
Joan, de Turre, and Joan. 

Morelli. 
Andreas de Wormatia. 
Guillelmus de Linis. 
Barthol. de Civitali. 
A. M. de la Talla, B. Segrira, 

and Alonso del Puerto. 
Octavianus Salomonius, of 

Manfredonia. 
Joannes Alemanus, of Me- 

demblick. 
Pierre le Rouge. 
Adam Steynschawer, of Schu- 

infbrdia (1480.) 
Theodore Rood (1481.) 

No name. 

No name. 

Michel Reyser. 

Stephanus Dold, Jeorius By- 

ser and Joan. Bekenhub. 
Joannes de Vollehoe. 

No name. 

Jacobus de Rubeis, 
Gabriel Petri. 

Joannes Teutonicus. 

Joan. Bouyer, and Guillaume 

Bouchet (1499) 
Henricus Botel. 
Arnoldus Cassaris. 
No name. 
Georgius, and Anselmus de 

Mischinis. 
Barthol. and Laurentius de 

Bruschis. 
Gerardus de FJandria. 
Jac. Durandus, and Egidius 

Quijoue. 

No name. 

Leo Alemanus, and Lupus 

Sanz (1496.) 
Marcus Brand (1484.) 
Guill. de Canepa Nova, of 

Campanilibus. 



PRI 



536 



PRI 



Bates. 


PLACES. 


First Impressions, with known Date. 


Names of the First Printers. 


1481 


Urbino. 


Marii Phileiphi Epistolarium, 4to. 


Henricus de Colonia (1493.) 




Vienne, France. 


Nic. de Clemangis de Lapsu Jus- 
titias, 4to. 


Pierre Schenck. 


— 


Aurach. 


Leben der Heih>en, folio. 


Conradus Fyner. 


1482 


Zamora. 


Mendoza, vita Christi, folio. 


Antonius Centenera. 


— 


Aquila. 


Vite de Plutarcho, folio. 


Adam Rotwil, Alemannus. 


— 


Erfort. 


Quaastiones in libros Arist. de 








anima, 4to. 


Paulus Wider de Hornbach. 


— 


Memmingen. 


Fasciculus temporum, folio. 


Albertus Kunne. 


— 


Passau. 


Epistola de Morte S. Hieronimi, 4to. 


Conradus Stall el, and Bened. 

Mayr. 
Johan. Ottmar. 





Reutlingen. 


Summa Pisani, folio. 


— 


Vienna, Austria. 


Manipulus Curatorum, 4to. 


Joh. Winterburg (1492). 


— 


Promentour. 


Doctrinal de Sapience, folio. 


Louis Guerin. 


1483 


Magdeburg. 


Officium Missa3, 4to. 


Albertus Rauenstein and Jo- 
achimus Westval. 


— 


Stockholm. 


Dialogus creaturarum, 4to. 


Joh. Snell. 


— 


Ghent. 


Guil, Rhetorica divina, 4to. 


Arnoldus Csesaris. 


— 


Troyes. 


Breviarium Trecence, 8vo. 


Guil. le Rouge (1492.) 


— 


Schiedam. 


Le Chevalier Delibere, 4to. 


No name. 


— 


Haarlem. 


Formulas Novitiorum, 4to. 


Joh. Andriesson. 


— 


Culembourg. 


Speculum human. salv.belgice,4to. 


Jean Veld en er. 


— 


Leyclen. 


De Cronike Van Holland, &c. 4to. 


Heynricus Heynrici. 


— 


Pisa. 


Franc, de Accoltis consilia, foho. 


Laurentius and Angelus Flo- 
rentini (1484.) 


— 


Gironne. 


Memorial del pecador, folio. 


Mathieu Vendrell. 


1484 


Bois-le-Duc. 


Tondalus Vysioen, 4to. 


Ger. Leempt, of Novimagio. 


— 


Winterperg. 


Albertus Magnus de Eucharistia. 


Joannes Alacraw. 


— 


Chamberri. 


Baudoyn, comtede Flandres, folio. 


Antonius Neyret. 


— 


Breand-Loude'- 

hac. 
Rennes. 


Le Songe de la Pucelle, 4to. 


Robin Foucquet. 





Coustumes de Bretagne, 12mo. 


Pierre Belleescule'e & Josses. 





Sienna. 


Paul, de Castro, lectura, folio. 


Henri de Colonia. 





Soncino. 


Delectus Margaritarum, hebraice, 








4to. 


Josuas Salomon <fc associates 


— 


Novi. 


Summa Baptistininna, 4to. 


Nicol Girardengus. 


1485 


Heidelberg. 


Hugonis Sermones, folio. 


Fridericus Misch (1488). 


— 


Ratisbon. 


Liber Missalis Eatisbonnensis, fol. 


Joan. Sensenschmidt & Beck- 
enhaub. 


— 


Verceil. 


Nic. de Auxmo suppl. sum. Pisan., 


Jacobinus Suigus, of St. Ger- 






8vo. 


mano. 





Peschia. 


La Confessione de S. Bern, da 








Sienna, 4to. 


Franc. Cenni. 





Udina. 


Nic. Perotti Rudim.grammat.,4to. 


Gerardus de Flandria. 





Burgos. 


And. Guterii opus Grammatic., fol. 


Fridericus- de Basilea. 


— 


Iscar (Ixar). 


Jacobi ben Ascher, liber semita3 








vitae, hebraice, folio. 


No name. 


1486 


Abbeville. 


La Cite de Dieu de S. Aug., folio. 


Jean Dupre" & Pierre Ge'rard. 


— 


Brinn. 


Agenda Chori Olomucensis, 4to. 


Conradus Staheland Mattheus 
Preinlein (1491.) 


— 


Munster. 


Rudolphi Langi Carmina, 4to. 


Joannes Limburgus. 





Sleswick. 


Missale Sleswicer.ee, folio. 


Stephanus Arndes. 





Casal-Maggiore. 


Machasor hebraice, 4to. 


No name. 


— 


Chivasso. 


Angeli deClavasio summa, 4to. 


Jacobinus Suigus. 





Voghera. 


Alex, de Immola postillaa, folio. 


Jacobus de Sancto-Nazario. 


— 


Toledo. 


Petri Ximenez confutatorium, 4to. 


Joannes Vasqui (Vasquez.) 


1487 


Besancon. 


Liber de Pestilentia, 4to. 


Jean Comtet. 


— 


Gaiete. 


Formulario epistolare, 4to. 


A. F. (Andreas Fritag). 


— 


Murcia. 


El Valerio de las Hist, de Espana, 








folio. 


Lope de Roca. 





Rouen. 


Croniques de Normandie, folio. 


Guillaume le Tailleur. 


1488 


Viterbo. 


Servii Honorati de Metrorum Ge- 








ner., 8vo. 


No name. 


1489 


Hagenan. 


Cornutus Joan. Garlandia, 4to. 


Henricus Gran. 


— 


Kuttenberg. 


Biblia, Bohemice, folio. 


Martin Van Tischniowa. 


— 


S. Cucufate. 


El Abad Isach de Religione, 4to. 


No name. 


— 


Lisbon. 


Rabbi M. Nachmanidis in Pent., 








folio. 


Samuel Zorba & Raban Eliezer 


1490 


Orleans. 


Manipulus curatorum, 4to. 


Matthieu Vivian. 



PRI 



537 



PRI 



Dates. 


PLACES. 


First Impressions, with known Date. 


Names of the First Printers. 


1490 


Ingolstadt. 


Rosarium celestis curias, folio. 


Joan. Kachelofen. 


1491 


Oporto. 


Statuta commun. Ripperise, folio. 


Barthol. Zanni. 


— 


Dijon. 


Cisterc. ord. privilegia, 4to. 


Petnis Metlinger. 


— 


AngoulSnie. 


Auctores VIII. Cato, Facetus, &c, 








4to. 


No name. 


— 


Hamburg. 


Laudes B. M. Virg., folio. 


Joh. and Thomas Borchard. 


— 


Nozani. 


P. Turretini disputatio Juris, folio. 


Henri de Colonia and Henri 
d' Harlem. 


1492 


Dole. 


Joan. Heberling de Epidemia, 4to. 


No name. 


— 


Leiria. 


Proverbia Salom., hebraice, folio. 


Abraham Dortas. 


— 


Tzeuna. 


Psalterium B. M. V., 4to. 


No name. 


1493 


Alba. 


Alex, de Villa doctrinale, folio. 


No name. 


— 


Clugni. 


Missale Cluniacense, folio. 


Michael Wenszler. 


— 


Fribourg. 


S. Bonav. in IV. sentent, folio. 


Kilianus Piscator. 


— 


Lunebourg. 


Th. a Kempis, de Imit. Christi, 8vo. 


Joan. Luce. 


— 


Nantes. 


Les Lunettes des princes, 8 /o. 


Etienne Larcher. 


— 


Copenhagen. 


Regulse de fig. construe, gram- 








mat., 4to. 


Gothofricus de Ghemen. 


— 


Valladolid. 


Notas del Relator, folio. 


Johannes de Fraucour. 


1494 


Monterey. 


Missale, folio. 


Gundilsalvus, Rod. de la Pa- 
sera, and J. de' Porres. 


— 


Bragae. 


Breviarium, folio. 


Johannes Gherline. 


— 


Oppenheim. 


Wigandi Wirt Dialogus apolog., 








&c, 4to. 


No name. 


1495 


Forli. 


Nic. Ferretti de Eleg. ling. lat. 








servanda, 4 to. 


Hieronymus Medesanus. 


— 


Freisingen. 


Compendiosa mat. pro Juven. in- 








form., 4to. 


Joan. Schaeffler. 


— 


Limoges. 


Breviarium Lemovicence, 8vo. 


Joan. Berton. 


— 


Scandiano. 


Appianus, folio. 


Peregrinus de Pasqualibus. 


— 


Pampeluna. 


Epilogo en medicina, folio. 


Arnaldus Guil. de Brocario. 


— 


Scboenhoven. 


Breviarium Trajectense, folio. 


No name. 


1496 


Barco. 


Selicoth, hebraice, folio. 


Gerson Mentzlen. 


— 


Offenbourg. 


Quadragesimale de Litio, 4to. 


No name. 


— 


Provins. 


La Regie des Marchands, 4to. 


Guill. Tavernier. 


— 


Tours. 


La Vie de St. Martin., folio. 


Matthieu Lateron. 


— 


Grenada. 


Franc. Ximenesde Vita Christ, fol. 


Menardus Ungut. 


1497 


Avignon. 


Luciani Palinurus, &c, 4to. 


Nicol. Lepe. 


— 


Carmagnola. 


FaciniTi,bergse in Alex, de villa,&c. 


No name. 


1498 


Tubingen. 


Pauli leptura in primum Senten., 








folio, 


Joan. O'ttmar. 


1499 


Treguier. 


Le Catholicon, folio. 


No name. 


— 


Montserrat. 


Missale Benedictinum, folio. 


Joan. Luchner Alemannus. 


— 


Tarragona. 


Missale Tarraconense, folio. 


Joh. de Rosembach. 


1500 


Cracovia. 


Ciceronis rhetor, libri IV., 4to. 


(Joannes Ilaller). 


— 


Munich. 


Aug. Mundii Oratio., 4to. 


Joannes Schobser. 


— 


Olmutz. 


Ang. de Olomvoz contra Walden- 








ses, 4to. 


Conradus Bomgathem. 


— 


Pfortzheim. 


Joan. Altenstaig vooabularius. 


Thomas Anselmus Badensis. 


— 


Perpignan. 


Breviarium Elnense, 8vo. 


J. Rosembach de Heidelberg. 


— 


Jaen. 


Petri Dagui, tractatus de diffe- 








rentiis. 


No name. 


1500 


Albi. 


Eneas Sylviideamorisremedio,4to. 


No name. 


— 


Rhenen. 


Dat leeven van II. maget S.Kunera 


No name. 


" 


Amsterdam. 


Dionysius de conversione pecca- 
toris, 8vo. 


D. Pietersoen. 



Printing- House, so called, one in 
Ipswich in Cardinal Wolsey's time, 
1538; John Oswen, printer. 

Printers', Master, these were 
limited in number, by the Star- 
chamber of Charles I., 1638 ; again, 
under William III., 1693 ; act ex- 
pired, 1794. 



Presses licensed by Pitt, and 
printers' name to be affixed in the 
first and last pages of a book, July 
1799. 

Printers accused of libels. Red- 
mayn, for printing " The State of 
Schism in the Church of England 
truly stated," written by the Rev. L. 



PRI 



538 



PEI 



Howel, sentenced to pay £300, to 
be imprisoned 3 years, or, till his 
fine was paid, to be bound in £1000 
and 4 sureties for good behaviour 
for life ; to lose his gown by the 
executioner's hand, and to be twice 
whipped — thus did the judges in the 
reign of George I., emulate those of 
Charles I. and his Star-chamber; 
Dalton, Dec. 1716; Mist, July 
1718 ; Matthews hanged, Oct. 
30, 1719; Mist, Feb. 20, 1721; 
Kedmayn, July 2, 1722 ; Eichard 
Phillips, July 2, 1723; Mist and 
Payne, July 8, 1724; Franklyn, 
for a libel in the Craftsman, Dec. 
28, 1727 ; Knell and Clark stood in 
the pillory, protected by the mob, 
for libel in printing off Mist's Jour- 
nal, one being a pressman the other 
a compositor, journeymen, Aug. 24, 
1729; Franklyn, July 20, 1731; 
Henry Haines, May 13, 1738, for 
printing the Craftsman, that being 
adverse to the Walpole administra- 
tion ; the libels generally political. 
These afterwards diminished in 
number, until the reign of George 
III., the celebrated prosecution of 
Wilkes, 1763; of Woodfal for Junius' 
letters, 1769,1770; between 1790 
and 1801, under the Pitt adminis- 
tration, they became very nume- 
rous ; from 1801 to 1807 there were 
fourteen only ; under the , Perceval 
administration in three years, 42 
ex-officio informations against print- 
ers were filed, and 14 carried on to 
trial. 

Prints and Books, duties on ; by 
the 7 and 8 Victoria, chap. 73, 
1844, entitled " An Act to Reduce, 
under certain circumstances, the 
Duties payable upon Books and 
Engravings," her Majesty, by order 
in council, may reduce the duties 
on foreign books and prints, in cases 
in which copyright is allowed to 
the country of export, under 7 and 8 
Victoria, cap. 12 ; and may reduce 
the duties on books and prints, in 
favour of countries with which her 
Majesty has treaties of reciprocity. 
Schedule of New Duties. — Books : — 
Works in the language or lan- 



guages of the country of export, 
originally produced therein, or 
original works of that country in 
the dead languages, of other works 
in the dead languages, with origi- 
nal commentaries produced in that 
country, 15s. per cwt. ; all other 
works published in the country of. 
export, if printed prior to the year 
1801, 20s. per cwt. ; if printed in 
or since the year 1801, 50s. ; prints 
or drawings, plain or coloured, id. 
each ; prints or drawings, bound or 
sewn, lgd. the dozen. 

Printsellers' property secured 
by act of parliament, 1777. 

Priors, Three, executed, 1534. 

Priories existed in England, 722; 
the alien priories seized upon by 
Edward I., 1215, when a war broke 
out between France and England — 
generally seized on the breaking 
out of war they were restored at 
the return of peace, ; 110 dissolved 
and their estates vested in the 
crown by Henry V., 1414. 

Prison Discipline, Society for the 
Improvement of, instituted 1815 ; 
its first public meeting, 1820. 

Prisons, Clerkenwell altered and 
enlarged, 1816 ; Tothill Fields, 
Westminster, built 1833 ; Peni- 
tentiary, Milbank, 1813; House of 
Correction, called Bath Fields, 1794; 
Pentonville model prison 1849 ; 
the Fleet, built 1780; taken clown, 
1848 ; Whitecross-street, built 
1814 ; Giltspur- street, completed 
1791 ; Newgate, 1218, 1777, repaired 
1780 ; Marshalsea no longer exists 
— the prisoners transferred to the 
King's Bench in Surrey ; Holloway 
new prison, erected 1750. 

Prisoners of War, 10,300 Eng- 
lish in France, and 47,000 French 
in England at the close of the war, 
1814. 

Privileged Places in London, 
where individuals were safe from 
arrest, after the churches as of old 
had ceased to be places of refuge ; 
the Minories, Salisbury Court, 
Whitefriars, Ram Alley, Mitre 
Court, Filwood's Rents, Balarin's 
Gardens, the Savoy, Montague- 



PEO 



539 



PEO 



Close, Deadman's-place, the Clink, 
and the Mint, South wark, 1696 ; 
they were not all suppressed until 
the reign of George I. 

Privy Councillors specially pro- 
tected, 1711, after the attempt on 
the life of Mr. Harley, on Guiscard's 
examination. 

Privy Council, a council insti- 
tuted by Alfred the Great, 895; 
limited to 30 in number by Charles 
II., fifteen being the principal offi- 
cers of state, the rest of the king's 
nomination ; judicial committee of, 
fixed as a court of appeal, 1833; 
the judges are, the president of the 
privy council, the lord chancellor, 
such members of the privy council 
as may hold the office of lord 
keeper, or first commissioners of 
the great seal, lord chief-justice of 
the king's or queen's bench, master 
of the rolls, vice chancellor, lord 
chief justice of the common pleas, 
lord chief baron, judge of the ad- 
miralty court, chief judge of the 
court of bankruptcy, and others 
appointed by the king or queen, 
being privy councillors. 

Privy Seal, the Lord, Bichard 
Pox, bishop of Winchester, ap- 
pointed in the reign of Henry VIII., 
before 1523. 

PKizE-money is by government 
divided into eight equal parts, and 
distributed in the following propor- 
tions; — Captains to have three- 
eighths, unless under the direction 
of a flag-officer, who in that case is 
to have one of the said three- 
eighths ; — Captains of marines and 
land forces, and lieutenants, &c, 
one-eighth ;■ — lieutenants of ma- 
rines, gunners, admiral's secreta- 
ries, &c, one-eighth; — midshipmen, 
captain's clerk, &c, one-eighth ; — 
ordinary and able seamen, marines, 
&c, two-eighths. Given at St. 
James's, April 17, 1793. 

Produce, Agricultural, in 
Prance ; that of the forty-eight de- 
partments, situated to the east of 
the meridian of Paris since 1830; 
this eastern half comprises more 
than 16 millions of hectares, and 



nearly 16 millions of inhabitants ; 
it is divided into 177 arrondisse- 
ments, and 19,000 communes. 
More than a third of the surface is 
occupied by different crops, and 
nearly one half, if nursery grounds, 
osier grounds, and fallow lands be 
included. The gross average pro- 
duce of corn is 84i millions of hec- 
tolitres per annum ; of potatoes, 55 
millions ; and dry vegetables two 
millions. Vineyards occupy 900,000 
hectares of the soil, and produce 
upwards of 20 millions of hecto- 
litres per annum, valued at 231 
millions of francs, or 263 millions, 
including the brandy. There are 
annually made in the same district 
3,360,000 hectolitres of beer, and 
461,000 of cider. Beet-root occupies 
under 37,000 hectares ; cloverseed, 
116,000hectares ; textile plants (flax, 
hemp, &c), more than 100,000 hec- 
tares. Mulberry-trees only lately 
introduced, 42 millions of francs in 
produce, of which they are the pri- 
mary source. The annual value 
average : — 

Grain 950 mills, of francs. 

Wine 264 

Beer and cider... 52 „ 

Different crops, 

&c 430 „ 

Total 1,696 

In every productive year the total 
produce is much above 2,000 mil- 
lions of francs. The quantity of 
land occupied in pastures of all 
kinds, is 10^ millions of hectares, 
of which only ^ are in natural and 
artificial meadoAv lands. Wood 
occupies 5^ millions of hectares, 
producing only 137 millions of 
francs per annum. The principal 
species of domestic animals specially 
belonging to agriculture, amount to 
25 millions of heads, of which horn- 
ed cattle form less than one-fifth, 
sheep 3-5ths, swine 1-1 0th, and 
horses l-20th, representing alto- 
gether a capital of 877 millions of 
francs. 



PRO 



540 



PRO 



Professors of Modern Languages 
and of Modern History, established 
at Cambridge by George I., 1724. 

Promissory Notes, first allowed 
to be assignable, 1705 ; taxed by a 
stamp, 1782; tax increased, 1804; 
again, 1808, 1815 ; and subse- 
quently fixed, for £2 and not above 
£5,5s., Is.; £5,5s.to£20, ls.6d.; £20 
to £30, 2s. ; £30 to £50, 2a. 6d. ; £50 
to £100, 3s. 6d. ; £100 to £200, 4s. 
6d.; £200 to £300, 5s.; £300to£500, 
6s.; £500 to £1000, 8s. 6d.; £1000 
to £2000, 12s. 6d. ; £2000 to £3000, 
15s. ; £3000 and upwards, 25s., for 
two months. The same sums, if for 
a longer period, run respectively for 
the above sums— Is. 6d. ; 2s. ; 2s. 
6d. ; 3s. 6d. ; 4s. 6d. ; 5s. ; 6s. ; 8s. 
6d.; 12s. 6d.; 15s.; 25s.; 30s. 
The value of amount in circulation, 
1826, £200,000,000. 

Promotion of Christian Know- 
ledge, Society for the, established 
1699. 

Propagation of the Gospel in 
New England, Society for the, in- 
corporated Feb. 7, 1662. 

Propaganda Fide, a celebrated 
college of the Catholic church, 
entitled Congregatio de Propaganda 
Fide, instituted at Rome by Pope 
Gregory XV., 1622. 



Prophets, several French, offered 
to submit to death, saying they 
would rise again among the people ; 
they were placed in the pillory, 1708. 

Property, law of becmeathment 
altered, Will, and Mary ; till then a 
man could not bequeath all his pro- 
perty to whom he pleased. One- 
third he was obliged to leave to his 
wife; one-third to his children; 
and the remainder only to whom 
he chose : in case he had no chil- 
dren, one -half was to go to the 
wife. This law was in operation in 
the province of York, in Wales, 
and in London, when statutes were 
passed giving persons in the pro- 
vince of York, and in Wales, the 
liberty of willing all their property. 
In the 2nd of George I. a similar 
statute was passed for the city of 
London. 

Property and Income Tax, at- 
tempt to renew, lost in parliament, 
March 18, 1816 ; made 6^ per cent M 
1805 ; 10 per cent., 1806 • produced 
£16,548,985, 1807; renewed June 
22, 1842; declared permanent tin- 
til 1860, when it is to cease and de- 
termine, 1853. 

Property Tax, great increase of 
income and property tax, from 1815 
to 1848, in England and Wales. 



Heads of Assessment. 



1815. 



1848. 



Lands 

Messuages .... 

Tithes 

Manors 

Fines 

Quarries 

Mines 

Iron Works.... 

Fisheries 

Canals 

Railways 

Gas- Works .... 
Other property. 
General profits. 



£. 


£. 


34,330,463 


42,347,870 


14,895,130 


38,822,453 


2,732,689 


505,466 


71,673 


163,867 


206,731 


284,366 


49,502 


290,108 


616,203 


2,174,220 


. 


738,278 


. 


15,412 




1,106,545 


. . 


5,790,386 


. . 


648,898 


574,727 


1,522,802 


18,257 


127,792 



Total assessed 53,495,3751 94,538,472 



PRO 



541 



PRO 



Scotland. 



Heads of Assessment. 



1848. 



Lands 

Messuages .... 

Tithes 

Manors.. ........ 

Fines ..... 

Quarries ....... 

Mines 

Iron Works.... 

Fisheries 

Canals 

Railways 

Gas-works .... 
Other property. 
General profits. 



£. 


£. 


5,075,242 


5,634,351 


1,364,270 


3,492,587 


209 




9,815 


5,628 


20,876 


42,874 


62,584 


260,039 




261,114 


. 


44,166 


, 


66,769 




549,801 




61,522 


62,960 


295,572 


46,999 





Total assessed 

Grand Total 

Difference, Increase £45,114,565. 



6,642,955 10,714,423 
60,138,330 105,252,895 



The number of those who have 
money in the funds, and pay no 
income or property assessment, is 
as follows : — 
Dividends 

under ...£5 51,816 

5 & under £25 19,-871 

25 „ 50 9,601 

50 „ 100 5,194 

100 „ 150 1,036 



Total of persons 87,518 

Prostration at the Elevation of 
the Mass ordained by the pope, 
1201. 

Protection, Writs of, once 
granted by the king, securing per- 
sons from legal restraint or per- 
sonal pursuit for one year ; the last 
was issued by William III., to 
protect Lord Cutts from being out- 
lawed by his tailor, 1692. 

Protection by Noblemen and 
Foreign Ambassadors restrained by 
parliament, 1773. 

Protectorate ; — that of the 
Earl of Pembroke began Oct. 1216, 
ended by his death the same year ; 
— of the Duke of Bedford, began 



1422, ended by his death, Sept. 
1435 ; — of the Duke of Gloucester, 
began April 1483, ended by his 
assuming the royal dignity, June 
1483;— of Somerset, began 1547, 
ended by his resignation, 1549 ; — of 
Oliver Cromwell, began Dec. 1643, 
ended by his death, 1658 ; — of Rich- 
ard Cromwell, began 1658, ended 
by his resignation, April 1659. 

Protestants, name first used, 
1529. 

Protestants in the minority in 
the diet of Spires, April 17, 1530, 
when the decree for supporting the 
doctrines of the church of Rome 
was protested against; hence the 
term Protestants given to the Re- 
formers. They were tolerated in 
Germany, 1624; in Bohemia, 1707; 
in Hungary, 1784 ; in France, 1792 ; 
in Portugal, 1801. 

Protestant Dissenters petition 
against Lord Sidmouth's bill, 1811 ; 
six hundred petitions presented, 
May 21, signed by 100,000 males 
in 48 hours. <t 

Protestant Association, a body 
formed to prevent religious and 
civil liberty being granted to the 



PRO 



542 



PRO 



Catholics ; they petitioned parlia- 
ment, and collected an amazing 
number of the lowest of the popu- 
lace to support them; they were 
headed by Lord George Gordon, a 
fanatic bigot ; the result was that 
the most flagrant outrages were 
committed, from June 2 to 7, 1780, 
and a number of chapels and houses 
burned or plundered. 

Protestant Colonization Society, 
Irish, established in Dublin, Dec. 
1829. 

Protestant Conservative . So- 
ciety of Dublin, an Orange associa- 
tion, formed Dec. 1831, but of 
small hold on the public mind, being 
wholly a political foundation. 

Protestants, £15,000 allowed to 
the French, expelled by George I., 
1718 ; persecuted at Thours, in Po- 
land, Nov. 1724 ; protected by the 
emperor and king of Prussia, 1731 ; 
a protestant minister hanged for as- 
sembling a congregation in Prance, 
1732 ; in Bohemia, many perse- 
cuted, 1735 ; leave Bohemia for 
Georgia, and settle there, 1735 ; the 
number in Ireland, 96,067 families, 
Nov. 1741 ; persecuted again in 
Prance, 1752 ; the name first used 
in 1529 ; first took refuge in Eng- 
land, 1572; became formidable 
in Prance, 1576 ; their successors 
protested against, 1700. 

Provincial Bank of Ireland, es- 
tablished by act of Parliament, 
1825 — it formed numerous branches 
within the first six years of its 
establishment. 

Provisions, Prices of, temp. Henry 
I. ; wheat, to make bread for 100 
men for one day, might be had foi- 
ls. Od. ; a sheep, 4d. ; wine, 6d. per 
quart, for red ; 8d. for white, 1200 ; 
wheat, Is. per quarter, 1286 ; wheat 
sold for 20s. the quarter (about £Q 
sterling now), Oct. 1192; provisions 
so scarce in 1316, that parliament 
fixed the prices at 16s. for an ox, 
12s. for a cow, a 2 year old hog, 
3s. 4d. : a sheep iwshorn, Is. 8d., 
shorn, Is. 2d. ; a goose 2^d. ; a 
capon, 2d. ; a hen, Id. ; eggs, 24 for 
Id. ; a quarter of wheat, beans, or 



pease, 20s. ; temp. Henry VIII., 
enacted that French wine shall be 
sold at 2d. per quart, sack at 3d. ; 
a haymaker's wages were Id. to l§d. 
per day ; in 2 Henry VII , wheat 
was 3s. 3d. the quarter, and in a 
terrible dearth, only 4s. — or about 
£2 12s. of modern money; 57 Ed- 
ward VI., c. 5, no wine of Guiennc 
to be sold for more than 2d. per 
quart, nor that of Rochelle or other 
French wine, to be sold for more 
than 3d. In the time of Queen 
Elizabeth, an old household account 
gives the following statement of 
prices for the two years, 1594 and 
1595:— 

£ s. d. 

Paid, 26th March, for 
104 lbs. of butter, received 
out of Gloucestershire, 
whereof 161bs. at S^d., 
and the rest at 3d. per ft>. 1 6 8 

Salt for the said butter 6 

Carriage of the said 
butter, from Bristol to 
London- ----- 4 6 

Paid, 29th March, for 
a fore-quarter of lamb, 
with the head - - - - 2 2 

A capon -----012 

Nine stone of beef at 
18d. the stone - - - - 13 6 

A quart of Malmsey - 8 

Four pounds of soap - 10 

Paid, 3rd April, for a 
lamb ------050 

A dozen of pigeons - 2 4 

Twenty-eight eggs - 8 

Paid, 6th April, for 3 
pecks of fine flour - - - 2 6 

A side of veal - - - 8 

A calf's head - - - 10 

A pint of claret wine - 3 

Paid, 31st July, for a 
peck of oysters - - - 4 

Paid, 19th August, for 
half-a-peck of filberts - 6 

Paid, 9th Feb., 1595, 
for half-a-hundred oran- 
ges ------- 9 

Provisions, price of, at different 
periods, as follows : — 

A fat ox, 12d. ; sheep, 4d. ; pro- 



PRO 



543 



PEU 



vender for 20 horses, 4d. ; bread 
for 100 men, 12d., 1177. 

Wheat, 12d. the quarter ; beans 
and oats, 4d., 1216. 

Goose, 4d. ; lamb at Christmas, 
6d. ; all the rest of the year, 4d. ; 
two pullets, l|d., 1299. 

Fat ox, £1 4s. ; sheep, Is. 2d. ; 
hog, 3s. 4d. ; two chickens, Id. ; 4 
pigeons, Id. ; 24 eggs, Id. ; wheat, 
beans, and pease, 20s. the quarter. 
Wheat, 30s. the quarter, 1316. 
Wine, 20s. the tun, 1316. 
Barley, Is. the quarter, 1317. 
Wheat, Is. the quarter ; malt, 
16d. ; 1454. 

Wheat, 3s. the quarter, I486; 4s. 
the quarter, 1493 ; 1 5s. the quarter, 
1527; claret, 30s. the hogshead, 
1493 ; a barrel of beer with the 
cask, 6d., and 4 great loaves for 
Id., 1553 ; wheat, 14s. the quarter, 
1558, and £2 6s. in 1726; in 
1795-6, £6; in 1801, £7; 1810, 
£5 10s. ; 1817, £7 8s. ; 1850, £2 ; 
In 1299, 2 pullets cost in London, 
lgd; a partridge or 2 woodcocks, 
the same ; a fat lamb from Christ- 
mas to Shrovetide, 6d. — the rest of 
the year, 4d. ; in 1313, an ox was 
but £2 8s. of modern money, if salt- 
ed with corn, £3 12s. ; a shorn 
sheep, 5s. ; 2 dozen of eggs, 3d. ; 
wine cost 20s. per tun, 1387 ; beef 
and pork. id. per lb. ; veal |d. by 
statute, 1533 ; the duties on foreign 
provisions and liquids did not bur- 
then such commodities much in the 
Stuart restoration, and then a tun 
of French wine, of 252 gallons, paid 
only £4 10s., if imported in an 
English vessel to London — into 
other parts, but £3 10s ; the wines 
of other nations paid but £2 5s. in 
London, in other parts, £1 10s. ; 
but nine months after, imported 
French wines paid £% and other 
wines, £3 ; spirits imported, 2d. per 
gallon ; if perfectly made, 4d. ; so of 
coffee, 4d. ; tea, sherbet, and choco- 
late, 4d. per gallon, which became 
an additional charge. 

Provisions of Oxford passed, in 
which appears the first sketch of 
the House of Commons, 1258. 



Prussia, once the country of the 
Pericini and JEstri^ Gothic tribes, 
bordering upon the Slavonic, called 
Venedi; little known of the coun- 
try, now called Prussia, until a com- 
paratively late period ; the city of 
Julin, of great extent, on the 
right bank of the Oder in the mid- 
dle ages, was destroyed by Walcle- 
mar I., king of Denmark, supposed 
to have been where Wallin now 
stands ; consists, in modem times, of 
4 divisions — the Electorate of Bran- 
denburg, Prussia Proper, Silesia, 
and the third part of Poland. House 
of Brandenburg, derived from Thas- 
silo, of Hohenzollern, about 900 

Sigefied, appointed Margave 
of Brandenburg 927 

The Prussian pagans mur- 
dered St. Adalbert 1010 

Boleslas of Poland ravag- 
ed Prussia „ 

Berlin built, under Albert 
the Bear 1163 

The Teutonic knights un- 
dertake to conquer Prussia, 
and convert the people 1225 

Konigsberg, lately built, 
made the capital of Prussia... 1286 

The Teutonic knights, by 
their barbarities, almost de- 
populated Prussia. It is re- 
peopled by German colo- 
nists in the 13th century. 

Frederick IV. of Nurem- 
berg obtained by purchase, 
from Sigismond, the margra- 
viate of Brandenburg 1415 

Charles IV., the emperor, 
assigned Brandenburg to his 
second son, Sigismond 1373 

Cassimir IV. of Poland, as- 
sisted the natives against the 
oppression of the Teutonic 
knights 1446 

Albert of Brandenburg, 
grand-master of the Teutonic 
order, renounced the Boman 
Catholic religion, embraced 
Lutheranism, and only ac- 
knowledged duke of East 
Prussia, to be held as a fief of 
Poland 1525 

JoachimlL, elector of Bran- 



PEU 



544 



PEU 



denburg, embraced the Lu- 
theran faith 1539 

University of Konigsberg, 
founded by duke Albert 1544 

The dukedom of Prussia is 
joined to the electorate of 
Brandenburg, and so continues 
to this day 1594 

John Sigismund, created 
elector of Brandenburg and 
duke of Prussia 1618 

The principality of Halber- 
stadt, and the bishopric of 
Minden, transferred to the 
house of Brandenburg ..,..,... 1648 

Frederick William suc- 
ceeded his father 1640 

Poland obliged to acknow- 
ledge Prussia as an indepen- 
dent state, under Frederick 
William, surnamed the Great 
Elector , 1657 

Succeeded by his son 1688 

Order of Concord instituted 
by Christian Ernest, elector of 
Brandenburg and duke of 
Prussia 1660 

Order of Generosity insti- 
tuted by Frederick III 1685 

Frederick III., in an assem- 
bly of the states, put a crown 
upon his own head, and upon 
the head of his consort, and is 
proclaimed king of Prussia, 
by the title of Frederick I. ... 1701 

Instituted the Order of the 
Black Eagle 1701 

Took Gueldres from the 
Dutch 1702 

Seized on Neumburg and 
Valencia, and bought Feck- 
lenburgh , 1707 

Frederick William II., or I. 
as king, ascended the throne. 1713 

Founded Potsdam 1721 

The principality of Meurs 
added to the Prussian domi- 
nions 1712 

Reign of Frederick II., or 
the Great, during which the 
Prussian monarchy was made 
to rank among the first powers 
in Europe 1740 

Breslau ceded to Prussia ... 1741 

Silesia, Glatz, &c, ceded 1742 



Frederick the Great visited 
England 1744 

General Lacy, with 15,000 
Austrians, and a Russian 
army, march to Berlin; the 
city laid under contribution ; 
paid 800,000 guilders, and 
1,900,000 crowns, the maga- 
zines, arsenals, and foundries, 
destroyed 1760 

Peace of Hubertsberg, Feb. 
15 r 1763 

Frederick the Great died, 
Aug. 17 1786 

The Prussians took posses - 
sion of Hanover, Jan. 30 1806 

Prussia joined, the allies of 
England against France, 
Oct. 6 1806 

Battle of Jena, Oct. 14 1806 

Berlin decree promulgated, 
Nov. 20 1806 

Peace of Tilsit, July 7 1807 

Convention of Berlin, Nov. 5 1808 

Prussia joined the allies, 

Marchl7 1813 

Treaty of Paris, April 11 1814 

The king visited England ; 

dined at Guildhall, June 18 1814 

Congress of Carlsbad, 
Aug. 1 1819 

Marshal Blucher died' in 
Silesia, aged 77, Sept. 12 1819 

Serious attempt on the life 
of the king, by an assassin 
named Tesch, July 26 1844 

Berlin declared in a state of 
siege, Nov. 12 1848 

The constituent assembly 
met in Brandenburg castle, 
Nov. 29 1848 

The assembly is dissolved, 
the king issued a new consti- 
tution to his subjects, Dec. 5 1848 

Prussia declined the impe- 
rial crown offered to it, Jan. 23 1849 

The German National As- 
sembly elect the king of 
Prussia, " hereditary emperor 
of the Germans," March 28... 1849 

The king declined the im- 
perial crown, April 29 1849 

Royal ordinance, placing 
the king under martial law, 
May 10 1849 



PEU 



545 



PEU 



The Prussians entered 
Carlsruhe, June 23 1849 

Armistice between Prussia 
and Denmark, July 10 1849 

Hamburg occupied by a 
German force, Aug. 14 1849 

Bavaria declared an impe- 
rial constitution, with the 
king of Prussia at its head, 
Sept. 8 1849 

Treaty between Prussia and 
Austria, Sept. 30 1849 

Austria protested against 
the alliance of Prussia with 
the minor states of Germany, 
Nov. 12 1849 

The king took the oath re- 
quired by the constitution, 
Feb. 6 1850 

Hanover withdrew from the 
Prussian alliance, Feb. 25 1850 

Treaty signed at Munich, 
between Austria, Bavaria, 
Saxony, and Wurtemburg, to 
maintain the German union, 
Feb. 27 1850 

Wurtemburg denounced the 
insidious ambition of the king 
of Prussia, and announced a 
league between Wurtemburg, 
Bavaria, and Saxony, 
March 15 1850 

Attempt to assassinate the 
king of Prussia, May 22 1850 

Hesse-Darmstadt withdrew 
from the Prussian league, 
June 30 1850 

Treaty of Peace, between 
Prussia and Denmark, July 2 1850 

A congress of deputies from 
the states included in the 
Prussian Zollverein opened at 
Cassel, July 12 1850 

Prussia refused to join the 
restricted diet of Frankfort, 
Aug. 25 1850 

Prussia, Bulers of: — 

Albert I., surnamed the 
Bear, first elector of Branden- 
burg 1134 

Otho 1 1170 

OthoII 1184 

Albert II 1206 

John I. and Otho IH 1221 

John II 1266 



Otho IV 1282 

Waldemar 1309 

Henry I., le Jeune 1319 

[Interregnum.] 1320 

Louis I. of Bavaria 1323 

Louis II., surnamed the 

Roman 1352 

Otho V., le Faineant 1365 

Wenceslas of Luxemburg... 1373 
Sigismund of Luxemburg. . . 1378 

Jossus, the Bearded 1388 

Sigismund again : emperor 1411 
Frederick I. of Nuremburg 1415 
Frederick II., surnamed 

Ironside 1440 

Albert III., surnamed the 

German Achilles 1470 

John III., his son ; as mar- 
grave; styled the Cicero of 

Germany 1476 

John III., as elector 1486 

Joachim I., son of John ... 1499 
Joachim II., poisoned by a 

Jew 1535 

John-George 1571 

Joachim-Frederick 1598 

John-Sigismund 1608 

DUKES. 

John-Sigismund 1616 

George-William 1619 

Frederick William, his son ; 
styled the " Great Elector." ... 1640 

Frederick, son of the pre- 
ceding ; crowned king, Jan. 
18, 1701 1688 

KINGS. 

Frederick I., king 1701 

Frederick William I., son of 
Frederick 1 1713 

Frederick II. (Frederick 
III., styled the Great), son of 
the preceding 1740 

Frederick William II. ; ne- 
phew of the preceding king. . . . 1786 

Frederick William III. He 
had to contend against the 
might of Napoleon, ami, alter 
extraordinary vicissitudes, he 
aided England in the over- 
throw of that emperor 1797 

Frederick William IV., son 
of the last monarch ; suc- 
ceeded June 7. The present 

King of Prussia 1840 

2n 



PRY 



546 



PUN 



Prussian-Blue, discovered or in- 
vented by a native of Berlin, 1707. 
Prussian Commercial League, 
called the Zollverein, first became 
operative, 1834 ; comprising Prus- 
sia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wurtemberg, 
Hesse, Electorate and Duchy of, 
Thuringia, Baden, Nassau, and 
Frankfort; it includes 25,324,668 
persons. 

Prussia, Population of, 1801, ac- 
cording to Hoack : — 

Eastern Prussia 940,000 

Western do 521,625 

Southern do.. 1,100,000 

New Eastern do 700,000 

Part of Poland in Silesia 74,000 

Pomerania 472,957 

Brandenburg 755,577 

New March 279,584 

Magdeburgh 275,262 

Halberstadt 111,875 

Minden 67,952 

Ravensberg 81,812 

East Friesland 102,594 

Cleves 100,000 

Mcers 17,000 

Mark 121,984 

Gelder 48,000 

Tichlenburgh 17,234 

Lingen 23,432 

Silesia 1,747,065 

Anspach 215,256 

Bareuth 205,440 

Neufchatel and Valengia 42,500 

Total 8,021,149 

Population, 1815 12,464,000 

Prussia, Army of, 1801, 178,897 
infantrv ; 39,867 cavalry ; artillerv, 
18,325;"' total, 237,089. Army, 
350,000, 1815. 

Prynne, William, born 1600 ; 
persecuted in Laud's infamous Star- 
chamber court for publishing his 
Histriomastix, reflecting on the 
ministers for countenancing stage - 
plays, masquerades, and immorali- 
ties ; fined £500, expelled from Ox- 
ford and Lincoln's Inn, disabled from 
practising the law,- sentenced to be 
placed in the pillory, lose both his 
ears, and to be imprisoned for life, 
Eeb., 1633 : the Pour Inns of Court 



got up a masque at Whitehall to 
please the king by showing their 
contempt for Prynne, who was plac- 
ed in the pillory, May, 1634 ; again 
in 1637; took his seat in the long 
parliament, 1640; died, Oct. 24, 
1669. 

Psalmanazar, George, a noted 
impostor, who pretended to be a Ja- 
panese, and actually invented a lan- 
guage after the rules of grammar ; 
died" 1763, aged 84. 

Psalms of David, turned into 
rhyme bv Sternhold and Hop- 
kins, 1552. 

Public Houses, a power of licens- 
ing them conferred on Sir Giles 
Mompesson and Sir Francis Mitchel, 
for their own profit, 1621, by James 
I. ; in 1790, the number in England 
was 76,000; of such, 5024 are said to 
exist at present in the metropolis. 

Public Funds. See National 
Debt and Revenue. 

Public Funds originated at Flo- 
rence, 1344. 

Pulteny, William, Earl of Bath, 
struck off the list of privy councillors, 
July 1731. 

Pulvis Fulminans, said to have 
been discovered by Roger Bacon, 
1290. 

Pumps in general use in England, 
1425 ; air pump invented, 1634 ; im- 
proved by Boyle, 1657. 

Punishments, Capital, after the 
year> 1830 humanely diminished ; 
in the three years preceding, 42 per- 
sons were put to death in London ; 
in the years 1830-'l-'2, only 5 were 
executed, and 19 of these forjbur- 
glary and housebreaking ; the laws 
were written in blood, after the san- 
guinary temper of our forefathers, 
whose refinements were revolting in 
cruelty ; the heads of those execut- 
ed were to be stuck up on Temple 
Bar or London Bridge, and the quar- 
ters, previously seethed in spices to 
preserve them, in different parts of 
London ; dozens together were dis- 
played on London Bridge ; in 1471, 
after the defeat of Faulconbridge, his 
head, and the heads of nine others , 
were stuck upon ten spears on Lon- 



PUL 



547 



PUR 



don Bridge, where they remained till 
the elements had left nothing of them 
but the bones ; at a later period the 
head of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, 
was stuck up here ; the legs of Sir 
Thomas Wyatt, the son of the poet, 
were exhibited from the same spot ; 
the mayors of London had power to 
kill and destroy ; in 1335, a mayor, 
Andrew Aubrey, ordered seven 
skinners and fishmongers, whose of- 
fence was rioting in the streets, 
aggravated by personal insult, to be 



beheaded without trial ; their heads 
were also exposed on the bridge ; 
Jack Cade, in the fervour of his suc- 
cesses, set up Lord Saye's head at 
the same place ; Hentzner, the Ger- 
man traveller, states, that when he 
visited England in 1598, temp. Eliz., 
he counted no less than thirty heads 
upon this bridge ; the following is a 
bill of a hangman for hanging, em- 
bowelling, &c, some thirty-four 
rebels in the year 1715 : — 



1715. 
Jan. 17, 



Feb. 9, 

Feb. 10. 
Feb. 11. 

Feb. 16 ( 
and 18, j 
Feb. 25, 



Erecting gallows ; paid for materials, hurdle, fire, 
cart, &c. ; executing Shuttleworth and 4 more, at 

Preston, and setting up their heads, &c. &c ,£12 

Dismemberment on executing old Mr. Chorly, and 

setting up a head, &c 5 10 

Charge at Wigan on executing Blundell, &c 7 1 

Charge at Manchester, executing Syddal, &c 8 10 

Charge at Garstang and Lancaster on executing at 

either place 22 

Charge for executing Bennet and 2 more, at Liver- 
pool 10 3 

Payd 2 executions 60 

Payd for horses to carry the executioners to the se- 
veral places of execution, and travelling charges... 7 10 

Total 132 15 



The under-sheriff and jailer's expenses not included. 



Purgatives the more gentle, dis- 
covered by a physician of Greece, 
named Actuarius, in 1245. 

Purgatory, doctrine of, invented 
by the Roman Catholics about 250 ; 
became a confirmed article of the 
Church of Rome, 543 ; it implies a 
middle place between heaven and 
hell, where the soul remains purify- 
ing by fire before it can enter heaven. 

Pultowa, a celebrated battle be- 
tween Charles XII. of Sweden and 
Peter the Great of Russia, in which 
Charles was vanquished, and obliged 
to fly to Bender in Turkey, July 8, 
1709. 

Pultusk, Battle of, 1703, between 
the Swedes and the Saxons ; a second 
battle occurred in the same place 
between the French and the Rus- 



sians, Dec. 26, 1808, in which the 
former obtained the victory. 

Purification of the Virgin Mary ; 
feast of, established by the Catholic 
church, Feb. 2, 552, in honour of the 
Virgin going to the temple, in pur- 
suance of the Jewish custom of 
making an offering after childbirth ; 
this ceremonial was ordered to be 
accompanied with wax tapers by 
Pope Sergius I., whence coines the 
name of Candlemass. 

Purple, a colour given in great 
perfection in ancient Tyre, it is 
said through a dye obtained from a 
peculiar shellfish ; this colour has 
been used in all ages for the apparel of 
kings, whence cardinals and bishops 
adopted it by licence of pope Paul 
II., 1465. % 



QUA 



548 



QUA 



Pusetism, the term given to a 
recent attempt to follow the example 
of the notorious Laud, temp. Charles 
I., and approximate the Church of 
England as closely as possible to the 
papal superstition ; it originated at 
Oxford, near which an imitation of 
monastic cells and discipline was set 
up at Littlemore ; the better informed 
heads of the university condemned 
the attempt which was thus made, 
under the name of Tractarianism, by 
resolutions, March 15, 1841 ; Pusey- 
ism, and a notorious sermon preach- 
ed by Dr. Pusey, again condemned, 
May 30, 1843 ; some of the clergy 
who became the disciples of Pusey- 
ism have already gone over to Eome. 

Putney Bridge, built 1726. 

Pyrenees, Battle of the, between 
the English under the Duke of Wel- 
lington, and the French under Mar- 
shal Soult, when the latter was de - 
feated with considerable loss, July 
28, 1813 ; Soult was at the time on 
his retreat into France, in conse- 
quence of the defeat of his country- 
men at Vittoria. 



Pyrenees Treaty of Peace, sign- 
ed between the French and Don 
Haro, on the part of Spain, by which 
the latter resigned Alsace, Rousillon, 
and Artois, while France gave up 
her acquisitions in Catalonia and 
Etruria, Nov. 7, 1659 ; Spaniards de- 
feated by the French both in East- 
ern and Western Pyrenees, 1794. 

Pythagoras School, one so called, 
built at Cambridge, 1092. 

Pyrometer, Wedgwood's, uncer- 
tainty of, proved by Sir James Hall, 
1817. 

Pyramid of Ghiza, the indefati- 
gable Italian, Belzoni, succeeded in 
penetrating into the centre of the se- 
cond pyramid, 1817. 

Pyrenees Orientales et Basses 
taken out of the old French province 
of Bousillon, and Lower Navarre 
and Bearne, two of the most south- 
ern departments of France, contain- 
ing together 3760 square miles, form- 
ed into two departments by the revo- 
lutionary government of France in 
1789. 



Q 



Qoack, from the Dutch word 
"quacken," a goose, applied to pre- 
tenders in medicine, in England 
more especially encouraged ; quack 
medicines taxed in 1783, and the 
tax increased 1803; a notorious 
quack, named St. John Long, was 
tried for manslaughter of a Miss 
Cashin, Aug. 21, 1830, and found 
guilty; he was subsequently tried 
for the same offence in relation to 
Mr. C. Lloyd, and got off, Feb. 
19, 1831 ; this quack was supported 
by persons who, from their position 
in life, might be supposed better 
informed. 

Quadrant, the mathematical in- 
strument introduced into scien- 
tific usage before the birth of Christ ; 
the quadrant of Davis produced 
about 1600 ; Hadley's quadrant, 
1731. 



Quadruple Alliance signed be- 
tween France, Holland, Germany 
and England, July 22, 1718 ; also 
Jan. 8, 1744-5. 

Quakers, or Friends, first ap- 
peared as a religious sect in 1650 ; 
as a body most respectable ; they 
conduct themselves in close accor- 
dance with the original tenets of 
Christianity, repudiating the wars of 
ambition or territorial acquirement, 
in which other sects demanding to be 
esteemed Christians unhesitatingly 
engage ; tolerant and non-persecu- 
ting they were persecuted by the 
intolerant, until the superior civil 
government of recent times se- 
cured religious freedom to all men ; 
the quakers in England regarded 
George Fox as their leader ; the 
names of Penn, Keith, and Barclay 
were equal to the members of any 



QUE 



549 



QUE 



other sect in piety and worth ; their 
first meeting-house in London was 
in Fenchurch Street, and they were 
recognised in Dublin, 1692 ; their 
affirmation in place of an oath al- 
lowed to he taken, 8 Will. III. 1696 ; 
altered in 1702 and 1721 ; secured 
from oath on holding offices, 1828 ; 
with other sects, 1837 and 1838. 

Quakers, Persecution of, in Eng- 
land by the Church, for tithes and 
offerings claimed to pay for the pro- 
mulgation of tenets they did not 
profess ; no fewer than 2,000 suffered 
fines and imprisonment, 1660; above 
120 were transported to America by 
Charles II., 1664 ; soldiers were or- 
dered to force them on board ship, 
but the Dutch captured the vessel, 
and all but 28 died of the plague in 
Holland, few of these last ever 
reaching America; the first quakers 
who arrived in Boston, which was 
founded by refugees from religious 
persecution, were females, but such 
is theological rancour invested with 
power, that even those poor women 
were cruelly flogged and their ears 
cut off ; Quakers admitted into par- 
liament 1833 ; one was chosen 1698. 

Qualification Act for members 
of parliament, passed 1711 ; the 
same for justices of the peace, 1732. 

Quarantine, the act of separating 
persons supposed to be afflicted 
with pestilential diseases from the 
rest of society for a longer or a 
shorter time, to prevent the spread 
of the contagion, first adopted at 
Venice in 1127 ; considered in the 
present day to be of little effect, 
as in the case of Asiatic cholera. 

Quarter Sessions, courts estab- 
lished, 34 Edward III., appointed 
quarterly 1413; times of holding 
once more regulated by statute, 1 
Will. IV., 1830. 

Quatre Bras, Battle of, June 16, 
1815, between the allied army and 
British under Sir Thomas Picton, 
and the French under Marshal Ney ; 
the Duke of Brunswick fell in this 
indecisive action. 

Quebec, founded by the French 
1605 ; recovered by the English 



1626; restored to France 1632; 
besieged unsuccessfully by the 
English 1711; taken by them in 1759, 
Sept. 13, when General Wolfe fell 
at the moment of success, and the 
French commander, the Marquis of 
Montcalm, at the moment of defeat ; 
besieged in vain by the colonists in 
the American war, Dec. 31, 1775; 
stores and houses in great numbers 
destroyed by fire, Sept. 1815, to the 
extent in value of £260,000 ; again, 
May 28, 1845, 1650 houses, the 
dwellings of 12,000 persons, were 
burned ; a fire at the theatre and 
50 lives lost, June 12, 1846 ; cholera 
broke out at, June 8, 1832. 

Queen of the Sandwich Islands, 
died in London of smallpox, July 
14, 1824. 

Queen of England, the first reg- 
nant, Mary, 1553"; she re-established 
popish power and persecutions, ex- 
pelling the Protestant clergy, 1553 ; 
borrowed £20,000 of the city of 
London, Oct. 1, 1553 ; promised to 
pay her predecessor's debt, 1554 ; 
married Philip of Spain, July 29, 
1554; created 90 Knights of the 
Carpet, Sept. 20, 1554; published 
liberty of conscience, Oct. 5, 1554; 
restored the Church lands she held, 
1555 ; granted a commission for 
an inquisition, 1557; the second 
Queen-regnant was Elizabeth, 1558 ; 
rejected several offers of marriage, 
1560; refused admission to the 
pope's nuncio, and increased the sala- 
ry of the judges, 1561 ; assisted the 
French Protestants, 1562 ; proposed 
her favourite Dudley as a husband 
to the Queen of Scots, 1563 ; ad- 
vised by the parliament to marry, 
Nov. 1, 1566; demanded the resto- 
ration of Calais, and was refused it, 
1567 ; became umpire between the 
Regent and Queen of Scotland, who 
fled into England, 1568 ; seized 
Spanish property at Plymouth, and 
desired it might be called a loan, 
Dec. 29, 1568 ; was excommunicated 
by the pope, 1569; rejected the Duke 
of Anjou as a suitor, 1571 ; paid 
her father's foreign debts, 1572; 
refused the Duke of Alencon, 



QUE 



550 



QUE 



1572 ; rejected the sovereignty of 
Holland and Zealand, then offered 
to her ; aided the Dutch against 
Spain, 1578, 1584; recalled the Eng- 
lish children educating abroad, 1580; 
forbade the harbouring any popish 
priest, and mediated between Mus- 
covy and Sweden, 1583; gave 50,000 
crowns to assist the Huguenots, 
1585 ; entered into a treaty of mu- 
tual defence with the Dutch, 1586 ; 
ostensibly tried to save the life of 
Mary Queen of Scots with the par- 
liiiment, Oct. 1586; signed her death 
warrant, Feb. 1, 1587 ; fined her 
secretary £10,000, and excused her- 
self for the act to the King of Scot- 
land, 1587 ; excommunicated, and 
her subjects absolved from their 
allegiance towards her, 1588 ; ha- 
rangued her people at Tilbury, May 
29, 1588 ; went to St. Paul's to re- 
turn thanks for the defeat of the 
Armada, Nov. 24, 1588 ; assisted 
the King of France with £23,000, 
1589 ; the customs raised by her 
from £14,000 to £50,000, 1590; 
attempted to be poisoned by her 
physician, 1593 ; to be assassinated, 
1594; demanded £800,000 due from 
the Dutch, 1595 ; made the nobility 
who held crown lands pay large 
fines, 1600 ; suppressed monopolies, 
1601 ; banished the Jesuits, 1602 ; 
appointed James King of Scotland 
her successor, and died March 24, 
1603 ; Queen Anne, the third and 
last Queen- regnant of England, 
until Victoria ascended the throne, 
visited Bath and Oxford, Aug. 1702 ; 
went in state to St. Paul's, Nov. 12, 
1702, to return thanks for the Avar; 
revived the Order of the Thistle in 
Scotland, 1703; granted the first- 
fruits and tenths for the better 
maintenance of the poor clergy, 
Feb. 1703 ; sent the Duke of Savoy 
200,000 crowns, and permitted him 
to obtain a loan for £250,000, Feb. 
26, 1705 ; went in state to St. Paul's 
to a thanksgiving for the British 
victories, June 27, 1706 ; disgusted 
with the Elector of Hanover for 
wishing to take his seat in the House 
of Lords, 1714; died Aug. 1, 1714. 



Queen of Scots, married the 
Dauphin of France, April 24, 1558 ; 
quartered the arms of England and 
France, and assumed them, Jan. 
1559 ; embroiled with her subjects, 
and invaded by the English, 1559; 
refused to relinquish the title and 
arms of France, 1560; refused on 
the death of her husband to relin- 
quish her right to the crown of 
England, Aug. 15, 1560 ; refused 
the Earl of Leicester for a husband, 
1563; married Lord Darnley, 1565; 
David Bizzio assassinated in her pre- 
sence, March 9, 1566 ; bore a son, af- 
terwards James I. of England, June, 
19, 1566 ; made^Bothwell her favour- 
ite in the place of Bizzio, and he de- 
stroying Lord Darnley, Feb. 9, 1567, 
she married him in May following; 
imprisoned by the discontented 
Scotch lords, and obliged to resign 
her crown to her son, 1567 ; escaped 
into England and detained there a 
prisoner, May 17, 1568; confined 
in Tutbury Castle, 1569; re- 
moved to Coventry, and desired her 
marriage with Bothwell might be 
annulled, Nov. 22, 1569 ; her party 
in Scotland ravaged the English 
border, 1570; more strictly guarded, 
having endeavoured to escape, 
1577 ; removed to Chartley Castle, 
1586 ; her papers seized and sent 
to London, 1586 ; removed to Fo- 
theringay Castle, where commis- 
sioners tried and condemned her to 
death, Oct. 14, 1586 ; beheaded at 
Fotheringay after 18 years' impri- 
sonment, in her 46th year, Feb. 8, 
1587. 

Queens, Three, those of France, 
England, and Scotland, in England 
together, 1517. 

Queen Anne's Bounty, act to 
consolidate, 1838 ; what was called 
the queen's bounty, which Avas an 
annual gift of £1000, with the col- 
lection upon the king's letter, 
ceased 1829, having commenced 
with the beginning of the reign of 
George III. 

Queen Caroline, trial of, July 5, 
1820; early censured under an 
ill-fated marriage to a profligate 



QUE 



551 



QUE 



husband ; ignorant of the true mean- 
ing of many words in the English 
language, and bred up in German 
habits, this queen still was styled 
the delight and charm of the circle 
in which she moved, by Canning, 
who would not suffer the dark in- 
trigues of those who thought to 
recommend themselves to royalty 
to influence his mind ; the insinua- 
tions against her began in May, 
1806, when she was fully proved to 
be innocent of the charges whis- 
pered against her ; once more her 
conduct, while on her travels, sur- 
rounded by spies and home-agents, 
was made the subject of investiga- 
tion, and she met the charges after 
a private committee had reported, 
and a bill of pains and penalties 
been brought in, July 5, 1820 : on 
a division, with all the power of 
the court against her, there was 
a majority of 9, exactly the num- 
ber of the ministers; in conse- 
quence, Lord Liverpool moved that 
the bill be read that day six 
months ; there was great exultation 
throughout the country — the queen 
went in state to St. Paid's, Nov. 29 ; 
she protested against her exclusion 
from the coronation, July 18, 1821 : 
was taken ill July 30, the same 
year, and died Aug. 7 ; a riot took 
place in consequence of the govern- 
ment opposing the desire of the 
public for the body to pass through 
the city, Aug. 14, 1821. 

Queens of England, the following 
are the queens of England who 
have reigned of their own right, and 
been consorts of the crown either 
before or during their accession; 
Matilda, daughter of Baldwin, Earl 
of Flanders; she was married in 
1051 to William I., and died 1084 ; 
Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III., 
king of Scotland ; she was married 
to Henry I., Nov. 11, 1100, and 
died May 1, 1119; Adelais, daugh- 
ter of Godfrey, earl of Louvaine; 
she was married Jan. 29, 1129, and 
survived the king ; Maude or Ma- 
tilda, daughter of Heniy I., and 
rightful heir to the throne, born 



1101 ; betrothed in 1109, at eight 
years of age, to Henry V., emperor 
of Germany, who died 1125 ; she 
married, secondly, Geoffrey Plan- 
tagenet, earl of Anjou, 1130, was 
set aside from the English succes- 
sion by Stephen, 1135 ; landed in 
England and claimed the crown, 
1139 ; crowned, but was soon after 
defeated at Winchester, 1141 ; con- 
cluded a peace with Stephen, which 
secured the succession to her son, 
Henry, 1153 ; died, 1167 ; Matilda, 
daughter of Eustace, count of Bou- 
logne ; she married Stephen in 
1128, and died May 3, 1151 ; Elea- 
nor, the repudiated queen of Louis 
VII., king of France, and heiress of 
Guienne and Poitou ; she was mar- 
ried to Henry II., 1152, and died 
1204 ; Berengaria, daughter of the 
king of Navarre ; she was married 
to Bichard I., May 12, 1191, and 
survived the king ; Avisa, daughter 
of the earl of Gloucester ; she was 
married to John in 1189, and di- 
vorced ; Isabella, daughter of the 
count of Angouleme ; she was the 
young wife of the count de la 
Marche ; married to John in 1200 ; 
survived the king, on whose death 
she was remarried to the count de 
la Marche; Eleanor, daughter, of 
the count de Provence; she was 
married to Henry III., Jan. 14, 
1236 ; survived the king, and died 
in 1292, in a monastery, whither 
she had retired ; Eleanor of Castile, 
queen of Edward I. ; she was mar- 
ried in 1253, and died of a fever on 
her journey to Scotland, at Hornby, 
in Lancashire ; secondly, Margaret, 
sister of the king of France ; she 
married, Sept. 12, 1299 ; survived 
the king ; Isabella, daughter of the 
king ofFrance ; she was married to 
Edward II., in 1308; on the death, 
by the gibbet, of the favourite Mor- 
timer, she was confined for the 
rest of her life in her own house, 
near London ; Philippa, daughter 
of the, count of Holland and Hain - 
ault ; she was married to Edward 
III., Jan. 24, 1328, and died Aug. 
16, 1369 ; Anne of Bohemia, sister 



QUE 



552 



QUE 



of the emperor Winceslas of Ger- 
many; she was married to Eichard 
II., ' in Jan. 1382, and died 
Aug. 3, 1395; secondly, Isabella, 
daughter of Charles VI. of 
France ; she was married Nov. 1, 
1396; on the murder of her 
husband she returned to her father ; 
Mary, daughter of the earl of Here- 
ford ; she died before Henry ob- 
tained the crown, in 1394 ; Joan of 
Navarre, widow of the duke of 
Bretagne ; married to Henry IV. 
in 1403; survived the king, and 
died in 1437 ; Catherine, daughter 
of the king of France ; she was 
married to Henry V. May 30, 1420 ; 
she outlived Henry, and was mar- 
ried to Owen Tudor, grandfather of 
Henry VII. ; Margaret, daughter 
of the duke of Anjou; she was 
married to Henry VI., April 22, 
1445 ; she survived the unfortunate 
king, her husband, and died in 
1482 ; Lady Elizabeth Grey, daugh- 
ter of Sir Richard Woodeville, and 
widow of Sir John Grey of Groby ; 
she was married to Edward IV., 
March 1, 1464 ; suspected of favour- 
ing the insurrection of Lambert 
Simnel, closed her life in confine- 
ment ; Anne, daughter of the earl 
of Warwick, and widow of Edward 
prince of Wales, whom Eichard had 
murdered; she was married to 
Eichard III., 1471 ; she is supposed 
to have been poisoned by Eichard 
(having died suddenly, March 6, 
1485), to make way for his intended 
marriage with the princess Eliza- 
beth of York ; Elizabeth of York, 
princess of England, daughter of 
Edward IV. ; she was married to 
Henry VII., Jan. 18, 1486, and 
died Feb. 11, 1503 ; Catharine of 
Arragon, widow of Henry's eldest 
brother, Arthur prince of Wales ; 
she was married to Hen. VIII., 
June 3, 1509 ; was the mother of 
Queen Mary — was repudiated, and 
afterwards formally divorced, May 
23, 1533 ; died Jan. 6, 1536 ; Anna 
Boleyn, daughter of Sir Thomas 
Boleyn, and maid of honour to 
Catharine ; she was privately mar- 



ried before Catharine was divorced, 
Nov. 14, 1532 ; was the mother of 
queen Elizabeth ; was beheaded at 
the Tower, May 19, 1536, to make 
way for Jane Seymour, daughter of • 
Sir John Seymour, and maid of 
honour to Anna Boleyn ; she was 
married May 20, 1536, the day 
after Anna's execution, and was 
the mother of Edward VI., of whom 
she died in childbirth, Oct. 13, 
1537; next came Anne of Cleves, 
sister of William, duke of Cleves ; 
she was married Jan. 6, 1540 ; was 
divoi-ced July 10, 1540, and died in 
1557 ; Catharine Howard, niece of 
the duke of Norfolk, married Aug. 
8, 1540, and was beheaded on 
Tower Hill, Feb. 12, 1542; then 
Henry married Catharine Parr, 
daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, and 
widow of Nevill, lord Latimer ; she 
was married July 12, 1543, and sur- 
vived the king, after whose death 
she married Sir Thomas Seymour, 
created lord Sudley ; died Sept. 5, 
1548; Lady Jane Grey, daughter 
of the duke of Suffolk, and wife of 
lord Guildford Dudley, was pro- 
claimed queen on the death of 
Edward, but in ten days afterwards 
returned to private life ; was tried 
Nov. 13, 1553, and beheaded Feb. 
12, 1554, when but seventeen years 
of age; Mary, the daughter of 
Henry VIII., ascended the throne 
July 6, 1553 ; married Philip II. of 
Spain, July 25, 1554, and died Nov. 
17, 1558 ; Elizabeth, daughter of 
Henry VIII., succeeded to the 
crown Nov. 17, 1558; reigned 44 
years, 4 months, and 7 days ; died 
unmarried ; Anne, princess of Den- 
mark, daughter of Frederick II. ; 
she was married to James L, Aug. 

20, 1589, and died March, 1619; 
Henrietta-Maria, daughter of Hen- 
ry IV., king of France ; she was 
married to Charles I., June 13, 
1625, and survived the king, dying 
in France, Aug. 10, 1669; Catharine, 
infanta of Portugal, daughter of 
John IV., and sister of Alfonso VI. , 
was married to Charles II., May 

21, 1662, and, surviving the king, 



QUE 



553 



QUI 



returned to Portugal, dying there, 
Dec. 21, 1705 ; Anne Hyde, daugh- 
ter of Edward Hyde, earl of Cla- 
rendon ; she was married to James 
II., in Sept. 1660, and died before 
James ascended the throne, in 
1671 ; Mary-Beatrice, princess of 
Modena, daughter of Alphonzo 
d'Este, duke ; she was married to 
James II., Nov. 21, 1673 ; at the 
revolution in 1688, she retired 
with James to Erance, and died 
at St. Germains in 1718, having sur- 
vived her consort seventeen years. 
Mary, princess of Orange, daughter 
of James II., married William III., 
Nov. 4, 1677 ; ascended the throne. 
Feb. 13, 1689 ; died Dec. 28, 1694 ; 
Anne, daughter of James II., mar- 
ried prince George of Denmark, 
July 28, 1683 ; came to the throne, 
March 8, 1732 ; had 13 children, who 
all died young ; Prince George died 
Oct. 28, 1708 ; the Queen herself, 
Aug. 1, 1714 ; Sojyhia Dorothea, 
daughter of the Duke of Zell, who 
died Dec. 2, 1726 ; in jealousy of 
Count Konigsmark and this lady, 
upon no valid grounds, the Elector of 
Hanover, afterwards George I. of 
England, had him privately murder- 
ed ; after the king's death, his body 
was found under the Queen's apart- 
ments ; at last the king sought out 
a reconciliation, but the Queen nobly 
replied — " If I am guilty of what he 
accuses me, I am unworthy of his 
bed ; if I am innocent, he is unworthy 
of me." She died a few months be- 
fore the accession of her son, George 
II., to the throne,Nov. 2, 1726, other- 
wise he fully intended to free her 
from the castle of Ahlden, and open- 
ly do her justice by acknowledging 
her as Queen-dowager ; Carolina 
Wilhhelmina Dorothea of Branden - 
burgh- Anspach, born 1683; married, 
Sept 2, 1704, to George II. ; died 
Nov. 20, 1737 ; Charlotte SojMa, 
daughter of the Duke of Mecklen- 
burg Strelitz, married Sept. 8, 1761, 
to George III. ; died Nov. 17, 1818 ; 
Caroline Amelia Augusta, daughter 
of the Duke of Brunswick, married 
to George IV., April 8, 1795 ; died 



Aug. 7, 1821 ; Adelaide Amelia 
Louisa Teresa Caroline, sister of the 
Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, married 
to William IV. of England, July 11, 
1818 ; died Dec. 2, 1849. Alexan- 
dria Victoria, Queen- regnant, 1853, 
born May 24, 1819 ; crowned, June 
28, 1838 ; married her cousin, Prince 
Albert of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, Eeb. 
10, 1840. 

Queen, transport, wrecked at 
Falmouth, and 369 out of 473 per- 
sons on board perished, Jan. 1814. 

Queen Charlotte man of war, 
100 guns, burned off Leghorn, 
March 16, 1800, when out of 850 on 
board nearly 700 perished. 

Queen, Indiaman, blown up in 
the Brazils, July 14, 1800. 

Queen's College, Cambridge, 
founded 1449. 

Queen's College, Oxford, found- 
ed 1397; fire at, which greatly in- 
jured one wdng, Dec. 18, 1778. 

Queen's Ware invented by 
Wedgwood, 1760. 

Queenstown, Upper Canada, on 
the Niagara river, taken in the last 
American war by the United 
States' army, Oct. 13, 1812, and 
retaken by the British the same 
day, with considerable loss to the 
Americans. 

Quesne, Fort Du, in North 
America, taken by General Forbes, 
Nov. 24, 1758. 

Quesnoy, Battle of, between the 
English and French, in which the 
latter were defeated, Sept. 11, 1793; 
taken by the Austrians, 1793 ; re- 
taken by the French the next year ; 
surrendered to Prince Frederick of 
the Netherlands, June 19, 1815. 

Quiberon, France, repulse of an 
English expedition to, 1746 ; a 
victory of Admiral Hawke over the 
French in the bay of, Nov. 20, 
1759 ; taken possession of by emi- 
grant regiments in British pay, 
July 3, 1795 ; surprised and re- 
taken by the republicans, July 21, 
and many of the emigrants taken 
were executed; 900 soldiers and 
1200 of the inhabitants effected 
their re-embarkation,but the rest fell 



KAC 



554 



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into the enemy's hand, with all the 
stores and ammunition landed ; it 
is said that the forged assignats 
made in England for the purpose, 
were introduced with this expedi- 
tion under the idea of injuring the 
French finances in place of the 
innocent holders. 

Quicksilver, a metal in a liquid 
state except at an exceedingly low 
temperature, when it congeals 
readily ; first used in refining silver, 
1540; it is found in Spain, Car- 
niola, Ceylon, and one or two other 
places ; congealed in England arti- 
ficialry, 1787. 

Quietists, a sect originating with 
Molinos, an ecclesiastic of Saragossa, 
in Spain, that made some noise about 
1678; they imagined that the purity 
and essence of religion consisted in 
silent internal meditations upon/and 
recollections of, the merits of Christ 
and the mercy of God ; Madame 
Guion of this sect was imprisoned 
in the Bastile for her devotion to 
this doctrine, and released through 



the intercession of the good Fenelon, 
archbishop of Cambray, who had 
a dispute with Bossuet, bishop of 
Meaux upon the subject, 1657. 

Quills first used for pens, 635 ; 
reeds were used previously ; metal- 
lic pens threaten to supersede these, 
1830. 

Quince, the fruit first brought 
into England, as is reported, from 
Austria, in the 16th century ; a 
species was introduced from Japan, 
1796. 

Quintilians, a sect that arose in 
the second century, the followers of 
Montanus ; it allowed women to be 
priests and bishops. 

Quintin, Battle of St., between 
the Spaniards and English, and the 
French, when the latter were de- 
feated ; this victory, owing to a vow 
before the engagement, caused 
Philip II. to build the Escurial, 
Aug. 10, 1557. 

Quito, in Peru, swallowed up by 
an earthquake, April 24, 1755, when 
40,000 persons perished. 



E 



Paab, Hungary, taken by Turkey, 
1594 ; retaken 1598. 

Raby Castle, Durham, built 1020. 

Paces originated in England, 
among the London citizens, in very 
early times ; races were known at 
York in 1607 ; Charles II. gave a 
cup of the value of 100 guineas ; an 
act took place for suppressing races 
with ponies and weak horses in 
1739 ; the object then seems to have 
been useful in improving the breed 
of horses, and plates were given in 
several places ; this object was fully 
attained, as the English breed of 
horses of all kinds fully proves ; 
running horses without regard to 
bottom or strength succeeded, mere- 
ly for gambling purposes, to which 
and no other end they now exist ; 
when the more legitimate object 
was passed, the perfection to which 
the noble animal was brought, seem- 



ed almost impossible of attainment 
in a northern climate ; as to speed, 
Childers ran over at Newmarket 
three miles six furlongs and 93 
yards in six minutes and forty se- 
conds ; and four miles one furlong 
and 138 yards in seven minutes and 
thirty seconds, carrying 9 stone 25>s., 
he died in 1741, aged 26 ; Eclipse 
was nearly equal to Childers, and 
was never beaten. In 1772, a mile 
was run by Firetail in one minute 
and four seconds. In October, 1741, 
at the Curragh meeting in Ireland, 
Mr. Wilde engaged to ride 127 miles 
in nine hours ; he performed it in 
six hours and 21 minutes. He em- 
ployed ten horses, and allowing for 
mounting and dismounting, and a 
moment for refreshment, he rode 
for six hours at the rate of 20 miles 
an hour. Mr. Thornhill, in 1745, 
exceeded this, for he rode from Lon- 



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555 



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don to Stilton and back, and again 
to Stilton, being 213 miles, in 11 
hours and 34 minutes, which is, 
after allowing the least possible 
time for changing horses, 20 miles 
an hour for eleven hours, and on 
the turnpike road and uneven 
ground. Mr Shaftoe, in 1762, with 
ten horses, and five of them ridden 
twice, accomplished fifty miles and 
a quarter in one hour and forty- 
nine minutes. In 1763 he won a 
more extraordinary match. He was 
to procure a person to ride one hun- 
dred miles a day, on any one horse 
each day, for twenty- nine days to- 
gether, and to have any number 
of horses not exceeding twenty-one. 
He accomplished it on fourteen 
horses ; and, one day, he rode one 
hundred and sixty miles, on account 
of the tiring of his first horse. Mr. 
Hull's Quibbler afforded the most 
extraordinary instance on record of 
the stoutness as well as speed of the 
race- horse. In December, 1786, he 
ran twenty-three miles, round the 
flat at Newmarket, in fifty-seven 
minutes and ten seconds. 

Rack, an instrument of torture of 
great antiquity ; though torture to* 
extort confession was declared ille- 
gal by law, the officers of the crown 
had no hesitation at using it on the 
royal command, and without ; in 
temp. Chancellor Wriotesly, in 1546, 
when the beautiful Anne Askew, 
charged with favouring the Reforma- 
tion, refused to implicate any ladies 
at court with participating in her 
creed, she was ordered to be tor- 
tured, and when the lieutenant of the 
Tower refused to rack her more, the 
chancellor worked the instrument 
himself until her joints were dislo- 
cated ; she was then condemned to 
the stake by this miscreant lawyer, 
and executed in Smithfield, July 16, 



court wanted it to be applied to 
Felton, the assassin of Charles's mi- 
nion, but the judges had returned 
to their sense of duty, and declared 
it was unlawful. 

Radcliffe Library, Oxford, found- 
ed by Dr. Radcliffe, physician to 
Queen Anne, leaving £40,000 to 
the university for that purpose ; the 
edifice was finished in 1749. 

Radcliffe, Statue erected to Dr. 
John, at Oxford, 1723. 

Radnor Forest destroyed by fire, 
Aug. 1600. 

Radziville, in Gallicia, nearly 
all burned, May 5, 1804. 

Radstadt, Peace of, between 
France and the Emperor, March 6, 
1714. 

Radstadt, Congress of, to treat 
of a general peace, Dec. 9, 1797 ; 
the negotiation endured for the en- 
tire year ; an atrocious assassina- 
tion of the French plenipotentiaries 
was perpetrated here in cold blood 
by the Austrian regiment Szeltzler, 
April 21, 1799. 

Ragusa besieged by the Russians, 
July 12, 1806. 

Ragusa and Dalmatia annexed to 
the kingdom of Italy by Napoleon, 
July 16, 1807. 

Ragusa taken by the Austrians, 
Dec. 27, 1813. 

Raid of Ruthven, at which James 
I. was seized by the nobles of Scot- 
land, Aug. 22, 1582. 

Railroads, the first of any mo- 
ment for the carriage of heavy 
weights or goods, was laid down in 
Coalbrooke Dale, Shropshire, 1786 ; 
the first, for the same purpose, laid 
down by act of parliament, was that 
in Surrey, from Wandsworth to 
Croydon, 1801 ; the Liverpool and 
Manchester, the first passengers' 
railway, was begun Oct. 1826, and 
finished so as to open on Sept. 15, 
1830. 



1646 ; in the reign of Charles I., the 

Aberdare Aug. 6, 1846 

Arbroath and Forfar Jan. 3, 1839 

Ashton branch of the Manchester and Leeds April 15, 1846 

Ashton branch of the Manchester and Sheffield Dec. 30, 1845 

Aylesburv branch of the London and Birmingham June, 1839 

Ballochney , 182S 



E A I 556 E A I 

Bedford branch of the London and Birmingham Nov. 17, 1846 

Belfast and Portadown 1842 

Birmingham and Derby Feb. 30, 1842 

Birmingham and Gloucester Sept. 17, 1840 

Bishop- Auckland and Weardale Nov. 8, 1843 

Bishopstoke and Salisbury March 1, 1847 

Blackburn and Preston June 1, 1846 

Blackburn, Darwen, and Bolton 1847 

Blackpool branch of the Preston and Wyre 1846 

Bodmin and Wadebridge 1834 

Bolton and Preston June 22, 1843 

Bolton, Kenyon, Leigh June, 1831 

Brandling Junction Sept. 1839 

Bridlington branch of the York and Scarborough (part) ...Oct. 1846 

Brighton and Chichester June 8, 1846 

Brighton and Hastings June 27, 1846 

Bristol and Exeter May 1, 1844 

Bristol and Gloucester July, 1844 

Cambridge and Brandon July 30, 1845 

Canterbury and Whitstable May, 1830 

Cheltenham and Swindon May 12, 1845 

Chester and Birkenhead Sept. 22, 1840 

Chester and Crewe Oct. 1, 1840 

Chester and Holyhead (part) 1847 

Clarence; first act passed in 1828 

Cockermouth and Workington April 28, 1847 

Colchester and Ipswich June 15, 1846 

Coventry and Leamington Dec. 2, 1844 

Crediton branch of the Bristol and Exeter 1847 

Croydon andEpsom May 17, 1847 

Dereham branch of the Norwich and Brandon 1847 

Dublin and Carlow Aug. 10, 1846 

Dublin and Drogheda May 26, 1844 

Dublin and Kingstown Dec. 17, 1834 

Dundee and Arbroath April 8, 1840 

Dundee and Newtyle Dec. 1831 

Dundee and Perth May 22, 1847 

Durham aud Sunderland June 28, 1839 

Edinburgh and Berwick June 18, 1846 

Edinburgh and Dalkeith 1831 

Edinburgh and Glasgow Feb. 8, 1842 

Edinburgh, Leith, and Granton 1846 

Edinburgh and Musselburgh July 14, 1847 

Ely and Huntingdon 1847 

Ely and Peterborough Jan. 1847 

Exeter and Plymouth (part) May 29, 1846 

Eurness Aug. 1846 

Glasgow and Ayr Aug. 12, 1840 

Glasgow and Greenock March 31, 1841 

Glasgow, Garnkirk, and Coatbridge July, 1845 

Gosport branch of the London and Southampton Eeb. 7, 1842 

Gravesend and Rochester Eeb. 10, 1845 

Guildford branch of the London and Southampton May, 1845 

Haddington branch of the Edinburgh and Berwick ...June 18, 1846 
Halifax branch of the Manchester and Leeds July 1, 1844 



R A I 557 R A I 

Hartlepool 1836 

Hertford branch of the London and Cambridge Oct. 31, 1843 

Hull and Bridlington Oct. 7, 1846 

Hull and Selby July 1, 1840 

Ipswich and Bury St. Edmunds Dec. 24, 1846 

Kendal and Windermere 1847 

Keymer and Lewes Oct. 1, 1847 

Kingstown and Dalkey March 29, 1844 

Lancaster and Carlisle Dec. 16, 1846 

Lancaster and Preston ., June 30, 1840 

Leeds and Bradford July 1, 1846 

Leeds and Derby July, 1840 

Leeds and Selby. Sept. 1834 

Leicester and Swannington July, 1832 

Liverpool and Birmingham July 4, 1837 

Liverpool and Manchester Sept 15, 1830 

Liverpool and Preston Oct. 31, 1838 

London and Birmingham Sept. 17, 1838 

London and Blackwall Aug. 2, 1841 

London and Brighton Sept. 21, 1841 

London and Bristol June 30, 1841 

London and Cambridge July, 1845 

London and Colchester March 29, 1843 

London and Croydon June 1, 1839 

London and Dover Feb. 6, 1844 

London and Greenwich , Dec. 26, 1838 

London and Richmond July 27, 1846 

London and Southampton May 11, 1840 

Londonderry to Strabane April 19, 1847 

Lowestoft branch of the Norwich and Yarmouth 1847 

Lynn and Dereham i 1847 

Lynn and Ely 1847 

Lytham branch of the Preston and Wyre 1846 

Macclesfield branch of the Manchester and Birmingham Nov. 24, 1845 

Maidstone branch of the London and Dover Sept. 24, 1844 

Manchester and Birmingham Aug. 10, 1842 

Manchester and Bolton May 29, 1838 

Manchester and Leeds March 1, 1841 

Manchester and Rawtenstall Sept. 25, 1846 

Manchester and Sheffield Dec. 22^ 1845 

Margate branch of the London and Dover 1846 

Maryport and Carlisle Jan. 1845 

Merthyr-Tydvil and Cardiff April 12, 1841 

Middlesborough and Redcar June 4, 1846 

Monkland and Kirkintilloch 1826 

Newcastle and Berwick July, 1847 

Newcastle and Carlisle June is' 1839 

Newcastle and Darlington April 15, 1844 

Newcastle and North Shields June 13 1839 

Newtyle and Cupar-Angus Feb! 1837 

Northampton and Peterborough June 2, 1845 

Norwich and Brandon 1845 

Norwich and Yarmouth May 1, 1844 

Nottingham and Lincoln Aug. 3, 1846 

Nottingham branch of the Rugby and Derby May 30, 1839 



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Oldham branch of the Manchester and Leeds March 31, 1842 

Oxford branch of the London and Bristol June 12, 1844 

Paisley and Renfrew May, 1837 

Perth and Castlecary (part) 1847 

Pontop and South Shields 1835 

Preston and Wyre ... July 20, 1840 

Richmond branch of the York and Darlington Sept. 10, 1848 

Rugby and Derby July, 1840 

Rugby and Stafford 1847 

St. Helen's; first act passed 1830 

Salisbury branch of the London and Southampton 1847 

Sheffield and Rotherham Oct. 1838 

Shrewsbury and Chester (part) Nov. 4, 1846 

Slamannan, Scotland 1840 

Southampton and Dorchester June 1, 1847 

South Eastern, Tunbridge Wells branch Nov. 25, 1846 

South Eastern, North Kent line 1849 

Stockton and Darlington Sept. 1825 

Stockton and Hartlepool Eeb. 10, 1841 

Syston and Peterborough (part) 1846 

Teignmouth to Newton Dec. 31, 1846 

Trent Valley June 26, 1847 

Tunbridge Wells, branch of the London and Dover Oct. 1846 

Warrington and Newton 1833 

West Durham June, 1840 

West London (part) May 27, 1844 

Whitby and Pickering May, 1836 

Whitehaven and Maryport March 18, 1847 

Wilsontown, Morningside, and Coltness June 21, 1845 

Wishaw and Coltness ; first act passed 1829 

York and Darlington Jan. 4, 1841 

York and Newcastle, Boroughbridge branch June 17, 1847 

York and Normanton June 30, 1840 

York and Scarborough July 7, 1845 



Railways, Total Receipt in each 
of the following years : — 

1842 £4,341,781 

1843 4,842,650 

1844 5,610,950 

1845 6,669,230 

1846 7,689,870 

1847 8,975,691 

1848 10,059,000 

1849 11,013,820 

1850 12,757,985 

1851 14,567,910 

1852 15,088,310 

The average cost of making was, 
in 1842, £34,690 per mile; in 
1852, £34,630; in 1842, £52,380,000 
had been expended ; in 1852, 
£239,967,453 on roads completed'; 
on all, complete and incomplete, 



£248,593,553, or 7388 miles, at 
£33,897 per mile ; the sum sanc- 
tioned by act of parliament to be 
raised for these undertakings in 
24 years, from 1826 to 1829, 
was £348,312,188; yearly average, 
£14,500,508; the number of acts 
passed for new lines and extensions 
from 1801, when a goods railway 
act was passed, to 1849, was 1,111 ; 
of these 225 were passed in 1846, 
and 115 in 1847. 

Railway Total Receipts, 1850, 
£8,570,886 ; of which 60.4 per cent 
was for passengers, and 30 per cent 
for merchandise ; the coals con- 
sumed were, 896,466 tons ; the total 
distance run, 40,161,850 miles, and 
the daily distance 100,333 miles, or 
4=7 times round the eiobe ; in the 



EAI 



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half-year ending June 30, 1839, in 
the six months preceding, the 
London and Birmingham railway 
travelled 17,391,035 miles, and con- 
veyed 267,144 passengers, the re- 
ceipt being £270,241 ; in the half 
year ending June 30, 1845, the 
travelling was 38,758,260 miles, the 
passengers 615,904, and the receipts 
£447,190. 

Railways and Post Letters ; the 
speed of transmission multiplied 
the number of letters ; the mail be- 
tween Manchester and Liverpool, 
before the penny postage commen- 
ced by this mode of carriage, in Nov. 
1830, and the letters increased at 
once 6 per cent. Before railways, 
a letter from Kingsland to Camber- 
well took as long to deliver as it 
now occupies to convey it to Exeter, 
193| miles distant, or 4| hours; 
people complained in 1849, that 
letters were 6 hours or a little more 
conveying to Manchester. 

Railway Accidents, 653,137 to 1; 
only 1 passenger is killed by causes 
beyond his own controul — in other 
words, by his own fault — being 1 in 
6,440,087 in 1848, and in 1849, 1 
in 12,768,308 ; the injured in 1848, 
were 1 in 452,818, and in 1849, 1 
in 760,018. The accidents by, and 
not by, their own fault, among the 
railway servants were in a much 
larger ratio. 

Railways, persons employed on ; 
in a return to June 30, 1849, 55,968 
belonging to the permanent busi- 
ness, and there were employed at 
that time on railway construction, 
103,816 persons. 

Railways open in America, 1849, 
6440 miles ; cost of, 167,731,748 
dollars, or £34,944,114 sterling; of 
these the railways of Massachusetts 
alone are 1056 miles ; the average 
cost, £5426 per mile. 

Railways in Germany, open 1850, 
4435 ; of which 1820 miles were in 
Prussia, and 920 in Austria. 

Railways, Belgian ; these are con- 
structed by the state, and in 1848 
were 326.7 miles in length, and cost 
£4,110,350, or per mile £12,611. 



Railways, Atmospherical, expe- 
riments in order to demonstrate 
their practicability were made at 
Wormwood Scrubs, June 30, 1840 ; 
one established between Dalkey 
and Killarney, in Ireland, near 
Dublin, Sept. 1843; found to be 
impracticable in the South Devon 
railway between Exeter and Ply- 
mouth, and other places, and aban- 
doned. 

Railways, Foreign, 1850 ; about 
13,000 miles open altogether. 

Railway proposed in Sweden be- 
tween the town of Christiania and 
the lake of Injosen, Feb. 11, 1851; 
line of the Bengal railway began, 
Jan. 25, 1851. 

Railway proposed in Egypt be- 
tween Alexandria and Cairo, Sept. 
4, 1851. 

Rain, violent, in Scotland for five 
months, 553; a continual rain in 
Scotland for five months, 918 ; a 
violent one in London, 1222; again, 
1233 ; so violent the harvest did 
not begin till Michaelmas, 1330 ; so 
heavy that the corn was spoiled, 
1335 ; from the beginning of Oct. 
to Dec. 1338 ; from Midsummer to 
Christmas, so that there was not 
one day or night dry together, 1348 ; 
again violent, 1365; in Wales, 
which destroyed 10,000 sheep, Sept. 
19, 1752 ; in Scotland, 1752 ; in 
several parts of England, 1762 ; in 
Languecloc, which destroyed the 
village of Bar le Due, April 26, 
1776 ; in the north of England, 
1789 ; in the Island of Cuba, June 
21, 1791, when 3000 persons and 
11,700 cattle of various kinds per- 
ished, by the torrents occasioned by 
the rain. In the summer of 1816, 
the harvest was much injured by 
continual rains, in various places on 
the continent, as well as in Eng- 
land. 

Rain at Chaumont, in France, 
Oct. 15, 1822, fell in the state of ice, 
while the atmosphere Avas above 
the freezing-point, and loaded the 
boughs of some trees so that they 
broke. 

Raine's Charity, began giving 



RAN 



560 



EAT 



marriage portions to women annu- 
ally, 1758. 

Rainbow, theory of, advanced 
by Kepler, afterwards cleared by 
Newton, 1611. 

Raisonable, man of war taken 
from the French, May 2, 1758. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, discovered 
Virginia, 1580 ; attacked the Span- 
ish settlements in America and took 
a galleon, worth £150,000, 1592; 
seduced one of the royal attendants, 
and went out on an expedition to 
America, 1595 ; tried for treason 
and reprieved, 1603 ; sailed to 
America in search of a gold mine, 
without success, 1617 ; returned 
in October, and was executed to 
please the Spanish ambassador, by 
James I., Oct. 29, 1617. 

Ramel, General, assassinated at 
Toulouse by the friends of the 
priests and Bourbons. 

Ramilies, Battle of, between the 
Duke of Marlborough and the 
French under Marshal Villeroy, May 
23, 1706; the French were defeated 
with great loss, that of the allies 
was about 4000 men ; the Duke 
followed up his success by the cap- 
ture of several important towns. 

Ramsey Abbey, Hants, built 959. 

Ramsey, Huntingdonshire, nearly 
destroyed by a fire, May 21, 1731. 

Ramsgate Theatre, fire at, Nov. 
30, 1829. 

Ranas in Enzie, Scotland, burned 
down, May 7, 1759. 

Randolph, Peyton, first Presi- 
dent of the Congress of the United 
States, North America, died 1775. 

Ranger, vessel from Newcastle 
to London, lost in a gale, and all 
on board perished except the car- 
penter, Aug. 31, 1815. 

Rangoon, in the territory of Bur- 
mah, had 6000 houses destroyed by 
fire, 1814. 

Ransa Castle, Isle of Arran, 
Scotland, built before 1380. 

Ransoms formerly paid to set 
captives free, if great men; in 
England, 1423, the money was ex- 
pended in building strongholds and 
castles. 



Rape punished with death by 
the Saxon law, unless the female 
consented to receive the ravisher as 
husband ; punishment mitigated, 

3 Edward I., 1274 ; made felony, 
12 Edward III., 1338; without 
benefit of clergy, Elizabeth, 1575 ; 
punished by transportation for life, 

4 Vict., 1841. 

Raphael d'Urbino, the most 
perfect of artists in the line of, 
painting, in the modern school, 
born 1483, died 1520. 

Raphael Tapestries exhibited 
London, 1825, including two new 
cartoons. 

Raphoe, an Irish bishopric; St. 
Eunan said to be the first bishop ; 
united to Derry, 3 and 4 Will. IV., 
1833. 

Rapp, General, after a siege of 
twelve months by the allies, sur- 
rendered Dantzick upon losing 
20,000 men by disease, Jan. 1, 1814. 

Rappahannock, North America, 
taken by the English under Captain 
Barrie, Nov. 29, 1814. 

Raspberry, the Virginian, intro- 
duced into England from North 
America in the 17th century ; the 
flowering raspberry from the same 
continent in 1700. 

Rathmines, Battle of, in Ireland, 
when Col. Jones of Dublin Castle 
made a sally, routed the Marquis of 
Ormond, killed 4000 of his men, 
and took 2517 prisoners, with guns 
and ammunition, Aug. 2, 1649. 

Ratisbon taken by the Elector of 
Bavaria, Dec. 6, 1703 ; peace of, 
signed between France and the 
Elector of Germany, Oct. 13, 1630; 
diet held at, when the German prin- 
ces seceded from the empire and 
placed themselves under Napoleon, 
Aug. 1, 1806. 

Rats, story of their infesting the 
Pfaltz castle on the Rhine, where 
a German bishop named Hatton 
had taken shelter, and of their de- 
vouring him, 969. 

Rats, the quadruped infesting 
most parts of Europe ; the brown 
rat is a later species, and supposed 
to be brought from the East ; in- 



EEB 



561 



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fested Astrachan in incredible num- 
bers, 1729. 

Rattan Island, fortified by the 
Spaniards, 1752. 

Ravaillac, murderer of Henry 
IV. of France, in Paris, horribly 
tortured for the crime committed, 
May 14, 1610; human ingenuity 
was racked to increase his torments, 
in a mode disgraceful to human 
nature, which the robust character 
of his body greatly prolonged. 

Ravenna, Battle of, between the 
French and the Spanish and Papal 
forces, April 11, 1512 ; the French 
were commanded by Gaston de 
Foix, who fell in the moment of 
victory. 

Ravens worth Castle, Yorkshire, 
built 1030. 

Ravishment made a capital of- 
fence, 1279. See Rape. 

Raymond, Count of Toulouse, so 
renowned in the history of his time, 
died, 1105. 

Read, an alderman of London, 
pressed for a common soldier, for 
refusing the king an arbitrary 
benevolence, 1544. 

Reading Mechanics' Institute 
established, 1828. 

Reason, Paine's Age of, published, 
1794; the second part, 1795; nu- 
merous prosecutions of publishers 
of, in England ; the latest, June 8, 
1824, when five men were tried for 
selling it, and one sentenced to 
three years' imprisonment, another 
to 18 months, and to pay £50, 
others to different punishments. 

Reay, Miss, the mistress of Lord 
Sandwich, shot by the Rev. Mr. 
Hackman as she was coming out of 
Covent Garden theatre, April 7, 
1779. 

Rebellions, Remarkable, in Bri- 
tish history: — against William I., in 
favour of Edgar Atheling, by the 
Scots and Danes, 1069; against 
William II., in favour of his brother 
Robert, 1088— extinguished, 1090; 
of the Welsh, who defeated the 
Normans and English, 1095 ; in 
England, in favour of the empress 
Maude, 1139— ended, 1153 ; Prince 



Richard against his father, Henry 
IL, 1179 ; of the Barons, April, 
1215 — compromised by the grant of 
Magna Charta, June 15, following ; 
of ditto, 1262— ended, 1267; of the 
lords spiritual and temporal, 
against Edward IL, on account of 
his favourites, the Gavestons, 1312 — 
and again, on account of the Spen - 
sers, 1321; of Walter, the tiler of 
Deptford, vulgarly called Wat Ty- 
ler, occasioned by the brutal rude- 
ness of a tax-gatherer to his daugh- 
ter ; having killed the collector in 
his rage, he raised a party to oppose 
the tax itself, a grievous poll-tax, 
1381 ; of the Duke of Gloucester 
and other lords, 1388 ; of Henry, 
Duke of Lancaster, who caused 
Richard II. to be deposed, 1399 : 
in Ireland, when Roger, Earl of 
March, the viceroy and presumptive 
heir to the crown, was slain, 1398; 
of the Welsh, under Owen Glen- 
dower, 1400 ; against Henry IV., 
by the earls of Northumberland and 
Salisbury, Owen Glendower, and 
others, 1403 ; under the Earl of 
Northumberland, who was defeated 
at Bramham Moor, and slain, 1458 ; 
of Jack Cade, in favour of the Duke 
of York, 1450 ; in favour of the 
house of York, 1452, which ended 
in the imprisonment of Hemy VI., 
and seating Edward IV. of York 
on the throne, 1466 ; of the English 
in Yorkshire, owing to some en- 
croachment respecting St. Leon- 
ard's hospital, in York, 1469; under 
Warwick and Clarence, 1470, which 
ended with the expulsion of Edward 
IV., and the restoration of Henry 
VI. the same year ; under Edward 
VI., 1471, which ended with the 
death of Henry VI ; of the Earl of 
Richmond against Richard III., 
1485, which ended with the death 
of Richard; under Lambert Simnel, 
who pretended to be Richard IIl.'s 
nephew, 1486, .which ended the 
same year, on discovering that Sim- 
nel was a baker's son — he was par- 
doned; under Perkin Warbeek, 
1492, which ended in the execution 
of Warbeek, 1499 ; under Lord 
2o 



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562 



EEF 



Audley, 1497, owing to taxes, which 
ended with the battle of Blackheath ; 
of the English, on account of de- 
stroying the monasteries, 1536 — 
ended the same year ; of ditto, in 
the west, owing to enclosures and 
oppressions of the gentry, June 
1549 — suppressed the same year ; of 
ditto, in Norfolk, headed by Kett the 
tanner, but soon suppressed, Aug. 
1549 ; in favour of lady Jane Grey, 
against Queen Mary, 1553, which 
ended in the death of lady Jane ; 
of Sir Thos. Wyatt, against the 
Queen's marriage with Philip of 
Spain, 1554; of the Roman Catho- 
lics against Queen Elizabeth, 1559 — 
suppressed the same year ; in the 
North of England, 1569; of the 
Irish under the Earl of Tyrone, 
1599— suppressed, 1601 ; under the 
Earl of Essex against Elizabeth, 
1600, which ended in his death, 
1601 ; against the despotism of 
Charles I., which ended in his de- 
thronement and death, 1648 ; of the 
Irish under Eoger More, Sir Phelim 
O'Neile, &c, against the English 
in Ireland, 1641— ended, 1651; 
of the Scotch, 1666; under the 
duke of Monmouth, 1685, which 
ended in his death ; • of the Scotch 
under the old Pretender, 1715; 
quelled 1716 ; of the Scotch under 
the young Pretender, 1745, quelled 
1746; of the Americans on ac- 
count of taxes, 1774, when they 
conquered their independence; in 
Ireland, when they took up arms, 
May 24, 1798 ; in Ireland, under 
Emmet and others, when Lord 
Kilwarden was put to death by 
the insurgents. 

Rebellion in Ireland, claims for 
losses on account of, amounted to 
£792,506, Sept. 1799. 

Eeceipts of Money taxed by a 
stamp duty, 1782 ; new acts, 1784, 
1791, and subsequently. 

Recolets, Order of, established 
in Erance, 1594. 

Recorder, the first judicial officer 
of a municipal corporation ; first 
paid in London with £10 per an- 
num, and at present with £2500 



for life ; the first in London was 
Jeffrey de Warton, alderman, 26 
Edward I., 1298. 

Records of the Acts of the 
Crown, regularly kept from the 
time of Henry I., in 1100; the 
places in which they are at present 
deposited are the Chapter House at 
Westminster ; the Tower of London, 
and the Queen's Remembrancer's 
office of the Exchequer ; there are 
also other depositories ; — the early 
records of Scotland were lost on 
transmission by sea from London 
to Scotland, 1298 ; the records of 
Ireland and the council-chamber 
were burned in 1711 ; an act re- 
garding the public records was 
passed in Aug. 1831. 

Reculver Abbey, Kent, built 
669. 

Red Eagle, in Prussia, revived 
1792. 

Redemption, Order of Knight- 
hood, 1212. 

Red House, Deptford, burned 
Feb. 26, 1761. 

Redwald, King of the East 
Angles, 616. 

Reflecting Telescopes invented, 
1657. 

Reflectors, or concave glasses, 
or plates of metal of that form, to 
concentrate the sun's rays ; dia- 
monds dissipated by the heat of, 
1695. 

Reform in Parliament, necessity 
of, first pointed out by Mr. Pitt 
(earl of Chatham) in 1782 ; his son 
made a motion for a reform in par- 
liament, May 7, 1782, when the 
house divided, 141 for and 161 
against the motion ; Mr. Pitt aban- 
doned the cause, and declared all 
supporters of it seditious, in 1794 ; 
Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, ar- 
rested for belonging to a reform 
society, May 10, 1794 ; tried and 
acquitted, Nov. 5 to Dec. 5, 1794, 
being accused of pretended high 
treason for its advocacy ; Lord 
John Russell prepared the measure, 
March 1, 1831 ;— first division, 
second reading — for, 302 — against, 
301 ; majority for second reading, 1, 



REF 



563 



REF 



March 22. On the motion for a 
committee, General Gascoyne 
moved an amendment, " That the 
number of representatives for Eng- 
land and Wales ought not to be di- 
minished." Amendment carried, on 
a division, 299 to 291 ; majority, 8, 
April 19; the bill abandoned and 
parliament dissolved, April 22 ; a 
new parliament assembled, June 
14 ; bill again introduced, June 24 ; 
division on second reading — for, 
367 — against, 251 ; majority, 116, 
July 4 ; division on the third read- 
ing of the bill — for, 349 — against, 
236; majority, 113, Sept. 21; in 
the Lords — first division on second 
reading — lord Wharncliffe moved, 
" That the bill be read that day six 
months ;" — for the amendment, 199 
— against it, 158; majority, 41, 
Oct. 8. Parliament prorogued, Oct. 
20, 1831. Read in the Commons a 
first time without a division, Dec. 



12, 1831 ; — second reading ; divi- 
sion, viz., for the bill, 324 — against 
it, 162; majority, 162, Dec. 17, 
1831 ; — third reading ; division, 
viz., for the bill, 355 — against it, 
239; majority for it, 116, March 
23, 1832 ; — in the Lords, read a 
first time on motion of earl Grey, 
March 26 ; — second reading — for the 
bill, 184 — against it, 175 ; majority, 
9, April 14. In the committee, 
Lord Lyndhurst moved, " That the 
question of enfranchisement should 
precede that of disfranchisement ;" 
— the division was 151 and 116—- 
majority against ministers, 35, May 
7; this led to the resignation of 
ministers, May 9 ; great public ex- 
citement ensued ; they were induced 
to resume office on the king grant- 
ing them power to create new peers, 
May 18. Divisions on the bill at 
different times : — 



1793 Mr. (afterwards Earl) Grey 




1797 Ditto 




165 


1800 Ditto 




142 


1809 Sir Francis Burdett 

1810 Honourable T. Brand 

1812 Ditto 


>> 

>» 


59 
119 
127 

188 


1817 Sir Francis Burdett 




1818 Ditto 




106 


1819 Ditto 




95 


1821 Mr. Lambton 




12 


1821 Lord John Russell 




31 


1822 Ditto , 




105 


1823 Ditto 




98 


1824 Ditto 




111 


1825 Honourable Mr. Abercrombie 




24 


1826 Lord John Russell 




124 


1829 Marquis of Blandford ... 




74 


1830 Ditto 

1830 Mr. O'Connell 


jj 


113 
306 



In consequence, some of the dis- 
sentient lords absented themselves ; 
in 1832, the bill passed the com- 
mittee ; June 4, read a first time 
— the majority 84 f or, 108 for and 
22 against; June 7, royal assent 
given to the English bill ; July 17, 
to the Scotch bill ; and Aug. 7, to 
the Irish reform bill, by commis- 
sion. 



Reform, Parliamentary, in con- 
sequence of the unrelenting perse- 
cution, by Mr. Pitt, of those who 
were consistent in advocating his 
previous doctrine of reform in par- 
liament, the Society of the Friends 
of the People agreed to suspend 
their proceedings for the present, 
Jan. 19, 1794. 

Reform Meeting, Major Cart- 



REG 



564 



REG 



wright sentenced to pay a fine of 
£100 for attending a parliamentary 
reform meeting in Birmingham, 
June 1821. 

Reform in Parliament, 600 peti- 
tions presented, but treated with 
contempt by Lord Castlereagh's go- 
vernment, March 31, 1817 ; the 
same day a seditious meetings bill 
was passed. 

Reform Meeting in Yorkshire, 
on the requisition of 2000 free- 
holders, Feb. 22, 1823. 

Reform, Lord John Russell's mo- 
tion for a reform in parliament, lost 
April 25, 1822. 

Reform Association, financial 
meeting held at Manchester to sup- 
port, Sept. 24, 1851. 

Reformation of the Clergy or- 
dered by act of parliament, 1530. 
• Reformation of Religion, the tri- 
centenary of, celebrated at the Lon- 
don tavern by 1500 persons, 1834. 

Reformation of Luther began, 
1517. 

Reformation begun in England, 
by Wickliffe, in 1370; in Germany, 
by Jerome of Prague and Luther; 
in England, completed in the time 
of Henry VIII. , 1534; established 
by Queen Elizabeth, 1558 ; began 
in Bohemia, 1405 ; in Switzerland, 
1519 ; in Denmark, 1521 ; in France, 
under Calvin, 1529 ; in Sweden, 
1530 ; in Ireland, 1535 ; in Scot- 
land, 1560 ; in the Netherlands, 
1562. 

Reformation of Manners, an 
officious society for, established 
1689; it brought a vocalist before 
a judge for singing Dryden's 
" Alexander's Feast ; " the judge 
told the jury that, as he could find 
nothing to support the indictment 
in the words, he supposed it must 
be looked for in the singing, which 
he desired the defendant to try ; he 
obeyed, and was instantly acquitted. 

Refugees sheltered in England, 
1568; protected and relieved, Sept. 
7, 1681, and April 1687 ; allowed 
£15,000 per anuum, Oct. 1696. 

Regency Bill proposed to parlia- 
ment on the first attack by insanity 



of George III., Dec. 10, 1788; 
abandoned upon his recovery, Feb. 
27, 1789 ; regency bill on the king's 
second attack, 1811, and the prince 
of Wales sworn in as regent of the 
kingdom, Feb. 5, 1811 ; regency 
bill, should the crown descend to 
princess Victoria before she was 18 
years of age, 1 Will. IV., Dec. 23, 
1830; regency bill, appointing 
prince Albert regent in the event 
of the decease of queen Victoria, 
should the next successor be under 
age on such an event, Aug. 4, 1840. 

Regent's Canal opened from Pad- 
dington to Limehouse, Aug. 1, 1820. 

Regent's Park, formed in 1814 
out of crown property, the leases of 
which had fallen in ; 450 acres in 
extent; subsequently planted and 
ornamented. 

Regent Street, commenced build- 
ing 1815 ; canal so named from the 
grand junction at Padclington to 
Limehouse, round the Regent's 
Park, opened Aug. 1, 1820 ; 12 men 
buried by a fall of the earth in con- 
structing, July 1813. 

Regent Street, London, opened 
from Carlton house to Piccadilly, 
1821. 

Regicides, nineteen surrendered 
and were reprieved for life, June 6, 
1660 ; several tried and executed, 
and their estates confiscated, 1660 
and 1661. 

Registers of Deeds and Convey- 
ances of real estates in Yorkshire 
and in Middlesex, effected by 2 
Anne, 1703. 

Register of Shipping in the 
Thames, began 1786, and through- 
out England, 1787. 

Registers, Parochial, established 
by Cromwell, the Lord Essex, 27 
Henry VIII. ; stamp tax laid on 
them, 1784 ; acts for better regula- 
tion of, 1813. 

Registration Act, General, of 
births, marriages, and deaths, 6 
Will. IV., Aug. 17, 1836. 

Registry of Wills, Doctors' 
Commons, London, where the pro- 
perty is in more than one diocese, 
also in the diocesan courts. 



EEL 



565 



EEL 



Reichstadt, Duke of, the title 
conferred on the son of Napoleon, 
June 22, 1818. 

Religious Houses suppressed, 
1540, in all 1041 ; in France 1790, 
in all 4500 ; in Germany 1785, in 
all 2000. 

Religion, Six Articles of, for 
non-observance of which Protest- 
ants and Catholics suffered death 
alike, 1539 ; the 39 articles of the 
church established, 1552 ; being re- 
duced from forty- two to thirty-nine, 
Jan. 1583; sanctioned by parlia- 
ment, 1571. 

Religions of different States and 
Countries in the eighteenth century, 
it being understood of the creeds to- 
lerated among the inhabitants : — 
Austria, an empire, Papists. 
Bavaria, a kingdom, Papists. 
Bohemia, a kingdom, Papists and 

Lutherans. 
Brandenburgh, a marquisate, Lu- 
therans, Calvinists, and Papists. 
Brunswick, a dukedom, Lutherans. 
Cologne, an archbishopric, Papists. 
Courland, a dukedom, Papists and 

Protestants. 
Denmark, a kingdom, Lutherans. 
England, a kingdom, Church of 

England, and all others. 
France, a kingdom, Papists ; but 

Protestants and Jews tolerated. 
Genoa, a republic, Papists ; but the 

Jews tolerated. 
Germany, empire, Papists, Luther- 
ans, and Calvinists. 
Greece, a kingdom, Christians, Ma- 
hometans, &c. 
Hanover, a kingdom, Lutherans, 

Calvinists, &c. 
Hesse-Cassel, an electorate, Luther- 
ans, Calvinists, and Papists. 
Hungary, a kingdom, Papists and 

Protestants. 
Ireland, a kingdom, all religions 

tolerated. 
Italy, various states, Papists. 
Lucca, a republic, Papists. 
Malta, Papists and Protestants. 
Mantua, a dukedom, Papists. 
Mecklenburgh Schwerin, a duke- 
dom, Lutherans. 
— — Strelitz, a dukedom, do. 



Milan, a dukedom, Papists. 

Modena, a dukedom, Papists. 

Naples, a kingdom, Papists. 

Netherlands, a kingdom, Papists, 
Calvinists, &c. 

Norway, a kingdom, Lutherans. 

Osnaburgh, a bishopric, Catholics 
and Protestants. 

Palatine, a principality, Papists and 
Lutherans. 

Parma and Placentia, a dukedom, 
Papists. 

Piedmont, a principality, Papists. 

Portugal, a kingdom, Papists. 

Prussia, a kingdom, Lutherans, Cal- 
vinists, and Papists. 

Russia, an empire, Greeks, Calvin- 
ists, and Lutherans. 

Sardinia, a kingdom, Papists. 

Savoy, a dukedom, Papists. 

Saxony, a kingdom, Papists and 
Lutherans. 

Scotland, a kingdom, Presbyterians, 
Episcopacy tolerated. 

Sibei'ia, in the Russian empire, 
Greeks and Armenians. 

Sicily, an island, Papists. 

Spain, a kingdom, Papists. 

Sweden, a kingdom, Lutherans, 
popery abolished, 1544. 

Switzerland, cantons, a republic, 6 
are Protestants, 7 are Papists. 

Tartary, various states, partly in 
Europe, Armenians, Mahometans, 
and Greeks. 

Triers, an archbishopric, Papists. 

Turkey, an empire, partly in Eu- 
rope, Mahometans, Jews, and 
Christians. 

Tuscany, a dukedom, Papists. 

Venice, a republic, Papists, Greeks, 
and Jews. 

United States of North America, 
a republic, Protestants, Episcopa- 
lians, all creeds. 

Religious Orders of the Papal 
Church : — 

Abstinents a.d. 170 

Monks 328 

Augustines 389 

Benedictines 548 

Minors 1099 

Carthusians 1084 

Cistertians 1094 



EEL 



566 



EEL 



Grey Friars a.d. 1122 

Carmelites 1141 

Crossed Eriars 1170 

Ursulines 1198 

Franciscans 1206 

Dominicans 1215 

Bethlehemites 1248 

Anchorites 1255 

Celestines 1255 

Bartholinites 1307 

White Monks 1349 

Minimes 1450 

Capuchins 1525 

Barnabites 1533 

Begging Friars 1587 

Theatines 1594 

Trappists 1815 

Ligorists 1820 

Beligiotjs Sects : — 
Adamites, or Preadamites, a.d. 130 

Agnacobites, fanatics 701 

Albigenses 1160 

Anabaptists 1525 

Angelites, a set of heretics 494 

Antinomians 1538 

Antonines 329 

Arians 290 

Arminian heretics 1229 

Baptists 1625 

Bartholomites, suppressed by 

Pope Innocent X 1650 

Basil's St 354 

Beguines 1208 

Bonhommes 1257 

Bohemian Brethren, the sect of, 

began in Bohemia 1467 

Brigantines 1370 

Brownists 1660 

Calvinists 1546 

Canons, regular 400 

Cardinals, began 853 ; red hats 

given them 1242 ; the purple 

1464; the title of eminence... 1644 
Carmes, established in France, 1254 

Catherine's St 1373 

Chaplines 1248 

Clareval 1114 

Episcopalians of England and 

America 1530 

Flagellants 1259 

Hermits, began 1257 ; revived 1425 

Holy Trinity 1211 

Humbled 1164 

Independents 1616 



Jacobites a.d. 1198 

Jumpers, America 1810 

Jesuans 1367 

Jesuits Society, 1536 ; expelled 
England, 1604 ; Venice, 1606 ; 
Portugal, Sept. 1759 ; France, 
May 5, 1602; Spain, 1767; 
Naples, 1768; Eome and 
Prussia, 1773 ; order abolish- 
ed, Aug. 17, 1773 ; in Prussia 
and other states, 1776; revived 
in Eussia, 1784 ; restored in 
Eome and other states, 1814 ; 
all monks of the order of, ba- 
nished from St. Petersburgh, 

Jan. 2 1816 

Jesus, the Sisters of, society ....1626 
Latter-day Saints, or Mor- 
mons 1835 

Lollards 1315 

Lutherans 1517 

Mahometans ;. 622 

Manichees 343 

Methodists.. 1730 

Moravians, or Unitas Fratrum, 
appeared, in Bohemia, 1457 ; 

in England 1737 

Muggletonians, from L. Mug- 
gleton, a journeyman tailor, 1647 

Ophites 187 

Orebites 1422 

Pelagians 382 

Penitent women 1494 

Poor women 1212 

Preadamites, who went naked. ..130 

Predestinarians 371 

Presbyterians 1572 

Protestants 1529 

Puritans 1545 

Publican sect, came first to 

England 1162 

Quakers 1650 

Quietists 1685 

Eepentants 1360 

Sacramentarians 878 

Shakers 1801 

Southcotians 1800 

Swedenborgians 1780 

Trinitarians, order of 1198 

Tritheites 560 

Ubiquarians 1540 

Unitarians 1553 

Valleyans 1218 

White Coats 1396 

Whippers 1055 



REN 



567 



REN 



Religions in Ireland ; it appears 
from a census taken from the last 
return of the Irish Commissioners 
but one, that there were belonging to 
The Established Church ... 851,792 

Presbyterians 635,587 

Protestant Dissenters 21,518 

Roman Catholics 6,428,265 

7,937,162 



Remonstrants, a religious sect 
in Holland, Arminians, who were 
named from a remonstrance, reduc- 
ing their doctrine to five articles, pre- 
sented to the states, 1609 ; the Cal- 
vinists persecuted them, and at Dort, 
when a synod was held, condemned 
their opinions, 1618. 

Rent, in England, first payable 
in money in place of kind, 1135 ; 
no goods can be removed until the 
rent is paid by the landlord to the 
sheriff, 8 Anne, 1709 ; made recover- 
able in law, 1731 ; the rental of Eng- 



land, including lands, houses, and 
mines, in 1600, was supposed to be 
£6,000,000, and 12 years' purchase 
the value ; in 1690 it was estimated 
at £14,000,000 rent, and eighteen 
years' purchase ; in 1815, land alone 
was assessed to the property tax at 
£34,330,463 ; and in 1848, at 
£42,347,870 for England and Wales 
only. Scotland being assessed in 1851 
on land only £5,075,242, and in 
1848, £5,634,351, including mes- 
suages, tithes, manors, fines, quar- 
ries, mines, iron-works, fisheries, 
canals, railways, gas-works, both in 
England and Scotland the total was, 
in 1815, £60,138,330 ; in 1848, 
£105,252,895. 

Rent, increase of, from 1692 ; 
judging from the land tax 1692, as 
then assessed at 4s. in the pound 
on the rental, as near an approxima- 
tion to the truth on the property tax 
valuation of 1843 ; take the Cosford 
division of Suffolk, for example : 





Quota oi 






Rent in 
















1692.* 




1692. 


1815.t 


1843 




£ S. 


d. 


£ 


£ 


£ 


Aldham 


120 4 





601 


1953 


2232 


Bildeston 


165 16 


6 


829 


1840 


4153 


Brettenham 


113 13 


5 


568 


1666 


2559 


Chils worth 


94 4 





471 


1319 


1878 


Elmset 


160 12 





803 


2489 


3223 


Hadleigh 


478 5 


6 


2366 ) 
205 } 


7605 


12,941 


Hadleigh hamlet... 


41 





702 


Hitcham 


275 15 


2 


1378 


4126 


6367 


Kersey 


129 12 


2 


648 


2339 


3300 


Kettlebaston 


89 16 





449 


1144 


1522 


Layham 


238 12 





1173 


3722 


5046 


Lindsey 


108 16 





544 


1333 


1869 


Naughton 


52 4 





261 


854 


1067 


Nedging 


58 12 





293 


867 


1408 


Semer 


92 





430 


1718 


2420 


Thorpe 


195 16 





979 


2176 


3282 


Wattisham 


88 





440 


1881 


1958 


Whatfield 


104 8 





522 


1932 


2370 



* Property-tax return, 316, 1844. 



t Parliamentary return,;348, 1831. 



These illustrations of the progress 
of rent in the Cosford division of 
Suffolk establish, either that the 



agricultural improvement of the dis- 
trict had been very considerable 
since 1815, or that the condition of 



EE V 



568 



EE V 



the farmers and labourers had much 
deteriorated ; since the rent had 
thus greatly increased, whilst the 
average price of wheat had fallen 
from 101s. 7d. the quarter, as in 
the six years ending 1814, to 63s. 2d. 
the quarter, on the average of the 
six years ending 1842. 

Eepeal of the Irish Union, as- 
sociation formed for, in Ireland, 
1829 ; meetings for, prohibited, Oct. 
18, 1830 ; new association for, 1841, 
1842, and 1843 ; monster meetings 
held for, at Trim and other places, 
until a meeting at Clontarf, Oct. 8, 
1844, was suppressed by the govern- 
ment; O'Connell and those concerned 
with him brought to trial, Jan. 15, 
1 844 ; the Association kept a short 
time after O' Council's decease, but 
ultimately died out ; no less a sum 
than £134,379 had been collected 
in support of the object by the end 
of 1846. 

Eepresentatives in Parliament 
obliged to be residents of the places 
they represented, 1413. 

Eeprisals at Sea, first granted 
1295. 

Eepublican Deputies of France 
discharged after suffering a long 
irnnrisonment under Eobespierre, 
Dec. 3, 1794. 

Eequest, Courts of, began 1494. 

Eestobation of Learning in 
Erance, 778. 

Eestoration of Charles II. and 
monai-chy, after the commonwealth 
of 11 years' duration, or from Jan. 
30, 1649, to May 29, 1660. 

Eestormel Castle, Cornwall, built 
1100. 

Eevenue of England; Income 
from the conquest : — . 
William the Con- 
queror 1066... £400,000 

William Eufus...l087... 350,000 

Henry 1 1100... 300,000 

Stephen 1135... 250,000 

Henry II 1154... 200,000 

EichardI 1189... 150,000 

John 1199... 100,000 

Henry III 1216... 80,000 

Edward 1 1272... 150,000 

Edward II 1307... 100,000 



Edward III 1327... £154,140 

Eichard II 1377... 130,000 

Henry IV 1399... 100,000 

Henry V 1413... 76,643 

Henry VI 1422... 64,976 

Edward IV. ...1460) 

Edward V 1483 J- 100,000 

Eichard III 1483) 

Henry VII 1485. . . 400,000 

Henry VIII 1509... 800,000 

Edward VI 1547... 400,000 

Mary ..1553... 450,000 

Elizabeth 1558... 500,000 

James 1 1602.. 600,000 

Charles 1 1625... 895,819 

Commonwealth) ir ., s C 1,517,247 
Charles II. } 104Sl ' ' \ 1,800,000 

James II 1685... 2,001,155 

William III 1688... 3,895,205 

Queen Anne (at 

the Union) ...1706... 5,691,803 

George 1 1714... 6,762,643 

George II 1727... 8,522,540 

George III. (1788) 1760... 15,372,971 

Ditto 1800.-36,728,000 

Ditto (war). ..1815. ..72,210,512 

George IV 1820.. .54,282,958 

William IV 1830... 50, 056, 616 

Victoria 1837. ..46,475,194 

1838... 47,333, 460 

1839... 47,844,899 

1840... 47,567,565 

1841... 48, 084,360 

1842... 46, 965, 631 

, 1843. ..52,582,817 

1844. ..54,003,745 

„ 1845... 53, 060,354 

1846... 53, 790, 138 

„ 1847... 51,546,265 

1848.. .53,388,717 

1849.. .52,951,749 

1850... 58,826,979 

1851-2 58,100,706 

The years 1850 and 1851, include 
the charge of collection ; the previ- 
ous years, the sum actually paid into 
the exchequer. The income so paid 
to Jan. 5, 1853, was £53,210,071 ; the 
expenditure £50,792,511 ; excess of 
income over expenditure i'2,417,559 ; 
the highest expenditure was in 1813, 
and amounted to £108,397,645, and 
in 1814, when the amount reached 
£105,698,106; the least in the 
present century was in 1835, when 



EEV 



569 



REV 



the amount was £45,669,309 ; from 
1792 to 1852, the total expenditure 
■was in each tenth year : — 

Interest of Debt. 

1792 £19,859,123... £9,767,333 

1802 49,549,207 19,855,588 

1812 88,757,324 25,546,508 

1822 53,710,624 29,921,493 

1832 46,379,692 28,323,751 

1842 50,945,169 29,428,120 

1852 58,100,706; including the 

collection. Thus, out of the large 
sum raised by the taxes, the follow- 
ing sums alone went to meet the 
customary expenses of the nation : — 

1792 £7,670,109 

1802 29,693,619 

1812 63,210,816 

1822 20,826,567 

1832 18,050,245 

1842 21,517,049 

The interest of the debt being 
nearly half as much again as the ex- 
penses of the government, justice, 
court, navy, army, &c, together. 
See ^ ational Debt. 

Revenue, Balance of, from 1792 
to 1802, ten years : — 

Expendi ture £447,812,773 

Income 258,659,322 



Above receipts... £189,153,451 
Twenty-two years from, ending 
Jan. 5, 1850. 

Expenditure.... £1,075,645,391 
Income 1,092,219,391 



Above expenditure 16,547,281 
It would require 316 years of peace 
to cancel the debt of the twenty-four 
years of war. 

Revenue of Demesne land, al- 
tered to specie, 1129. 

Revenue of the Church, 1849, 
not accurately known, but supposed 
not less than £10,500,000 ; the Irish 
revenue may be estimated at 
£1,500,000. 

Revenue of the different Euro- 



pean countries :- 
Turkey 
Russia 
Prussia 
Sweden 



- £5,000,000 

- 24,000,000 

- 8,500,000 

- 1,000,000 



Denmark - - £1,000,000 
Holland before the 

Revolution - 4,000,000 
Austria - - 13,800,000 
Hanover - - 900,000 
Saxony - - 1,100,000 
Bavaria and Palati- 
nate - - 1,100,000 
Erance before the 
Revolution, and 
since, about - 40,000,000 
Spain - - - 5,000,000 
Portugal •• - 1,800,000 
Sardinia - - 1,100,000 
Sicily - - - 1,000,000 
Venice - - 1,000,000 

Revenue of Railways, Net : — 
England - 3,1-5 per cent. 
Belgium - 3,2-5 
France - 3,1-10 „ 
America - 4,3-10 „ 
Revenue Officers deprived of 
votes in parliament, 1782. 

Reviews, Journal de Scavans, 
established, 1665 ; Monthly Review 
established, 1759. The Edinburgh, 
1802 ; The Quarterly, 1809 ; and 
the Westminster, 1824. 

Revis, Thomas, patent given to, 
for an improved mode of elevating 
weights by a new motive power, 
1829. 

Revolt of a Russian regiment of 
guards in St. Petersburgh, Oct. 23, 
1820. 

Revolt of the Bees, an allegory 
of society, published Oct. 1829. 

Revolutions at Constantinople 
effected by the janisaries; the ex- 
sultan strangled ; the grand vizier, 
attacked by superior forces, set fire 
to the palace, and blew himself and 
his supporters and family into the 
air, Nov. 4, 1808. 

Revolutions : the Eastern empire 
founded by Constantine the Great, 
on the final overthrow of the Ro- 
mans, a.d. 306; the empire of 
the western Franks began under 
Charlemagne, a.d. 802; this em- 
pire underwent a new revolution, 
and became the German empire 
under Rodolph of Hapsburgh, the 
head of the house of Austria, 1273; 



RIB 



570 



R1F 



the empire of the East passed into 
the hands of the Turks, 1293; revo- 
lutions in Portugal, 1640 ; Poland, 
1704, 1795, 1830; in Russia, 1730, 
1762, 1796; Sweden, 1772, 1809; 
North America, 1775; France, 1789, 
1830, 1838; in Holland, 1795, 
counter revolution, 1813 ; in Venice, 
1797 ; Rome, 1798, and 1848 ; in the 
Netherlands, 1830; Brazil, 1831; 
Mexico, 1853. 

Revolutions in England, 1649 ; 
1688, Nov. 5, generally called the 
"glorious revolution of 1688." 

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, the most 
celebrated of English painters, died, 
Feb. 23, 1792, aged 69. 

Rhees, the last of the, in South 
Wales, killed 1094. 

Rheims Cathedral, built 849,; 
there had been a church on the 
same spot before, where Clovis was 
baptized in the year 496 ; the city 
was taken and retaken several times 
in 1814. 

Rhetoric, Regius Professor of, 
appointed in Edinburgh, April 20, 
1762 ; Dr. Blair was the first. 

Rhine, passage of, by the French 
under Massena, and entrance into 
Switzerland, Feb. 12, 1799. The 
Rhine, as a channel of commerce, the 
first river of continental Europe. Its 
course is about 950 miles in length. 

Rhode Island, United States, 
settled 1636, and 1644 ; taken in the 
war by the English, Dec. 6, 1776 ; 
evacuated, Oct. 25, 1779. 

Rhubarb, the Society of Arts gave 
a gold medal to Mr. Ball for the 
cultivation of this esculent, 1790. 

Rhuddlan Castle, North Wales, 
built before the conquest ; rebuilt 
1063; repaired 1231. 

Rhynoplastic Art, the revived art 
of making false or artificial noses, 
practised by the French anew, 1827. 

Rialto, the, a noted bridge in 
Venice, across the great canal, built 
1570, consisting of a single arch of 
marble of ninety feet span, and 
twenty-four of elevation. 

Ribbonmen, disorders caused by, 
in Ireland, agrarian break out, 
March 1, 1820. 



Riccaforte, general of the Spa- 
niards, defeated at Lima, in Peru, 
May, 1821. 

Ricci, Lawrence, the last general 
of the Jesuits ; made general of the 
order, 1758 ; imprisoned at Rome, 
Sept. 22, 1773 ; died, Nov. 24, 1776, 
aged 72. 

Rice cultivated in South Caro- 
lina, 1702. 

Richard, a vessel so called, on 
her voyage to Belfast, was wrecked 
Jan. 4, 1824, and thirty-four per- 
sons lost. 

Richelieu, Duke of, received a 
note from the allied powers, saying 
that they had decided on the eva- 
cuation of France by their armies, 
Nov. 1, 1818. 

Richmond, America, 100 houses 
destroyed at, by fire, Dec. 17, 1786 ; 
theatre at, burned Dec. 26, 1811. 

Richmond Park, the public ex- 
cluded from by the ranger, 1752; 
opened, Dec. 20, 1752, by order of 
the judge of assize ; attempt to 
evade the law, 1756, and ultimately 
defeated. 

Richmond Castle, Yorkshire, 
built 1070. 

Richmond, Surrey, once called 
Sheen, a site of one of the royal 
palaces, where Edward III. died; 
destroyed by fire, 1497 ; rebuilt by 
Henry VII., who died there 1509 ; 
Elizabeth a prisoner there, and 
died in the palace, 1603 ; the park 
at, enclosed by Charles I. ; the town 
was the residence of Thomson the 
poet, who died there, 1748. 

Richmond House, Whitehall, de- 
stroyed by fire, Dec. 14, 1791. 

Ridley, bishop of London, burn- 
ed at Oxford, Oct. 15, 1555. 

Riego, the brave and unfortunate 
Spanish leader, who had opposed 
Ferdinand VII. of Spain, executed 
on the 7th Oct. 1823, dying with 
great courage, though subjected to 
every contumely and cruelty the 
mind of his despotic persecutor 
could add. 

Rienzi, the Roman reformer, put 
to death 1354. 

Riflemen employed in America 



RIO 



571 



RIO 



against the colonists ; embarked at 
Chatham, March 11, 1777. 

Riga, in the Baltic, founded by a 
colony from Bremen, 1128; great 
export of flax-seed from, to Ireland, 
to the extent of 47,400 barrels, 
1845. 

Rights, Bill of, extorted by par- 
liament from Charles I., after he 
had endeavoured by all means in 
his power to avoid consenting to it, 
June 26, 1628; the declaration of 
rights was made to the Prince and 
Princess of Orange, on their coming 
to the throne of England, Feb. 13, 
1689. 

Ringstead Cliff, opposite Wey- 
mouth, commenced burning in 
1827. 

Riot at Bridport, Dorset, on ac- 
count of the high price of bread. 

Riot at Sacramento city in Cali- 
fornia, in which the mayor and as- 
sessor perished, Aug. 14, 1850. 

Riot on the Oxford, Wolverhamp- 
ton, and Worcester railway; the 
works suspended until the dispute 
was settled by arbitration, July 21, 
1851. 

Rioting made high treason by a 
statute of Edward VI., 1548; incase 
of twelve persons assembling and not 
dispersing on a proclamation writ, 
act passed, 2 George I., 1715. 

Riots at Macclesfield, Leeds, 
Sheffield, Manchester, in the north, 
and at Truro, in the west of Eng- 
land, arising from distress, April 1, 
1812. 

Riots in Norfolk, threshing ma- 
chines destroyed, March 30, 1822. 

Riots in England ; the riotous 
citizens of London demolished the 
convent of Westminster Abbey ; 
the ringleaders were hanged, and 
the rest had their hands and feet 
cut off, temp. Henry III., 1221 ; — the 
goldsmiths and tailors' companies 
fought in the streets of the city, and 
several were killed on both sides ; 
this riot quelled by the sheriffs, and 
thirteen of the ringleaders hanged, 
1262; — a riot at Norwich, where the 
cathedral and monastery were burn- 
ed, the king went himself and saw 



the ringleaders executed, 1271 ; a 
riot at London, in June 1628, and 
Dr. Lamb killed by the mob ; 
another under pretence of pulling 
down a brothel, four of the ring- 
leaders hanged, 1688 ; another at 
Guildhall, at the election of sheriffs, 
1692 — several considerable persons 
were concerned : they seized the 
lord mayor, but the city lieutenancy 
raised the militia and released him ; 
the rioters were fined; — at Edin- 
burgh and Dumfries on account of 
the Union, 1707 ; — in London, on 
account of Dr. Sacheverel's trial; 
several dissenting meeting-houses 
broken open, the pulpit of one pull- 
ed down, and with the pews burnt 
in Lincoln's-inn-fields, 1709; — of the 
Whig and Tory mobs, called Or- 
mond and Newcastle mobs, 2 Geo. 
L, 1715, great mischief was done 
by both pai'ties in London ; the 
Mughouse riot in Salisbury- court 
between the Whigs and Tories, 
one person shot dead by the mas- 
ter of the house, quelled by the 
guards, 1716 ; rioters in Hereford- 
shire demolished the turnpikes, 
quelled after a smart engagement 
with the posse comitatus, 1735 ; of 
the Spitalfields weavers, on account 
of employing workmen who had 
come over from Ireland, the mili- 
tary and civil power joined to quell 
them, and some lives were lost, 
9 Geo. II., 1736; between Irish, 
Welsh, and English haymakers, 
1736 ; — at Edinburgh the mob rose, 
set fire to the prison door, took out 
Captain Porteus (who had been 
reprieved for letting his soldiers 
fire and and kill one of the mob at 
a former riot), hanged him upon a 
sign-post, and then dispersed, 1736; 
of the Cornish tin-miners, on ac- 
count of the dearness of corn, 1737 ; 
of the nailers in Worcestershire, 
who marched to Birmingham, and 
obliged all the ironmongers to sign 
a paper allowing them an advanced 
price on nails, 1737 ; of some sail- 
ors, who were robbed and ill-used 
at a brothel in the Strand, being 
assisted by a large body, they pull- 



R I O 



572 



RIO 



ed down that house and destroyed 
the furniture of several others, turn- 
ing the women naked into the 
streets, 1749 ; again in Southamp- 
ton-street, in the Strand, on a 
similar occasion, 1757 ; of the 
Spi tain eld weavers, the Duke of 
Bedford narrowly escaped being 
killed, 1765 ; of the people in all 
parts of England, on account of the 
dearness of provisions, 1766 and 

1767 ; a mob in St. George's Fields, 
to see Mr. Wilkes in the King's 
Bench prison, the military aid in- 
discreetly called for by the justices 
of the peace, and several innocent 
persons, particularly young Allen, 
fired upon and killed by the soldiers, 

1768 ; £200,000 damage done to 
the public prisons and private build- 
ings in London, June 1780, for 
which many were hanged ; at Glas- 
gow, amongst the cotton manufac- 
turers, when several were killed by 
the soldiers, Sept. 4, 1787 ; at Bir- 
mingham, on account of commemo- 
rating the French revolution, July 
14, 1791, when several houses were 
destroyed ; in various parts of 
Scotland, on account of the militia 
act, Aug. and Sept. 1797, when 
several were killed ; at Maidstone, 
at the trial of Arthur O'Connor, 
and others, May 22, 1798, the Earl 
of Thanet, Mr. Ferguson, and 
others, were active in endeavour- 
ing to rescue O'Connor, for which 
they were tried and convicted, 
April 25, 1799 ; in -different parts 
of England, owing to the high price 
of bread, Sept. 1800 ; of weavers, 
near Manchester, May 24, 1808 ; at 
Liverpool, occasioned by a quarrel 
between a party of dragoons and a 
pressgang, June 27, 1809; O. P. 
at Covent-garden theatre, Sept. 
1809 ; terminated June 4, 1810 ; in 
Piccadilly, in consequence of the 
House of Commons committing Sir 
F. Burdett to the Tower, April 6 
and 9, 1810 ; O. P. riot at the Liver- 
pool theatre, July 1810 ; of weav- 
ers, under the name of Luddites, 
Nov. 1811; at Sheffield, during 
which 800 muskets belong-ina: to 



the local militia were destroyed, 
April 14, 1812 ; in various parts of 
the North of England by the Lud- 
dites, during 1811 and 1812; 
among the sailors at Lynn, quelled 
without bloodshed, Dec. 9, 1814; 
at St. Ives, Huntingdonshire, on 
account of a proposed increased 
assessment of the property tax, 
which was appeased by the commis- 
sioners relinquishing their purpose, 
Dec. 13, 1814 ; in Westminster, on 
account of the corn bill, which lasted 
several days, March 6, 1815 ; at 
Bishopwearmouth, near Durham, 
by the keelmen, who destroyed an 
expensive waggon road, and set 
fire to an immense pile of coals, 
March 20, 1815 ; at the depot at 
Dartmoor among the prisoners, in 
quelling which seven Americans 
were killed, and 35 others wounded, 
April 8, 1815; by the seamen 
of Newcastle, Sunderland, and 
Shields, which, after continuing 
several weeks, terminated without 
bloodshed, Oct. 21, 1815; by the 
miners and men employed in the 
iron works at Wolverhampton, on 
account of wages, quelled by the 
military without bloodshed, Nov. 
14, 1815 ; by the tanners in Ber- 
mondsey, during which several per- 
sons were wounded by Mr. Timbrel, 
whose house they attacked, April 
17, 1816; at Bridport, on account 
of the price of bread, which was 
quelled by the exertions of the 
principal inhaHtants May 6, 1816 ; 
on the same account, and in the 
same month, at Brandon, near Bury 
in Suffolk, and the city of Norwich ; 
at Bideford, to prevent the expor- 
tation of a cargo of potatoes, May 
20, 1816; at Bury, to destroy a 
spinning-jenny, in which the rioters 
were defeated by the magistrates 
and the principal inhabitants, May 
20 ; at Littleport and Ely, by a body 
of insurgent fenmen, on the same 
day, which was quelled by the mi- 
litary after some bloodshed, May 
20 ; at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by 
the pitmen and others, May 28 ; at 
Halstead, Essex, to liberate four 



RIO 



573 



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persons who had been taken up for 
destroying machinery, May 28, 1816 ; 
at the village of Great Barnfield, 
Essex, to destroy threshing ma- 
chines, in which they were defeated 
by the spirited exertions of Mr. 
Spicer and his neighbours, whose 
house they attacked, May 31, 1816; 
at the Calton, one of the suburbs of 
Glasgow, on account of the soup- 
kitchens, which was quelled after 
several had been wounded by the 
military, Aug. 2, 1816 ; at Preston, 
on account of the diminution of 
wages, Aug. 17, 1816 ; at the same 
place, by the unemployed and dis- 
tressed workmen, Sept., 1816 ; 
among the convicts in Newgate, 
which was quelled by threatening 
to withhold their allowance of food, 
Aug. 26, 1816 ; at Nottingham, by 
the Luddites, who destroyed more 
than thirty frames, Oct. 12, 1816 ; 
at Merthyr-Tydvil, in Glamorgan- 
shire, by the workmen in the iron 
works, on account of a reduction of 
wages, Oct. 18, 1816 ; by the colliers 
at Calder iron- works, near Glasgow, 
on account of a suspension of wages, 
in consequence of arrests for debt, 
which continued for several days, 
Oct. 19, 1816 ; in the town of Bir- 
mingham, Oct. 28, 1816; in the 
town of Walsall, during which the 
windows of several bakers were 
broken, and the house and mills of 
Mr. Jones completely gutted, Oct. 
30, 1816; in London, in conse- 
quence of a popular meeting in Spa- 
fields, for the purpose of presenting 
a petition to the prince regent, from 
the distressed manufacturers and 
mechanics, the shops of several gun- 
smiths were attacked for arms, and 
in that of Mr. Beckwith, on Snow- 
hill, a Mr. Piatt was shot in the 
body by one of the rioters, Dec. 2, 
1816, several of the rioters were 
apprehended, and one of the name 
of Watson was tried for high trea- 
son and acquitted, June 16, 1817 ; — 
at Dundee, on account of the sud- 
den rise in the price of meal ; up- 
wards of 100 shops of various de- 
scriptions were plundered, and the 



house of Mr. Lindsav, an extensive 
corn-dealer, was set on fire, Dec. 7, 
1816 ; in the Park, on the prince 
regent going to the House, in which 
an air-gun was fired at his royal 
highness, Jan. 28, 1817 ; at Rad- 
stock and Ponlton, near Bath, by 
the colliers, who assembled to the 
amount of 3000, threatening de- 
struction to the pits and buildings, 
but dispersed without doing mis- 
chief at the appearance of the mili- 
tary, Feb. 28, 1817; at Amlwch, in 
Wales, to prevent a vessel laden 
with flour from leaving the wharf, 
March, 1817 ; at Manchester, in 
consequence of a popular meeting, 
March 3, 1817 ; at Alfreton, m 
Derbyshire, being part of an intend- 
ed general insurrection ; it was, 
however, easily quelled, June 9, 
1817, and Jeremiah Brandreth and 
others concerned in it were convict- 
ed in the following Oct. ; — at the 
Westminster election, in which Sir 
Murray Maxwell was severely hurt, 
June 18, 19, and 20, 1818 ; at Man- 
chester, in consequence of the spin- 
ners demanding an increase of 
wages, Sept. 1818 ; in Covent-gar- 
den, on the chairing of Mr. Lamb, 
who had been returned for West- 
minster, Feb. 13, 1819; at Liver- 
pool, by the Irish, in an attempt to 
rescue one of their countrymen, 
July 1, 1819 ; at Manchester, in 
which the military killed and wound- 
ed several hundreds of an unarmed 
multitude, Aug. 16, 1819 ; at Pais- 
ley and Glasgow, Sept. 14, 1819 ; 
among the keelmen at North 
Shields, Oct. 14, 1819; at Dews- 
bury and its neighbourhood, by the 
members of the clothiers' union so- 
ciety, Feb. 21, 1820 ; at Culrain, in 
Scotland, in consequence of the ex- 
pulsion of several tenants from an 
estate, March 1, 1820 ; at Greenock, 
Paisle3 r , and the neighbourhood, 
April, 1820 ; at Grange Moor, in 
Yorkshire, ApriKS, 1820; at Edin- 
burgh, on the acquittal of the queen, 
Nov. 19, 1820 ; at the funeral of the 
queen, in consequence of the mili- 
tary opposing the body being car- 



RIP 



574 



RIV 



ried through the city, Aug. 14, 1821 ; 
at Knightsbridge, between the mili- 
tary and the populace, on the fune- 
ral of Honey and Francis, Aug. 26, 
1821 ; in the Isle of Man, on the 
high price of corn, Oct. 5, 1821 ; in 
various parts of the south of Ire- 
land, for several months in 1821 
and 1822 ; in Norfolk and Suffolk, 
to destroy threshing machines, 
March and April, 1822 ; at Chip- 
penham, between the inhabitants 
and those of a neighbouring village, 
Sept. 1822; among the keelmen on 
the river Tyne, Oct. and Nov. 1822 ; 
at the Dublin theatre, called the 
bottle conspiracy, from a bottle hav- 
ing been thrown at Lord Wellesley 
by some Orangemen, Dec. 14, 1822 ; 
in the south of Ireland, 1821-22; 
in the north of Ireland, between the 
Orangemen and the Roman Catho- 
lics, 1822 and 1823 ; at Ballybay, 
Oct. 9, 1828 ; at Limerick, the plun- 
der of provisions by a mob, June 
15, 1830 ; at Castlepollard, between 
the peasantry and police, at the fair, 
thirteen killed and above twice that 
number wounded, May 23, 1831 ; 
at Merthyr-Tydvil, South Wales, 
among the iron-workers, who were 
fired upon, and several killed and 
wounded, June 3, 1831 ; at the 
forest of Dean, June 8, 1831, when 
the fences and plantations were 
torn down ; at Bristol, Avhen great 
injury was done, on the recorder's 
becoming obnoxious, Oct. 29, 1831 ; 
in Kilkenny, where a number of 
the police were attacked by the 
people and killed with their inspec- 
tor, Dec. 14, 1831 ; at Boytton, 
near Canterbury, where a man 
named Thorns, an insane fanatic, 
was killed, May 31, 1838 ; riots 
caused by the Chartists, suppressed 
by proclamation, Dec. 12, 1838 ; 
riots by the Chartists at Birming- 
ham, July 15, 1839; at Newport, 
also by the Chartists, led by Frost, 
an ex-magistrate, several persons 
killed, Nov. 4, 1839. 

Ripon Monastery, Yorkshire, 
founded by Eata, abbot of Melrose; 
St. Winifred appointed abbot, 663 ; 



rebuilt by him ; Ripon honours his 
name still by an annual feast, carry- 
ing about his effigy ; Athelstan 
made the church a sanctuary, 924 ; 
the town and monastery burned by 
the Danes, 950 ; in 1069 ravaged by 
William the Conqueror, and lay 
waste 16 years ; it revived till 1319, 
when the Scotch barbarians burned 
it in one of their forays; in 1604 
James I. gave a new charter to the 
town ; hospital at, founded by 
Thurston, archbishop of York, 1140 ; 
and one by the Nevils. 

Rivaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, built 
1132. 

Rivers, Lord, found drowned in 
the Serpentine river, Hyde park, 
June 23, 1831. 

River Lea, act passed to make it 
navigable, the first passed for an in- 
land river, 1425. 

River, the New, brought to Lon- 
don 1614. 

Rivers in England began to be 
made navigable, 1135 ; the Lea, 
1425; Thames to Oxford, 1627 ; the 
Kennet to Reading, 1715 ; Droit- 
wich and Severn, 1756; Lea from 
Hertford'to Ware, 1739 ; Caledonian, 
through the lakes, begun 1803 ; 
Norwich and Lowestoft navigation 
opened, 1831 ; the canals of England 
are 2800 miles in extent, and there 
are 2500 miles of rivers made navi- 
gable ; in Ireland the canals are 
300 miles, but the rivers made navi- 
gable are 150 miles, exclusive of the 
Shannon, which is at present being 
rendered navigable, from Lough Al- 
len to its mouth: 500,000Z. had been 
expended up to 1849, and the dis- 
tance of 190 miles is now available 
for steams-boats. 

Rivers, Navigable, some of those 
are so to a pi'odigious length ; in 
1814, the first steam-boats on the 
American rivers were navigated from 
Pittsburg to the Mississippi, 1132 
miles, and then 1009 miles more to 
New Orleans, which is still 108 
miles from the sea, a navigation in 
all of 2229 miles, and a seventy-four 
gun-ship might be built that distance 
from the sea, and floated down when 



BOA 



575 



ROA 



the waters are high, without the 
smallest difficulty. 

Rizzio, David, an Italian musi- 
cian, assassinated March 9, 1566, 
by Lord Darnley, the husband of 
Mary, Queen of Scots, in her pre- 
sence. 

Roads, Roman, four in England, 
made between the year 1 and 150 

Roads between market towns wid- 
ened by an act passed 1235 ; en- 
larged, 1555 ; made in the Highlands 
of Scotland by General Wade, 1746; 
first repaired by act of parliament, 
1524; M'Adam'd plan of making 
adopted about 1815 ; between this 
year and 1829, the roads were in- 
creased above 1000 miles ; in 1820, 
the number of the roads existing 
was in England and Wales, 
Turnpike roads and paved Miles, 
streets, ----- 19,725 
Other public highways, - 95,104 



Total 114,829 
The returns were made from sur- 
veyors of the roads, and were 16,956 
in number: in 1829, there were in 
England and Wales 20,875 miles 
of turnpike ; and in Scotland 3,666. 
Total 24,541 miles. Yorkshire had 
1448 miles of turnpike in 1829: 
Rutland, 18. There were 1,116 turn- 
pike trusts, of about 22,000 miles in 
all, in 1840. Number of toll-gates 
and side-bars are about 7,796. The 
officers employed consist of treasu- 
rers, clerks, and surveyors; of the 
former, 1,120 ; the number of clerks, 
1,135; that of surveyors about 1.300; 
total, 3,555. The average extent 
of each turnpike trust about 19 miles, 
5 furlongs, 28 poles, and 1 yard. 
The number of local turnpike acts 
about 3,800. On an average of five 
years, the money expended on ac- 
count of repairs, &c, of the turnpike 
roads, including manual labour, &c, 
was 989,545?. per annum, or 45?. per 
mile per annum; and the money 
expended on account of manage- 
ment, consisting of the sakmes and 
law charges, about 129,124?. per 
annum, or 61. per mile per annum. 
The money expended in manual 



labour, team labour, and carriage o 
materials , and for materials for sur- 
face repairs, is about 36?. per mile 
per annum, and in improvements 
91. per mile per annum. The annual 
amount of the repair of turnpike 
roads and management of trusts, 51?. 
per mile per annum, 1,122,000?. The 
amount of the mortgage debt in 1829 
was 6,578,815?. ; in 1834, 7,068,275?.; 
in 1835, 7,116,792?. ; in 1836, 
7.187,543?.; in 1837, 7,262,962?. ; and 
in 1838, 7,260,993?. A sum of 
263,259?., included in the amount, 
is unpaid interest converted into 
principal. The number of mortgages 
42,637 ; and the number of assign- 
ments of mortgages, 18,519. The 
amount of money belonging to 
charities, invested on the security of 
turnpike bonds, appears, from the 
report of the charity commissioners, 
to be 62,959?. 3:2; the unclaimed 
dividends in the hands of the trea- 
surers of fturnpike trusts were, on 
Dec. 31, 1839, 39,530?. 1 : 11. The 
money paid for interest on account 
of the mortgage debt, from |1834 to 
1838, averaged about 300,000?. per 
annum. In eighty-two trusts in 
England, and two in Wales, no in- 
terest had been paid for several years. 
The amount of tolls received in the 
years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, and 
1838, was, on an average, about 
1,458,285?. per annum; and the funds 
arising from fines and other inciden- 
tal profits (not including statute 
duty, or composition in lieu thereof, 
and money borrowed), was about 
32,232?. per annum: total, 1,490,517?. 
per annum. 

Road into Italy, new one opened 
from Worms in the Valteline, de- 
scending into the Tyrol, 1824. 

Roads, Telford's report for mail 
roads through South Wales, by 
which three hours in the arrival of 
the mail at Milford would be saved. 
April, 1826. 

Roads, Income of, per mile, aver- 
age of 1818- 19-20 ; 61. Cardigan, 
Merioneth, and Radnor ; 10?. Pem- 
broke ; 11?. Carnarvon ; 11?. Kirk- 
cudbright ; 13?. Montgomery ; 15?. 



ROxV 



576 



ROC 



Glamorgan ; 18?. Carmarthen, Mon- 
mouth ; 19?. Banff, ; 20?. Peebles ; 
21?. Brecknock, Ayr, Dumfries, 
Wigton, Shropshire. Westmore- 
land ; 251. Hereford, Rutland : 261, 
Northumberland ; 271. Cornwall ; 
281. Denbigh, Aberdeen, Roxburgh ; 
291. Dorset ; 30?. Flint, Kincardine ; 
30?. Cumberland ; 31?. Elgin ; 33?. 
Hants; 341. Haddington, Suffolk; 37?. 
Devon ; 381. Clackmannan, Nor- 
folk ; 391. Anglesea, Berwick, Dum- 
barton, Derby, 40?. Selkirk; 41?. 
Forfar; 41?. Leicester; 42?. Not- 
tingham ; 44?. Edinburgh, War- 
wick ; 46?. Stafford; 47?. Lin- 
coln ; 48?. Berks, Northampton, 
Worcester ; 52?. Sussex ; 53?. Perth, 
Durham ; 55?. Huntingdon, Wilts ; 
56?. Somerset ; 57?. Bucks, Glouces- 
ter ; 58?. Cheshire; 60?. Oxford; 
.61?. Cambridge; 61?. York; 72?. 
Stirling, Bedford; 74?. Lanark, 
Renfrew ; 89?. Kent ; 110?. Essex ; 
121?. Lancashire ; 131?. Herts , 134?. 
Linlithgow; 157?. Surrey; 608?. 
Middlesex. 

Roads, Expenditure on, per mile, 
1818-19-20—3?. Kirkcudbright; 5?. 
Merioneth; 61. Cardigan, Radnor ; 
8?. Carnarvon, Pembroke ; 10?. 
Banff ; 12?. Glamorgan ; 13?. Pee- 
bles ; 14?. Kincardine ; 19?. Car- 
marthen, Elgin; 21?. Westmore- 
land; 22? Brecknock, Wigton, Shrop- 
shire ; 23?. Hereford; 24?. Aberdeen, 
Cornwall ; 25?. Monmouth ; 26?. 
Ayr, Norfolk, Northumberland ; 
28"?. Roxburgh, Selkirk, Cumber- 
land; 29?. Denbigh, Dorset; 31?. 
.Dumfries, Derby, Suffolk ; 32?. 
Flint, Montgomery, Rutland ; 33?. 
Hants; 35?. Gloucester, Warwick; 
36?. Nottingham ; 37?. Devon ; 39?. 
Dumbarton ; 40?. Lincoln ; 42?. 
Stirling, Stafford ; 43?. Renfrew, 
Durham, Leicester ; 44?. Cheshire ; 
45?. Anglesea ; 46?. Worcester ; 
47?. Berks ; 49?. Berwick ; 50?, So- 
merset, Wilts ; 51?. Haddington ; 
53?. Cambridge; 54?. Perth; 561. 
Bucks ; 58?. Edinburgh, Oxford ; 
64?. Clackmannan; 68?. Lanark, 
Huntingdon ; 69?. Forfar, Kent, 
York ; 70?. Sussex ; 71?. Northamp- 



ton ; 72?. Bedford; 95?. Essex; 
125?. Lancashire ; 132?. Linlithgow; 
144?. Herts; 149?. Surrey; 548?. 
Middlesex. 

Roasting alive Sir John Old- 
castle, Lord Cobham, a brave officer, 
charged with being a favourer of 
Wickliffe, and a heretic, condemned 
as such by the archbishop of Can- 
terbury ; but, escaping his fangs, he 
fled into Wales, where the church 
succeeded in getting him condemned 
by a bill of attainder; they first 
broke his legs, then hung him by 
the middle in chains over a fire, and 
slowly roasted and consumed him, 
5 Henry V., 1418 ; Sevetus roasted 
by a slow fire at Geneva for heresy, 
being condemned at the instigation 
of Calvin, 1523 ; such was the history 
of the times whenever ecclesiastics 
of any party got the rule into their 
hands. 

Robbing Gardens made felony, 
1825. 

Robbers first punished with 
death by the laws of Edward I., 
before which the punishment was a 
fine and reparation ; Claud du Val, 
a noted robber, executed 1670, to 
the sorrow of the women, with 
whom he was regarded as a sort of 
hero. 

Robbery of the Neapolitan am- 
bassador in Grosvenor square, by 
four footpads, while in his carriage, 
which was stopped, a pistol was 
presented to the coachman, and one 
to each of the footmen, while the 
fourth robbed the ambassador of his 
watch and money, June 19, 1777. 

Robert, Duke of Normandy, 
taken prisoner, and his eyes put out 
by his brother, 1106. 

Robertson, Mr., of Hopetoun 
Hall near Edinburgh, died 1793, 
aged 107. 

Robespierre, Maximilian, a 
leader in the atrocities committed 
during the French revolution, guil- 
lotined 1794. 

Robin Hood and Little John, 
lived, as supposed, 1197. 

Roche Abbey, Yorkshire, found- 
ed 1147. 



EOC 



577 



ROM 



Rochambeau, General, evacuated 
St. Domingo, which fell wholly into 
the hands of the Macks, Sept. 30, 
1803. 

Rochelle, France, besieged by 
the duke of Anjou, before which he 
lost 24,000 men, 1573 ; taken, and 
only 5000 out of 15,000 remained 
alive, 1628. 

Rochester Tunnel completed, 2| 
miles in length, a canal passing 
through it for the transit of goods, 
Sept., 1829. 

Rochester Cathedral, discovery 
of the tomb of John de Skeppey at, 
1825. 

Rochester burned, 677 ; bishop- 
ric founded, 604, the smallest in 
England; burned again, 1130, 
again, 1137 ; bridge built, 1400 ; 
cathedral built 610, repaired 1080, 
of Saxon architecture, 335 feet long, 
68 broad; castle built, 1070; 14 
persons drowned passing under the 
bridge, Sept. 13, 1816 ; Atterbury, 
bishop of, tried May 27, 1723; 
quitted England, June 8, 1723 ; 
died Feb. 22, 1731. 

Rock, General, the name given 
to a supposed leader of Irish dis- 
turbers of the peace, who called 
themselves Captain Rock's men, 
some were executed and others 
transported, March 30, 1822; a Cap- 
tain Rock convicted at Cork capital- 
ly, Aug. 24, 1822. 

Rocket Manufactory, Sir W. 
Congreve's, exploded at West Ham, 
Essex ; two men expired of their 
wounds, and others were much in- 
jured, June 12, 1824. 

Rocket, invented by Mr. Dennet 
of Newport, to be projected over 
wrecked vessels, or from the vessel 
to the shore, where it would fix it- 
self in the ground, 1828. 

Rockets for war purposes, used 
previously in the East, but improv- 
ed and rendered more destructive 
by Sir William Congreve, 1803. 

Rocking Stone, discovered in 
North America, in Savoy, Massa- 
chusetts, 1825, twenty-six feet long 
and eighteen broad. 

Rockingham Administration, the 



first, July 1765 ; the second, March 
1782 ; the marquis of, died July 2 
the same year ; the Shelburne ad- 
ministration succeeded. 

Rockingham Castle, Northamp- 
tonshire, built 1070. 

Rodney, Lord, great naval vic- 
tory of, near Cape St. Vincent, over 
the Spanish admiral Longara, 
whom he made prisoner, destroying 
several sail and taking four, Jan. 
16, 1780; he also defeated the 
French, under the Count de Grasse, 
when he took or destroyed six sail 
of the line, and captured the com- 
mander-in-chief; Rodney's own 
ship fired eighty broadsides, April 
12, 1780. 

Roketran, Bohemia, totally de- 
stroyed by fire, Sept. 10, 1784. 

Rolls' Chapel, London, founded 
by Henry III., 1233, for ordaining 
any converted Jewish rabbis, who 
were maintained and lodged in 
Rolls' buildings, afterwards the re- 
cords were lodged there. 

Rolls' House, in Chancery Lane, 
built Sept. 18, 1717. 

Rollo I., Duke of Normandy, 
conquered that country from 
France, 876. 

Roman Mint discovered near 
Wakefield, Yorkshire, 1821, on the 
same spot where other antiquities 
had been found, 1697 ; they consist- 
ed principally of clay moulds and 
matrices. 

Rome united to the French em- 
pire, Feb. 12, 1810. 

Rome, Empire of, and city, 
founded by Romulus, 750 years 
before the birth of Christ ; governed 
by kings, then a republic under 
consuls, next by emperors, begin- 
ning under Julius Cassar, his suc- 
cessor Augustus being emperor at 
the birth of Jesus Christ. The 
principal events which have taken 
place in Rome since the commence- 
ment of the Christian era, are as 
follows : — 

Ovid banished to Tomos 9 

Tiberius retired to his debau- 
cheries at Capri 26 

A census taken by Claudius 
2p 



EOM 



578 



EOM 



the emperor, — the inhabit- 
ants of Rome found to 

amount to 6,900,000 48 

Caractacus brought in chains 

to Rome 51 

St. Paul arrived in bonds at 

Rome, about 62 

Nero burned Rome, and 
charged the crime upon the 

Christians , 64 

Seneca, Lucan, and others, put 

to death 65 

Peter and Paul put to death - 67 
Jerusalem taken, and levelled 

by Titus Sept. 8, 70 

Revolt of the Parthians 77 

The Dacian war continued 15 

years ..., 88 

Cornelia, a vestal, buried alive 92 
Pliny, Junior, proconsul in Bi- 
thynia, sent Trajan his cele- 
brated account of the Chris- 
tians 102 

Trajan's expedition into the 

East against the Parthians 106 
Trajan's column erected at 

Rome 114 

Adrian, during his residence 
in Britain, erected his fa- 
mous wall 121 

Heresies among the Christians 141 
The worship of Serapis intro- 
duced 146 

The capitol destroyed by 

lightning 188 

Byzantium taken; its walls 

razed 196 

The Goths receive tribute . . . 222 
Pompey's amphitheatre burnt 241 
Pestilence throughout the em- 
pire 252 

Great victory over the Goths 
obtained by Claudius ; 

300,000 slain 269 

Longinus put to death 273 

The Barbarians obtain Dacia. 274 

The era of the Martyrs 284 

The Pranks settled in Gaul ... 287 
Constantius died at York ... 306 
Four emperors reigned at one 

time 308 

Constantine the Great, in con- 
sequence of a vision, placed 
the cross on his banners, and 
arrived at Rome 312 



He began to favour the Chris- 
tians 319 

He tolerated the Christian 
faith 323 

Constantine convoked the first 
general council of Chris- 
tians at Nice 325 

The seat of empire removed 
from Rome to Byzantium. . . 328 

Constantine ordered the hea- 
then temples to be destroyed 330 

Revolt of 300,000 Sarmatian 
slaves from their masters... 334 

Death of Constantine; — suc- 
ceeded by his three sons, 
Constans, Constantius II., 
and Constantine II •.. 337 

The army proclaimed Julian 
emperor 360 

Julian abjured Christianity, 
and opened all the heathen 
temples 361 

Julian killed in battle 363 

Jovian restored Christianity... 363 

Pound dead, supposed to be 
poisoned 364 

The Roman empire divided 
between Eastern and Wes- 
tern, by Valentinian and 
Valens, brothers ; the for- 
mer had the West 364 

The Goths permitted to settle 
in Thrace ; 376 

They enter the Roman terri- 
tories 382 

Valentinian deposed by Maxi- 
mus, who restores Paganism 387 

Arcadius and Honorius, em- 
perors 395 

Two hundred thousand Goths 
defeated 405 

The Vandals, Alani, and 
Suevi, permitted to settle in 
France and Spain, by Ho- 
norius 406 

Rome taken and pillaged, 
then burned, by Alaric ... 410 

The kingdom of Thoulouse 
begun 411 

The Vandals begin their em- 
pire in Spain 412 

Pharamond commenced the 
empire of the Franks 420 

The Vandals go over into 
Africa 427 



ROM 



579 



ROM 



Genseric took Carthage 439 

Attila the Hun ravaged Eu- 
rope 447 

The Vandals enter and ravage 

Sicily 454 

Valentinian dishonoured the 

wife of Maximus 454 

He was killed hy the soldiers 
on the. side of Maximus, 
who married his widow, 

Eudoxia 455 

Eudoxia, to avenge Valenti- 
nian and punish Maximus, 
invited Genseric and the 

Vandals into Italy 455 

Rome plundered, July 12 ; 
Maximus stoned to death, 
and Eudoxia and her fami- 
ly, with thousands more, 

sent captive to Africa 455 

The emperor Majorianus fixed 

his residence at Ravenna . . . 455 
The Vandals expelled from 

Sicily 464 

The Goths defeated in 

Gaul 466 

Great eruption of Mount Ve- 
suvius 472 

Odoacer entered Italy, took 
Rome and the title of King 
of Italy, terminating the 

Western Roman empire 476 

Rome recovered for Justinian 

by Belisarius 537 

Retaken by the Goths 547 

Recovered again by Narses, for 

Justinian 553 

The papal usurpation estab- 
lished 606 

Rome revolted from the Greek 

emperors 726 

Pope Stephen II. got tem- 
poral rule. Charlemagne 
became emperor of the 

West 800 

Such have been the principal 
incidents and vicissitudes of this 
once mighty empire. Ruled by 
nine kings, then a republic, it be- 
came subject to Caius Julius Caesar, 
as dictator, forty-eight years be- 
fore Christ ; Caesar was assassi- 
nated March 15, forty-four years 
before Christ, and succeeded by 
Octavius Caesar, as emperor of 



Rome, thirty-one years before 
Christ ; this emperor's succes- 
sors were, subsequent to the Chris- 
tian era, to 1850, as follow : — 

Tiberius Claudius Nero 14 

Caius Caligula ; murdered by 

a tribune 37 

Claudius, poisoned by his wife, 

Agrippina 41 

Claudius Nero ; deposed, — put 

himself to death 54 

Servius Sulpicius Galba ; slain 

by the Praetorian band 68 

M. Salvius Otho; stabbed 

himself 69 

Aulus Vitellius ; deposed by 
Vespasiau, and put to death 69 

Titus Flavius Vespasian 69 

Titus Vespasian, his son 79 

Titus Elavius Domitian, bro- 
ther of Titus ; last of the 
Twelve Caesars, — assassi- 
nated 81 

Cocceius Nerva ...*. 96 

Trajan 98 

Adrian, or Hadrian 117 

Antoninus Titus, surnamed 

Pius 138 

Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius 
Verus, his son-in-law ; the 

latter died in 169 161 

Commodius (L. Aurelius An- 
toninus), son of Marcus 
Aurelius ; poisoned by Mar- 

tia 180 

Publius Helvius Pertinax ; put 
to death by the Praetorian 

band 193 

Lucius Septimius Severus ; 
died at York, in Britain, in 
211 ; succeeded by his 

sons 193 

M. Aurelius Caracalla, and 
Septimius Geta ; Geta mur- 
dered the same year by his 
brother, who reigned alone 
until 217, when he was 

slain by his successor 211 

M. Opilius Macrinus, prefect 
of the guards ; beheaded in 

a mutiny 217 

Heliogabalus, M. Aurelius 
Antoninus, a youth, put to 
death for his follies and en • 
ormities 218 



ROM 



580 



ROM 



Alexander Severus 

nated by some soldiers cor- 
rupted by Maximinus 222 

Caius Julius Verus Maximi- 
nus; assassinated in bis 
tent 235 

M. Antonius Gordianus, and 
his son ; the latter having 
been killed in a battle with 
Maximinus, the father 
strangled himself at Car- 
thage, in his 80th year 237 

Balbinus and Pupienus; put 
to death 237 

Gordian, junior, grandson of 
the elder Gordian, in his 
16th year ; assassinated by 
the guards 238 

Philip the Arabian; assassi- 
nated by his own soldiers ; 
his son Philip murdered at 
the same time, in his mo- 
ther's arms 244 

Metius Decius ; perished, with 
his two sons and their army, 
in an engagement with the 
Goths 249 

Gallus Hostilius, and his son 
Volusianus, both slain by 
the soldiery 251 

iEmilianus ; put to death 
after a reign of four 
months 253 

Valerianus and his son, Gal- 
lienus : the first taken pri- 
soner by Sapor, king of Per- 
sia, and flayed alive 253 

Gallienus reigned alone 260 

Claudius II. (Gallienus having 
been assassinated by the 
officers of the guard) suc- 
ceeded : died of the plague 268 

Quintillus, his brother, elected 
at Rome by the senate and 
troops ; Aurelian by the 
army in Illyricum. Quin- 
tillus, despairing of success 
against his rival, marching 
against him, opened his 
veins, and bled to death ... 270 
Aurelian : assassinated by his 
soldiers in his march against 
Persia, in Jan. 275 270 

Interregnum of about nine 
mQ&ths 275 



Tacitus, elected Oct. 25 : died 
at Tarsus, in Cilicia, 

April 13, 275 

Florian, his brother, the title 
not recognised by the se- 
nate 276 

M. Aurelius Probus : assas- 
sinated by his troops at 
Sirmium 276 

M. Aurelius Cams : killed at 
Ctesiphon by lightning ; 
succeeded by his sons 282 

Carinus and Numerianus : 
both "assassinated 283 

Diocletian : who associated as 
his colleague in the govern- 
ment 284 

Maximilianus Hercules : the 
two Emperors resign in fa- 
vour of 286 

Constantius Chlorus andGale- 
rius Maximianus: the first 
died at York, in Britain, in 
306, the troops saluted, as 
emperor, his son 305 

Constantine, afterwards styled 
the Great : whilst at Rome 
the Preetorian band pro- 
claimed 306 

Maxentius, the son of Maxi- 
mianus Hercules. Besides 
these, were 306 

Maximianus Hercules, who 
endeavoured to recover his 
power 306 

Flavius Valerius Severus, 
murdered by the last 
named 306 

Flavius Valerianus Licinius, 
the brother-in-law of Con- 
stantine 307 

Of these Maximianus Hercules 

was strangled in Gaul in 310 ; 

Galerius Maximianus died wretch- 
edly in 311 ; Maxentius was 

drowned in the Tiber in 312 ; 

and Licinius was !|put to death by 

order of the emperor Constantine 

in 324. 

Constantine the Great reigned 
alone : died on Whitsun- 
day, May 22, 337 324 

Constantine II., Constans, and 
Constantius II, sons of 
Constantine : divided the 



EOM 



581 



ROM 



empire between them : the 
first was slain in 340, and 
the second murdered in 
350, when the third became 

sole emperor 337 

J ulian, the Apostate, so called 
for abjuring Christianity, 
having been educated for 
the priesthood : mortally 
wounded in a battle with 

the Persians 361 

Jovian ; reigned 8 months : 
found dead in his bed, sup- 
posed to have died from the 

fumes of charcoal 363 

The Roman empire terminated 
here as a single dominion. In 364, 
Valentinian, the son of Gratian, 
took the Western, and his bro- 
ther, Valens, the Eastern Em- 
pire. 

Valentinian, son of Gratian, 361 
Gratian, a youth, son of Va- 
lentinian, made a colleague 
in the government by his 

father , 367 

Valentinian II., another son, 
also very young, on the 
death of his father, as- 
sociated with his brother in 
the empire. Gratian assas- 
sinated by his general, 
Andragathius, in 383; 
Valentinian murdered by 
one of his officers, Arbogas- 

tes, in 392 375 

Eugenius, an usurper, as- 
sumed the imperial dignity : 
he and Arbogastes were 
defeated by Theodosius the 
Great, who became sole 
emperor. 
Andragathius threw himself 
into the sea, and Arbogastes 

died by his own hand 392 

Honorius, son of Theodo- 
sius, reigned on his father's 
death in the West, and his 
brother, Arcadius, in the 
East. Honorius died in 
423. 
John, the notary, who was 
defeated and slain near 
Ravenna, usurped the 
rule 395 



Valentinian III., son of the 
empress Placidia, daughter 
of Theodosius the Great : 
murdered at the instance 
of his successor 425 

Maximus married Eudoxia, 
widow of Valentinian, who, 
to avenge the death of her 
first husband and the guilt 
of her second, invited the 
African Vandals into Italy, 
and Rome was sacked ; 
Maximus stoned to death, 455 

Marcus Majcilius Avitus : 
forced to resign, and died in 
his flight towards the Alps, 456 

Julius Valerius Majorianus : 
murdered at the instance of 
his minister. Ricimer, who 
raised 457 

Libius Severus to the throne, 
but held the supreme 
power. Severus was poisoned 
by Ricimer 461 

Interregnum. Ricimer retain- 
ing the authority, without 
assuming the title, of em- 
peror 465 

Anthemius, chosen by the 
joint suffrages of the senate 
and army: murdered by Ri- 
cimer, who died soon after, 467 

Flavius Anicius Olybrius : 
slain by the Goths soon 
after his accession 472 

Glycerius : forced to abdi- 
cate by his successor 473 

Julius Nepos : deposed by 
his general, Orestes, and 
retired to Salonse 474 

Romulus Augustulus, son of 
Orestes. Orestes slain, and 
the emperor deposed by .... 475 

Odoacer, king of the Heruli, 
who took Rome, assumed 
the style of king of Italy, 
and completed the fall of the 

Western Empire 476 

From 537 to 553 the empire was 

recovered, lost, and again recovered, 

by the Eastern emperoi's — it finally 

revolted from the Greek emperors 

in 756, and became, from that time, 

subjected to the most degrading 

rule of the popes, of whom 176 



ROM 



582 



ROM 



succeeded Pope Stephen II., the 
first of the number. Thus, the 
popes made independent, continued 
in possession of this renowned 
city and its territories, called the 
ecclesiastical states, till 1798. — St. 
Peter's Cathedral was built by Pope 
Julius II., who died 1512 ; Bramante 
was the architect. — The inhabitants 
of Rome, on the 4th June, 1780, 
amounted to 155,184, of whom 
36,485 were housekeepers. — In this 
number were included 3847 monks, 
2327 secular priests, 1910 nuns, 
1065 students, 1470 paupers, 7 ne- 
groes, and 52 persons not Ro- 
mans. — Reduced by the French to 
a republic, and the Pope Pius VI 
sent from Rome, 1798. A new 
pope, Pius VII., being restored to 
the government, went to Paris to 
crown Bonaparte emperor of the 
French, and performed that cere- 
mony, 2nd Dec, 1804. — Revolution 
in the form of its government, 1809. 
■ — United to the French empire, 3rd 
Dec, 1809. The regnant pope, 
Pius IX. The imperial city gar- 
risoned by foreign troops. The 
pope witnessed a revolution when 
Count Rossi, his prime minister, was 
assassinated, Nov. 15, 1S48. 
The people demanded a 
democratic ministry — the 
pope delayed to reply — the 
Romans surrounded the pa- 
lace, when a conflict ensued 
between the papal and civic 
guard. The troops invested 
the Quirinal, and placed 
cannon against the en- 
trance ; and the pope was 
forced to accept a popular 

ministry Nov. 16, 1848 

Cardinal Palma, the pope's 
secretary, was shot in the 

conflict. 

The pope escaped in dis- 
guise from Rome to Gaeta. 

Nov. 24, 1848 
M. de Corcelles left Paris 
for Rome, a French armed 
expedition having preceded 
him, to afford protection to 
the pope Nov. 27, 1848 



Protest of the pope against 
the violence and outrage 
which induced him to leave 
Rome, and against the acts 
of the provisional govern- 
ment Nov. 28, 1848 

A constituent assembly met 
at Rome Feb. 5, 1849 

The Roman National Assem- 
bly declared the pope 
divested of all temporal 
power, and adopted the re- 
publican form of govern- 
ment Feb. 8, 1849 

The republican flag hoisted on 
the tower of the Capitol... 1849 

The pope protested against 
the decree for his dethrone- 
ment Feb 14, 1849 

His Holiness appealed to 
the great Roman Catholic 
powers for an armed inter- 
vention in his behalf, 

Feb. 18, 1849 

Civita Vecchia occupied by 
the French forces under 
Marshal Oudinot, April 26, 1849 

A small French force re- 
pulsed from Rome, April 30, 1849 
In this action the French were 

driven back from the city with the 

loss of about 700 men. 

Engagement between the Ro- 
mans and Neapolitans ; the 
former capture 60 prisoners 
and 400 muskets, May 5, 1849 

The French, under Marshal 
Oudinot, commence an 
attack on Rome June 3, 1849 

They made a breach in the 
walls June 14, 1849 

The French sent storming 
parties through the breaches 
in the walls June 21, 1849 

A deputation sent to Marshal 
Oudinot, to treat for a sur- 
render, and they eventually 
capitulated to the French 
army June 30, 1849 

The Roman Assembly dis- 
solved ..July 4, 1849 

An officer from Oudinot's 
camp arrived at Gaeta, to 
present the pope with the 
keys of the two gates of 



ROM 



583 



ROM 



Rome by which the French 
army had entered the city 

July 4, 1849 

The re-establishment of the 
pope's authority proclaimed 
at Rome July 15, 1849 

Oudinot issued a general order, 
stating that the pope (or his 
representative) now re-pos- 
sessed the administration of 
affairs, but that public 
security in the pontifical 
dominions still remained 
under the special guarantee 
of the French army, Aug. 3, 1849 

His Holiness arrived at Por- 
tici, on a visit to the king 
of Naples Sept. 4, 1849 

He issued from Portici a 
motuproprio to his subjects 

Sept. 12, 1849 

The pope left Portici for 
Rome, where he arrived 

April 12, 1850 

He issued the bull, estab- 
lishing a Roman Catholic 
hierarchy in England 

Sept. 24, 1850 



Roman Catholic Penal Laws of ex- 
traordinary rigour had been passed 
against those of the Catholic faith, 
see Penal Laws- these were first 
passed by Henry VIII., who called 
himself Defender of the Faith, 
1539; Catholics were forbidden to 
appeal at court, 1673 ; in 1685 they 
were restored to their privileges; 
they were disabled from holding 
offices of trust, 1689; obliged to 
register their names and estates, 
1717; some relaxations of these 
hard conditions took place, 1778, 
and they were permitted to purchase 
land and take it by descent, 1780 ; 
yet these trivial concessions caused a 
riot, headed by Lord George Gor- 
don, 1780, and dreadful excesses 
followed, the riot proving, from the 
time it took, that plunder and devas- 
tation were more objects in the view 
than difference of creed ; more of 
the Catholic disabilities were re- 
moved, 1793 ; and final emancipa- 
tion followed, April 13, 1829. 
Divisions in the House of Commons, 
1829,— 



March 6, Majority for going into Committee — , 188 

" 18, " for second readng 180 

" 30, " for third reading 170 

In the House of Lords, 

March 31, No division 

April 4, Second reading for, 217 ; against, 112 

" 10, Third reading for, 213 ; against, 109 



The royal assent took place, April 
13, 1829 : Mr. O'Connell, the first 
Catholic member, took his seat for 
Clare, July 5, 1829; the first 
English Catholic member Avas the 
Earl of Surrey, for Horsham, May 
4th, 1829. 

Roman Catholic Faith ; the pre- 
cise date of the foundation of this 
creed is uncertain : some give it to 
the time when Constantine made 
such an adroit use of the Christians 
to aid in his conquests, or a. d. 323. 
Others date it from Boniface III., 
606, when he assumed the title of 
universal bishop; this, however, only 
applies to the title of its head. The 
.reformation first shook its power. 



Of 225 millions of Christians, the 
Catholics are estimated to be 160 
millions. 

Roman Catholic Association, a 
society established in Ireland to 
remove the disabilities to which the 
Roman Catholics were subjected in 
regard to their civil rights : there 
had been other societies previously, 
to promote the same object; but an 
act of parliament was passed to 
suppress it, March 5, 1829, after 
the disabilities which it was its object 
to remove were no more : the society 
had previously voted its own disso- 
lution, Feb. 12, 1829. 

Roman Catholic Clergy and Peo- 
ple in Ireland : In 1841, the popu- 



EOS 



584 



EOS 



lation being 8,175,000, those of the 
Eoman Catholic church were esti- 
mated at 6,550,000; the number of 
their clergy was not known, but in 
1704 there were 1060 registered at 
the council office; in Dublin castle ; 
it must be many times more at 
present. 

Eomfobd Barracks destroyed by 
fire, May 27, 1745. 

Bomney Man-of-war lost off the 
Texel, Nov, 19, 1804. 

Eoncesvalles lost by Marshal 
Soult, with 8000 men^ when attack- 
ed by the Duke of Wellington, 1813, 

Eooke, Admiral, destroyed and 
captured the Spanish galleons at 
Vigo, Oct, 12, 1702 ; received the 
thanks of parliament, and was 
sworn in of the privy council, Nov, 
12, 1702; captured a very rich 
French East India ship. May 6, 
1703 ; died Jan. 24, 1709.' 

Eoof of a church at Fearn, in 
Scotland, fell in during service, and 
killed 60 persons, Oct. 19* 1742. 

Eosamond the Fair f and Bosa- 
mond's Bower; the lady was the 
favourite of Henry II. of England, 
against whom the queen and others 
conspired for her destruction : she 
dwelt in a building that was a sort 
ofiabyrinth, at Woodstock, where 
Queen Eleanor, finding means of 
getting to her by a clue of silk, poi- 
soned her ; she was the beautiful 
daughter of Lord Clifford: her 
remains were buried at Godstow 
church, whence a pampered priest, 
Hough, bishop of Lincoln, removed 
them under circumstances of great 
indignity, 1191. 

Eosart, an office of the Catholic 
church, made up of beads to a cer- 
tain number, of which a pater-nos- 
ter must be said on counting them. 
One Guyman was the inventor of 
this decree, 1202, according to some; 
others say, 1093. 

Eosbach, Battle of, between the 
French and the Flemings, under the 
duke of Burgundy : the king of 
France, Charles IV., fell in this bat- 
tle, Nov. 17, 1352 ; a battle so 
named between the Austrians 



and French, and the Prussians 
under Frederick the Great, in which 
the former were signally defeated, 
Nov. 5, 1757 : town of, totally dis- 
appeared, supposed by an earth- 
quake, Oct. 17, 1792. 

Eose, the queen of flowers, first 
cultivated in England, 1522; the 
damask rose came from the south of 
France, in the sixteenth century; 
the Provence rose from the same 
country about 1596 ; the Moss rose 
about 1724 ; the Thornless rose from 
North America in the beginning oi 
the sixteenth century ; the China 
rose from China 1789 ; the sweet- 
scented Guelder from China, 1821. 

Eoses, the Wars of the White and 
Eed, which were the symbols of the 
houses of York and Lancaster ; the 
Yorkists carried the white and the 
Lancastrians the red: the first 
battle in that sanguinary contest 
was fought May 22, 1455, at St. 
Albans : the union of the roses took 
place by the marriage of Henry 
VII. with the princess Elizabeth, 
daughter of Edward IV., 1486; 
first placed over confessionals as 
marks of secrecy 1526 ; hence the 
phrase " under the rose." 

Eosetta, in Egypt, taken by the 
French, 1791 ; by the English and 
Turks, April 19, 1801 ; the English 
repulsed here by the Turks, 1807 ; 
this place stands near where Nelson 
combated the French in the battle 
of the Nile, 1791. 

Bosecrucian Philosophers first 
appeared in Germany, 1302, and 
again in the seventeenth century; 
they wrote in hieroglyphics, and 
swore fidelity to each other, declar- 
ing that the ancient Magi and 
Egyptian philosophers taught the 
same doctrine as they professed. 

Eoscommon, Ireland, chapel at, 
one of the pillars of a gallery gave 
way, by which 14 persons were 
killed, and many injured, April 14, 
1804. 

Eosillo the bandit chief and ter- 
ror of Grenada and Malaga, in 
Spain, shot by the civic guards, 
July 4, 1850. 



ROY 



585 



ROY 



Ross, Battle of, in Ireland, when 
the rebels were defeated, and left 
2,600 men on the field of battle, 
June 4, 1798, 

Ross, bishopric of, Ireland, found- 
ed in the seventh century, united 
to Cork, 1340, and Cloyne added 
to the others by the act 4 William 
IV., 1833. 

Ross, Major-General, killed in an 
attempt on the town of Baltimore, 
United States, Sept. 12, 1814. 

Rota Club established, a political 
society that met in the Palace yard, 
temp. Oliver Cromwell, 1659. 

Rotherhithe, Collier Dock pro- 
jected at, 1825, by Mr. Brunei. 

Rothesay Castle, isle of Bute, 
Scotland, built anterior to 1363 ; 
steamer of the same name, from 
Liverpool to Beaumaris, wrecked 
near the latter place, when 180 per- 
sons perished, Aug. 17, 1831 ; not 
more than 20 were saved out of 
200. 

Rottenden surrendered to the 
Prussians, Feb. 1758. 

Rotterdam, Bank of, established 
1635. 

Rouen, noble cathedral of, struck 
by lightning, and considerably in- 
jured, Aug. 5, 1822. 

Rouen, city of, taken 1562, by 
the king of Navarre. 

Rougemont Castle, Exeter, built 
750. 

Round Towers of Ireland, above 
100 of which are either entire, or are 
to be traced at the foundation, sup- 
posed to be built in the earlier 
years of the introduction of Christi- 
anity into the island, or to have 
been attached to religious purposes. 
Some give their construction to the 
6th century. 

Round Table, order of the knights 
of, began 516. 

Royal Assent, a term generally 
applied to bills that require only 
the consent of the crown to become 
law ; statute 33 Henry III., 1541, 
permits the royal assent to be given 
by letters patent. 

Royal Academy of Art, charter 
granted to, Jan. 26, 1765, as the 



Incorporated Society of British Ar- 
tists ; afterwards, and in conse- 
quence of some dispute, and a sepa- 
ration of parties, the title was 
changed, Dec. 10, 1768. 

Royal Adelaide steamer, wreck- 
ed on the Tongue sand, off Margate, 
March 30, 1850, and all on board, 
200 in number lost, just at the con- 
clusion of their voyage from Dublin 
and Cork, to Plymouth and London; 
not a soul survived to tell the mourn- 
ful tale of one fellow passenger's 
loss. 

Royal Circus, St. George's Fields, 
burned Aug. 12, 1805. 

Royal Exchange Assurance 
office, incorporated 1716. 

Royal Exchange. See Exchange. 
Royal Exchange, Dublin, began 
1769, and completed in ten years, 
the expenses defrayed by a lottery 
scheme ; accident at, by which nine 
persons were killed, owing to the 
parapet giving way, being pressed 
by a crowd, April 24, 1815. 

Royal Family, marriages of, 
restrained through the dislike of 
George III. to the marriage of his 
brother the Duke of Gloucester to 
Lady Waldegrave, all other con- 
siderations and consequences being 
sacrificed to the royal pique, 1771-2. 
Royal George, of 100 guns,lostby 
heeling her over too far at Spithead, 
by which Admiral Kempenfelt and 
several hundred persons perished, 
June 28, 1782. 

Royal Institution, Albemarle 
Street, founded 1799 ; a professor- 
ship created at, 1833. 

Royal Lodge, Windsor, court 
held at, Jan. 26, 1828. 

Royal Military College, Chelsea, 
first stone laid, June 19, 1801. 

Royal Miners Company, incor- 
porated 1564. 

Royal Naval Asylum, Greenwich, 
commenced in 1801 ; transferred to 
Greenwich, 1807. 

Royal Navy of England, first so 
denominated 1512. 

Royal Society of Arts instituted 

1754 ; removed to the Adelphi, 1774. 

Royal Society instituted Dec. 30, 



EUP 



586 



BUS 



1660; incorporated, 1663; apart- 
ments granted to, at Somerset 
House, 1776. 

Royal Society of Musicians, 
formed 1785. 

Royal Observatory, Greenwich 
Park, built 1675. 

Royal Records of England began 
to be kept 1101, 

Royalists' forfeited estates sold 
by Cromwell, Aug. 4, 1652. 

Royalists, English, beaten by the 
Irish rebels, and retreated to Ark- 
lone, June 2, 1798. 

Royalty Theatre, in Well-street, 

Rosemary-lane, opened April 20, 

1787 ; burned down, April 11, 1826. 

Royston, Cambridgeshire, 36 

houses burned at, May 31, 1802. 

Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, the first 
of Flemish artists, died 1640. 

Rudder, patent for a new one to 
Lieut. Lihou, royal navy, 1829. 

Ruffo, Cardinal, at the head of 
the Russians and Calabrian banditti, 
committed great cruelties on the 
French in Naples, June 20, 1799. 

Ruffs first worn, temp. Edward 
VI., 1551. 

Rufus, William the Second of 
England, so named from his red 
hair, 1087. 

Rugen ceded by Sweden to Den- 
mark, 1814 ; and by Denmark to 
Russia, 1815. 

Ruling Machines invented, 1782 ; 
improved, 1803. 

Rum, a pure spirit distilled from 
molasses or sugar, the produce of 
the West Indies ; 3,300,000 gallons 
imported 1789 ; in 1796, 4,196,198 
gallons ; in 1848, 5,653,840 gallons 
imperial were imported ; or 6,784,608 
old gallons. 

Rump Parliament, 41 members 
seized by Col. Pride belonging to 
the Presbyterian party, and 160 
more excluded, 1611 ; the members 
admitted, who werethe Independents, 
were called the Rump. 

Rupert, St., order of knighthood 
began in Germany, 1702. 

Rupert, Prince, arrived in Eng- 
land, Dec. 1635; visited Oxford 
with the king and his brother, Aug. 



29, 1636 ; defeated the parliament 
forces at Worcester, Sept. 23, 1642 ; 
took Doncaster, Feb. 2, 1643 ; Bir- 
mingham, April 1643 ; Lichfield, 
April 21, 1643; Bristol and 3000 
men, July 22, 1643; defeated by 
Cromwell at Marston-Moor, where 
10,000 were killed or taken, July 
1644 ; ordered by the king after his 
defeat at Bristol to quit England, 
Sept. 19, 1644; reconciled to the 
king, and quitted England, July 15, 
1646; attempted to land in Eng- 
land, but obliged to return to 
France, March 1654; commanded 
the English fleet, Oct. 4, 1664 ; had 
a severe fight with the Dutch, 
June 4 ; defeated the Dutch, July 

25, 1665 ; made lord high admiral, 
April 6, 1673 ; died in Spring gar- 
dens, Westminster, Nov. 22, 1682. 

Ruppin, in Brandenburgh, burn- 
ed to the extent of 600 houses, 
Sept., 1787. 

Ruremond taken by Marlborough , 
Oct. 6, 1702. 

Russell Institution commenced 
1808. 

Russell, Lord John, proposed 
the repeal of the test and corpora- 
tion acts ; passed by a majority of 
44 in the House of Commons, Feb. 

26, 1828 ; finally passed, April 26. 
Russell's, Lord John, adminis- 
trations ; entered upon office, July, 
1846, upon the resignation of Sir 
Robert Peel, and resigned Feb. 21, 
1851 ; but returned to power on 
the failure of Lord Stanley to form 
an administration, March 3, 1851 ; 
remained in office until April, 1852, 
when he again resigned, and was 
succeeded by the ministry of the 
Earl of Derby. 

Russell, Lord William, beheaded 
in Lincoln's Inn Fields, July 21, 
1683, for pretended participation in 
a ridiculous plot, called the Rye- 
house plot ; his attainder reversed, 
1 Will. III., 1689. 

Russia offered to mediate between 
England and France ; the offer de- 
clined until France evacuated Ha- 
nover, which George III. insisted 
was not concerned in the disputes 



KITS 



587 



RUS 



of England, Aug. 19, 1803; the 
emperor had abandoned the coali- 
tion against France, Dec. 1800, and 
had advocated Napoleon's conti- 
nental system. 

Russia, Government of, issued a 
severe ukase against the press, and 
the printing-offices were shut up, 
July 12, 1798. 

Russia, Paul, emperor of, ordered 
all his subjects to wear cocked hats 
and bags to their hair, Jan. 3, 1797. 

Russia, Emperor of, and King of 
Prussia, arrived in London, June 
7, 1814. 

Russia and England declare war, 
Nov. 1, and 19, 1807; embargo laid 
on English vessels and goods in 
Russia, Nov. 10. 

Russian commerce, the returns of 
late years are vague ; the whole 
produce of the Russian manufac- 
tures in 1824, was 117,625,734 paper 
roubles ; in 1835, the tonnage en- 
tered inwards under the national 
flag, was 142,634 tons ; under the 
foreign 507,860 ; the tonnage cleared 
outwards is not known either na- 
tional or foreign. 

Russia, incidental history of, the 
origin of the nation obscure as to 
its early records ; Novogorod and 
its grand dukes are mentioned in 
the earliest attainable accounts of 
the country, in the year 882 ; the 
first Christian ruler is said to have 
been Waladimir, 981 ; Moscow was 
founded by a *king called Audrey, 
1156 ; the Tartars conquered Rus- 
sia in 1200, and held possession of 
it down to 1440, when their yoke 
was thrown off by Ivan Basilovitz. 
Silesia was added to the Rus- 
sian rule in the sixteenth century. 
The present monarchy is said to 
have had its foundation laid about 
1474, while it was yet under the 
Tartars. Ivan, successful in restor- 
ing his country to its own rule, took 
the title of czar ; he drove out the 
Tartars entirely, between 1534 
and 1550; the principal incidents 
since that period embrace all that 
can be relied upon in relation to 
this great empire. 



England discovered the navi- 
gation to Russia, through 
Robert Chancellor 1554 

TheTartars surprised Moscow, 
and killed 30,000 of its in- 
habitants 1571 

The people of Novogorod 
intrigued with the Poles, and 
Ivan ordered the chief inha- 
bitants to be cut to pieces in 
his presence 1581 

The Rurick race became ex- 
tinct 1590 

The Poles placed Ladis- 
las, the son of their own 
sovereign, on the throne of 
Russia 1610 

Michael Eedorovitz, of the 
Romanof family, mounted 
the throne 1613 

The Russians revolt from the 
Polish rule 1613 

Finland ceded to Sweden 1617 

Reign of Peter I., called the 
Great 1682 

Visited England, and work- 
ed in the dockyard at 
Deptford 1697 

Orders of St. Andrew, and 
of St. Alexander Nevskoi, 
instituted 1698 

The Russians begin their new 
year from Jan. 1 1700 

Peter built St. Petersburgh... 1703 

Peter II. deposed, and the 
crown given to Anne of 
Courland 1730 

Elizabeth, daughter of Peter 
I., reigned, in prejudice of 
Ivan VI., an infant, impri- 
soned for life 1741 

Peter III. dethroned and 
murdered ; succeeded by 
Catherine his wife 1762 

The young prince, the rightful 
heir, immured to be out of 
Catherine's wav, now put to 
death .'. T763 

The dismemberment of Po- 
land commenced by Cathe- 
rine 1772 

This crime completed 1795 

Catherine gave her subjects 
new laws'; abolished torture 
of criminals; and died 1796 



BUS 



588 



BUS 



Murder of the emperor Paul 

March 23, 1801 

Defeat of Alexander at Au- 
sterlitz, by Napoleon 

Dec. 2, 1805 

Alexander visited England 

June 6, 1814 

The grand duke Constantine 
renounced the right of 
succession Jan. 26, 1822 

The Emperor Nicholas crown- 
ed at Moscow Sept. 3, 1826 

Russian war against Persia 

Sept. 28, 1826 

Nicholas invested with the 
order of the Garter, July 9, 1827 

Peace concluded between Rus- 
sia and the Persians 

Eeb. 22, 1828 

War between Russia and the 
Ottoman Porte ...April 26, 1828 

The war for the indepen- 
dence of Poland against 
Russia Nov. 29, 1830 

War closed with the capture 
of Warsaw, and the total 
overthrow of the Poles, 

Sept. 8, 1831 

Cracow, which had been erect- 
ed into a republic, and its in- 
dependence guaranteed by 
the Congress of Vienna, in 
1815 is occupied by a Rus- 
sian and Austrian army, and 
the other powers make no 
reclamation of the breach 
of treaty Feb. 13, 1836 

Failure of the Russian ex- 
pedition against Khiva 

Jan 3, 1840 

Treaty of London ....July 15, 1840 

The emperor Nicholas visited 
England June 1, 1844 

The grand duke Constantine 
arrived at Portsmouth in 
the Ingermanland, of 74 
guns June 9, 1846 

Russia demanded the expul- 
sion of the Hungarian refu- 
gees from Turkey... Nov. 5, 1849 

This demand, which had inter- 
rupted the diplomatic re- 
lations between Russia and 
the Porte, induced the latter 
to send the Hungarian and 



Polish refugees to Koniah, 

in Asia Minor Jan., 1850 

Conspiracy against the life 
and policy of the emperor 

detected Jan. 6, 1850 

To the above events, scanty 
for so mighty an empire, may be 
added the list of Russian rulers, 
from the dukes to the czars, 
and lastly, to the emperors, 



862 
878 

945 
972 

980 
1015 
1054 
1078 
1093 
1114 
1125 
1132 
1138 
1139 
1146 
1154 
1155 

1157 
1177 

1213 

1238 

1245 
1263 
1270 
1277 
1284 
1294 

1302 
1305 
1320 



THE DUKES OF KIOF WERE 

Rurick 

Igor 

Olga, regent. Swiatoslaw or 
Spendoblos 

Jaropalk I 

Vladimir, Wladimir, or Wal- 
dimir I., styled the Great... 

Jaraslaw, or Jaroslaf I 

Isjidlaw I 

Wsewolod I 

Swiatopalk 

Vladimir II .. 

Mtislaw, or Michael I 

Jaropalk II 

Wiatschelaw 

Wsewolod II 

Isjidlaw II 

Rotislaw 

Jurie, or George I 

Andrew I. until 1175 ; first 
grand duke. Michael II.... 

WsewolodHI 

Jurie, or George II. Con- 
stantine, until 1218 

Jaraslaw II.; succeeded by 
his son 

Alexander Nevski, or New- 
ski, the Saint 

Jaraslaw III 

Vasali, or Basil I 

Dmitri, or Demetrius 1/ 

Andrew II 

Daniel Alexandrovitz. . . 

Jurie, or George III 
deposed 

Michael III 

Vasali, or Basil II 

Jurie, or George III. 
restored 

Ivan, or John I., first grand 
duke of Moscow 

Simon, surnamed the Proud... 

Ivan, or John II 



O 1325 



1328 
1340 
1353 



BUS 



589 



BUS 



Demetrius II., prince of Sus- 

dal 1359 

Demetrius III., Donskoi 1362 

Vasali, or Basil III., Tern- 

noi 1389 

Vasali, or Basil IV.. . ; 1425 

Ivan (Basilovitz) or John 

in 1462 

Vasali, or Basil V 1505 

CZARS OF MUSCOVY. 

Ivan (Basilovitz) IV., first 
tzar or czar, in 1547 ... 1533 

Feoclor or Theodore I.: sup- 
posed to have been poi- 
soned, and his son, Deme- 
trius, murdered by his suc- 
cessor 1584 

Boris-Godonof usurped the 
throne 1598 

Demetrius, the impostor, put 
to death 1606 

Vasali- Chouiski, or Zouin- 
ski 1608 

Interregnum 1610 

Michael-Fedorovitz, of the 
house of Romanof. 1613 

Alexis, son of the prece- 
ding, the Father of his 
country 1645 

Feodor or Theodore II 1676 

Ivan IV., and Peter I., 
brothers of Theodore 1682 

Peter I., the Great, alone: 
who took the title of em- 
peror in 1721, and founded 
St. Petersburgh 1689 

Catherine I., his consort : at 
first the wife of a Swedish 
dragoon, said to have been 
killed on the day of their 
marriage 1725 

Peter II., 'son of Alexis-Pe- 
trovitz, and grandson of 
Peter the Great : deposed, 1727 

Anne, duchess of Courland, 
daughter of the czar Ivan... 1730 

Ivan VI., an infant, grand-ne- 
phew to Peter the Great : 
immured in a dungeon for 
18 years; murdered in 1762 1740 

Elizabeth, daughter of Peter 
the Great, reigned during 
Ivan's captivity 1741 

Peter III., son of Anne and of 
Charles-Frederick, duke of 



1762 



1762 



Holstein-Gottorp : deposed, 
and murdered by the conni- 
vance of her paramour, 

Orloff July 9, 

Catherine II., his consort : she 
extended the Russian ter- 
ritories on all sides ; died in 

1796 

Paul, her son, found dead in 
his chamber ; murdered by 
Pahlen, the brothers San- 
bow, and Benningsen the 
general ; they then placed 
Alexander on the throne, 
who had consented to his fa- 
ther's deposition, only they 
were not to do any thing to 
affect his life — but he took 
the crown, and the chief as- 
sassin became his minister 1796 
Alexander, his son ; who, 
after many adverse battles, 
and a forced alliance with 
France, at length aided in 
the overthrow of Napoleon 

Bonaparte 1801 

Nicholas, brother to Alexan- 
der : succeeded to the 
throne, Dec. 1, 1825. The 
regnant Emperor of Russia 1825 
Russia, Youths from, sent to 
England to be instructed in English 
manufactures, Jan. 27, 1718. 

Russia, a throne of silver made 
for the court of, in England, 1732 : 
canal in, from the lake of Ladoga 
to the Volga, made a navigable 
carriage for 2000 miles, 1730 ; 
relinquished her Persian conquests, 
1733 : invaded Krim Tartary, Aug., 
1738: encouraged Finland to throw 
off the yoke of Sweden, April 17, 
1742. 

Russia Company established, 
1555. 

Russian Ambassador's celebrated 
entertainment, given at Somerset 
House, Feb. 5, 1755. 

Russians commenced their new 
year from Jan. 1, 1700. 

Russians seized upon Hamburgh, 
March 19, 1810; Dresden taken by 
them and the Prussians, March 21 ; 
they published an official document 
of the loss of the French armies in 



BUS 



590 



KUS 



the expedition to Moscow in the 
winter of 1812, so fatal by its frost 
to Napoleon's fine army, viz., 24 
generals, with 2000 staff and other 
officers, with 204,400 men $ pri- 
soners, 43 generals, 3441 staff and 
other officers, and 233,222 men ; 
above 200,000 bodies had been 
burned in three Eussian pro- 
vinces. 



Kussian Literature, between the 
year 1553, when printing was first 
introduced into , Russia, to 1823, 
there were 13,249 publications 
printed in the Russian and Slavonic 
languages. 

Russian Empire. — The following 
is an accurate view of the progres- 
sive aggrandizement of the Russian 
empire : — 







Surface in 
sq. miles. 


Population 
above. 


1462 
1505 
1584 
1645 
1689 
1725 

1762 
1796 
1825 
1851 


At the accession of John III 

At his death, 


295,900 

594,200 

2,007,400 

4,069,800 

4,222,400 

4,413,000 
5,112,600 
5,309,300 
5,879,900 


6,000,000 
10,000,000 
12,000,000 
12,000,000 
15,000,000 

20,000,000 
25,000,000 
36,000,000 
53,000,000 
65,000,000 


At the death of John IV 


At the death of Michael Romanof, 
At the accession of Peter I 


At his death, inclusive of the Per- 
sian conquests, 

At the accession of Catherine II. 
At her death, 


At the death of Alexander 





Little more than half a century 
has sufficed to extend the sway of 
Russia from the Gulf of Bothnia 
to the banks of the Pruth, and from 



the Araxes to the Vistula. An 
enumeration of her territorial acqui- 
sitions during the last sixty years 
will establish the assertion. 

Inhabitants. 
500,000 



1770. Bessarabia 

1771. The Crimea (incorporated 1783) 460,000 

1785. Georgia (Ditto 1831) 400,000 

1793. Little Poland and the Ukraine 6,500,000 

1794. Western Russia, including Lithuania, Podolia, &c. 8,500,000 

1795. Courland 400,000 

1803. The Lesghis and other Caucasian tribes 300,000 

1813. Schirwan 140,000 

1809. Finland 1,400,000 

1815. Kingdom of Poland (incorporated 1832) 4,000,000 

1827. Erivan and districts adjacent 150,000 

1829. Turkish Armenia, and other cessions by Turkey ... 500,000 



Russian Population, return for 
1828, gave as follows : — 
Births— males 952,673 

females 892,106 



Deaths — males 
females 



1,844,779 

600,162 

577,889 

1,178,051 



23,350,000 
Excess of births, 666,728 ; number 
of marriages, 388,377; among the 
male deaths were 1644, aged from 
95 to 100 ; 604 aged from 100 to 
105; 141 aged from 105 to 110; 
104 aged from 101 to 115 ; 46 aged 
from 115 to 120. 

Russians crossed the Pruth, May 
7, 1828; declarations of war by, 
against the Turks, May 12 ; arrived 
before Shumla, July 21. 



SAB 



591 



SAC 



Russians invade Moldavia and 
Wallachia, Nov. 23, 1806; again, 
1828, and 1853. 

Ruti, Battle of, in which General 
Pepe was repulsed by the Austrians, 
and his army dispersed, in attempt- 
ing to resist the enslavers of his 
country, March 7, 1821. 

Ryan, Mrs., the wife of a convict 
executed opposite Newgate, sen- 
tenced to imprisonment for attempt- 
ing to effect his escape, to the 
public disgust, May 2, 1817. 

Rye burned by the French, 1377; 
again, 1666. 

Ryecaut, Oxfordshire, the seat 
of Lord Abingdon, burnt to the 
ground, with Lord Norrey, his son, 
Nov. 12, 1745. 

Rye -house plot, a pretended con- 



spiracy to assassinate Charles II. 
and his brother James, afterwards 
king, at a place called the Rye- 
house, between London and New- 
market, March, 1683 ; the plot 
said to have been discovered, June 
12, afterwards : — the probability is, 
that it was a scheme to get rid of per- 
sons obnoxious to the Stuarts; for 
among those who, it was pretended, 
were directly involved, was Lord 
William Russell, whose arraign- 
ment, it was evident, took place 
under a pretence of his participa- 
tion in an act that the prosecutors 
did not themselves credit. 

Ryswick, peace of, between 
England, France, Spain, Holland, 
and the Emperor of Germany, Sept. 
20, 1697. 



Saalfeldt, near Saltzburgh, de- 
stroyed by fire, with the whole pro- 
duce of its harvest, July 28, 1811. 

Sabbatarians, a name once given 
to the English Puritans, who held 
that Sunday was the Sabbath ; Bra- 
boume, a clergyman, published his 
declaration, that the seventh day was 
the only Sabbath, 1628 ; and many, 
as usual for opinions not held by 
the many, were much persecuted ; 
there are said to be few congre- 
gations of Sabbatarians in England 
in recent times. 

Sabbath, an institution of Moses, 
observed, in commemoration of the 
creation of the world, by the Jews ; 
Christians observe the first day of 
the week, because it was that of the 
resurrection, and was ordered to be 
kept holy in England from Satur- 
day at 3 p.m., to Monday at day- 
break, 4 Canon, Edgar, 960 ; James 
L, 1606, levied a shilling on every one 
absent from church on Sunday ; an 
act was passed restraining amuse- 
ments on Sundays, 1 Charles I., 
1625; restraining from various acts 



under forfeiture of 5s., 1677, temp, 
Charles II. 

Sabbath Schools first opened in 
America, 1740 to 1747, by the 
Seventh-day Baptists ; in England, 
by Robert Raikes, 1781. 

Sabbatical Year of the Jews, the 
first a.c. 1451 ; it was every seventh 
year. 

Saba, Island of, planted by the 
Dutch, 1690. 

Sacrament, the ordinance of the 
Lord's Supper, administered in the 
modes in which the supper actually 
occurred in the first years of the 
church, but since altered according 
to the taste of the popes ; the table 
changed to an altar, and the wine 
laid aside to the laity from the 
time of Pope Urban II., 1096. 

Sacramental Wine poisoned by 
the gravediggers of: Zurich, by 
which many lost their lives, Sept. 4, 
1776. 

Sacramentarians, a. sect that 
appeared in 1048, and opposed the 
doctrine of the real presence they 
afterwards were accused of teach I rsg: 



SAL 



592 



SAL 



that their women were to be held in 
common. 

Sacred Majesty, first used in Eng- 
land at the time of the acces- 
sion of James I. 

Saddles, first used of leather, 
304; in England, 600; side-saddles 
for ladies introduced 1388, by the 
queen of Eichard II. 

SADDLE-Horse duty levied, 1784 ; 
increased, 1808. 

Saddler's Wells Theatre ; 18 
persons trodden to death there, Oct. 
19, 1807. 

Safety Lamp, for mines, invented 
by Sir H. Davy, 1815. 

Saffron Plant, first brought into 
England by a pilgrim, 1389 ; culti- 
vated here first, 1582. 

Saffron Walden, Essex, received 
its first charter from Edward 
VI., 1550; the best saffron is grown 
near this place. 

Sage, an herb of early date in 
England ; the Mexican sage intro- 
duced in 1724; the two African 
varieties from the Cape of Good 
Hope, 1731. 

Sailcloth first made in Eng- 
land, 1590 ; encouraged by Queen 
Anne, and the manufacture sup- 
ported by bounties, 1713. 

Sailors first registered in France, 
1670; afloat of the British navy, 
in 1852, 38,295. 

Salamanca, Battle of, between 
Wellington and Marmont, July 22, 
1812 ; 7141 prisoners, with 11 pieces 
of cannon, were taken, and 7000 
killed on the side of the French ; 
theEnglish lost 6000 men killed and 
wounded ; this victory laid open the 
road to Madrid, where 2500 prison- 
ers, and a large quantity of military 
stores, fell into the hands of the 
English. 

Salaries of English Judges in- 
creased, 1772 and 1779. 

Salaries of Diplomatists in the 
British service, 1853, amount of, 
£117,955; with £9900 for house 
rent, and £7679 for special services 
in Persia. 

Saldanha Bay, Cape of Good 
Hope ; here five Dutch line-of-battle 



ships and nine frigates surrendered to 
Admiral Elphinstone, Aug. 17, 1796. 

Saldanha Frigate, lost in Lough 
Swilly, Ireland, and all on board 
perished, Dec. 4, 1811. 

Salem, New England, United 
States, settled 1628. 

Salique Law, which excludes 
females from inheriting, confirmed 
in France, 424 ; also by Clovis, 511 ; 
abolished in Spain, March 25, 1830. 

Salisbury Cathedral begun, 
April 28, 1220, finished 1258, at a 
cost of 40,000 marks ; built in the 
Gothic 'style, 473 feet long, 99 
broad — the spire 400 feet high — the 
nave 81. 

Salisbury Plain, 300 English 
nobles massacred on, by Hengist, 
May 1, 474. 

Salop, new county infirmary 
at, opened Sept. 24, 1830. 

Salt Office, established 1694 ; 
salt duties exacted, June 15, 1702 ; 
renewed 1732 ; reduced 1723, when 
from 15s. to 20s. per bushel ; 
subsequently abolished, though at 
one time burthened to the extent 
of £30 per ton ; in 1785, these duties 
produced £361,670, in 1790, 
£416,000. 

Salt consumed and made : — 
Bushels. Consumed. 

1810.. .11,929,728. 1,999,486. 
1815... 15, 084, 644. 2,136,912. 
The duty repealed altogether, 1825 ; 
the home consumption was — 

1827 9,219,535 bushels. 

1830 10,833,102 „ 

1838 12,171,698 „ 

1844 12,647,616 „ 

Besides this increase of home con- 
sumption, the exported quantities 
have been : — 

1827 7,475,025 bushels. 

1830 10,499,778 „ 

1838 11,398,662 „ 

1844 13,476,884 „ 

1848 18,959,322 „ 

Of these, America takes 7,000,000 
bushels ; Russia, Prussia, and our 
own American colonies, about 
2,000,000 each. 

Salt Mines and Springs ; those 
of Staffordshire and Worcestershire, 



SAN 



593 



SAN 



discovered 1670 ; rock salt first no- 
ticed in 950 ; the rock salt mines of 
Cheshire alone, furnished 553,112 
tons in 1844 ; the famous salt mines 
of Wielitska in Poland, worked for 
600 years without approaching ex- 
haustion, 1289. 

Salt Herrings, after the Dutch 
fashion, first cured here, 1416. 

Salt Tax in France, called the 
gabelle, considered a grievous bur- 
den, established there 1344. 

Saltpetre first made in England, 
1625. 

Saltwood Castle, Kent, said to 
have been built in the Roman 
time. 

Saltash, Cornwall, incorporated 
by 35 Charles II. 

Saltzburg Forest, 10,000 acres 
in, burned Aug. 1800. 

Salute at Sea ; this is generally 
by firing a certain number of guns, 
the ship that returns firing the 
fewest ; mercbantmen lower the 
mainyard ; men of war strike their 
topsails: the English claimed the 
right of being first saluted in all 
places as sovereigns of the seas ; 
the Venetians in the Gulf of Venice ; 
the honour yielded by the Dutch to 
the English, 1673. 

Samaritans, the inhabitants of 
Samaria, in the Holy Land; the 
parable of the woman of Samaria 
has attached the term to societies 
for charitable acts ; one of these 
commenced in the London Hospital, 
1791. 

Sampach, Battle of, between the 
Swiss and Leopold, duke of Aus- 
tria, in which the Swiss obtained a 
great and glorious victory over the 
duke, who fell in the battle, July 9, 
1386, and thus achieved the liberty 
of their country. 

San Joseph, a vessel so named, 
wrecked near Gibraltar, and only 
two persons saved, Jan. 29, 1813. 

Sancroft, Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, committed to the Tower, tried 
and acquitted 1688 ; deprived 1689 ; 
died 1693. 

Sanctuaries, places privileged for 
the refuge of criminals ; St. John's 



of Beverley, Yorkshire, was one 
from the time of the Saxons ; St. 
Burian in Cornwall, so privileged 
by Athelstan, 935 ; Westminster by 
Edward the Confessor; and St. 
Martin's le Grand, London, 1529 ; 
limited, 1534; totally abolished, 
1548. 

Sandal Castle, Yorkshire, built 
1317. 

Sandeman, Robert, the founder 
of the sect called Sandemanians, 
born 1723, at Perth ; died in New 
England, 1771 ; he asserted that 
justifying faith meant no more than 
a simple assent to the Divine mis- 
sion of Christ ; he administered the 
Lord's Supper weekly, and his fol- 
lowers washed each other's feet. 

Sandford Castle, Dorset, built 
1540. 

Sandgate Castle, Kent, built 
1540. 

Sandhurst, military college 
founded at High Wycombe, 1799; 
removed to Great Marlow, 1802, 
and to Sandhurst, 1812 ; it will ac- 
commodate 400 cadets and 30 stu- 
dents in the senior department, 
which last prepare themselves for 
the staff. 

Sandown Castle, Deal, erected by 
Henry VIIL, 1539. 

Sandwich, built 957; the port 
destroyed by an earthquake, 1580 ; 
bridge at, built 1756. 

Sandwich Islands discovered by 
Captain Cook, 1770, eleven in num- 
ber ; the capacity of the natives was 
found not to be beneath the com- 
mon standard of man; at one of 
these islands Cook was killed, Feb. 
14, 1779 ; king and queen of, died 
in London of the smallpox — the 
former, July 8 ; the latter, July 14, 
1824. 

Sandwich, the seat of Lord, 
burned Jan. 22, 1830. 

Sanhedrim, a Jewish council of the 
highest order, of seventy members ; 
a sanhedrim was summoned by the 
emperor Napoleon to meet at Paris, 
July 23, 1806 ; it assembled there 
accordingly, Jan. 20, 1807. 

Santa Cruz, Isle of Tenerine, 
2Q 



SAE 



594 



SAR 



Admiral Blake in 1657, April 20, 
destroyed here 16 Spanish ships 
that were protected by the forts ; 
the exploit one of the most wonder- 
ful in the annals of any naval war ; 
Lord Nelson repulsed in an attack 
on, losing his right arm, and 141 
men, July 24, 1797. 

Santa Casa, the holy house of 
our Lady of Loretto, which it is 
pretended was brought from Pales- 
tine into Illyria, 1291, and thence 
to Loretto ; the French plundered 
the image of its decorations, and 
carried the idol to Paris, Feb. 12, 
1797 ; it was afterwards sent back 
bereft of its ornaments. 

Sapphire, Thomas Kouli Khan 
possessed one valued at £300,000, 
1733. 

Saracens, an Eastern people of 
Arabian descent, professing Maho- 
metanism ; they conquered Spain, 
713 ; were defeated with the loss of 
70,000 men, by Ramirus king of 
Spain, 844 ; their power terminated 
by the capture of Bagdad by the 
Tartars, 1258. 

Saragossa, in Spain ; 400 of the 
inhabitants perished in a fire in the 
theatre, Dec, 1778 ; taken by the 
French, Feb. 13, 1809, after a noble 
defence under General Palafox. 

Saratoga, surrender of General 
Burgoyne and his army at, in the 
American war, when nearly 6000 
men laid down their arms to 
General Gates, Oct. 17, 1777. 

Sardinia, an island subject to 
the crown of Piedmont, with a po- 
pulation of 466,000, in 1790 ; it is 
supposed to have been anciently 
subject to the Etrurians, and after- 
wards to the Gauls, having subse- 
quently had many masters ; the 
Romans held possession of it before 
the Christian era; taken by the 
Moors about a.x>. 728 ; reduced by 
the Genoese 1115 ; the pope granted 
Sardinia to the Pisanese, who were 
too weak to expel the Saracens, 
1132; Alphonsus IV. of Arragon 
became master of Sardinia, 1324; 
taken from the Spaniards by the 
English naval forces, 1708; reco- 



vered by the Spaniards, 1717 ; they 
lost possession of it, 1719; ceded to 
the duke of Savoy, as an equivalent 
for Sicily, 1720; Victor Amadeus, 
having the title of king, abdicated 
in favour of his son, 1730 ; attempt- 
ing to recover Sardinia, he was 
taken, and died in prison, 1732; 
the court was kept at Turin till 
1796, when the dominions were 
overrun by the French arms, and 
afterwards annexed to the French 
empire ; the king resigned his 
crown to his brother, duke of Aoust, 
June 4, 1802; Sardinia annexed to 
Italy, and Bonaparte crowned king 
of the whole, Dec. 26, 1805; re- 
stored to its rightful sovereign, with 
Genoa added to it. Dec. 1814 ; the 
king, Charles-Albert, openly es- 
poused the cause of the Italian re- 
generation against Austria, March 
23, 1848 ,• defeat of the Austrians 
by the Sardinian army at Goito, 
May 29, 1848 ; the fortress of Pes- 
cheira surrendered to the Sardinian 
troops, May 30, 1848 ; the Sardi- 
nian army, which had fought with 
the greatest bravery for many 
weeks, forced to retreat towards 
Milan, July 27, 1848; the Sardi- 
nians, who had retreated to Milan, 
capitulated to the Austrian field- 
marshal Radetsky,' Aug. 4, 1848; 
armistice between Sardinia and 
Austria, Sept, 21, 1848 ; the Sardi- 
nians resumed hostilities against 
Austria, March 12, 1849 ; Radetsky 
defeated a division of the Sardinian 
army, and occupied Mortara, March 
21, 1849 ; the Sardinian army rout- 
ed by the Austrians at No vara, 
March 23, 1849; Charles- Albert 
abdicated in favour of his son, the 
duke of Savoy, and left his domi- 
nions, March 23, 1849 ; the Aus- 
trians occupied Novara and other 
places, March 25, 1849; another 
armistice between Austria and Sar- 
dinia, March 26, 1849 ; the duke of 
Savoy proclaimed king of Sardinia, 
under the title of Victor-Immanuel 
II., March 26, 1849; death of 
Charles-Albert, the ex-king, at 
Oporto, July 28, 1849; treaty of 



SAR 



595 



SxVV 



Milan, between Austria and Sardi- 
nia, signed Aug. 6, 1849. The 
sovereigns of this island date as 
kings from 1730 only ; before which 
it was only a dukedom. Victor- 
Amadeus I., king (II. as duke), 
1718 ; resigned in 1730, in favour 
of his son ; died in 1732 ; Charles- 
Emmanuel I., his son, 1730; Victor- 
Amadeus II., his son, 1773; 
Charles-Emmanuel II., son of the 
preceding, resigned his crown in 
favour of his brother, 1796; Victor- 
Emmanuel L, 1802; Sardinia 
merged in the kingdom of Italy, of 
which the emperor Napoleon was 
crowned king, May 26, 1805 ; Vic- 
tor-Emmanuel restored, 1814; re- 
signed in March 1821, and died in 
1824; Charles-Eelix, 1821; suc- 
ceeded by his nephew, Charles-Al- 
bert, 1831 ; this prince provoked a 
war with Austria, was defeated in 
battle, and abdicated in favour of 
his son, March 23, 1849 ; died at 
Oporto, July 28, 1849 ; Victor-Em- 
manuel II., present king of Sardinia, 
1849. 

Sardinian Ambassador's chapel 
burned by accident, Nov. 4, 1759; 
again, in Lord George Gordon's 
riots, June 2, 1780. 

Saek, one of the Channel islands, 
dependent upon Guernsey, six miles 
in compass ; it has the benefit of a 
commodious haven, which the 
Erench observed in 1557; it was 
without men to defend it but a few 
hermits, whom the privacy of the 
place had invited. The island 
begirt with rocks, lying aloft above 
the sea, having only one strait pas- 
sage or ascent up to it, scarcely 
capable of receiving two abreast. 
Of this island the French easily 
possessed themselves, dislodged the 
hermits, fortified the upper part of 
the ascent with some pieces of ord- 
nance, and settled a small garrison 
in it. They had not nestled there 
long, when by a gentleman of the 
Netherlands, one of the subjects of 
King Philip, it was regained. The 
Flemish gentleman in a small bark 
came to anchor in the road, and 



pretending the death of his mer- 
chant, besought the French that 
they might bury him in the chapel 
of that island, offering a present to 
them of such commodities as they 
had on board. To this request the 
French were easily entreated, upon 
condition that they should not 
come on shore with any weapon. 
The Flemings rowed on shore 
with a coffin in their skiff filled 
with swords and arquebusses. They 
were permitted to draw the coffin 
up the rocks ; some of the French, 
rowing back to the ship to fetch the 
present, were soon made fast enough. 
The Flemings in the mean time 
who were on the land, had carried 
their coffin into the chapel, and 
having taken thence their weapons, 
gave an alarm. The French, caught 
upon the sudden, and seeing no 
hopes of succour from their fellows, 
yielded themselves. Taken by the 
English, as part of their old Nor- 
man dominion, 1589. 

Satellite, Sloop of War, sup- 
posed to have gone down in the 
Channel with all her crew, Dec. 20, 
1810. 

Satellites of Saturn discovered ; 
his ring, 1634, by Huygens, and 
his sixth satellite, 1655 ; his first 
and second satellites by Herschell, 
1789 ; the others, between the time 
of Huygens and Herschell ; Jupiter 
has four satellites, discovered by 
Galileo ; Uranus six, all, with the 
planet, discovered by Herschell. 

Savage, Richard, the adulterous 
offspring of the countess of Maccles- 
field by Lord Rivers, whom his 
unnatural mother shamefully per- 
secuted ; he was a writer of consi- 
derable talent ; tried for murder 
and condemned, 1727; pardoned, 
1728; died, 1743. 

Savannah, United States of 
America, a city of Georgia on a 
sandy plain, founded 1733 by Gen- 
eral Oglethorpe ; taken by the 
English, 1778 ; given up, 1782 ; no 
less than 463 buildings burned at, 
1820. 

Savaky, Duke of Rovigo, one of 



SAV 



596 



S.AV 



the celebrated soldiers of Napoleon, 
and minister of police in France, 
died June 1, 1833. 

Savings' Banks established in 
England, 1817; but they are said 
to have been suggested by the Rev. 
J. Smith of Wendover, 1799; a 
species of savings' bank established 
1804, at Tottenham, by Mrs. P. 
"Wakefield, called the Charitable 
Bank ; an establishment of a similar 
character tried at Bath, 1808, prin- 
cipally by ladies for female ser- 
vants; in 1817, the present system 
being established, and 70 banks in 



operation — four in Wales, and four 
in Ireland ; there was received from 
the 6th of August that year, when 
the banks opened, to 

Jan. 5, 1818 £328,282 

1819 1,567,667 

1820 1,019,612 

„ 1825 2,586,219 

1830 450,137 

In England, Wales, and Ireland, 
there were, on the 20th November 
1830, four hundred and seventy- 
seven savings' banks ; from twenty- 
three no returns have been made. 
The remaining banks contain : — 



Depositors 

under £20 each... 

,, 50 each... 

„ 100 each... 

„ 150 each... 

200 each... 

Above 200 each... 


Total 
number 

of 
Deposi- 
tors. 


Increase or 
Decrease 
since 1829. 


Total Amount 

of 

Investments. 


Inc. or Dec. 

on Total 

Investments 

since 1829. 


Average 
amount of 

each 
Depositor. 


210,247 

116,940 

54,059 

18,557 
8,009 
4,405 


8,926 inc. 
4,039 inc. 

602 dec 

339 inc. 

534 inc. 

554 dec 


1,509,820 
3,595,952 
3,687,919 
2,271,884 
1,354,030 
1,087,960 





£7 
30 
68 
122 
169 
247 


Total Depositors ... 
Friendly Societies ... 
Charitable Societies. 


412,217 
4,449 
2,092 


12,682 inc.;13,507,565 
103 decj 690,823 
442 inc. 168,579 





32 
155 

80 


Total Accounts 


418,758 


13,021 inc. 14,366,967 I32,290in. 

! . - 1 


34 



the statements showed as follows : — 

No. of Banks. No. of Depositors 



In 1840 
Country. 

England 401 

Scotland 39 

Wales 31 

Ireland 79 



Amount. 

627,443 £19,818,673 

44,628 471,338 

15,927 542,476 

78,356 2,228,367 



The first twenty thousand depositors : — 

Domestic servants 7245 1 Friendly and charitable 

Persons in trade, mechanics, &c. 7473 societies 58 

Labourers and porters 672 | Persons not classed, viz., 

Miners 1454 I widows, teachers, sail- 

I ors, &c 3098 

Depositors and amount, at the close of 1848 : — 

Country No. of Banks. Accounts opened Total Amount. 

England & Wales 481 909,336 £25,371,176 

Scotland 40 85,472 1,080,191 

Ireland 61 50,119 1,358,062 

Jersey and Guernsey 2 9,736 236,710 



Grand Total 584 1,054,663. 



.£28,046,139 



SAW 



597 



SCA 



At the commencement of 1850, the 
gross amount of all stock and an- 
nuities was, for Great Britain, 
£26,623,635. For the kingdom of 
Ireland, £1,031,588. On account of 
friendly societies in the united king- 
dom, £1,952,300; total, £29,607,523. 
The number of individual deposi- 
tors was 1,065,031. The charitable 
institutions and friendly societies 
were 22,323. The amount of the 
funds of military savings' banks, 
was £99,666; belonging to 6747 
depositors. 

Savoy, part of Gallia Narbonen- 
sis, which submitted to the Romans, 
118 b.c. The Alemans seized it in 
395; the Franks, 196. It shared 
the revolutions of Switzerland till 
1040, when Conrad, emperor of 
Germany, gave it to Hubert, with 
the title of earl. Amadeus VIII., 
earl of Savoy, solicited Sigismund, 
emperor of Germany, to erect his 
dominions into a duchy, which he 
did at Cambray, Feb. 19, 1417. 
The last duke, having taken Sicily 
in 1713 by the assistance of the 
English, was made king of that 
country, but by the peace of Utrecht 
changed for Sardinia, 1718. The 
dukedom of Savoy is now possessed 
by the king of Sardinia ; but a great 
part of the country ceded to France 
in 1796 ; seized by the French, 
Dec. 1798, who were repulsed, 
1799, but subjugated it again the 
year following. Restored to Sar- 
dinia, 1816. 

Savoy Palace, Strand, London, 
built 1245 ; converted into an hos- 
pital, 1549 ; burnt down, March 2, 
1776. 

Sawtree, Sir William, burnt 
alive on account of religious opi- 
nions, in England, Feb. 19, 1401. 

Sawley Abbey, Yorkshire, built 
1147. 

Sawmills erected at Breslau, 
1427 ; in Norway, 1530 ; in Italy, 
1556; in England their introduc- 
tion violently opposed, — one erected 
near London, 1633, but afterwards 
demolished by the prejudice of the 
mechanics against it. 



Saxo Grammaticus, Danish his- 
tory, written 1170. 

Saxon Green in dyeing, invented 
1744. 

Saxons, the Ancient, lived by 
piracy near the mouth of the Elbe, 
and on the Baltic shores ; first ap- 
pearance of, in England, 449. 

Saxony, for many years an elec- 
torate of Germany; formed into a 
kingdom 1807, consisting of the 
marquisates of Lusatia and Misnia, 
the larger part of Thuringia, and 
parts of Monspied and Houneberg, 
with other cessions from Prussia; 
in 1815, the congress of Vienna re- 
duced these territories to a popula- 
tion of no more than 1,237,000; 
Frederick Augustus was the first 
king, 1807 ; he was succeeded by 
his brother Anthony, May 5, 1827 ; 
then Frederick Augustus II., who 
ascended the throne June 6, 1836 ; 
Upper Saxony was ceded to Prus- 
sia, 1815. 

Scaffold, one fell down on 
Tower Hill, at the execution of 
Lord Lovat, 1746, when a number 
of persons were killed, and many 
maimed. 

Scales for Weighing hung in 
such a manner in the time of Henry 
III., that the buyer had an advan- 
tage of 10 or 12 in the 1121bs. 

Scandalum Magnatum, an act 
to punish all who gave out any re- 
ports, false or true, to the disadvan- 
tage of peers and public functiona- 
ries, by act 2 Richard II., 1378. 

Scarborough Castle, built 1140 ; 
rebuilt 1190. 

Scarborough, cliff at, sunk, and 
spa removed, Dec. 18, 1237. 

Scarborough, New England, 
United States, much injured by a 
dreadful fire, Sept. 11, 1762. 

Scarcity Root, a species of pars- 
nips, introduced into England by 
Dr. Lettsom, 1787. 

Scarlet, the colour extracted 
from the kermes insect, called co- 
chineal, 1518 ; the first dyehouse 
for this colour in England estab- 
lished at Bow, by one Kepler, 
1643. 



SCO 



598 



SCO 



Scenes first introduced into thea- 
tres, 1533. 

Screen, in Norway, totally de- 
stroyed by fire, Dec. 5, 1777. 

Schism Act passed, 1714. 

Schomberg, the Duke of, killed 
at the battle of the Boyne, 1690. 

Schools, Charity, established in 
London to prevent the poor children 
from entering Catholic seminaries, 
3 James II., 1687 ; Charter Schools 
established in Ireland, 1733; in 
1847, there were 13,642 schools for 
the education of the poor, in which 
were received 998,431 children ; in 
Scotland 4836, and 181,467 chil- 
dren; in Wales 841, and 33,164 
children ; in Ireland 13,327 schools, 
and 774,000 children, not including 
Sunday-schools in either country. 

Schdltz, the eminent orientalist, 
put to death in Kurdistan, 1829. 

Schwartz, Berthollet, invented 
gunpowder in the 13th century. 

Scilla, in Upper Calabria, 4 men, 
5 women, and 24 girls, killed by an 
explosion of gunpowder, fired by 
lightning, Jan. 15, 1815. 

Scilly Isles, Cornwall, the an- 
cient Cassiterides that traded with 
the Phoenicians in tin ; shipwreck 
of Sir Cloudesley Shovel there, with 
his two sons, and four men-of-war 
lost, Oct. 22, 1707. 

Scio, the ancient Chios, sold by 
the Greek emperors to Genoa ; oc- 
cupied by the Turks, 1566. 

Scone Abbey, near Perth, Scot- 
land, founded 1114 ; burnt by the 
populace at the period of the Re- 
formation, but afterwards rebuilt; 
Charles II. the last king crowned 
there ; made the residence of the 
notorious Count d'Artois, 1798. 

Scotch gold and silver prohibited 
from passing current in England, 
1393. 

Scotch Corporation, began 
1655. 

Scotchmen, upon an inquisition 
taken by Queen Elizabeth, only 58 
were found in London, 1562. 

Scotland, or North Britain ; the 
early part of its history deemed fa- 
bulous ; James VI. of this country 



became heir to the throne of Eng- 
land as James I. The principal 

events in the history of the country 

were as follows : — 

The capital of the Picts taken 
by Kenneth II., and every 
living creature put to the 
sword 843 

The feudal system established 
by Malcolm II 1004 

Divided into baronies 1032 

The Danes are driven out of 
all parts of Scotland 1040 

Duncan I. murdered by his 
kinsman Macbeth, by whom 
the crown is seized 1040 

Malcolm III., aided by Ed- 
ward the Confessor, meets 
the usurper at Dunsinane ; 
Macbeth is killed by Mac- 
duff 1057 

The Saxon-English language 
introduced into Scotland by 
fugitives from England, 
escaping from the Normans 1080 

Siege of Alnwick ; Malcolm 
III. killed by the governor 1093 

Reign of David I., who com- 
piled a code of laws 1124 

Scotland invaded by Hacho, 
king of Norway, with 160 
ships and 20,000 men ; the 
invaders- defeated by Alex- 
ander III., who recovered 
the Western Isles 1263 

JohnBaliol and Robert Bruce 
contended for the throne... 1290 

Edward I. of England, as um- 
pire, decided in favour of 
John 1290 

John Baliol, king of Scotland, 
appeared to a summons, and 
defended his own cause in 
Westminster-hall against 
the earl of Eife 1293 

Edward, wishing to annex 
Scotland to England, de- 
throned John, ravaged, the 
country, destroyed the mo- 
numents of Scottish histo- 
ry, and seized the prophetic 
stone 1296 

William Wallace taken by the 
English, and executed on 
Tower-hill as a traitor, Aug. 1305 



SCO 



599 



SCO 



Robert I. recovered the crown, 
and defeated the English 

at Baunockburn 1314 

David II. taken prisoner at 
the battle of Durham, by- 
Queen Philippa of Eng- 
land, and detained in capti- 
vity 11 years 1346 

Battle of Chevy Chase, be- 
tween Hotspur Percy and 

earl Douglas 1388 

St. Andrew's university found- 
ed 1411 

James I. captured by the Eng- 
lish near Flamboro' Head 
on his passage to France ... 1406 
Detained 18 years a prison- 
er in England; married a 
daughter of the earl of So - 
merset ; and obtained his 

liberty , 1424 

Assassinated in his bed by the 
friends of those whom he 
had punished for mal-ad- 
ministration during his im- 
prisonment 1437 

James II. commenced his reign 

at seven years of age 1437 

The university of Glasgow 

founded by bishop Turnbull 1451 
James II. killed at the siege of 
Roxburgh by a cannon 

bursting 1460 

James III. addicted to judi- 
cial astrology, by which he 
was seduced to cause the 
murder of his brother John, 
and commit other crimes ; 
killed in an insurrection of 
his people at Bannockburn- 

field 1488 

University of Aberdeen found- 
ed by bishop Elphinstone... 1494 
Battle of Flodden Field, where 
James IV. was slain, and 
his army, comprising the 
flower of the Scotch nobi- 
lity, was cut to pieces 1513 

James V. established the court 

ofSession 1532 

Order of St. Andrew, or the 

Thistle, revived 1540 

Mary, afterwards queen of 

Scots, born Dec. 8 1542 

Succeeded her father, James 



V., when but a few days 

old, Dec. 13 1542 

Married the dauphin of 
France, afterwards Francis 

II , 1558 

Francis II. died, leaving the 

young Mary a widow 1559 

The Reformation took place in 
Scotland during the mino- 
rity of Marv, between 1550 

and 1560 

The Reformation consummat- 
ed by John Knox 1560 

Mary, after an absence of 13 
years, arrived at Leith from 

France Aug. 21, 1561 

Upon an inquisition, which 
was officially taken by or- 
der of Queen Elizabeth, 
only 58 Scotsmen were 

found in London 1562 

Mary married her cousin, 
Henry Stuart, Lord Darn- 
ley July 27, 1565 

David Rizzio, who had ob- 
tained the confidence and 
favour of Mary, and her 
secretary, was murdered by 
Darnley, in her presence, 

March 9, 1566 
Lord Darnley blown up by 
gunpowder, in his house, 

Feb. 10, 1567 
Mary accused of conniving at 
his death, either in resent- 
ment for the death of Rizzio, 
or to gratify an illicit passion 
for Bothwell ; James Hep- 
burn, earl ofBotkwell, seiz- 
ed on the person of the 
queen, who married him, 

May 15, 1567 
Mary imprisoned by her nobles 1567 
Her infant son crowned as 
James VI., and the earl of 
Murray appointed regent, 

July 22, 1567 

Mary escaped from prison, 

and collected a large army, 

which was defeated by the 

regent Murray at the battle 

of Langside .." May 15, 1568 

The carl of Lennox appoint- 
ed regent of the kingdom, 

July 12, 1570 



SCO 



600 



SCO 



The earl of Mar chosen regent 
of Scotland Sept. 6, 1571 

Death of the great reformer, 
John Knox Nov. 24, 1572 

The university of Edinburgh 
founded ; . 1582 

Mary, having taken refuge in 
England, was thrown into 
confinement by queen Eliza- 
beth, and after 18 years' cap- 
tivity, in different fortresses, 
was beheaded at Fotherin- 
gay castle Feb. 8, 1587 

Gowrie's conspiracy 1600 

Union of the crown of Scot- 
land with that of England, by 
the accession of James VI. 
to the throne of the latter 
kingdom March 24, 1603 

Charles I. of England be- 
trayed by the Scottish ar- 
my into the hands of the 
English 1647 

Marquis of Montrose put to 
death at Edinburgh 1650 

Scotland united to the Eng- 
lish commonwealth by Oli- 
ver Cromwell 1651 

The commonwealth destroy- 
ed, and royalty restored 
with Charles II. 1660 

Assassination of Ai'chbishop 
Sharpe, who was dragged 
from his carriage near St. 
Andrew's, by a party headed 
by John Balfour of Burley, 
and despatched with swords 
in the presence of his daugh- . 
ter May 3, 1679 

Eevolution in favour of Wil- 
liam III., and establish- 
ment of presbytery 1688 

Massacre of the Macdonalds 
at Glencoe 1691 

James II. of England, of the 
Stuart line, died in exile, 

Sept. 16, 1701 

Union of Scotland with Eng- 
land, forming together the 
kingdom of Great Britain, 

May 1, 1707 

Bebellion in Scotland in fa- 
vour of the son of king 
James II., called the Pre- 
tender 1715 



The partisans of the Pretender 
defeated at the battle of 
Sheriffnruir 1715 

Again defeated at the bat- 
tle of Preston Nov. 12, 1715 

Captain Porteous hanged by 
the mob, on a dyer's pole, 
in the Grassmarket of 
Edinburgh Sept. 7, 1736 

The last effort was made by 
the Stuart family to recover 
possession of their ancient 
kingdom ; the young Pre- 
tender gained the battle of 
Prestonpans Sept. 21, 1745 

And Falkirk Jan. 18, 1746 

Completely defeated at Cullo- 
den April 16, 1746 

Lords Kilmarnock and Bai- 
rn erino executed for high 
treason on Tower-hill, 

Aug. 18, 1746 

The Highland dress prohibit- 
ed by act of parliament; 
the act was afterwards re- 
pealed 1746 

Simon Fraser, lord Lovat, 
executed at the age of 80, 

April 9, 1747 

The Old Pretender, the 
"Chevalier de St. George," 
died at Rome, in his 88th 
year Dec. 30, 1765 

Charles Edward, the Young 
Pretender, died at Rome, 

March 3, 1788 

Cardinal York, the last of 
the Stuart race, died 

Aug. 19, 1807 

The Court of Session divided 1807 

The establishment of a Jury 
Court under a chief com- 
missioner 1815 

Visit of George IV. to Scot- 
land Aug., 1822 

Seven ministers of Strath- 
bogie deposed by the Gene- 
ral Assembly of the Church 
of Scotland, for obeying the 
civil before the ecclesiastical 

law May 28, 1841 

This deposition protested against 

by the minority of ministers. 

The General Assembly by a 
great majority condemned 



SCO 



601 



SCO 



church patronage as a griev- 
ance to religion ...May 23, 1842 
Queen Victoria and her con- 
sort visited Scotland, 

Sept. 1, 1842. 
The Queen embarked for 

Woolwich Sept. 13, 1842 

Secession of the non-intrusion 
ministers of the Church of 
Scotland, about one-third 
of the whole, at the General 

Assembly May 18, 1843 

The sovereigns of Scotland, 
as is the case with most nations 
in times of barbarism, claim 
an antiquity almost equal to the 
Irish, who talk of their alliance 
with Pharaoh of Egypt, in the 
time of Moses ; the Scotch reckon 
sovereigns many centuries before 
the Christian era, no doubt to 
rival the legend of Bruti in Eng- 
land. The following list from 404, 
is sufficiently early for the present 
purpose. 

Sovereigns of Scotland : — 
Fergus : killed fighting against 

the Romans 404 

Eugenius or Evenus, son of 
Eergus : who reigned 31 

years 420 

Dongardus, brother of Euge- 
nius : drowned 451 

ConstantineL, brother of Don- 
gardus, assassinated by Du- 
gal, whose daughter he had 

deflowered 457 

Congallus I., nephew of Con- 

stantine 479 

Goranus, brother of Congal- 
lus : murdered 501 

Eugenius III. : succeeded Go- 
ranus 535 

Congallus II., brother of Eu- 
genius III 558 

Kinnatellus, brother of Con- 
gallus 569 

Aidanus or Aldan, son of 

Goranus 570 

Kenneth or Kennett I., son of 
Congallus II. : reigned one 

year 605 

Eugenius IV., son of Aidanus 606 
Eerchard or Ferquhard, son of 
the last : confined for mis- 



deeds to his palace, where 
he laid violent hands upon 
himself 621 

Donald IV., brother of Eer- 
chard : drowned in Loch- 
Tay ., 632 

Eerchard II., son of Ferchard 
I., " the most execrable of 
kings : " died from the bite 
of a mad wolf 646 

Malduinus, son of Donald IV. : 
strangled by his wife for 
his supposed infidelity, for 
which crime she was imme- 
diately burnt 664 

Eugenius V., brother of Mal- 
duinus 684 

Eugenius VI., son of Fer- 
chard II 688 

Amberkeletus, his nephew : 
fell by an arrow from an 
unknown hand 698 

Eugenius VII., his brother : 
some ruffians, designing the 
king's murder, entered his 
chamber, and, he being ab- 
sent, stabbed his queen, 
Spontana 699 

Mordachus, son of Amber- 
keletus 715 

Etfinus, son of Eugenius VII. 730 

Eugenius VIII., son of Mor- 
dachus : put to death by 
his nobles, and his parasites 
strangled 761 

Fergus III., son of Etfinus : 
killed by his queen in a fit of 
jealousy: she immediately 
afterwards stabbed herself 764 

Solvathius, son of Eugenius 
VIII 767 

Achaius 787 

Congallus III 819 

Dongal or Dougal, son of 
Solvathius : drowned in the 
Spey 824 

Alpine, son of Achaius : ta- 
ken prisoner and beheaded, 
with many of his nobles, by 
the Picts 831 

Kenneth II., son of Alpinus, 
and surnamed MacAlpine : 
defeated the Picts, and slew 
their king ; united the Picts 
and Scots under one sceptre, 



SCO 



602 



SCO 



and became the first sole 
monarch of all Scotland, 
843 834 

Donald V., brother of Ken- 
neth : dethroned, and termi- 
nated an inglorious reign in 
prison, dying by his own 
hand 854 

Constantine II. , son of Ken- 
neth : taken in battle by the 
Danes, and beheaded 858 

Eth or Ethus, surnamed Light- 
foot : died of grief in prison, 
having been thrown into 
confinement 874 

Gregory, called the Great : 
distinguished for his bra- 
very and justice 876 

Donald VI., second son of 
Constantine 893 

Constantine III., son of 
Ethus : resigned in favour of 
Malcolm, and retired to a 
monastery 904 

Malcolm I., son of Donald 
VI. , treacherously murdered 
in Moray 944 

Indulfus or Gondulph : kill- 
ed by the Danes in an am- 
buscade 953 

Duff, or Duffus, son of Mal- 
colm : murdered by Donald, 
governor of Forres castle... 961 

Culien or Cullenus, son of In- 
dulfus, avenged the murder 
of his predecessor : assassi- 
nated at Methven by a thane 
whose daughter he had dis- 
honoured 965 

Kenneth III., brother of Duf- 
fus : murdered by Fenella, 
the lady of Fettercairn 970 

Constantine IV., son of Cul- 
lenus: usurped the throne 994 

Grimus or the Grim, son of 
Duffus : routed and slain in 
battle by Malcolm, the right- 
ful heir to the crown, who 
succeeded 995 

Malcolm II., son of Kenneth 
III., assassinated on his 
way to Glamis ; the assas- 
sins in their flight crossing a 
frozen lake, were drowned by 
the ice giving way ; Mal- 



colm succeeded by his grand- 
son 1003 

Duncan I. : assassinated by 
his cousin Macbeth, who as- 
cended the throne 1033 

Macbeth, usurper and tyrant : 
slain by Macduff, the thane 
of Fife, and the rightful 

heir succeeded 1039 

N.B. — Up to this reign, in the 

number of kings, the succession, 

and the circumstances narrated, 

no account can be taken as accu- 
rate. 

Malcolm III. (Cean-Mohr or 
Canmore), son of Duncan : 
killed while besieging Aln- 
wick Castle 1057 

Donald VII., or Donald Bane, 
brother of Malcolm, usurp- 
ed the throne : fled to the 
Hebrides 1093 

Duncan II., natural son of 
Malcolm : mux dere d 1 094 

Donald Bane, again : depo- 
sed 1094 

Edgar, son of Malcolm, right- 
ful heir ; Henry I. of Eng- 
land married his sister 
Maud, who had taken the 
vows, but not the veil 1098 

Alexander, surnamed the 
Fierce, brother of Edgar ... 1107 

David, brother of the two 
preceding kings 1142 

Malcolm II., grandson to Da- 
vid 1153 

William the Lion . . 1165 

Alexander II., son of William, 
married to Joan, daughter 
of John, king of England... 1214 

Alexander III. married Mar- 
garet, daughter of Henry 
III. king of England, and 
broke his neck hunting 1249 

Margaret, the maid of Norway ; 
grand-daughter of Alexan- 
der III., died on her pas- 
sage to Scotland when a 
child, 1285; thence arose the 
dispute about the succes- 
sion, which was decided by 
Edward I. of England in fa- 
vour of John Baliol, 1292 ; 
after an interregnum, Robert 



SCO 



603 



SCO 



(Bruce) I. mounted the 
throne, 1306; overcame the 
feeble Edward II. of Eng- 
land at Bannockburn, 1314 ; 
David (Bruce) II., son of 
Bobert, with whom Edward 
Baliol disputed the crown 1329 

Edward Baliol, son of John, 
resigned 1332 

David II. again ; eleven years 
a prisoner in England ; suc- 
ceeded by his nephew 1342 

Bobert (Stuart) II. ; succeed- 
ed by his son 1371 

Bobert III., whose proper 
name was John, changed on 
his accession 1390 

James I., second son of the 
preceding ; imprisoned 18 
years in England ; set at lib- 
erty in 1423 ; assassinated 
in his bed-chamber, Feb. 21, 
1437-8 1406 

James II., son of James I., 
whom he succeeded when 7 
years of age ; killed at the 
siege of Boxburgh Castle by 
a cannon bursting 1437 

James III. succeeded his fa- 
ther ; killed in a revolt of 
his subjects, at Bannock- 
burn field 1460 

James IV. married Marga- 
ret Tudor, daughter of 
Henry VII. of England; 
killed at the battle of Flod- 
den 1513 

James V., son of the last 
king, succeeded when little 
more than a year old 1513 

Mary, daughter of James V., 
succeeded in her infancy ; 
put to death in England ... 1542 

James VI., son of Mary ; in 
1603, on the death of Queen 
Elizabeth, he succeeded to 
the throne of England, 
and the kingdoms became 

united 1567 

Scotland, Ecclesiastical Statistics 

of, 1853 ; the following is a list of 

the different sects in Scotland, and 

their congregations : — 

Established Churches 956 

Parliamentary Churches 3S I 



Chapels, or unendowed 
churches in connection with 

the Established Church ... 183 

Free Church 766 

Chapels or stations in con- 
nection with the Free Church 107 
United Presbyterian Church 448 
Original Secession Church... 24 
The Beformed Presbvterian 

Church 40 

Congregational Church 98 

Do., not in connection with 

the Union 46 

Evangelical Union 10 

Wesleyan Methodists 29 

Baptist Church 96 

Scottish Episcopal Church... 186 
Episcopal Churches not in 

connection with do 15 

Boman Catholic Chapels 92 

Total 3084 

The number of churches en- 
dowed (including the Par- 
liamentary Churches) is ... 994 
Churches and Chapels not en- 
dowed 2090 

Scotland, General Beturn of 
Schools and Endowments, 1820: — 
Population (1811) ...1,805,688 
No return of Poor . . . 
Parochial Schools ... 942 

(With 54,161 scho- 
lars, and a revenue 

of £20,611) 

Endowed Schools 212 

(With 10,177 scho- 
lars, an d a revenue of 

£13,679) 

Unendowed Day 

Schools 2479 

With Scholars 112,187 

Sunday Schools 807 

With Scholars 93,443 

Scott, Sir Walter, list of his 
works, with the date of each as 
published; Goetz of Berlichingen, 
with the Iron Hand, a tragedy, 
translated from the German, 1799 ; 
Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border^ 
vols. 1 and 2, printed by Ballantyne 
at Kelso, 1802; Minstrelsy of the 
Scottish Border, vol. 3, 1803 ; Sir 
Tristram of Ereildoune, 1804 ; Lay 
of the Last Minstrel, 1805; Mc- 



SCO 



604 



SEA 



moirs of Sir Hemy Slingsby, 
Ballads and Lyrical Pieces, 1806; 
Dry den's Works and Life, Marmion, 
Captain George Carleton's Me- 
moirs, Strutt's Queen-hoo Hall, a 
romance, Ancient Times, a drama, 
1808 ; Sir Ralph Sadler's State Pa- 
pers and Letters, Lord Somers' 
Collection of Tracts (completed in 
1812 ) ;' Memoirs of Sir Robert Carey, 
1809 ; Lady of the Lake, Miss Se- 
ward's Poetical Works, 1810; The 
Vision of Don Roderick, Secret 
History of the Court of King 
James I., 1811 ; Rokeby, 1813 ; 
Swift's Works and Life, Lord 
of the Isles, Border Antiquities, 
Illustrations of Northern Antiqui- 
ties, published by Mr. Jameson, 
Waverley, 1814 ; Paul's Letters to 
his Kinsfolks, The Field of Water- 
loo, Guy Mannering, 1815; Anti- 
quary, Tales of My Landlord, 
1st series, Black Dwarf, Old Mor- 
tality, and the Edinburgh Annual 
Register (historical department) for 
1814, 1816; Edinburgh Annual 
Register for 1815, 1817; Tales of 
My Landlord, 2nd series, Heart of 
Mid-Lothian, Rob Roy, Communi- 
cations to Mr. Jameson's edition of 
Captain Burt's Letters, 1818 ; Pro- 
vincial Antiquities, Account of the 
Regalia of Scotland, Tales of 
My Landlord, 3rd series, Bride of 
Lammermuir and Legend of Mon- 
trose, 1819; Trivial Poems and 
Triolets, by P. Carey, Ivanhoe, 
Monastery, Abbot, The Visionary, 
Miscellaneous Poems, including 
Harold the Dauntless, and Bridal 
of Triermain (formerly published 
anonymously), now forming volume 
X. of his Poetical Works, 1820; 
Kenilworth, 1821; Fortunes of 
Nigel ; The Pirate ; Halidon Hill, 
a Dramatic Sketch ; Gwynne's 
Memoirs of the Great Civil War, 
1653-4, 1822 ; Peveril of the Peak, 
Quentin Durward, 1823; St. Ro- 
nan's Well, Redgauntlet, 1824; 
Tales of the Crusaders, the Be- 
trothed, the Talisman, 1835; Wood- 
stock, Letters from Malachi 
Malagrowther, 1826; Chronicles of 



the Canongate, 1st series, The Two 
Drovers, Highland Widow, Sur- 
geon's Daughter, Life of Napoleon 
Bonaparte, Tales of a Grandfather, 
1st series, Preface to Memoirs of 
La Rochejacquelin, for Constable's 
Miscellany, a republication of the 
Lives of Dryden and Swift, Bio- 
graphical and Critical Notices of 
eminent Novelists, Memoirs of Sir 
R. Sadler, Miss Seward, Dr. Ley- 
den, Duke of Buccleuch; Lord 
Sommerville, King George III., 
Lord Byron, Duke of York, Essays 
on Chivalry, Romance, and the 
Drama (originally published in 
Supplement to Encyclopedia Britan- 
nica), and Paul's Letters to his 
Kinsfolk, &c, 1827 ; Chronicles of 
the Canongate, 2nd series, St. Valen- 
tine's Day, or the Fair Maid of 
Perth ; Two Religious Discourses, 
Tales of a Grandfather, 2nd Series, 
Anne of Geierstein, Waverley, with 
corrections, additions, and illustra- 
tive Notes. 190 vols. 

Scriptures 'ordered to be read 
in the monasteries of Great Britain, 
746. 

Scullabogue, Massacre of, in 
Ireland, during the rebellion of 
1798 ; 184 men, women, and child- 
ren having sought refuge in a barn, 
it was set on fire, and, attempting to 
escape, they were shot, or killed 
with pikes, June 4, 1798. 

Scutage, the first tax levied in 
England to pay an army, by Henry 
II., 1159. 

Scutari, near Constantinople, 
3000 houses at, wholly destroyed by 
fire, Aug. 12, 1797. 

Sea Horse Transport, wrecked in 
Tramore Bay, Ireland, and 365 
persons drowned, being principally 
soldiers of the 59th regiment, Jan. 
30, 1816. 

Seals not greatly in use in Sax- 
on times, they signing parchment 
documents with a cross, and impres- 
sions upon lead being affixed ; seal- 
ing deeds and writs practised in 
England, 1048 ; until the time of 
William I., the name was written, 
adding the sign of the cross ; arms 



SED 



605 



SEP 



used about this time, introduced 
upon seals ; the most ancient seal 
with arms on it is that of Richard I. 
Wax was first used, suspended at 
the bottom of the deed, about 1213 ; 
sealing-wax for letters came into 
use abont 1556 ; great seal of Eng- 
land stolen, 1784. 

Seas, the Sovereignty of England 
over the, supported by Selden, and 
measures taken in consequence, 8 
Charles L, 1633 ; Russia and the 
northern powers armed to avoid 
search, 1780 ; again, 1800. 

Seamen's Wages advanced by 
Parliament, May 9, 1797, in conse- 
quence of the mutiny at Spithead. 

Seamen's Widows' Corporation 
founded, Oct. 13, 1732. 

Secretaries of State first ap- 
pointed in England in the reign of 
Henry III. ; two appointed in the 
reign of Henry VIII., Lord Crom- 
well and Cardinal Wolsey, 1529-30. 
Sects, Religious, in the world ; 
calculated at 373 at the end of the 
last century, but at present much 
more numerous, all differing very 
widely from each other, some as far as 
the poles asunder, independently of 
the grand divisions ; thus the Jews 
are between 2 and 3,000,000, say, 

Jews 2,500,000 

Christians 200,000,000 

Mahometans 175,000,000 

Idolaters, &c 650,000,000 

These ramify into numerous petty 
sects, commencing in the first cen- 
tury of Christianity. See Religious 
Sects. 

Security of the King's Person, 
act passed for, 1703; amended, 1785. 
Sedan Chairs, so called from Se- 
dan in France, where they were 
first made ; seen in England in 
1581 ; one used in the reign of 
James I. by his profligate favourite 
Buckingham, against which the 
public exclaimed ; in fashion in 
London, 1634 ; in general use, 1649 ; 
Sir Francis Duncomb had a patent 
to let out, sell, or hire any number 
for his sole profit for 14 years. 

Sedgmoor, Battle of, July 5, 
1685 in which the duke of Mon- 



mouth was defeated by the royal ar- 
my, and soon afterwards put to death. 
Sedition Bill, passed Dec. 1795 ; 
seditious societies suppressed by an 
act, June 1797 ; again in 1817 ; 
in Ireland, proclamations against 
seditious meetings, published at 
different times, down to 1848. 

Seizures at the Custom-house, 
London, to the extent of £26,000 in 
1742. 

Seidlitz, Battle of, in Poland, 
between the Poles and their Rus 
sian tyrants ; the former obtained 
the victory, making 6000 prisoners, 
April 10, 1831. 

Selby and Leeds Railway opened, 
Sept. 22, 1834. 

Semper eadem, used as the motto 
for the arms of England, Dec. 13, 
1702. 

Semincas, Battle of, between the 
Moors and Romirey, king of Leon 
and the Asturias : it is said by 
Spanish historians, that 80,000 of 
the infidels were slain 938. 

Senate House, Dublin, destroyed 
by fire, Feb. 28, 1792. 

Senegal taken from the French 
by the English, May 1, 1758. 

Seneschal, an officer of the royal 
household in France, esteemed a 
place of high honour and trust, 
1059. 

Sengenneth Castle, Glamorgan- 
shire, built by Edward I., 1296. 

Septembriens, the name given 
to the assassins among the Parisian 
mob on Sept. 2> 1792, who broke 
open the prisons, and slaughtered 
their inmates indiscriminately. 

Septuagint Version of the Bible 
found in a cask, 217 ; reported by 
Justin Martyr to have been exe- 
cuted by 72 translators, shut up 
in 36 cells, and that, on comparison, 
none of the 36 copies varied a word 
or letter. St. Jerome states that 
those translators translated the 
Pentateuch, or law of Moses, only. 
The translation is said to have 
been nished in 72 days. 

Septennial Parliaments :'the sit- 
ting of parliaments was once in two 
years, in the reign of Edward I. ; 



SER 



606 



SE V 



the sitting was annual, 4 Edward 
III. to 16 Charles I., when three 
years was to be the duration ; the 
triennial act was confirmed, 1688, 
by 6 William and Mary, and con- 
tinued until 1715, when the minis- 
ter made the invasion of the Pre- 
tender an excuse for extending 
them to seven years, which rendered 
his management of them more 
easy ; the value of this latter term 
to the minister, has caused the 
innovation to be since retained. 

Sepulchre, St., Order of, insti- 
tuted about 1104. 

Seraphim, order of knighthood 
began in Sweden, 1334. 

Serapis and Isis, Temple of, re- 
stored after the death of Cassar; 
demolished by the Goths, 455. 

Seringapatam, Battle of, between 
the English and Tippoo Saib, 
May 15, 1791, the former being 
defeated ; redoubts of the city 
stormed by Lord Corn wallis, Eeb. 6, 
1792 ; preliminaries of peace signed, 
Tippoo surrendering half the My- 
sore, and paying £3,300,000, with 
his two sons as hostages : war 
against, again, 1799 ; the city storm- 
ed by General Baird, May 4, when 
Tippoo fell, fighting valiantly for 
his capital. 

Sergeants at Law, their coif in- 
troduced, it is said, to conceal the 
tonsure of such among them as were 
renegade clergymen, about 1259. 

Servants, Male, in the United 
Kingdom, 1831, 211,966 ; in 1841, 
529,231 ; of these last 163,657 were 
domestic servants of above twenty 
years of age ; — the female servants, 
1831, were 74 in every 1000 females : 
total, 923,646 ; in 1841, they were 
1,162,448, or 85 in every 1000 fe- 
males ; tax on, first laid on male, 
1777 ; increased 1781, 1785, 1796-7, 
and 1808 ; tax imposed by Pitt on 
female servants, 1785 ; repealed, 
1792 ; revenue from, 1830, £250,000 
per annum ; in 1840 fell to £201,482; 
in 1812, 37,339 persons kept 1 ser- 
vant ; in 1849, 54,625 persons ; in 
1812, 13,032 persons kept 2 ser- 
vants ; in 1849, 18,322; in 1812, 



10,008 persons kept 3 servants ; in 
1849, 12,258; in 1812, 4944 persons 
kept 11 servants and upwards ; in 
1849, 5424 ; from 1812 to 1821 there 
was a diminution, 1812 giving a 
total of 86,093 ; 1821, 85,757 only, 
Erom this time the numbers increas- 
ed decennially, 1831, 101,808 ; 1841, 
110,849 ; 1849, 112,543 : no tax on 
servants in Ireland. 

Servants' Wages taxed, 1695. 

Servants, Male, cost of, £60 per 
annum each ; women servants, 
board and wages, £35 ; cost of do- 
mestic servants in England, 1841, 
£38,222,620. 

Servetus burned at Geneva at 
Calvin's instigation, 1553. 

Session, Lords of, in Scotland, 
appointed by James I., 1425 ; put 
aside, 1502; re-constituted, 1532; 
court of session reinstated in Edin- 
burgh, 1746. 

Session courts appointed to be 
held quarterly in England, 2 Henry 
V., 1413; times for, regulated by 
1 William IV., 1831. 

Sethians, a sect which contended 
that Seth was the true Christ, 190. 

Settlement of the Crown exclud- 
ing Catholics, passed 1 William 
and Mary, 1689; also the act so 
called, by which the crown is con- 
firmed to the existing family, 
June 12, 1701 ; Irish act of settle- 
ment passed, 1662; repealed, 1689. 

Seventh-day Baptists, the same 
sect with the Sabbatarians. 

Severn, the river, turned from 
its old channel by a landslip, 
crossing the current near Buildwas, 
Shopshire, 1681. 

Severus, Wall of, built across 
the island, from the river Tyne to 
Bowness, on the Solway Erith, 74 
miles, to exclude the northern bar- 
barians ; it was a grand work, 
completed 209. 

Seville, the capital of Andalusia, 
in Spain, peace concluded at, be- 
tween Erance and Spain, Nov. 9, 
1729 ; surrendered to the French, 
Eeb. 1810 ; taken by Wellington, 
Aug. 27, 1812 ; custom-house of, 
destroyed by fire, May 7, 1792. 



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Sewers rate assessments on pro- 
perty in London city: — 

1771 £457,701 

1801 507,372 

1831 792,904 

In Westminster and 
adjacent parts of 
Middlesex, 1848... 2,788,190 

Holbom, Finsbury, 
Shoreditch, and 
Norton Folgate... 1,316,013 

Tower Hamlets di- 
vision 888,596 

St. Catherine's pre- 
cinct 12,964 

Poplar 78,411 

5,084,174 
Sewdley Castle, Gloucestershire, 
built 1442. 

Sewin's Land, New Holland, 
discovered by the Dutch, 1622. 

Sewers, Metropolitan, receipts 
of, 1852, £132,999; expenditure, 
£122,098. 

Sextant revived by Tj r cho Brahe, 
at Uraniberg, isle of Huen, where he 
had his observatory, 1550 ; one be- 
longing to the Arab astronomers 
in 995, who are said to have had 
another of 45 feet radius. 

Seymour, Lady Jane — see Queen 
— married to Henry VIII., 1536, and 
died in childbed of Edward VI. 
Oct. 13, 1537. 

Shabbeare, Dr., set in the pillory 
at Charing Cross, Dec. 5, 1758 : 
he died 1788, a turbulent polemic. 
Shadwell Water-works destroyed 
by fire in 1| hour, Dec. 1797 ; they 
raised 907 gallons per minute. 

Shaftsbury, Dorsetshire, built by 
Alfred the Great, 897 ; incorporated 
by Elizabeth. 

Shakspeare, William, born at 
Stratford-on-Avon, April 23, 1564, 
died on the anniversary of his 
birthday, 1616; jubilee in honour 
of, Sept. 6, 1769 ; his theatre in 
London, the Globe, consumed 1663 ; 
a festival in honour of the poet held 
at Stratford, April 23, 1836; the 
house in Stratford, in which many 
suppose he was born, sold to a 
committee for £3000, Sept. 16, 1847; 



monument to, erected in Westmin- 
ster Abbey, 1741. 

Shamrock, the Irish name for 
three leaved grass, said to have been 
adopted by St. Patrick as an em- 
blem of the Trinity, 432, whose 
festival is kept on March 17. 

Shannon river, Ireland, act to 
improve its navigation passed, 
Sept. 9, 1835 ; made navigable 
from Limerick to Lough Allen, 143 
miles, so that steam-boats may na- 
vigate 190 miles upon its waters, 
1849 ; cost £500,000. 

Shanes Castle, Ireland, in An- 
trim, burned down, May 15, 1816. 

Shap Monastery, Westmoreland, 
founded 1189. 

Shark, a silver watch and chain 
found in one, 1787 ; had belonged 
to a youth named Thompson, who 
fell overboard near Falmouth. 

Sharpe, Archbishop of St. An- 
drew's, Scotland, shot in his coach 
near St. Andrew's, May, 1671, by 
a party of those whom he had ag- 
grieved by his perfidy of conduct. 

Sharp, Grenville, the honoured 
philanthropist, who founded the 
first anti-slavery society in England, 
and was the primary champion of 
the opponents to that nefarious 
traffic ; died July, 1813. 

Shaving of Priests first intro- 
duced, 169. 

Sheen, William, tried for decapi- 
tating his child ; acquitted through 
a legal informality, Juty 14, 1827. 

Sheep, number of, in England 
and Wales, in 1800, 19,007,507, of 
which 14, 854, 299were short-woolled; 
in 1828, these had increased a-fifth ; 
in 1848, the whole number in Eng- 
land and Wales was 25,343,476 ; 
imported from Ireland in 1846, 
1847, 184S, and 1849 respectivelv, 
259,257; 324,179; 255,682, and 
241,061; number of, in Scotland 
and Ireland, there are no accurate 
returns. 

Sheep, said to have been first 
imported into Spain from England, 
improving the southern breed, 1467; 
forbidden to be exported from Eng- 
land 1424, previously. 



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Sheebness, stables of an inn took 
fire there, and two horses burned, 
Oct. 8, 1826 ; fifty-five houses 
burned down at, Jan. 16, 1830. 

Sheffield, increase of the popu- 
lation of, 1811, 53,231 ; 1821, 
65,275; 1831, 91,692; 1841, 111,901; 
Cotton manufactory destroyed at, 
Feb. 16, 1792, and £40,000 damage 
done. 

Shellac, 1849, 1,640,272 lbs. im- 
ported from India. 

Shelbubne Administration ; the 
Earl of Shelburne became first 
lord of the treasury, and William 
Pitt, chancellor of the exchequer, 
on the death of the Marquis of 
Rockingham, July 1782 j went out 
of office for the " Coalition minis- 
try," April 1783. 

Shepherd, the notorious John, 
executed Nov. 16, 1724. 

Shebbbooke, the ship Lady, 
wrecked, with 300 emigrants, off 
the coast of Newfoundland ; only 7 
saved, Sept. 18, 1831. 

Shebbobne Castle, Dorset, built, 
1107. 

Shebbobne, Town of, made a 
bishop's see from Winchester, Jan. 
705 ; united to Wilton, 1071 ; both 
translated to Old Sarum, and then 
to Salisbury, 1218 ; church rebuilt 
between 1459 and 1504. 

Shebidan, Richard Brinsley, 
died 1816 ; honoured with a public 
funeral, July 11, 1816. 

Shebiffs of Counties first no- 
minated by William the Conqueror, 
1079; first appointed in London, 
1189 ; present mode followed in 
choosing since 1461 ; anciently 
ladies might be sheriffs; in 1414, 
there were not persons of sufficient 
respectability to fill the office, owing 
to the wars ; fifty sheriffs of London 
appointed in one day, 35 of* whom 
paid fines to be excused, July 2, 
1734. 

Shebiffs of Dublin, first 
styled bailiffs, appointed in 1308 ; 
named sheriffs temp. Edward VI., 
1548. 

Shebiffmuib, Battle of, between 
the Duke of Argyle and the Scotch 



rebels, in favour of the Pretender, 
under the Earl of Mar, Nov. 12, 
1715 ; a number of persons of rank 
were made prisoners. 

Shebbard, William, founded a 
botanic professorship, at Oxford, 
1720. 

Shetland Isles, nineteen fishing 
boats of, lost, with 111 fishermen, 
Oct. 13, 1832. 

Shillings" first coined in England, 
1503 or 1505, temp. Henry VII. ; 
the value of the ancient Saxon coin 
of that name was 5d. After the 
conquest the Erench solid us, of 12 
pence, from Normandy, got that 
name. 

Shilling, the Irish, value nine- 
pence, coined 1560, current at 12d. ; 
a base coinage in England for the 
service of Ireland. 

Ship, order of knighthood, 
began, 1252. 

Ship and Double Crescent, order 
of knighthood, began in France, 
1269. 

Shipbuilding, art of, attributed 
to the Egyptians as the first inven- 
tors; the first ship (probably a 
galley) being brought from Egypt 
to Greece by Darius, 1485 b. c. — 
The first ship of 800 tons was built 
in England, 1597. — A first- rate man 
of war requires about 60,000 cubic 
feet of timber, and uses 180,000 lb. 
of rough hemp in the cordage and 
sails for it. The ground on which 
the timber for a 74 gun ship would 
require to grow, would be 14 acres ; 
it requires 3000 loads of timber, 
each load containing 50 cubical 
feet ; 1500 well-grown trees, of two 
loads each, will cover 14 acres, at 
20 feet asunder ; 3000 loads of rough 
oak, at 2s. per foot, or £5 per load, 
will cost £15,000 : the Great Harry, 
built in England 1509, of 1000 
tons burthen, cost £14,000. Before 
this vessel was built, there were 
none of more than 26 guns : port- 
holes were a French invention, at 
Brest, first adopted 1500 : in 1805, 
the cost of building a ship of 74 
guns, and of 1706 tons burthen, waa 
£62,430, or £36 : 11 : 3 per ton ; in 



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1836, it was only £44,748, or 
£26 : 4 : 7 per ton. 

Shipping first registered in the 
Thames, 1788. 

Shipping of the United Kingdom ; 
about 1750, the total British and 
Colonial shipping was no more than 
500,000 tons; in 1830, the British 
empire possessed 23,721 commer- 
cial vessels; in 1840, 26,292; in 
1830, the tonnage of the empire 
was 2,517,000 tons ; in 1840, it was 
3,127,684 tons ; in 1849, the num- 
ber of vessels 34,090, tonnage 
4,144,115. 

Shipping, British and Foreign, 
that entered England : — 

Ships. British. 

1801 4,987 922,594 

1810 5,154 896,001 

1820 11,285 1,668,060 

1830 13,548 2,180,042 

1840 17,883 3,197,501 

1849 23,646 4,884,210 

The Irish and coasting trade not 
included in the above return : the 
foreign ships that entered the ports 
of Great Britain in the above years, 
in addition, were as follows : — 



Ships. Tons. 

1801 5,497 780,155 

1810 6,876 1,176,293 

1820 3,472 447,611 

1830 5,359 758,828 

1840 10,198 1,460,294 

1849 13,426 2,035,690 

Shipping, French Mercantile, 
from 1820 to 1848, entered inwards : 
French Ships. Tons. 

1820 3,730 335,942 

1830 3,236 340,171 

1840 7,474 658,378 

1848... 8,313 919,096 

the Foreign ships that entered the 
ports of France for the following 
years were : — 

Foreign Ships. Tons. 

1820 4,337 354,556 

1830 3,236 340,171 

1840 17,770 1,822,884 

1848 8,899 1,056,840 

Shipping, Russian and. Foreign 
Commercial, entered inwards : — 
Foreign. Tons. 

1830 832,626 124,110 

1835 507,860 142,634 

Shipping, registered in the Bri- 
tish Empire, on Jan. 1, 1840 i*- 



Country. Vessels. 

England 15,830. 

Scotland 3,318. 

Ireland 1,889. 

Guernsey, Jersey, and Man 633. 
British plantations 6,075. 



Tons. Seamen. 

.1,983,522 114,593 

. 378,194 25,909 

. 169,289 11,288 

, 39,630 4,473 

. 497,798 35,020 



Ship-money extortedby Charles I., 
1634; voted illegal, 1640; abolished, 
1641 : he demanded of London 7 
ships and 4000 men; Yorkshire, 
2 ships of 600 tons, or £12,000 ; and 
a similar rate at other places. 

Shippen, Mr., sent to the Tower 
for speaking lightly of the speech of 
George I., Dec. 4, 1717. 

Shipwash, in Devonshire, burned, 
April 22, 1742. 

Shipwrecks, the number of ves- 
sels wrecked has been given, in the 
year 1800, at 365 per annum ; the 
total number of British commercial 
shipping being about 5000 ; in 1830, 
the number lost was stated to be 
677, but this might have been an 



year of excess: in 1830, England 
possessed 13,548 vessels, and there- 
fore the different proportions 
exhibit what is due to our sea- 
manship in counteracting the ca- 
lamity. The following list and 
dates include some of the most 
remarkable shipwrecks on record : 
The Pietro Quirini, off the 

coast of Norway 1431 

The Le Jacques, from Brazil, 

suffering horrible from 

famine 1558 

Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in the 

Squirrel and Delight 1583 

Fernando de Mendoza, in the 

Indian Ocean 1585 

TheTobic, of London 1593 

2b 



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The Francis Pyraud 1601 

The Sea Venture on the Ber- 
mudas 1609 

The New Horn, by fire 1619 

The Mary, of London 1639 

The William and John, of 

Ipswich 1648 

The Speedwell frigate 1676 

James II., while duke of 
York, in the Gloucester 
man-of-war off Yarmouth 

May 9, 1682 
The De Grave East Indiaman, 

at Madagascar 1701 

The Nottingham galley 1710 

The Speedwell, at Juan Fer- 
nandez 1720 

The Sussex East Indiaman, 

at Madagascar 1738 

The Wager man of war, in 

the west of Patagonia 1741 

The Inspector privateer; in 

the Bay of Tangier 1747 

The Prince West Indiaman, 

by fire 

The Doddington, on a rock in 

the Indian Ocean 1755 

The Duke William transport, 1758 
The Lichfield man-of war, on 

the African coast 1758 

The brig Tyrrel 1759 

The famine and suffering in 

Dolphin sloop 1759 

The Anne frigate 1760 

The Utile, on Sandy Island, 1761 
The Peggy, dreadful famine 

on board 1765 

The St. Lawrence brigantine, 

at Cape Breton 1780 

The Antelope packet 1783 

The Thunderer, 74 guns; Stir- 
ling Castle, 64; Phoenix, 
44; La Blanche, 42; 
Laurel, 28 ; Andromeda, 
28 ; Deal Castle, 24 ; Scar- 
borough, 20 ; Barbadoes, 
14 ; Cameleon, 14 ; Endea- 
vour, 14; and Victor, 10 
guns ; all lost in the same 
storm, in the West Indies, in 

Oct., 1780 
The General Barker, East 
Indiaman, off Scheveling 

Feb. 17, 1781 
The Koyal a George (which 



see), when 1000 persons 
perished June 28, 1782 

The Grosvenor Indiaman, on 
the coast of Caffraria 

Aug 4, 1782 

The Swan sloop of war, off 
Waterford ; 130 persons 
drowned Aug. 4, 1782 

The Ramilies, 74 guns, off 
Newfoundland ; 100 souls 
perished Sept. 21, 1782 

The Hector frigate, in the 
Atlantic ocean ; 150 perish- 
ed Oct. 5, 1782 

The Ville de Paris, of 110 
guns, one of Admiral Rod- 
ney's prizes, the Glorieux, 
Centaur, and Ramilies, of 
74 guns each, all lost in the 
West Indies Oct. 5, 1782 

The Cato, Admiral Sir Hyde 
Parker, on the Malabar 
coast 1783 

The Count Belgiosa India- 
man, off Dublin Bay; 147 
souls perished... March 13, 1783 

The Menai ferry-boat, in pas- 
sing the Strait ; 60 drowned 

Dec. 5, 1785 

The Halsewell East India - 
man ; 100 persons perished 

Jan. 6, 1786 

The Hartwell East Indiaman, 
with immense wealth on 
board ....May 24, 1787 

The Charlemont Packet, from 
Holyhead to Dublin; 104 
drowned Dec. 22, 1790 

The Pandora frigate, on a 
reef of rocks ; 100 souls 
perished Aug. 28, 1791 

The Union packet of Dover, 
lost off the port of Calais ; 
a similar occurrence had 
not happened for 105 years 
before Jan. 28, 1792 

The Winterton East India- 
man ; many of the crew 
perished Aug. 20, 1792 

The Boyne, by fire, at Spit- 
head; many perished (see 
Boyne) May 4, 1795 

The Droits de 1' Homme 
British ship of the line, and 
Amazon frigate, lost off 



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Hodierne Bay ; many hun- 
dreds perished Jan. 14, 1797 

The La Tribune frigate, off • 
Halifax; 300 souls perished 

Nov. 17, 1797 
The Kesistance, blown up in 
the Straits of Banca, 

July 24, 1798 
The Eoyal Charlotte East 
Indiaman; blown up at 

Culpee Aug. 1, 1798 

The Proserpine frigate, in 
the river Elbe ; crew saved 

Eeb.l, 1799 
The Nassau, 64 guns, on the 
Haak Bank ; 100 perished 

Oct. 25, 1799 
The Ethalion frigate, 38 
guns, on the coast of France 

Dec. 24, 1799 
The Queen transport, on Tre- 
fusis Point ; 369 souls 

perished Jan. 14, 1800 

The Mastiff gun-brig, lost on 

the Cockle Sands... Jan. 19, 1800 
The Brazen, king's ship, near 
Newhaven ; 105 souls 

perished Jan. 25, 1800 

The Eepulse, 64 guns, on the 

rocks off Ushant, March 12, 1800 
The Danae, lost through a 
conspiracy, off Ushant 

March 14, 1800 
The Queen Charlotte, 110 
guns (which see); 700 souls 

perished March 16, 1800 

The Queen East Indiaman, by 
fire, on the coast of Brazil 

July 9, 1800 
The Marlborough, 74 guns, 
near Belle Isle ; crew 

saved Nov. 4, 1800 

The Invincible, 74 guns, off 
Winterton ; 400 souls 

perished March 20, 1801 

The Ambuscade (late French) 
frigate, in the Downs 

July 7, 1801 
The Margate hoy, Margate, 
near Keculver ; 23 persons 

perished Feb. 10, 1802 

The Assistance, 50 guns, off • 
Dunkirk ; crew saved 

March 29, 1802 
The Bangalore East India- 



man, in the Indian Sea 

April 12, 1802 
The Melville Dutch East 
Indiaman, off Dover 

Nov. 23, 1802 
The Active West Indiaman, 

in Margate Eoads... Jan. 10, 1803 
The Hindostan East India- 
man went to pieces on the 

Culvers. ; Jan. 11, 1803 

The La Determined, 24 guns, 
in Jersey Eoads ; many 

drowned March 26, 1803 

The Eesistance, 36 guns, off 

Cape St. Vincent, May 31, 1803 
The Lady Hobart packet, on 

an island of ice ... June 28, 1803 
The La Minerve frigate, 44 
guns, grounded off Cher- 
bourg July 2, 1803 

The Seine frigate, 44 guns, 
off Schelling, in Holland 

July 31, 1803 
The Antelope, Captain Wil- 
son, off the Pelew Islands 

Aug. 9, 1803 
The Victory Liverpool ship, 
at Liverpool ; 37 drowned 

Sept. 30, 1803 
The Circe frigate, 32 guns, on 
the coast, near Yarmouth 

Nov. 16, 1803 
The Nautilus East Indiaman, 

on the Ladrones...Nov. 18, 1803 
The Fanny, in the Chinese 
Sea ; 46 souls perished 

Nov. 29, 1803 
The Suffisante sloop of war, 
16 guns, off Cork harbour 

Dec. 25, 1803 
The Apollo frigate, on the 
coast of Portugal (see 

Apollo) April 2, 1804 

The Cumberland packet, on 
the coast of Antigua 

Sept. 4, 1804 
The Eomney, 50 guns, on the 
Haak Bank, in the Texel 

Nov. 18, 1804 
The Venerable, 74 guns, at 
Torbay ; crew saved, less 8 

men Nov. 24, 1804 

The Tartarus, 74 guns, in 
Margate Koads ; crew saved 

Dec. 20, 18C4 



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The Severn, 74 guns, on a 
rock, near Grouville, 

Dec. 21, 1804 

The Doris frigate, on the 
Diamond Rock, Quiberon 
Bay Jan. 12, 1805 

The Abergavenny East India- 
man, on the Bill of Port- 
land ; the captain and more 
than 300 persons, passen- 
gers and crew, perished 

Feb. 6, 1805 

The Blanche frigate (first 
captured by the French) 

July 19, 1805 

The Naias transport, on the 
coast of Newfoundland 

Oct. 23, 1805 

The iEneas transport, off 
Newfoundland; 340 perished 

Oct. 23, 1805 

The Aurora transport, on the 
Goodwin Sands ; 300 pe- 
rished Dec. 21, 1805 

The Sidney king's ship, near 
Dampier's Straits, May 20, 1806 

The King George packet, 
from Parkgate to Dublin, 
lost on the Hoyle Bank, 125 
persons, passengers and 
crew, drowned Sept 21, 1806 

The Athenienne, 64 guns, off 
Sardinia; 347 souls perished 

Oct. 20, 1806 

The Glasgow packet, off 
Farm Island ; several 
drowned Nov. 17, 1806 

The Felix, king's schooner, 
near Santander; 79 souls 
lost Jan. 22, 1807 

The Ajax, by fire, off the 
island of Tenedos, 300 
perished Feb. 14, 1807 

The Blanche frigate, on the 
French coast ; many perish- 
ed March 9, 1807 

The Ganges East Indiaman, 
off the Cape of Good Hope 

May 29, 1807 

The Prince of Wales Park- 
gate packet and Rochdale 
transport, on Dunleary 
Point, near Dublin ; nearly 
300 souls perished, 

Nor. 19, 1807 



The Boreas man-of-Avar, upon 
the Hannois Rock, in the 

Channel Nov. 28, 3807 

The Anson frigate, near the 
Land's -end; 125 persons 

drowned Dec. 29, 1807 

The Agatha, near Memel; 
Lord Royston and others 

drowned April 7, 1808 

The Astrea frigate, on the 

Anagada coast May 23, 1808 

The Frith passage-boat, in 
the Frith of Dornock; 40 
persons drowned, Aug 13, 1809 
The Magicienne frigate : she 
ran aground at the Mau- 
ritius, 'and was abandoned 
and burnt by her crew 

Aug. 16, 1810 
The Satellite sloop of war, 16 
guns, upset, and all on 

board perished Dec. 14, 1810 

The Minotaur, of 64 guns, 
wrecked on the Ha/ik Bank ; 
of 600 persons on board, 
about 480 were drowned 

Dec. 22, 1810 
The Eliza, East India ship, 
on the coast of Dunkirk 

Dec. 27, 1810 
The Pandora sloop of war, off 
Jutland ; 30 persons 

perished Feb. 13, 1811 

The Amethyst frigate, of 36 
guns, lost in the Sound 

Feb. 15, 1811 
The Barham, of 74 guns, 
foundered on the coast of 

Corsica July 29, 1811 

The Pomone frigate, on the 
Needle Rocks ; crew saved 

Oct. 14. 1811 
The Saldanha frigate, on the 
Irish coast; 300 perished 

Dec.4, 1811 
The St. George, of 98, and 
Defence, of 74 guns, 
stranded on the coast of 
Jutland, and all souls 
perished, except 16 seamen 

Dec. 24, 1811 
The Manilla frigate, on the 
Haak Sand ; 130 persons 

perished Jan. 20, 1812 

The British Queen packet, 



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from Ostend to Margate, 
wrecked on the Goodwin 
Sands, and all on board 
perished Dec. 17, 1814 

The Bengal East Indiaman, 
lost in the East Indies 

Jan. 19. 1815 

The Duchess of "Wellington, 
at Calcutta, by fire, 

Jan. 21, 1816 

The Seahorse transport, near 
Tramore Bay ; 365 persons, 
chiefly soldiers of the 59th 
regiment, and most of the 
crew drowned Jan. 30, 1816 

The Lord Melville and Boa- 
dicea transports, with several 
hundred of the 82nd regi- 
ment, lost near Kinsale, and 
almost all on board perished 

Jan. 31, 1816 

The Harpooner transport, 
near Newfoundland ; 100 
persons drowned, Nov. 10, 1816 

The William and Mary 
packet, in the English 
Channel ; many passengers 
drowned Oct. 24, 1817 

The Queen Charlotte East 
Indiaman, at Madras ; all 
on board perished, Oct. 24, 1818 

The Ariel, in the Persian 
Gulf ; 79 souls perished 

March 18, 1820 

The Earl of Moira, on the 
Burbo Bank, near Liver- 
pool ; 40 drowned, Aug. 8, 1821 

The Blenden Hall, on Inacces- 
sible island; many perished 

July 23, 1821 

The Juliana East Indiaman, 
on the Kentish Knock ; 40 
drowned Dec. 26, 1821 

The Thames Indiaman, off 
Beachy Head ; several 
drowned Feb. 3, 1822 

The Drake, 10 guns, near 
Halifax ; several drowned 

June 20, 1822 

The Ellesmere steam packet ; 
11 souls perished... Dec. 14, 1822 

The Alert Dublin and Liver- 
pool packet; 70 souls 
perished March 26, 1823 

The Robert, from Dublin to 



Liverpool; 60 souls perished 

May 16, 1823 

The Eanny, in Jersey Roads ; 
Lord Harley and many 
drowned Jan. 1, 1828 

The Stirling steamer, on the 
Ardgower shore, Scotland 

Jan. 17, 1828 

The Venus packet from 
Waterford to Dublin, near 
Gorey; 9 persons were 
drowned March 19, 1823 

The Newry, from Newry to 
Quebec, with 360 passen- 
gers ; cast away near Bard- 
sey, and about 40 persons 
were drowned April 16, 1830 

The St. George steam packet, 
wrecked off Douglas, Isle 
ofMan Nov. 19, 1830 

The Rothesay Castle, near 
Beaumaris. (See Rothesay 
Castle) Aug. 17, 1831 

The Lady Sherbrooke, from 
Londonderry to Quebec ; 
lost near Cape Ray; 273 
souls perished, 32 only were 
saved Aug. 19, 1831 

The Experiment, from Hull 
to Quebec ; wTecked near 
Calais April 15, 1832 

The Earl of Wemyss, near 
Wells, Norfolk; the cabin 
filled, and 11 ladies and 
children were drowned ; all 
on deck escaped ... July 13, 1833 

The Amphitrite ship, with 
female convicts to New 
South Wales ; lost on Bou- 
logne Sands; out of 131 
persons 3 only were saved. 
(See Amphitrite) Aug. 30, 1833 

The United Kingdom West 
Indiaman, with a rich 
cargo ; run down by the 
Queen of Scotland steamer 
off Northfleet, near Graves- 
end Oct. 15, 1833 

The Waterwitch steamer, on 
the coast of Wexford ; 4 
drowned Dec. 18, 1833 

The Lady Munro, from Cal- 
cutta to Sydney ; of 90 per- 
sons on board, not more 
than 20 were saved, Jan. 9, 1834 



SHI 



614 



SHI 



The Cameleon cutter, run 
down by the Castor frigate; 
14 persons drowned ; the 
lieutenant of the Castor 
was dismissed the service 

Aug. 27, 1834 

The Apollo steamer; run 
down by the Monarch, near 
Northfleet Sept. 9, 1837 

The Killarney steamer, off 
Cork ; 29 persons perished 

Jan. 26, 1838 

The Forfarshire steamer, from 
Hull to Dundee; 38 per- 
sons drowned. Owing to 
the courage of Grace Dar- 
ling and her father, 15 per- 
sons were saved ...Sept. 5, 1838 

The Protector East Indiaman, 
at Bengal ; of 178 persons 
on board, 170 perished, 

Nov. 21, 1838 

TheWilliamHuskisson steam- 
er, between Dublin and 
Liverpool ; 93 passengers 
saved by Captain Clegg, of 
the Huddersfield ...Jan. 11, 1840 

The Poland from New York ; 
struck by lightning, May 16, 1840 

The Lord William Bentinck, 
off Bombay ; 58 recruits, 
20 officers, and 7 passen- 
gers perished ; the Lord 
Castlereagh also wrecked; 
most of her crew and pas- 
sengers lost June 17, 1840 

H.M.S. Fairy, captain Hew- 
ett; sailed from Harwich 
on a surveying cruise, lost 
next day, in a gale off the 
coast of Norfolk ...Nov. 13, 1840 

The City of Bristol steam- 
packet, 35 souls perished, 

Nov. 18, 1840 

The Thames steamer, from 
Dublin to Liverpool, wreck- 
ed off St. Ives ; the captain, 
nearly the whole crew, and 
passengers lost. Of 61 
persons three females and 
two men only were saved, 

Jan. 4, 1841 

The Governor Fenner, from 
Liverpool for America ; 
run down off Holyhead by 



the Nottingham steamer, 
out of Dublin. Of 124 per- 
sons, crew and passengers, 
on board the former vessel, 
only the captain and mate 
were saved Feb. 19, 1841 

The Amelia from London to 
Liverpool ; lost on the 
Heme Sand Feb. 26, 1841 

The President steamer from 
New York to Liverpool, 
with many passengers on 
board ; sailed on March 11, 
and has never since been 
heard of March 13, 1841 

The William Browne, by 
striking on the ice ; 16 pas- 
sengers who had been re- 
ceived into the long boat 
were thrown overboard by 
the crew to lighten her, 

April 19, 1841 

The Isabella, from London 
to Quebec; struck through 
her bows by an iceberg, 

May 9, 1841 

The Solway steamer, on her 
passage between Belfast 
and Port Carlisle ; crew 
saved Aug. 25, 1841 

The Amanda, off Metis ; 29 
passengers and 12 of the 
crew lost Sept. 26, 1841 

The James Cooke of Limer- 
ick, from Sligo to Glasgow 

Nov. 21, 1841 

The Viscount Melbourne, 
East Indiaman, Feb. 5, 1842 

The MedoraWestlndia steam- 
packet, on Turk's Island, 

May 12, 1842 

The Abercrombie Eobinson 
and Waterloo transports in 
Table Bay, Cape of Good 
Hope ; of 330 persons on 
board the latter vessel, 189 
perished Aug. 28, 1842 

The war steamer Spitfire, on 
the coast of Jamaica, 

Sept. 10, 1842 

The Reliance East Indiaman, 
from China to London, off 
Merlemont, near Boulogne ; 
of 116 persons on board, 
7onlysaved Nov. 13, 1842 



SHI 



615 



SHO 



The Hamilton, on the Gun- 
fleet sands, near Harwich ; 
eleven of the crew perished 

Nov. 15, 1842 

The Conqueror East India- 
man, homeward hound, 
near Boulogne ; of the crew 
and many families and pas- 
sengers, only one saved, 

Jan. 13, 1843 

The Jessie Logan East In- 
diaman, homeward hound, 
on the Cornish coast ; many 
lives lost Jan. 16, 1843 

The Queen Victoria East In- 
diaman, from Bomhay to 
Liverpool, off the Rodri- 
gues April 7, 1843 

The Catharine trader, blown 
up off the Isle of Pines : 
most of the crew massacred 
by the natives, or after- 
wards drowned ...April 12, 1843 

The Amelia Thompson, near 
Madras, part of crew saved, 

May 23, 1843 

H.M.S. Fantome of 16 guns, 
off Montevideo ...June 25, 1843 

The troop ship Albert, from 
Halifax, with the 64th re- 
giment on board, which 
was miraculously saved 

July 13, 1843 

The Pegasus steam packet, 
from Leith, off the Eern 
islands ; of 59 persons, 7 
only saved July 19, 1843 

The Missouri United States 
steam frigate, by fire, 

Aug. 27, 1843 

The Queen steamer, from 
Bristol, with many passen- 
gers on board ; nearly the 
whole saved Sept. 1, 1843 

The Phoenix in a snow storm, 
off the coast of Newfound- 
land ; many lives lost, 

Nov. 26, 1843 

H.M. frigate Wilberforce, on 
the coast of Africa... Feb. 2, 1844 

The Elberfeldt iron steam- 
ship, from Brielle... Feb. 22, 1844 

The Manchester steamer, from 
Hull to Hamburgh, with 
passengers, off the Vogel 



Sands, near Cuxhaven ; 30 

lives lost June 16, 1844 

The Margaret, Hull and 
Hamburgh steamer ; many 

lives lost Oct. 22, 1845 

H.M. sloop of war Osprey, off 

New Zealand ...March 11, 1846 
The Great Britain iron steam- 
ship. This stupendous ves- 
sel grounded in Dundrum 
bay, on the east coast of 
Ireland ; but was subse- 
quently got off, and. made 
voyages to Australia with 

great success Sept. 22, 1846 

The John Lloyd, by collision, 
in the Irish sea; several 

lives lost Sept. 25, 1846 

The West India mail 
packet, Tweed; 90 souls 

perished Feb. 19, 1847 

The Exmouth emigrant ship, 
from Londonderry to Que- 
bec; of 240 persons on 
board, nearly all were 

drowned.. .....April 28, 1847 

The Ocean Monarch, by fire, 

Aug. 24, 1848 
The Caleb Grimshaw emi- 
grant ship, by fire ; 400 
persons miraculously es- 
caped Nov. 12, 1849 

The Royal Adelaide steamer, 

off Margate March 30, 1850 

The Mary Florence, from 

London to Aden... June 3, 1850 
The Orion steam ship, off 

Portpatrick June 18, 1850 

Three Indiamen, the Man- 
chester, Ariadne, and Ne- 
riadne. July or August, 

date unknown ,. 1850 

The Rosalind, from Quebec ; 
a number of the crew 

drowned Sept. 9, 1850. 

Shirts made of woollen, 1253. 
Shoes. — In the 9th and 10th 
centuries, the greatest princes of Eu- 
rope wore wooden shoes, or the 
upper part of leather and the sole 
of wood. In the reign of William 
Rufus, a great beau, named Robert, 
surnamed the Horned, used shoes 
with long sharp points, stuffed with 
tow, and twisted like a ram's horn. 



SHO 



616 



SHE 



The points continued to increase, 
till, in the reign of Richard II., they 
were of so enormous a length that 
they were tied to the knees with 
chains, sometimes of gold, some- 
timese of silver. The upper parts 
of these shoes in Chaucer's time, 
were cut in imitation of a church 
window. The high pointed shoes 
continued in fashion for three cen- 
turies, in spite of the bulls of the 
Popes, the decrees of councils, and 
the declamations of the clergy. At 
length the parliament of England 
interposed by an act, a.d. 1463, 
prohibiting the use of shoes or boots 
with peaks exceeding two inches 
in length, and prohibiting all shoe- 
makers from making them with 
longer peaks, under severe penal- 
ties. But even this was not suffi- 
cient ; it was necessary to pronounce 
the dreadful sentence of excommu- 
nication against all who wore 
shoes or boots. With points longer 
than two inches : they were to be 
cursed by the clergy, 1467. The 
present fashion of shoes was intro- 
duced in 1663, but the buckle was 
not used till 1670. 

Shoeing Horses first introduced 
into England 481. 

Shoplifting Act passed, 1699 ; 
since repealed. 

Shop Tax, levied first by Pitt in 
1785; the commotion it caused 
forced its repeal, 1789. 

Shore, Jane, mistress of Ed- 
ward IV., no favourite of the 
clergy, and therefore made to do 
penance, 1483 ; she was imprisoned 
but restored to freedom by Richard 
III., 1484, when she married 
Thomas Highmore. 

Shoreham Suspension Bridge, 
opened May 2, 1833. 

Short-lived Administration, a 
term given to that of William 
Pulteney, Earl of Bath, which only 
lasted two days ; dissolved Feb. 12, 
1746. 

Shoulder knots first worn in the 
reign of Charles II. 

Show, the Lord Mayor's of Lon- 
don, reft of old usages, its past 



sillinesses in modern eyes, have only 
left remaining in the present century 
that part: the poor men of the 
company to which the lord mayor 
belongs, habited in long gowns and 
close caps of the company's colour, 
bearing painted shields on their 
arms. So many of these head the 
show as there are years in the lord 
mayor's age. Their obsolete cos- 
tume and hobbling walk are sport 
for the unsedate, who from imper- 
fect tradition, year after year, are 
accustomed to call them old bache- 
lors. The numerous band of gen- 
tlemen ushers in velvet coats, wear- 
ing chains of gold and bearing white 
staves, is reduced to half a dozen 
full-dressed footmen, carrying um- 
brellas in their hands. Even the 
giants in Guildhall, placed on oc- 
tagon columns, to watch and ward 
the great east window, stand unre- 
cognized except in their gigantic 
capacity. Before the present giants 
inhabited Guildhall, there were 
two giants made only of wicker- 
work and pasteboard, put together 
with great art and ingenuity : and 
those original giants had the hon- 
our yearly to grace the lord mayor's 
show, being carried in great triumph 
in the time of the pageants ; and 
when that eminent annual service 
was over, remounted their old sta- 
tions in Guildhall, till, by reason 
of their very great age, old Time, 
with the help of a number of city 
rats and mice, had eaten up all their 
entrails. Until the reparation of 
Guildhall, in 1815, the present 
giants stood with the old clock and 
a balcony of iron-work between 
them, over the stairs leading from 
the hall to the courts of law and 
the council chamber. They are 
made of wood, and hollow within, 
and, from the method of joining 
and gluing the interior, are evi- 
dently of late construction ; too 
substantially built for the purpose 
of being either carried or drawn, 
or any way exhibited in the show 
of 1853. 

Shrewsbury, church of St. Chad, 



SIC 



617 



SIC 



destroyed by the tower falling, 
July 11, 1788 ; fire at, consumed 
50 houses, April 1, 1774. 

Shrewsbury, Monastery of, built 
1033 ; castle built, 1084. 

Shrewsbury, Battle of, between 
Henry Hotspur and Henry IV. 
Hotspur was slain and Henry 
wounded, 2300 gentlemen and 6000 
private men fell, July 21, 1403. 

Shrove Tuesday, a feast of pan- 
cakes in Lent, when all sorts of wan- 
ton recreations were indulged, if 
the priest were obeyed, and hence 
came the carnival ; the festival is 
recognized as early as 1440. 

Sibyls or Sibyllas, women who 
delivered oracular speeches, sup- 
posed to be inspired by demons or 
spirits, consulted by the heathen 
world before the Christian era, 531 
a,c. Subsequently some of the 
Christians committed forgeries in 
their own favour, and attributed 
them to the Sibyls, in order to draw 
towards them the attention of the 
Pagan world. 

Sick and wounded, and crowded 
seaman's incorporation, began June 
24, 1747. 

Sicilian Vespers, the term given 
to a massacre of the French, on 
March 30, 1282, which began at 
Palermo; the inhabitants had con- 
ceived a bitter hatred against 
Charles of Anjou, and there was a 
conspiracy against him, which sud- 
denly came to a head by the acci- 
dent of a Frenchman insulting a bri- 
dal procession, and the Frenchman 
was at once stabbed, the populace 
rose to arms, and 200 of the French 
were instantly assassinated ; the 
flame of vengeance was kindled, 
and 8000 were put to death before 
they could stand on their defence, 
the sanctuary of the altar affording 
them no security. From Palermo 
the massacre spread throughout 
the island. 

Sicily, the Island of, first peo- 
pled from Italy, 1292 years before 
the Christian era; the Sicani and 
the Etruscans were supposed to be 
the first inhabitants of the island; the 



Carthaginians once possessed it, 
and the Gauls had colonies there ; 
it was held by a prince of Arragon, 
who formed a kingdom of it, sepa- 
rated from Italy about 1286. 

Syracuse founded a.c. 732 

Gela founded 713 

Arrival of the Messenians ... 668 
Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigen- 

tum, put to death 552 

Hippocrates becomes tyrant 

ofGela 496 

Law of Petalism instituted... 466 

Reign of Dionysius 405 

Offended with the freedom of 
the philosopher Plato, the 
tyrant sold him for a slave 386 
Plato ransomed by his friends 386 
Damon and Pythias flourish 386 

The sway of Timoleon 346 

Usurpation of Agathocles ... 317 

Defeat of Hamilcar 309 

Pillage of the temples of Li- 

pari 304 

The Romans arrived in Sicily 264 
Agrigentum taken by the 

Romans 262 

Palermo besieged by the Ro- 
mans 254 

Archimedes flourished 236 

The Romans took Syracuse, 
and made all Sicily a pro- 
vince 212 

The Servile War began 135 

Conquered by the Sara- 
cens a.d. 821 

Palermo their capital, and the 
standard of Mahomet tri- 
umphant for 200 years. 
Driven out by a Norman 
prince, Roger I., son of 
Tancred, who took the title 

of count of Sicily 1080 

Roger II. united Sicily with 
Naples, and is crowned 
king of the Two Sicilies ... 1130 
Charles of Anjou, brother to 
St. Louis, king of France, 
conquered Naples and Si- 
cily, deposed the Norman 
princes, and made him- 
self king 1266 

The French, becoming hated 
by the Sicilians, a massacre 
of the invaders took place, 



SIC 



618 



SID 



one Frenchman only escap- 
ing 1288 

In the same year, Sicily 
seized by a fleet sent by 
the kings of Arragon, in 
Spain ; but Naples re- 
mained to the house of An- 

jou, which expired 1382 

Jane, the sovereign, having 
left her crown to Louis, 
duke of Anjou, his preten- 
sions resisted by Charles 
Durazzo, cousin of Jane, 
who ascended the throne... 1386 
Alphonsus, king of Arragon, 

took possession of Naples. . 1458 
The kingdom of Naples and 
Sicily united to the Span- 
ish monarchy 1504 

The tyranny of the Spaniards 
caused an insurrection in 
Naples, excited by Masa- 
niello, a fisherman, who, 
in fifteen days, raised two 
hundred thousand men ... 1647 
Henry, duke of Guise, taking 
advantage of the commo- 
tions, procured himself to 
be proclaimed king ; but 
was, in a few days, deli- 
vered up to the Spaniards 

by his adherents 1647 

Ceded to Victor, duke of 
Savoy, by the treaty of 

Utrecht 1713 

Ceded by him to the emperor 
Charles VI., Sardinia being 
given to him as an equiva- 
lent 1720 

The Spaniards having made 
themselves masters of both 
kingdoms, Charles, son of 
the king of Spain, ascend- 
ed the throne, with the 
ancient title renewed, of 

king of the two Sicilies 1734 

Order of St. Januarius insti- 
tuted by king Charles 1738 

The throne of Spain becom- 
ing vacant, Charles, the 
heir, vacated the throne of 
the Two Sicilies in favour 
of his brother Ferdinand, 

according to treaty 1759 

Dreadful earthquake at Mes- 



sina, which destroyed 
40,000 persons 1783 

Naples preserved Sicily from 
the power of the French, 
through the British forces 
under Admiral Nelson 1799 

Sicily occupied by a British 
force, under Lord William 
Bentinck 1803-4 

The French invaded Naples, 
deposed kingFerdinandlV., 
and gave the crown of the 
Two Sicilies to Joseph 
Bonaparte, brother to the 
emperor of the French ... 1806 

Joachim Murat raised to the 
throne of Naples 1808 

Ferdinand restored 1815 

Ineffectual attempt of the 
Sicilians to limit the royal 
prerogative, caused much 
Woodshed at Palermo and 
other towns 1820 

SOVEREIGNS OF THIS ISLAND. 

Victor Amadetis, duke of 
Savoy ; he resigned it to 
the emperor Charles VI., 
in 1718, and got Sardinia 

in lieu of it 1713 

Charles VI. emperor 1718 

Charles, second son to the 
king of Spain, resigned in 

1759 1734 

Ferdinand IV., third son of 

the former king 1759 

Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte 1806 
Joachim Murat shot, Oct. 13, 

1815 1808 

Ferdinand I. ; formerly Fer- 
dinand IV. of Naples, and 
intermediately Ferdinand 
III. of Sicily : now of the 
united kingdom of the Two 

Sicilies 1815 

Francis 1 1825 

Ferdinand II Nov. 8, 1830 

Sidon, an ancient and well- 
known town of Syria, recently 
taken from the Pacha of Egypt by 
the Turks, assisted by a British 
force under Admiral Stopford, 
Sept. 27, 1840. 

Side Saddles first used in Eng- 
land in 1399. 

Sidney, Algernon, the celebrated 



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619 



SIE 



patriot, put to death by Charles II., 
Dec. 7, 1683, under pretence of 
being concerned in the plot for which 
Lord William Eussell also suffered. 

Sidney, Sir Philip, killed at 
Zutphen, Sept. 22, 1586. 

Sidney, Maroon Negroes con- 
veyed there from Jamaica, 1792; 
the governor, Sir Charles McCar- 
thy, embarked for Cape Coast 
Castle, owing to a war with the 
Ashantees, and was killed in battle 
with them, Jan. 21, 1824; revenue 
of the colony, 1832, £9697 from 
colonial duties ; ,£7050 grant from 
England; population 1833, 29,764; 
between 1819 and 1833, the number 
of emancipated slaves was 27,697 ; 
the captured slaves in 8 years, be- 
tween 1819 and 1826, were 9502 in 
number. 

Sieges, Memorable; — Acre, 1192, 
by the commanders under Richard 
I. ; 1799, by Bonaparte, who had 
no artillery, it being taken at sea, 
was baffled by Sir Sidney Smith 
and his seamen, who aided the 
Turkish garrison in its defence ; by 
the British naval forces under Ad- 
miral Stopford and Sir Charles 
Napier, Nov. 3, 1840, when it was 
battered and stormed; Algesiras, 
1341 ; Algiers reduced by Blake ; 
bombarded by the French, 1691 ; 
by Lord Exmouth 1816; surren- 
dered to the French, July 5, 1830 ; 
the Dey deposed ; Almeida, Spain, 
Aug. 27, 1810; Amiens, 1597; 
Ancona, 1799; Angouleme, 1345 ; 
Antwerp, 1576 ; use of infernal 
machines, 1583, 1585, 1706, 1792, 
1814; Arras, 1414; Ath, 1745; 
Avignon, 1226 ; Azoff, 1736 ; Ba- 
dajoz, March 11, 1811; besieged by 
Wellington ; siege raised ; again 
raised, June 9; taken, April 6, 1812 ; 
Bagdad, 1248; Banbury, Oct. 27, 
1642 ; Bangalore, March 6, 1791 ; 
Barcelona, 1697, 1714; Bayonne, 
1451 ; Beauvais, 1472 ; Belgrade, 
1439, 1455, 1521, 1688, 1717, 1739, 
1789; Bellegarde, 1793, 1794; 
Belle-Isle, April 7, 1761 ; Bergen - 
op-Zoom, 1588, 1622, 1747, 1814 ; 
Berwick, 1293; Besancon, 1668, 



1674 ; Bethune, 1710 ; Bois-le-Duc, 
1603,1794; Bologna, 1512,1796; 
Bommel, 1794; Bonifacio, 1553; 
Bonn. 1587, 1689, 1703 ; Bordeaux, 
1451, 1653 ; Bouchain, 1676, 1711 ; 
Boulogne, 1445; Brannau, 1744, 
1805; Breda, 1590, 1625, 1793; 
Brescia, 1512, 1796, 1799 ; Breslau, 
Jan, 8, 1807; Brisac, 1638, 1703; 
Brussels 1695, 1746; Buda, 1526, 
1541, 1686; Burgos, Sept. 19, to 
Oct. 22, 1812, by Wellington un- 
successfully; the French in their 
retreat blew up the works, June 13, 
1813; Cadiz, 1812; Caen, 1346, 
1450; Calais, 1347; cannon used 
at Cressy, 1346, and here in 1347 ; 
here in 1388, 1558, 1596; Calvi, 
1794; Campo-Mayor, March 23, 
1811 ; Candia, the largest cannon 
used here by the Turks, 1667 ; Ca- 
pua, 1501 ; Carthagena, 1706 ; 
Castillon, 1452, 1586 ; Ceuta, 1790 ; 
Chalons, 1199 ; Chaleroi, 1672, 
1677, 1693, 1736, 1794 ; Chartres, 
1568, 1591; Chaves, March 25, 
1809; Cherburgh, 1450; Chichester, 
1643; Chinchilla, Oct. 30, 1812; 
Ciudad Roderigo, 1706; July 10, 
1810; July 19, 1812; Colburg, 
1760, 1807 ; Colchester, 1645 ; 
Compeigne "by Joan of Arc, 1430 ; 
Conde, 1676, 1792, 1794; Coni, 
1691, 1744 ; Constantinople, 1453 ; 
Copenhagen, 1700, 1801, 1807; 
Corfu, 1715 ; Coutray, 1302, 1794 ; 
Cracow, 1772 ; Cremona, 1702 ; 
Dantzic, 1734, 1793, 1807, 1813 to 
Jan. 12, 1814 ; Dendermonde, 1667; 
Dole, 1668, 1674; Douay, 1710; 
Dover, 1216 ; Dresden, 1745, 1813 ; 
Drogheda, 1649; Dublin, 1500; 
Dunkirk, 1646, 1793; Edinburgh, 
1093; Figueras, Aug. 19, 1811; 
Flushing, Aug. 15, 1809; Fonte- 
noy, 1242 : Frederickshal, — Charles 
XII. killed, 1718; Frederickstein, 
Aug. 13, 1814; Furnes, 1675, 1744, 
1793; Gaeta, 1433, 1707, 1734, 
1799, July 1806, 1815; Genoa, 
1747, 1800 ; Gerona, Dec. 10, 1809 ; 
Ghent, 1576, 1708 ; Gibraltar, 1704, 
1779, 1782 ; Glatz, 1742, 1807 ; 
Gottingen, 1760 ; Grantham, 1643 ; 
Graves, 1602, 1674, 1794; Grave- 



SIE 



620 



SIL 



lines, 1644; Grenada, 1491, 1492; 
Groningen, 1580, 1672, 1795; 
Guastella, 1702; Gueldres, 1637, 
1640, 1703 ; Haerlem, 1572, 1573 ; 
Ham, 1411; Harfleur, 1415, 1450; 
Heidelberg, 1688 ; Herat, June 28, 
1838; Huningen, 1815; Ismael, 
Suwarrow butchered 30,000 men, 
the brave garrison, and 6000 women, 
in cold blood, whence he got the 
name of the butcher of Ismael, 
Dec. 22, 1790; Kehl, 1733, 1796; 
Landau, 1702, 1713, 1792 and 1793 ; 
Landrecis, 1543, 1712 ; Laon, 991, 
1594; Leipsic, 1637, 1813; Lem- 
berg, 1704; Lerida, 1647, 1707, 
1807; Leyden, 1574; Liege, 1468, 
1702; Lille, 1667, 1708, 1792; 
Lillo, 1747 ; Limerick, 1651, 1691 ; 
Lincoln, June 1692 ; Londonderry, 
1689: Louisberg, 1758; Lyons, 
1793; Maestricht, 1576, 1673, 
whei-e Vauban first distinguished 
himself as an engineer, 1676, 1743, 
1794; Magdeburg, 1631, 1806; 
Malaga, 1487 ; Malta, 1565, 
1798, 1800 ; Mantua, 1734, 
1797, 1799 ; Marlborough, Oct. 27, 
1642; Marseilles, 1544; Mentz, 
attacked by Charles V., 1552; 1689, 
1792, 1797; Melun, 1420, 1559; 
Menin, 1706, 1744; Mequinenza, 
June 8, 1810 ; Messina, 1282, 1719 ; 
Metz, 1552 ; Mezieres, 1521 ; Mid- 
dleburgh, 1572; Mons, 1572, 1691, 
1709, 1746, 1792, 1794; Montargis, 
1427; Montauban, 1621; Monte- 
video, Jan. 1808; Mothe, — the 
French first practised the art of 
throwing shells, 1634; Murviedro, 
Oct. 25, 1811 ; Namur, 1692, 1746, 
1792; Naples, 1381, 1435, 1504, 
1557, 1792, 1799, 1806 ; Nice, 1705 ; 
Nieuport, 1745, 1794; Olivenza, 
Jan. 22, 1811; Olmutz, 1758; Or- 
leans, 1428, 1563; Ostend, 1701, 
1706, 1745 ; Oudenarde, 1708, 1745 ; 
Padua, 1509 ; Pampeluna, Oct. 31, 
1813; Paris, 1429, 1485, 1594; 
Parma, 1248; Pavia, 1525, 1655, 
1796; Perpignan, 1542,1642; Phi- 
lipville, 1578; Philipsburg, 1644, 
1675, 1688, — first experiment of 
artillery a-richochet, 1734, 1795; 
Plattsburg, Sept. 11, 1814; Pondi- 



cherry, 1748, 1792; Prague, 1741 
1743,1744; Quesnoy, 1794; Ren- 
nes, 1357 ; Eheims, 1359 ; Rhodes, 
1522 ; Riga, 1700, 1710 ; Rochelle, 
1573, 1627; Rome, 1527, 1798, 
1849; Romorentin, 1356; Rosas, 
1645, 1795, 1808; Rouen, 1449, 
1562, 1591; Roxburgh, 1460; 
St. Sebastian, Sept. 8, 1813 ; Sala- 
manca, June 27, 1812 ; Salisburv, 
1349; Saragossa, 1710, 1809; Sa- 
verne, 1675 ; Schweidnitz, — first use 
of globes of compression, 1762, 
1807; Scarborough castle, 1643; 
Scio, 1822; Seringapatam, 1799; 
Seville, 1096, 1248; Smolensko, 
1611; Soissons, 1414; Stralsund, 
1713, 1807 ; Tarifa, Dec. 20, 1811 ; 
Tarragona, May 1813 ; Temeswar, 
1716; Thionville, 1643, 1792; 
Thorn, 1703 ; Thouars, 1372, 1793 ; 
Tortosa, Jan. 2, 1811 ; Toulon, 
1707, 1793 ; Toulouse, 1217 ; Tour- 
nay, 1340, 1352, 1581, 1600, 1709, 
(this was the best defence ever drawn 
from countermines,) 1745, 1794 ; 
Treves, 1675 , Tunis, 1270, 1535 ; 
Turin, 1640, 1706, 1799 ; Urbino, 
1799; Valencia, Dec. 25, 1811; 
Valenciennes, 1677, 1794 ; Vannes, 
1343; Venloo, 1702, 1794; Verdun, 
1792 ; Vienna, 1529, 1683 ; Wake- 
field, 1460 ; Warsaw, Sept. 8, 1831 ; 
Xativa, 1707 ; Xeres, 1262 ; Ypres, 
1648, 1744, 1794; Zurich, 1544; 
Zutphen, 1572, 1586. 

Sienna nearly destroyed by an 
earthquake, May 1798. 

Sierra Leone, coast of Africa, 
established as a colony of blacks, 
for the purpose of the civilisation of 
that race, Dec. 9, 1787 : the settle- 
ment of Freetown plundered by the 
French, Sept. 1794. 

Sigismond, Emperor of Germany, 
visited England 1419. 

Signals at Sea, first used syste- 
matically by the duke of York, 
afterwards James II., 1665. 

Silk, Wrought, brought from 
Persia to Greece, 325 b.c. ; from 
India, a.d. 274 ; known at Rome in 
Tiberius's time, when a law passed 
in the senate prohibiting the use of 
plate of massy gold, and also for- 



SIL 



621 



SIL 



bidding men to debase themselves 
by wearing silk, fit only for wo- 
men ; Heliogabalus first wore a 
garment of silk, 220; silk- worms 
were brought to Em-ope 300 
years later; silk at first of the 
same value with gold, weight for 
weight, and thought to grow like 
cotton on trees, 220 ; the emperor 
Aurelian, who died in 275, denied 
his empress a robe of silk, because 
too dear ; silk introduced into Eu- 
rope by certain monks, 551 ; some 
monks who had been in India, in 
555, brought from thence silk- 
worms' eggs to Constantinople, 
where raw silk was in time pro- 
duced in abundance, and worked 
up into manufactures at Athens, 
Thebes, Corinth, &c. The first re- 
cord of silk in Britain is of a pre- 
sent by Charlemagne to Offa, king 
of Mercia, in 780, consisting of a 
belt and two silken vests. Silk is 
mentioned in a chronicle of the 
date 1286; some ladies wore silk 
mantles at a festival at Kenilworth 
about that period ; and, by other 
records, we find that silk was worn 
by the English clergy in 1534. 
Henry VIII. had the first pair of 
silk stockings that was ever seen 
in England, sent to him from 
Spain ; and Edward VI. had a pair 
of long silk hose from the same 
country, presented to him by Sir 
Thomas Gresham (who built the 
Eoyal Exchange), a present which 
was thought much of. In 1130, 
Greek manufacturers of silk were 
brought by Roger, king of Sicily, to 
Europe, and settled at Palermo, 
where they taught the Sicilians not 
only to breed up the silk- worms, but 
to spin and to weave silk, which art 
was carried afterwards to Italy and 
Spain, and also to the south of 
France, a little before Francis I., 
who brought it to Touraine ; Venice 
inveigled silk-weavers from Greece 
and Palermo in Sicily, 1207 ; silk 
goods were made in England from 
the time of Edward III., to a small 
extent ; silk mantles worn by some 
noblemen's ladies at a ball at Ke- 



nilworth Castle, in "Warwickshire, 
1486; silk more extensively ma- 
nufactured in England, 1604 ; first 
silk manufacture in France, 1421 ; 
raw silk not produced there for a 
long time afterwards ; silk-worms 
and mulberry-trees propagated by 
Henry IV. through all France, 
1589 ; silk-worms first brought to 
England, 1609 ; broad silk manu- 
facture from raw silk, introduced 
into England, 1620; Lombe's fa- 
mous silk-throwing machine, erect- 
ed at Derby, 1719 ; it contained 
26,586 wheels; one water-wheel 
moves the whole, and in a day and 
a night it works 318,504,960 yards 
of organzine silk ; silk first imported 
from Virginia, 1730 ; from Georgia, 
1735 ; from Persia through Russia, 
1742 ; silk goods imported from 
India and China into England, 
1833, 298,5801bs. ; and in 1849, 
511,1301bs. ; no less than £5,000,000 
supposed to be spent on silk within 
the united kingdom, 1849. 

Silk, duties on importation upon 
raw and thrown, wholly ceased, 
1845 ; the total raw, waste, and 
thrown silk, imported 1849, was 
6,226,1791bs. ; in 1765, only 
715,0001bs. were imported, under 
prohibitory duties, and 20 years 
after, only 881,0001bs. 

Silk, British manufactured silk 
goods exported, 1849, value of, 
£998,334; employed in this branch 
of manufacture, 30,682 persons in 
1835; in 1839, 33,470 persons; 
there were 268 mills at work, and 
23 empty in the same year. 

Silver Mine discovered in Brit- 
tany, Nov. 1730 ; also in Cornwall, 
pure; at Huel, Mexico, 1797, and 
in numerous combinations with 
other ores ; in the lead of Cumber- 
land and in Devon, 1294; mines of 
South America, in Peru and Chili, 
discovered in abundance, as well as 
in Mexico ; in Potosi, 1545 ; at 
Cusco, 1712 ; in 1749, a mass of na- 
tive silver 3701bs weight sent to 
Spain ; a piece of silver dug up in 
Norway weighed 5601bs. 

Silver Plate first used in Eng- 



SIN 



622 



SKI 



land by Wilfred, a Northumbrian 
bishop, a lofty and ambitious 
churchman, 709; silver cups and 
spoons esteemed great luxuries, 
1300. 

Silver Penny, the largest coin in 
England, 1302. 

Silver raised from 3s. 9d. to 4s. 
per ounce, 1544. 

Simnel, Lambert, set up for the 
crown against Henry VIII ; crown- 
ed king in Ireland, 1487 ; pardoned, 
and made a scullion of in the king's 
kitchen, and afterwards one of his 
falconers. 

Skippon made major-general of 
the city of London militia, Jan., 
1642 ; ordered to attend the king at 
York, but declined, May 17 ; 
obliged to lay down his arms in 
Cornwall, 1644. 

Simonians, a sect of Christians, 
so called from Simon Magus or the 
magician, who was denominated 
the first heretic ; as similar leaders 
of new and wild doctrines are, he was 
vain and presumptuous; great 
numbers followed him, 57 ; a sect 
called St. Simonians appeared in 
France, and was lectured upon 
in this country together, Jan. 
1834; but their leaders had not 
sufficient extravagance, nor were 
their doctrines attractive enough to 
secure multitudinous ignorance. 

Simon, St., and St. Jude's festi- 
vals, instituted 1090. 

Simplon, The, anciently called 
Mons Caspionis, is one of the lof- 
tiest of the Italian Alps. The new 
military road was planned by Na- 
poleon in 1801 ; it extends from 
Geneva to Milan, a distance of 47| 
posts, or 245 miles, and it was 
finished in 1805, after three years' 
incessant labour, upwards of 30,000 
men being constantly employed in 
the undertaking, at the joint ex- 
pense of the kingdoms of France 
and Italy. 

Simpson's Hospital, Dublin, for 
the blind and gouty, founded 1780. 

Singing Psalms, a very ancient 
practice, which dates from the earliest 
ages of Christianity, and the time 



of the apostles ; Pope Gregory re- 
fined the church music, and insti- 
tuted singing schools in Koine, 
602. 

Sinking Fund, this is said to have 
been first projected by Sir Robert 
Walpole ; it was carried out by Pitt, 
who having a surplus of £900,000 
increased to £1,000,000, it was to be 
devoted inviolably to the reduction 
of the national debt, by an act pass- 
ed in March 1786 ; this system was 
pursued through the whole life of 
that statesman, and as long as his 
party remained in power, although 
no surplus existed, and thus the 
whole affair became a delusion. 

Sincerity, order of knighthood, 
founded in Saxony, 1690. 

Sion House or Abbey, Middlesex, 
built 1414. 

Sion College, London Wall, 
founded 1623, incorporated 1664, 
on the site of an old nunnerv ; 
in 1623, Dr. Thomas White be- 
queathed. £3000 towards a college 
and almshouses, and the present 
was erected by his executors, and 
held by charters of incorporation 
of Charles I. and II., 1630, 1664. 

Sir William Curtis, packet, 
struck the ground fifty yards outside 
Ostend pier-head, when Mrs. Carle- 
ton, her daughter, and a female - 
servant were drowned, Oct. 29, 
1815. 

Six Clerks' Office, Chancery- 
Lane, built 1770 ; they were once 
forbidden to marry, but in the reign 
of Henry VIII. permission was giv- 
en without forfeiture of their places, 
1533 ; they were once called 
Clerici, like some other lumber of 
that grievous court: their offices 
were discontinued, 1842. 

Sixteen, the Faction of, so nam- 
ed, arose at Paris, 1587. 

Sixtus V., Pope, originally a 
pig-drover, and made pope 1585. 

Skeleton, one dug up in the 
Isle of Wight, supposed to have 
been buried 600 years before, 1807. 

Skins, these raw were used in 
the North of England and Scotland 
to boil meat in, as late as 1327. 



SLA 



623 



SLA 



Skipton Castle, Yorkshire, built 
just subsequent to the Norman eon- 
quest. 

Slave, the drudge of the more 
powerful in the rudest ages of the 
world, transmitted to more civilized 
times and nations, who add to its 
justification by the rule of the 
strongest, that of self-interest ; the 
slave's injustice tainted most of the 
ancient nations, and the captives 
made in war by the Cesars and Alex- 
anders, were treated in the same way 
as the savages of Dahomey and Con- 
go treat theirs in the present day ; 
civilised nations that rank highest, 
have abolished slavery throughout 
their dominions, and those who par- 
tially retain it feel the stigma that 
attaches to a crime ; the power of 
life and death over the slave was 
exercised at Rome, under the Cesars, 
50 ; the English peasantry were sold 
as slaves in the market in feudal 
times ; children were sold for ex- 
portation, by the lords of the land, 
even as late as the time of Edward 
VL, and the enactments regarding 
the treatment of the villein, by this 
prince, were as harsh as those prac- 
tised on the blacks in the West In- 
dies within human memory ; brand- 
ing on the breast or face, starvation, 
beating, chaining, iron rings round 
the legs, and perpetual slavery, 
were the Christian bounties on the 
poor peasant enacted during the 
reign of him, 1547, who is so much 
lauded as the establisher ot the faith 
of one who laid down the divine 
maxim, "do as you would be done 
unto ; " the law of slavery was set- 
tled by the Saxon Ina, 622; the 
Portuguese began it, 1443 ; the Eng- 
glish 1562 ; the latter possessed the 
assiento, or contract for supplying 
the colonies of Spain with slaves, 
4800 annually, from the treaty of 
Utrecht to 1748. In some years the 
slaves from Africa reached 100,000 ; 
slaves obtained their freedom by ar- 
rival in England, 1772 ; slavery 
abolished in Austria, June 26, 
1782 ; slave-trade debated in par- 
liament, 1787; regulated, 1788; 



debate for its abolition lasted two 
days, April, 1791 ; again, 1792 ; sla- 
very was abolished in Pennsylvania 
and "Massachusetts, 1793; in France, 
1795, 1815 ; between 1792 and 1807 it 
was shown to the English govern- 
ment incontrovertibly, that 3,500,000 
Africans had been kidnapped and ex - 
ported from their native shores, to 
perish at sea, or die of oppression, 
1815 ; the freedom of all British slaves 
purchased under a special act, and 
£20,000,000 voted for the purpose 
by parliament, 1833 ; slavery was 
abolished by treaty with Spain, 1817, 
yet she still winks at it in Cuba ; 
with the Netherlands, May 1818; 
with Brazil, 1826 : the United States 
of America had previously abolished 
the trade, though slavery existed 
still in some of the States ; they 
were first imported into America, 
1508 ; slave trade began with Eng- 
land, 1563 ; in South America, 
1550; abolished by the Quakers, 
1784 ; the whole importation is 
computed, by Abbe Raynal, to 
have been 9,000,000 of slaves, at 
the rate of 60,000 annually ; Abbe 
Raynal also says, that there are 
in America and the islands of 
the West Indies, fully 1,400,000. 
In 1768, 

Great Britain purchased 53,100 

America 6,300 

Prance 23,500 

Holland 11,300 

Portugal 8,700 

Denmark 1,200 

Total 104,100, at about £15 
each, which amounts to £1,582,000 
sterling, but bought by barter. 
In 1793, they sold on an average 
for £30 or £35 each. In 1788, 
the slaves in the West India 
Islands belonging to Great Britain, 
were in 

Jamaica 174,000 

Barbadoes 80,000 

Antigua 36,000 

Grenada and the 

Grenadines 40,000 

St. Christopher 27,000 

Dominica 15,000 

St. Vincent 15,000 



SLI 



624 



SNO 



Anguilla, Tortola, , 

&c 14,000 

Nevis 10,000 

Montserrat 9,000 



Total 420,000 
Sir John Hawkins was the first 
Englishman who made a traffic of 
the human species ; his first expe- 
dition for procuring negroes on the 
coast of Africa, and conveying 
them for sale to the West Indies, 
was in October, 1563. In the year 
1786, England employed 130 ships, 
and carried off 42,000 slaves ; such 
was the extent of British participa- 
tion in this crime, that at the pe- 
riod of slave emancipation in the 
British plantations in 1833, the 
number of slaves, which had been 
considerably more, amounted to 
770,280 ; the slave-trade question 
was debated in parliament in 1787 ; 
the debate for its abolition lasted two 
days, in April, 1791 ; the motion of 
Mr. Wilberforce was lost by a ma- 
jority of 88 to 83, April 3, 1798. 
After other efforts, the question was 
introduced under the auspices of 
Lord Grenville and Mr. Fox, March 
31, 1806, and the trade finally abo- 
lished, March 25, 1807 : it was un- 
der the auspicious reign of William 
IV. that the noble act of slave abo- 
lition was carried throughout the 
British empire, and under an ad- 
ministration of which some remain- 
ed who had assisted, as on this se- 
cond occasion, in carrying the aboli- 
tion of the trade : £20,000,000 ster- 
ling was paid, and 770,280 of our 
fellow- men saw the dawn of free- 
dom break upon them — they were 
slaves no more, Aug., 1834; the 
opponents of the measure grudged 
the sum, but £800,000,000 wasted 
in merciless and useless wars might 
not inappropriately afford something 
to the balance on the side of hu- 
manity. 

Slaves of Virtue, order of knight- 
hood so called in Germany, began 
1662. 

Slippers first came into use in 
England, 1570. 



Slingsby, Sir Henry, governor of 
Hull, and Dr. Hewitt, beheaded on 
Tower Hill, June 8, 1658. 

Sluts, Naval Battle of, in which 
Edward III. vanquished the French ; 
230 French vessels were taken, and 
30,000 killed, with 2 admirals ; the 
English loss was very small, June 
24, 1340. 

Smallpox, Hospital for, Cold- 
bath Fields, began Sept. 26, 1746 ; 
inoculation for, introduced 1718 by 
Lady Mary Wortly Montague. 

Smithfield, London, first levelled 
and paved, 1615. 

Smalcald, Treaty of, Franconia, 
1529. 

Smolensko, Battle of, between 
the French and Russians ; the for- 
mer, three times repulsed, at length 
drove the Russians before them, and 
entered the smoking ruins of Smo- 
lensko, which had been bombarded ; 
the Russians were commanded by 
Barclay de Tolly, and the battle 
was one of the most sanguinary of 
modern times, Aug. 17, 1812. 

Smugglers' Act passed, 1736 ; mi- 
tigated, 1781 ; new provisions, 
1784 ; revision of, 1826. 

Smyrna nearly destroyed by an 
earthquake, April, 1730 ; and by a 
fire, June 20, 1742 ; had the plague 
1743, 1752 ; the Armenian quarter 
burnt, May 14, 1753 ; had the 
plague, 1758, 1760; dreadful fires 
in, 1763 and 1772 ; and earthquakes 
and fire, in 1778 ; in March, 1796, 
which destroyed 4000 shops, 2 large 
mosques, 2 public baths, and all the 
magazines and provisions, to the 
value of 10,000,000 crowns ; a riot 
there by the Sclavonians, occa- 
sioned the janissaries to destroy the 
theatre and property of the Chris- 
tians, to the amount of £100,000, 
when between 12 and 1300 persons 
lost their lives, May, 1797 ; dreadful 
fire in, June 10, 181 1. 

Snow for eleven days, 1762 ; re- 
markably deep in 1731 and 1736 ; 
7000 Swedes perished in a storm of 
snow upon the mountains of Rudel 
and Tydel, in their march to attack 
Drontheim, in 1719; great fall of 



soc 



625 



SOC 



snow in every part of England, in 
Jan., 1814; considerable fall of 
snow in the counties of Cambridge 
and Huntingdon, by which much 
damage was done to the gardens, 
Sept. 2, 1816. 

Snow Hill, act of parliament pass- 
ed for the improvement of, June 26, 
1795. 

Snuff-taking originated with 
Catherine de Medicis — it was called 
Herbe a laReine, 1560; large quan- 
tities taken at Vigo by Sir George 
Rooke, 1702, which introduced it into 
England ; 196,305 lbs. of snuff were 
entered for home consumption in 
1840. 

Soap first manufactured at Lon- 
don and Bristol, 1524 ; soap-boilers 
incorporated, 1632. 

Soap, Consumption of, and duty 
in the following years; repealed 
1853 :— 

1801 52,947,037 lbs. 

1811 73,527,700 „ 

1821 92,941,326 „ 

1831 103,121,577 „ 

1841 170,280,641 „ 

1845 190,187,163 „ 

1849 197,632,280 „ 

In 1801 there were 624 makers ; in 
1849, only 333. The duty in 1801 
was ll^d. per head; in 1849, Is. 2|d. 
The consumption in 1801 being 
4-841bs. per head ; in 1849, 9711bs. 

Sobkaon, Battle of, in India; the 
British, 35,000 men, attacked the 
Sikh forces on the Sutlej, in which 
after a hard contest they succeeded ; 
and the Sikhs in retreating over the 
bridge they had placed in their rear, 
it gave way, and a great number 
were drowned; the English army 
lost 2383 men. 

Social Improvement : — in the 
united kingdom, 1831, of 5,812,216 
males, twenty years of age and up- 
wards, 5,466,182 were engaged in 
some calling or profession, viz. — 

In agriculture 2,470,111 

Trade and manufac- 
tures 1,888,768 

Labour, not agricul- 
tural 698,588 

Domestic service 132,811 



Bankers, clergy, pro- 
fessional, &c 275,904 

There remained 346,094 unemploy- 
ed, or 6 per cent. In 1841, the 
number of unemployed persons in 
Great Britain was only 274,482 ; 
Ireland is not here included. The 
number of males living above 70 
years old, in Great Britain only, in 
1841, was 236,037, deducting those 
supposed to be past work, and there 
were only eight persons per thou- 
sand in England, Wales, and Scot- 
land, who lived without any em- 
ployment. 

Socialism, the doctrine supported 
by Robert Owen, the founder of the 
sect so called ; but the success has 
not been proportional to the efforts 
made to extend doctrines out of 
the common course of things, Jan. 
24, 1834. 

Societies, or Companies, estab- 
lished in London, first, 1198. 

Society for the relief of persons 
confined for small debts, commenced 
1772. 

Society, Medical, of Dublin, es- 
tablished 1785. 

Society for the relief of the wi- 
dows and orphans of medical men, 
instituted 1788. 

Society for bettering the condi - 
tion of the poor, instituted 1796. 

Society for abolishing the com- 
mon method of sweeping chimneys, 
commenced 1802. 

Society, National, for promoting 
the education of the poor in the 
principles of the established church, 
1811. 

Society- of Ladies at Liverpool, 
for converting female Jews to the 
Protestant religion, 1812, 

Society for the suppression of 
begging, instituted at Edinburgh, 
1813. 

. Society of the houseless in Lon- 
don, founded Jan. 14, 1820. 

Society Islands, in the Pacific 
Ocean, 1765. 

Socinus, the founder of the So- 

cinians, who taught that Christ was 

a man who had no existence as 

such before he was conceived of the 

2s 



SOM 



626 



SOB 



Virgin; that the Holy Ghost was 
not a distinct person, and that the 
Father was only and truly God; 
that Christ died to give mankind an 
exalted example of virtue, and to 
seal his doctrines with his death ; 
original sin and the atonement they 
did not admit, 1556; Socinus died 
1562. 

Socrates put to death 396 b.c, 
aged 70. 

Sodor and Man ; the former of 
these words has exercised the skill 
of the antiquary, hut it is said to be 
derived from the isle on which the 
cathedral is situated — Sodor holme 
ox peel; bishopric of, founded 447. 

Soil, increase of income from, 
between 1820 and 1830, shown by 
the increase of luxuries and sources 
of amusement, and by the articles of 
supply. Gamekeepers increased 
from 3445 to 3920: under-game- 
keepers, from 345 to 594; sporting 
dogs, from 126,446 to 131,499 ; race- 
horses, from 674 to 929 ; farming- 
bailiffs, from 858 to 1518 ; and gen- 
tlemen keeping for their own use 
twenty horses and upwards, from 
1124 to 1214 ; and those having 
eleven men-servants and upwards, 
from 4202 to 4285. All these, save 
the latter two, appertain strictly to 
the soil, seeing that there are per- 
haps not half a dozen gentlemen 
throughout the whole kingdom who 
keep, for their own use, so many 
horses and men-servants, without 
being landed proprietors. 

Soissons, one -third of the town 
of, destroyed, and many lives lost, 
by an explosion of gunpowder, 
Oct. 13, 1815. 

Solar System discovered by Py- 
thagoras, a.c. 500, the sun being in 
the centre, and the planets moving 
round it ; Copernicus revived that 
system, and Newton confirmed it, 
1695. 

Solar Year found to consist of 
365 days, 5 hours, and 40 minutes, 
by Dionysius of Alexandria, 285 ; 
introduced into use by Julius Csesar, 
45 years before Christ. 

Soldiers forbidden by act of par- 



liament to be quartered in private 
houses, Sept. 16, 1679. 

Solomon Islands discovered by 
Alvarez de Mendoza, 1527 ; sought 
for in vain by Captain Cook. 

Solebay, Battle of, between the 
English and the Dutch, the former 
under the Duke of York (James IT.) ; 
the Dutch were .pursued to their 
own coasts, and a number of ships 
and several thousand men destroved, 
May 20, 1672. 

Solway Moss, on the Scottish 
border, ten miles from Carlisle, be 
gan to swell owing to heavy rains, 
and upwards of 400 acres of it rose 
to such a height above the level of 
the ground, that at last it rolled 
forward like a torrent, and conti- 
nued its course above a mile, sweep- 
ing along with it houses, trees, and 
every thing in its way ; it then di- 
vided into islands of different ex- 
tent, from one to ten feet deep. It 
covered near 600 acres at Netherby, 
to which it removed, and destroyed 
about thirty small villages. It con- 
tinued in motion from Saturday the 
4th, to Dec. 31, 1771. 

Sombrero Island, uninhabited ; 
upon. that desert rock Robert Jef- 
frey, a sailor on board a man-of- 
war, was landed by the Hon. Cap- 
tain M. Lake, for the offence of 
having tapped a barrel of beer 
when the ship was on short allow- 
ance ; the poor fellow supported 
himself for eight days upon limpets 
and water, when an American ves- 
sel, accidentally touching at the rock, 
saved him from perishing ; the man 
returned to England, and the case 
was brought before parliament ; the 
man had received a compensation 
of £600 from Captain Lake; but 
that officer was tried by a court- 
martial, and discharged the service, 
Feb. 10, 1810. 

Somerset the Black, a slave who 
had been brought to England, and, 
being in a bad state of health, was 
turned adrift by his master to starve ; 
he was found by Granville Sharpe, 
who succoured him, and got him 
restored to health, on which his 



sou 



627 



SOU 



master claimed him again ; Mr. 
Sharpe resisted, and the law courts 
decided there could be no slave in 
England, June 22, 1772. 

Somerset House, Strand, Lon- 
don, built 1549 ; pulled down 1776, < 
and began to be rebuilt in its pre- 
sent state ; the navy-office, pipe- 
office, victualling-office, and other 
public offices, removed into it in 
1788; terrace fell clown, Dec. 27, 
1788 ; had £306,134 : : 9| granted 
by parliament to defray the ex- 
pense of its erection to the year 
1789, and £1500 additional in 1798, 
and £2550 in 1801 ; the east wing, 
called King's College, was erected 
in 1833. 

Somers' Island first named and 
settled, 1609. 

Somers, Lord, impeached,. May 
13, 1701. 

Somerset, the Duke of, behead- 
ed 1531. 

Somerset, the Duke of, dischar- 
ged from court for refusing to attend 
the pope's nuncio, July 3, 1687. 

Somerton Castle, near Newark, 
Lincolnshire, built 1305. 

Sophi, the title of the Persian 
sovereign, so called from the name 
adopted by Eatima, the daughter 
of Mahomet, 632. 

Sophia, Mosque of, once -a Chris- 
tian church, and still the oldest ap- 
plied to the purpose existing, built 
568. 

Sophia Dorothy, heiress of the 
house of Luneburgh and Zell, 
queen of George I. in England, died 
Nov. 2, 1726 ; separated in conse- 
quence of his unfounded jealousy 
of her. 

Sorbonne, Robert de, founder of 
the college, 1253 ; he died 1274. 

Sorcerers andrMagicians, a law 
enacted against them, 28 Henry 
VIII., 1541 ; again, with more se- 
verity, by Elizabeth, 1563 ; the of- 
fence of pretending to sorcery and 
witchcraft, or conversing with or 
feeding devils or evil spirits, made 
capital by king James I. This mi- 
serable monarch, the persecutor of 
Raleigh, the greatest drunkard of 



his court, and one of the most des- 
picable in his habits, wrote " Dia- 
logues of Demonologie;" a degrad- 
ed parliament, to flatter him, passed 
such an absurd and cruel law, 1603 ; 
the clergy in consequence became 
witchfinders, officers called witch- 
finders made themselves everywhere 
busy, even the populace united the 
ignorance of the court to its own, 
and sacrificed its victims without 
form of law; yet had Bacon and 
Raleigh,, and names that will ever 
shine in English history, long before 
taught better things. The victims 
on these absurd charges in 200 
years, were estimated at 30,000. 

Soudan or Sultan of Egypt, the 
title first taken by the celebrated 
Salaclin, 1165. 

Sound flies at the rate of 1107 
feet in a second,, by experiments 
with cannon at Paris, 1738 ; the fire 
of the British cannon on the land- 
ing of the army in Egypt, was 
heard 130 miles at sea. 

Soundings at Sea;- 900 miles weft 
of St. Helena, the depth was found 
to be 5000 fathoms ; 300 miles in 
another direction from the Cape, 
2268 fathoms found bottom with a 
weight of 450 lbs. in 1840 ; another 
sounding in the South Atlantic 
gave eight miles ; and a second in a 
part of the sea supposed " out of 
soundings,"' in other words, having 
a depth of 400 or 500i was found to 
have only from 70 to 80 fathoms,, 
and the ship came to an anchor 
over the spot, to the wonder of pass- 
ing vessels, 1850. 

Sound, the passage between Swe- 
den and Denmark, so called from 
Elsineur to the other shore ; Den- 
mark has exacted a toll from all 
vessels passing into the Baltic since 
134-8, a usage which it is singular 
is still submitted' to ; in the follow- 
ing years, the A r essels thus enume- 
rated passed from the high seas into 
the Baltic : — 

T8S1. 185°. 

British 2811 3902 

Danish 1518 146+ 

Prussian 2664 2319 



sou 



628 



SO V 



1851. 1852. 

Dutch 2060 1691 

Norwegian 2894 3020 

Swedish 2255 2100 

Hanoverian 661 545 

Kussian 1047 946 

Mecklenburgh...l077 771 

French 288 283 

American 134 76 

Hamburgh and 

Lubec 202 182 

Bremen and Bel- 
gium 40 24 

Neapolitan and 

Greek 43 49 

Oldenburg 222 183 

Spanish and Por- 
tuguese 8 

Austrian & South 
American 3 — 



19,919 17,563 

Passage of the Sound forced by Nel- 
son and Sir Hyde Parker, with the 
British fleet, April 2, 1801. 

Southam, Warwickshire, 40 
houses burned at, March 25, 1742. 

Southampton old town destroyed, 
1338 ; Watergate built soon after- 
wards ; East gate and walls built 
1338; West gate, 1552; new pier 
opened at, July 8, 1833 ; new dock 
at, 1850; tonnage entered at, and 
vessels : — 

1851 692 arrived, 176,162 tonnage 
490 departed,163,007 do. 

1852 821 arrived, 207,846 do. 
, -539 departed, 172, 658 do. 

Southcot, Johanna, the founder 
of another of those religious sects 
which have recently been so nu- 
merous in England and America, 
born 1753, died Dec. 27, 1814. 
She had many followers. Among the 
uneducated and credulous believers 
in her revelations, were one or two 
whose positions in life might have 
been expected to lead them better. 

South Saxon kingdom, began 
391, ended 754. 

South Sea Bubble ; this company 
began May 6, 1710, incorporated 
bv statute, May 6, 1716 ; Aug. 17, 
1720, the stock fell to 830 from 
1000, and soon after to 820 ; Aug. 



22, the bubbles on foot at this time 
amounted to £300,000,000 sterling 
in amount, the larger part moon- 
shine ; on the 26th, the stock fell 
to 800 : it was agreed by the direc- 
tors that 30 per cent should be the 
half-year's dividend at Christmas, 
1720, and that for 12 years after- 
wards 50 per cent should be the 
annual dividend ; still the stock 
sank by Sept. 8, to 640, and by 
Sept. 19, to 400; Sept. 30, the 
stock fell to 150 ; thousands were 
ruined, and public credit shaken : 
the officials of the company were 
restrained, by act of parliament, 
from quitting England ; those con- 
nected with the crown were remov- 
ed ; £2000 was offered for the ap- 
prehension of the cashier, Knight, 
who had left the kingdom ; Messrs 
Aislabie and Sir George Caswell 
were expelled from the House of 
Commons, March 8, 1721 ; shares 
of £100 rose in value to £1000 
during the mania ; many distin- 
guished persons took shares ; the 
estates of all the managers were 
seized to a large amount and for- 
feited : South Sea house, fire at, 
April 11, 1826. 

Southwark governed by its own 
bailiffs until 1327; formed into a 
ward of London 1556 ; the borough 
of, contained in 1841, 197,412 in- 
habitants and 16,547 electors; 
bridge of, began Sept. 23, 1814 ; 
finished March 26, 1819 ; made of 
iron with stone piers, cost £800,000, 
weight of iron, 5308 tons ; first re- 
gulated, 1743 ; abolished, 1762. 

Southwell Minster, Notting- 
ham, founded 630. 

Southwell Palace, Newark, 
Nottinghamshire, built 1518. 

Sovereign, a gold coin of 20s. va- 
lue, 34 Henry VII L; in temp. Edward 
VI. made to pass for 24s. and 30s.; the 
sovereigns of George III., issued 
from the mint 1816, made current 
at 20s. 

Sovereigns of England from 
William the Norman, with the du- 
ration of their reigns, and the total 
cost of each reign : — . 



sov 



629 



SOV 



Sovereigns. 


Began to Reign. 


Reigned 
Y. M. D. 


Cost each 
Year. 


Total Cost of 
each Reign. 


William I. 


1066, Oct. 14 


20 10 28 


£400,000 


£8,400,000 


William II. 


1087, Sept. 9 


12 10 24 


360,000 


4,550,000 


Henry I. 


1100, Aug. 2 


35 3 29 


300,000 


10,500,000 


Stephen of 










Rlois. 


1135, Dec. 1 


18 10 24 


250,000 


4,750,000 




FAMILY OF PLANTAGENET. 




Henry II. 


1154, Oct. 25 


34 8 11 1 


200,000 


7,000,000 


Richard I. 


1189, July 6 


9 9 


159,000 


1,500,000 


John 


1199, April 6 


17 6 13 


100,000 


1,700,000 


Henry III. 


1216, Oct. 19 


56 28 


80,000 


4,170,000 


Edward I. 


1272, Nov. 16 


34 7 21 


150,000 


5,250,000 


Edward II. 


1307, July 7 


19 6 18 


100,000 


2,000,000 


Edward III. 


1327, Jan. 25 


50 4 27 


151,139 


7,700,450 


Richard II. 


1377, June 21 


22 3 8 


130,000 


2,850,000 




BRANCH OF LANCASTE 


R. 




Henry IV. 


1399, Sept. 29 


13 5 20 


100,000 


1,400,000 


Henry V. 


1413, March 20 


9 5 11 


76,643 


689,787 


Henry VI. 


1422, Aug. 31 


38 6 4 


61,976 


2,531,064 


Edward IV. 


1461, March 4 


,22 1 5 


100,000 


2,200,000 


Edward V. 


1483, April 9 


2 13 






Richard III. 


1483, June 23 


2 2 


100,000 


200,000 




HOUSE OF TUDOR. 






Henry VII. 


1485, Aug. 22 


23 8 


400,000 


10,600,000 


Henry VIII. 


1509, April 22 


37 9 6 


800,000 


30,100,000 


Edward VI. 


1547, Jan. 28 


6 5 8 


400,000 


2,400,000 


Mary 


1553, July 6 


5 4 11 


450,000 


2,250,000 


Elizabeth 


1558, Nov. 17 


44 4 7 


500,000 


22,500,000 




FAMILY OF STUART 






James I. 


1603, March 24 


22 3 


600,000 


13,230,000 


Charles I. 


1625, March 27 


23 10 3 


395,819 


23,199,655 


Charles II. 


1649, Jan. 30 


36 7 


1,800,090 


64,800,000 


James II. 


1685, Feb. 6 


4 7 


2,001,855 


8,007,420 


Wm. & Mary 


1689, Eeb. 13 


13 23 


3,342,778 


72,127,502 


Anne 


1702, March 8 


12 4 24 


9,597,924 


122,373,531 




HOUSE OF HANOVE1 


i. 




George I. 


1714, Aug. 1 


12 10 10 


6,388,572 


79,832,160 


George II. 


1727, June 11 


33 4 14 


8,249,247 


276,349,773 


George III. 


1760, Oct. 25 


59 3 4 


39,786,000 


2,357,441,262 


George IV. 


1820, Jan. 29 


10 4 26 


5,761,318 


57,613,180 
331,291,458 


William IV. 


1830, June 26 


7 


47,327,351 



SPA 



630 



SPA 



Spa Fields Meeting, when 30,000 
persons assembled to address the 
Prince Regent on behalf of the dis- 
tressed manufacturers, Nov. 15, 
1816 ; a second meeting, Dec. 2, 
terminated in a riot, the shops of 
several gunsmiths were attacked, 
and in the shop of Mr. Beckwith, 
on Snowhill, a Mr. Piatt was 
wounded, much mischief being done 
before peace was restored. 

Space, Occupation of, by diffe- 
rent substances ; in 1751, Jedediah 
Buxton of Elmton proved, that one 
cubic inch contained 200 barley 
corns, 300 wheat corns, 512 rye 
corns, 180 oats, 40 peas, 25 beans, 
80 vetches, 100 lentils, 2304 hairs of 
an inch in length. 

Spain, New, in America, disco- 
vered 1518 ; settled 1520. 

Spain, Old, colonized by the 
Phoenicians and Carthaginians ; 
the Romans became its masters 
206 a.c. ; ancient Boetica being the 
modern Andalusia and Grenada, 
the remainder going under the de- 
nomination of Tarragona ; the pre- 
sent provinces were once indepen- 
dent kingdoms ; the country became 
one kingdom about 414. 
The Vandals and Suevi wrest- 
ed the country from the 

Romans a.d. 412 

The Visigoths entered Spain 
under their leader Euric, 
and overturned the Roman 

power entirely 472 

The Saracens from Arabia, 
invaded the country and 

conquered it 711 

Pelagius, a royal Visigoth, 
proclaimed king of As- 

turias 718 

Alphonsus II. refusing to pay 
the Saracens the annual 
tribute of 100 virgins, war 
declared ; Alphonsus victo- 
rious, obtained the appella- ■ 

tion of " the Chaste " 791 

Inigo, first king of Navarre, 

&c* 830 

Ferdinand I., count of Castile, 

took the title of king 1020 

Union of Navarre and Castile 1031 



The kingdom of Arragon 
commenced under Rami- 
rez 1 1035 

Leon and Asturias united to 
Castile 1037 

Portugal taken from the Sa- 
racens by Henry of Bour- 
bon 1087 

The Saracens, beset on all 
sides, called in the aid of 
the Moors from Africa, who 
seized the dominions they 
came to protect, and sub- 
dued the Saracens 1091 

The Moors defeated by Al- 
phonsus I. of Navarre 1118 

Twelve Moorish kings over- 
come in one great battle ... 1135 

University of Salamanca 
founded 1200 

Leon and Castile re-united ... 1226 

Cordova, the residence of the 
first Moorish kings, taken 
by Ferdinand of Castile and 
Leon 1236 

The kingdom of Granada be- 
gun by the Moors 1238 

Reign of Alphonsus the wise 1252 

The crown of Navarre passed 
to the royal family of 
France 1276 

200,000 Moors invaded Spain 1327 

Defeated by Alphonsus XL 
with great slaughter 1340 

The infant Don Henriquez, 
son of John the First of 
Castile, first had the title 
of prince of Asturias 1388 

Ferdinand II. of Arragon 
married Isabella of Castile ; 
nearly the whole Christian 
dominions of Spain united 
in one monarchy 1474 

Granada taken ; and the 
power of the Moors finally 
extirpated by Ferdinand ... 1492 

Columbus sent from Spain to 
explore the western world . 1492 

Ferdinand conquered the 
greater part of Navarre ... 1512 

Accession of the house of Aus- 
tria to the throne of Spain 1516 

Charles V. of Spain and Ger- 
many retired from the 
world 1556 



SPA 



631 



SPA 



Philip II. commenced his per- 
secution of the Protestants . 1561 

The Escurial began 1562 

Portugal united to Spain 1580 

The Invincible Spanish Ar- 
mada destroyed 1588 

Philip III. banished the Moors 
and their descendants, to 
the number of 900,000, from 
Spain 1610 

Philip IV. lost Portugal 1640 

Gibraltar taken by the Eng- 
lish 1704 

Philip V. invaded Naples ... 1714 

Charles III., king of the Two 
Sicilies, succeeded to the 
crown 1759 

Battle of Cape St. Vincent, 

Feb. 14, 1797 

Spanish treasure ships, val- 
ued at 3,000,000 dollars, 
seized by the English, 

Oct. 29, 1804 

Battle of Trafalgar ...Oct. 21, 1805 

Sway of the Prince of Peace . 1806 

The French entered Spain ... 1807 

Conspiracy of the prince of 
Asturias against his father, 

July 25, 1807 

Treaty of Fontainbleau, Oct. 27, 1807 

The French took Madrid, 

March, 1808 

The Prince of Peace dismissed 
by the king of Spain, 

March 18, 1808 

Abdication of Charles IV. in 
favour of Ferdinand, 

March 19, 1808 

And at Bayonne, in favour 
of his "Mend and ally" 
Napoleon, when Ferdinand 
relinquished the crown, 

May 1, 1808 

The French massacred at 
Madrid May 2, 1808 

Asturias rose en masse, 

May 3, 1808 

Napoleon assembled the nota- 
bles at Bayonne ...May 25, 1808 

Joseph Bonaparte entered 
Madrid as king of Spain, 

July 12, 1808 

Retired from the capital. 

July 29, 180S 

Supreme Junta installed, Sept. 1808 



Madrid retaken by the French, 

and Joseph restored, Dec. 2, 1808 
The royal family of Spain im- 
prisoned in the palace of 
Chambery,in Savoy, Dec. 5, 1808 
The Spanish Cortes assem- 
bled Sept. 24, 1810 

Constitution of the Cortes, 

May 8, 1812 
Ferdinand VII. restored, 

May 14, 1814 
Spanish revolution began, 

Jan. 1, 1820 
Ferdinand swore to the con- 
stitution of the Cortes, 

March 8, 1820 
Removal of the king to Se- 
ville, and thence to Cadiz, 

March 20, 1823 
The French entered Spain, 

April 7, 1823 
They invested Cadiz, June 25, 1823 
Battle of the Trocadero, 

Aug. 31, 1823 
Despotism resumed ; the Cor- 
tes dissolved ; executions 

Oct., 1823 
Riego put to death... Nov. 27, 1823 
The French evacuated Cadiz 

Sept. 21, 1828 
Cadiz made a free port 

Feb. 24, 1829 
Salique law abolished Mar. 25, 1830 
Queen of Spain appointed 
regent during the king's in- 
disposition Oct. 25, 1832 

Don Carlos declared himself 
legitimate successor to his 
brother's throne should the 

king die April 29, 1833 

Death of Charles IV. ; his 
queen assumed the title of 
governing queen, until Isa- 
bella II., her infant daugh- 
ter, attained her majority, 

Sept. 29, 1833 
The royalist volunteers dis- 
armed at Madrid... Oct. 27, 1833 
Don Carlos landed at Ports- 
mouth with his family, 

June 18, 1834 
He suddenly appeared among 
his adherents in Spain, 

July 10, 1834 
The peers voted the perpetual 



SPA 



632 



SPA 



exclusion of Don Carlos 
from the throne ...Aug. 30, 1834 

Espartero gained the battle 
of Bilboa, and was enno- 
bled Dec. 25, 1836 

General Evans retired from 
the command of the aux- 
iliary legion, and arrived in 
London, after various suc- 
cesses in Spain ...June 20, 1837 

Madrid declared in a state of 
siege Aug. 11, 1837 

Espartero and other Christina 
generals engage the Car- 
lists ; numerous conflicts 
took place with various 
success 1838 

Madrid again declared in a 
state of siege Oct. 30, 1838 

The Spanish Cortes dissolved, 

June 1, 1839 

The Carlists under Marota de- 
serted Don Carlos Aug. 25, 1839 

Marota and Espartero con- 
cluded a treaty of peace, 

Aug, 29, 1839 

Don Carlos sought refuge in 
France Sept. 13, 1839 

Madrid again declared in a 
state of siege Feb. 23, 1840 

Surrender of Morello, May 28, 1840 

Cabrera, the Carlist general, 
unable to maintain the war, 
entered France with a body 
of his troops July 7, 1840 

The British auxiliaries eva- 
cuated St. Sebastian and 
Passages Aug. 25, 1840 

Revolutionary movement at 
Madrid ; the authorities 
triumphant Sept. 1, 1840 

Dismissal of the ministry, and 
dissolution of the Cortes, 

Sept. 9, 1840 

Espartero, and his trium- 
phal entry into Madrid, 

Oct. 5, 1840 

The queen regent appointed 
a new ministry, headed 
by Espartero Oct. 5, 1840 

The abdication of the regent 
of Spain Oct. 12, 1840 

Espartero, duke of Victory, 
repelled the papal nuncio, 

Dec. 29, 1840 



The Spanish Cortes declared 
Espartero regent during 
the minority of the young 
queen April 12, 1841 

Queen Christina's protest to 
the Spanish nation, July 19, 1841 

Insurrection in favour of 
Christina, commenced at 
Pampeluna by General 
O'Donnell's army ...Oct. 2, 1841 

It spread to Vittoria and 
other parts of the kingdom, 

Oct., 1841 

Don Diego Leon attacked the 
palace at Madrid, his fol- 
lowers repulsed, and num- 
bers of them slain by the 
queen's guards Oct. 7, 1841 

Don Diego Leon seized, and 
shot at Madrid Oct. 15, 1841 

Zurbano captured Bilboa, 

Oct. 21, 1841 

Rodil, the constitutional ge- 
neral, entered Vittoria, 

Oct. 21, 1841 

Montes de Oca shot. ..Oct. 21, 1841 

General O'Donnell took re- 
fuge in the French territory, 

Oct. 21, 1841 

Espartero decreed the suspen- 
sion of Queen Christina's 
pension Oct. 26, 1841 

The fueros of the Basque 
provinces are abolished, 

Oct. 29, 1841 

Borio and Gobernado, impli- 
cated in the Christina plot, 
put to death at Madrid, 

Nov. 9, 1841 

Espartero made his triumphal 
entry into Madrid, Nov. 23, 1841 

General pardon of persons not 
yet tried, concerned in the 
events of October... Dec. 13, 1841 

The strength of the army 
fixed at 130,000 men, 

June 28, 1842 

An insurrection broke out at 
Barcelona ; the national 
guard joined the populace, 

Nov. 13, 1842 

Battle in the streets between 
the national guard and the 
troops ; the latter lose 500 
in killed and wounded, and 



SPA 



633 



SPA 



retreat to the citadel, 

Nov. 15, 1842 

The troops evacuated the 
citadel, and retired to Mont- 
juich Nov. 17, 1842 

The port of Barcelona block- 
aded ; the British consul re- 
fused refuge to any but 
British subjects on board 
British ships Nov. 26, 1842 

The regent Espartero arrived 
before Barcelona, and de- 
manded its unconditional 
surrender Nov. 29, 1842 

Bombardment of Barcelona, 

Dec. 3, 1842 

It capitulated Dec. 4, 1842 

Disturbances May 25, 1843 

The revolutionary army es- 
tablished at Barcelona, 

June 11, 1843 

Arrival of General Narvaez 
at Madrid, which surren- 
dered to him July 15, 1843 

Espartero bombarded Seville, 

July 21, 1843 

The siege raised July 27, 1843 

The revolution completely 
successful 1843 

The new government deprived 
Espartero of his titles and 
rank Aug. 16, 1843 

Espartero,his suite and friends, 
arrived in London Aug. 23, 1843 

Reaction against the new go- 
vernment at Madrid, 

Aug. 29, 1843 

The young queen Isabella II., 
thirteen years old, declared 
by the Cortes of age, Nov. 8, 1843 

The queen-mother, Christina, 
returned to Spain, March 23, 1844 

Zurbano's insurrection, Nov. 
12, 1844; he was shot, 

Jan. 21, 1845 

Don Carlos formally relin- 
quished his right to the 
crown, in favour of his son, 

May 18, 1845 

Narvaez and his ministry re- 
sign, Eeb. 12 ; they return 
to power, March 17; and 
again resign March 28, 1846 

The queen publicly affianced 
to her cousin, Don Francisco 



d'Assiz, duke of Cadiz, 

Aug. 27 7 1846 

Escape of Don Carlos and 
others from France, Sept. 14, 1846 

Marriage of the queen ; and 
marriage also of the infanta 
Louisa to the duke of Mont- 
pensier Oct. 10, 1846 

Amnesty granted by the queen 
to political offenders, 

Oct. 18, 1846 

Two shots fired at the queen 
by an assassin named La 
Riva May 4, 1847 

He was sentenced to " death 
bythecord" June 23, 1847 

Espartero restored ...Sept. 3, 1847 

The British envoy extraordi- 
nary ordered to quit Spain 
in forty-eight hours, May 19, 1848 

Diplomatic relations between 
the two countries not re- 
stored until ...April 18, 1850 

The queen of Spain delivered 
of a male child, which lived 
but ten minutes ...July 12, 1 50 

SOVEREIGNS OE SPAIN. 

Alaric the Goth..... .'. 406 

Ataulfo : murdered 411 

Sigerico : reigned only a few 

weeks 415 

Valia 415 

Theodoric L : killed in battle 420 

Thorismond : assassinated ... 421 

Theodoric II. : assassinated... 452 

Euric, or Evarico 466 

Alaric II. : killed in battle ... 484 

Gosalric, his illegitimate son... 507 

Amalric, son of Alaric 511 

Theutlat : assassinated 531 

Theudisell : murdered in ven- 
geance for a rape 548 

Agila : made a prisoner, and 

put to death 549 

Atanagildo 554 

Levua 1 567 

Linvigildo with Levua 568, 

reigned sole 572 

Recaredo I..,. 585 

Levua II. : assassinated 601 

Vitericus : murdered 603 

Gundemor 610 

Sisebert 612 

Recaredo II 621 

Suintila: dethroned 621 



SPA 



634 



SPA 



Sisenando 631 

Tulca 640 

Cindasuinto, 641, died 642 

Recasuinto : joined to the for- 
mer on the throne, became 

sole king 642 

Vamba: dethroned, died a 

monk 672 

Ervigio 680 

Egica 687 

Vitiza : joined to the former on 

the throne, sole king 701 

Roderic : killed in battle 711 

Pelagius : who defeated the 

Moors '.. 718 

Favila 737 

Alphonso : a Christian 739 

Froila : murdered his brother, 
and in return was himself 

murdered 757 

Aurelio 768 

Silo 774 

Mauregato : a usurper 783 

Veremundo 788 

Alfonso II., the Chaste : refu- 
sing to the Saracens the an- 
nual tribute of 100 virgins, 
war declared : Alfonso, vic- 
torious, obtained the appel- 
lation of the Chaste and Vic- 
torious 791 

Ramiro I. : put 70,000 Sara- 
cens to the sword in battle 842 

Ordogno or Orclono 850 

Alfonso III., the Great : re- 
linquished his crown to his 

son 866 

Garcias 910 

Ordogno or Ordono II 914 

Froila II 923 

Alfonso IV., the monk : ab- 
dicated 925 

Ramiro II. : killed in battle... 927 

Ordogno, or Ordono III 950 

Ordogno, or Ordono IV 955 

Sancho I., the Fat : poisoned 

with an apple 956 

Ramiro III 967 

Veremundo II., or the Gouty 982 
Alfonso V. : killed in a siege 999 
Veremundo III. : killed 1027 

KINGS OF NAVARRE. 

Sancho Garcias 905 

Garcias 1 926 

Sancho II 970 



Garcias II. , the Trembler 994 

Sancho III., the Great 1000 

Garcias III 1035 

Sancho IV 1054 

Sancho Ramirez, king of Ar- 

ragon 1076 

Peter of Arragon 1094 

Alfonso I. of Arragon 1104 

Garcias Ramirez 1134 

Sancho VI., the Wise 1150 

Sancho VII., the Infirm 1194 

Theobald I., count of Cham- 
pagne 1234 

Theobald II 1253 

Henry Crassus 1270 

Juanna : married to Philip 
the Fair of France, 1285 ... 1274 

Louis Hutin, of France 1305 

John : lived but a few days ... 1316 
Philip V., the Long, of France 1316 
Charles L, the IV. of France 1322 
Juanna II., and Philip count 

d'Evereux 1328 

Juanna alone 1343 

Charles II., the Bad 1349 

Charles III., the Noble 1387 

John II 1425 

Eleanor 1479 

Francis Phoebus 1479 

Catherine and John d'Albret 1483 
Navarre conquered by Ferdi- 
nand 1512 

SOVEREIGNS OF CASTILE. 

Ferdinand, the Great : of Leon 

and Castile 1035 

Sancho II., or the Strong 1065 

Alphonso VI., the Valiant : 

king of Leon 1072 

Urraca and Alphonso VII.... 1109 

Alphonso VIII 1126 

Sancho III., the Beloved 1157 

Alphonso IX., called the 
Noble. Leon separated from 
Castile, Ferdinand king .... 1158 

Henry 1 1214 

Ferdinand III. or Saint, an- 
nexes Leon and Castile... 1217 

Alphonso X. the Wise 1252 

Sancho IV. the Great 1284 

Ferdinand IV 1294 

Alphonso XI 1312 

Peter the Cruel : deposed. 
Restored by Edward the 
Black Prince of England ; 
slain by his subjects 1350 



SPA 



635 



SPA 



Henry II., poisoned by a 

monk 1368 

John I. united Biscay to Cas- 
tile 1379 

Henry III 1390 

John II., son of Henry 1406 

Henry VI 1454 

Ferdinand V., the Catholic, in 
whom, by his marriage 
with Isabella, the Queen of 
Castile, the kingdoms of 
Castile and Arragon were 

united 1474 

Joan, or Jane, daughter of 
Ferdinand and Isabella, 
and 
Philip I. of Austria. On her 
mother's death Joan suc- 
ceeded, jointly with her 
husband Philip ; Philip 
dying in 1506, and Joan 
becoming an imbecile, her 
father Ferdinand continued 
the reign ; and perpetuated 
the union of Castile with 
Arragon 1504 

KINGS OF ARRAGON. 

Ramirol 1035 

Sancho Ramirez 1063 

Peter of Navarre 1094 

Alfonso the Warrior, king of 

Navarre 1104 

Ramiro II., the Monk 1134 

Petronilla, and Raymond, 

count of Barcelona 1137 

Alfonso II 1162 

Peter II 1196 

James 1 1213 

Peter III. This prince con- 
trived the horrible massa- 
cre known as the Sicilian 

Vespers, in 1282 1276 

Alfonso III., the Beneficent, 1285 

James II., the Just 1291 

AlphonsoIV 1327 

Peter IV., the Ceremonious... 1336 

John 1 1387 

Martin 1 1396 

Interregnum 1410 

Ferdinand the Just, king of 

Sicily 1412 

Alphonso V., the Wise 1416 

John II., king of Navarre, 
brother of Alphonso : died 
1479 1458 



Ferdinand V., the Catholic, 
by his marriage with Isa- 
bella of Castile, the king- 
doms were united *.... 1479 

SPAIN. 

Ferdinand V. This prince 
conquered Granada and 
Navarre, became king of all 
Spain : succeeded by 1512 

Charles I., son of Joan of 
Castile and Philip of Aus- 
tria ; became emperor of 
Germany, as Charles V., in 
1519 : resigned both crowns, 
and retired to a monastery, 1516 

Philip II., his son, king of 
JS aples and Sicily, a bigot ; 
married Mary, queen of 
England ; died covered 
with ulcers, from which 
vermin swarmed 1556 

Philip III., son of the last 
king, drove all the descen- 
dants of the Moors from 
Granada and the adjacent 
provinces, to the number of 
900,000 1598 

Philip IV., his son, a reign of 
continuous and unfortunate 
wars with Holland and 
France : he lost Portugal 
in 1640 1621 

Charles II., son of Philip IV., 
the last prince of the Aus- 
trian line ; nominated by 
will 1665 

Philip V., duke of Anjou, 
grandson of Louis XIV. of 
France : thence arose the 
war, terminated by the 
treaty of Utrecht in 1713... 1700 

Louis I. reigned only a few 
months 1724 

Philip V., again 1724 

Ferdinand VI., surnamed the 
Wise 1745 

Charles III., king of the Two 
Sicilies, brother of Ferdi- 
nand VI. : on ascending the 
Spanish throne he re- 
nounced the Sicilies to his 
third son, Ferdinand 1759 

Charles IV., son of Charles 
III.; the influence of Godoy, 
Prince of Peace, reached 



SPA 



636 



SPI 



almost royal authority ; 
Charles abdicated in favour 
of his son and successor ... 1808 
Ferdinand VII., whom Napo- 
leon of France forced to 

resign 1808 

Joseph Bonaparte, brother of 

Napoleon: deposed 1808 

Ferdinand VII. restored, suc- 
ceeded by his daughter 1814 

Isabella II., who ascended the 

throne Sept. 29, 1833 

Spain, exports of England to, 
1849— £623,136 in value. 

Spain, population of ; the "Mapa 
de Espana," Madrid, gives the num- 
ber at 12,296,941. The details form- 
ing the groundwork of this estimate 
are as follows : — ■ 

Andalusia 2,404,132 

Arragon 734,685 

Asturias 434,635 

New Castile.,..,, 1,373,942 

Old Castile .... ees0 .... 1,262, 696 

Catalonia ......1,041,212 

Estremadura 547,420 

Galicia 1,471,982 

Leon 637,177 

Murcia 474,306 

Valencia 957,152 

Navarre 230,925 

Alava 67,528 

Biscay 111,433 

Guipuzcoa 108,569 

Balearic Islands 239,197 

The Canaries 199,950 



Total... 12,296,941 

Spaniards made a descent in 
Devonshire, 1595. 

Spanish Laws, the Fuero Juzgo 
code of laws, enacted by Ciudas- 
vindus, 612; that called Les Usages, 
formed by the Count of Barcelona, 
1060 ; Fuero de Castillo, by Al- 
phonso LX., 1211 ; Fuero Beal, by 
Alphonso X., 1254 ; Siete Partidas, 
by Alphonso XL, 1347 ; Kecopila- 
cion, by Philip II., 1567 ; Nueva 
ditto, by Philip IV., 1665 ; Novis- 
sima ditto, by Philip V,, 1723. 

Spanish Town, Trinidad, de- 
stroyed by fire, March 24, 1808. 

Spanish Armada sailed from the 
Tagus, May 29, 1588 ; again, June 



12 ; totally defeated with immense 
loss, July, August, and September, 
1588. 

Spanish Netherlands, reduced by 
the allies under the Duke of Marl- 
borough, 1706. 

Speaker of the House of Com- 
mons, the first is said to have been 
Simon de Montfort, who was killed 
at the battle of Evesham, 1260; 
the first chosen by the House, 1340 ; 
others suppose Sir Peter de la Mare 
was the first, 1376 ; the king refused 
his assent to Sir Edward Seymour 
as speaker, March 6, 1678 ; Sir J. 
Trever expelled the chair as speaker, 
for taking a gratuity after the act 
for the benefit of orphans had 
passed, March 20, 1694. 

Speaking Trumpet, one con- 
structed from Kircher's description 
by Saland, 1652 ; brought to notice 
by Moreland, 1671. 

Spectacles, supposed to have 
been invented by Spina, a monk of 
Pisa, 1299, but this seems uncertain ; 
others ascribe the invention to 
Roger Bacon. 

Spence, one of the mistaken but 
well-meaning persons who imagine 
it possible to sweep away the diver- 
sity of human conditions — he had 
some followers, denominated Spen- 
ceans, 1809. 

Spencers, father, son, and grand- 
son ; the father hanged at Bristol, 
aged 90, Oct. 1327 ; the son hanged 
at Hereford, Nov. 24, in the same 
year ; the grandson beheaded at 
Bristol, 1400'. 

Spinning Jenny, invention of, the 
cause of England's prosperity ; Har- 
greaves' invented, 1767; Arkwright's 
improvements, patent for, 1769, 
worked by horses ; in 1771, worked 
his machinery by water, at Crom- 
ford; made the invention of 
Crompton be first used, 1779 ; this 
invention and that of the steam- 
engine alone saved England from 
ruin during the wasteful war of 
Pitt, begun to replace the Bourbons 
on the throne of France. 

Spirits and Spirituous Liquors, 
taxed as strong water and aqua vitas, 



SPI 



637 



SPI 



1660, one penny per gallon ; every 
gallon of spirits made of wine or 
cider imported, 2d. Every gallon of 
strong water imported from beyond 
sea, 4d. ; in 1660, additional duty, 
varying from time to time: con- 
sumption increased in 1736, the gin 
act passed to restrain spirit drink- 
ing, May 5. In 1738, no less than 
12,000 persons convicted under the 
gin act within two years, 5000 paid 
a penalty of 500?., and 3000 paid 
10?. each, to prevent going to jail 
— these harsh proceedings failed : 
the spirituous liquors made for 
consumption in England, with 
6,000,000 of population, were in 

1723 10,500,000 gallons 

1734 13,500,000 „ 

1740 15,250,000 „ 

1742 19,000,000 „ 

In 1742, there were Sh gallons 
drunk per head in England ; in that 
year 20,000 houses sold gin in Lon- 
don alone ; in 1842, with treble 
the population in England and 
Wales, only 9,102,472 gallons of 
home-made spirits were consumed : 
consumption for the united king- 
dom in 1842—18,841,890 gallons ; 
1849—23,010,808, with a tripled 
population : a minute return for 
1844, gave the quantity of spirits 
produced from grain in England 
(for home consumption) in 1844, as 
8,234,440 imperial gallons, against 
7,724,051 gallons in 1843, the an- 
nual produce of the duties being 
about 3,225,155?., or 3,025,253?. 
In 1780, the number of imperial 
gallons consumed in England 
amounted to 2,291,940, paying a 
duty of 498,913?. The quantity of 
grain spirits produced in Scotland 
at present amounts to 5,922,948 
gallons, from which a duty of 
1,085,873?. accrues annually. In 
1780, the consumption of Scotch 
grain spirits was 194,242 gallons, 
and the revenue arising therefrom 
only 33,882?. In Ireland, the quan- 
tity of grain spirits annually con- 
sumed at present amounts to about 
6,451,137 gallons, and the annual 
produce of the duties, in British 



currency, to 860,151?. The rates of 
duty appear to be — in England, 
7s. 10d.; in Scotland, 3s. 8d.; and in 
Ireland, 2s. 8d. per imperial gallon. 
Further accounts are appended, 
showing the periods when distilla- 
tion from corn was prohibited in 
England (from 1796 to 1814), the 
quantities of sugar used in distil- 
leries, and the annual produce of 
the duties. The quantity of proof 
spirits distilled during the year 1844, 
amounted — in England, to 5,433,843 
gallons, paying a duty of 3,225,155?.; 
and in Scotland, 8,321,306 gallons, 
paying a duty of 1,085,873?. These 
spirits were distilled from malt, 
and a mixture of malt with un- 
malted grain. The quantity of 
proof spirits imported into Eng- 
land from Scotland amounted to 
1,950,758 gallons, paying a duty of 
763,905?.; and the quantities im- 
ported into Ireland from Scotland, 
to 568,555 gallons, paying a duty 
of 75,822?. The duty was paid 
partly on removal from bond, and 
partly after the arrival at the place 
of destination. The number of 
gallons distilled in Ireland amount- 
ed to 6,878,243, paying a duty of 
860,151? , so that the grand total 
quantity of proof spirit distilled in 
the whole of the united kingdom 
during the year 1844, amounted to 
20,633,392 imperial gallons, and 
the total amount of duty paid there- 
on, to 5,171,181?. 

Spirits, Eoreign ; the total quan- 
tity of foreign brandy retained for 
home consumption in Great Britain 
amounted, in 1844, to 1,007,527 
gallons, against 1,023,219 in the 
year 1843 ; and the whole quantity 
of Geneva, or foreign gin, to 13,119 
gallons, against 12,448 gallons in 
1843, imperial measure. In 1841, 
the consumption of brandy was 
only 494,716 gallons, since which 
period it gradually rose to 1,000,000 
gallons per annum. On the other 
hand, the consumption of foreign 
gin fell off; there were 141,302 gal 
Ions retained forborne consumption 
in 1814, at present the consump- 



SPI 



638 



SPO 



tion is only about 1-I2th of that 
quantity. The amount of duty 
received in 1844 was — on brandy, 
1,150,067*.; and on geneva, 14,989*. 
This revenue decreased, probably 
owing to the greater demand for 
home manufactured spirits, and to 
the exertions of the total abstinence 
fanatics. In 1814, the revenue aris- 
ing from brandy was 575,152*., and 
that on gin, 168,580*. The rates 
of duty on foreign brandy and 
geneva were, in 1844, 1*. 2s. lOd. per 
imperial gallon, as during the time 
of the long war they were only 
gradually raised from 7s. per gallon 
upwards. In 1789, the duty on 
brandy was only 6s. a gallon. For 
Ireland, an annual stock of 15,547 
gallons of brandy, and 1,744 gallons 
of geneva, was required, the rates of 
duty being the same, 1*. 2s. lOd. 
In March, 1844, the duty reduced 
to 15s. per gallon, in place of 
1*. 2s. lOd. ; the consumption in- 
creased by this reduction from 
1,172,365*. in 1847,, to l T 659,659*.,or 
from 1,586,038 gallons imperial to 
2,214,275, in 1849; and to 2,930,967 
gallons in 1851, of which 1,859,273 
were for home consumption. 

Spirits, Revenue from Foreign, 
1850— 

Rum £1,099,950 

Brandy 1,395,110 

Geneva 21,180 

Other Spirit 14,007 

Total £2,530,247 

Spirits, Ireland, diminution of 
consumption in this country be- 
tween 1837 and 1841 : — 

Gallons. Population. 

1837. ..11,235,635.. .8,055,771 

1838. ..12,298,342... 

1839.. .10,815,709... „ 

1840 7,401,051... 

1841... 6,485,443. ..8,179,359 

1842... 5,290,650... 

1846... 7,952,076... 

1849... 6,973,333... 
There was a diminution of popula- 
tion between 1841 and 1851 of above 
1,000,000. In a comparison with 



Scotland, the moderation of the 
Irish and English is remarkable : — 
' Gallons. Population. 

1838...... 6,259, 711... 2,543,961 

1840 6,180,138... 

1842 5,595,186... 2,620,610 

1846 6,975,091... 

1849 6,935,003... 

England consumed of home-made 
spirits the gallon 0.51 per head, 
while Scotland consumed 2.38, and 
Ireland 0.90. Foreign spirits 
consumed in England, 1841, were 
0.71 per head; Scotland, 0.15; 
and Ireland, 0.002 per head : 
of colonial spirit or rum, England, 
0.14, Scotland, 0.02, and Ireland 
0.0015 of a gallon per head, 1841. 
The total consumption of the 
united kingdom for 1841, was : — 

Spirits 0.77 gal. per head 

Rum 0.09 „ 

For. spirits 0.044 „ 

Spires, the seat of the imperial 
chamber until 1689 ; the city burned 
by the French, and rebuilt after the 
peace of Ryswick, 1637 ; diet held 
there by Charles V., to condemn the 
reformation, 1529. 

Spitalfields' Weavers reduced to 
great distress from want of employ- 
ment, 1816 ; the sum of £5000 per 
week scarcely adequate to the dis- 
tress experienced there in 1829. 

Spitzbergkw discovered in 1533 
by Sir Hugh Willoughby, who sup- 
posed it to be a part of Greenland ; 
afterwards visited by Barentz and 
Cornelius, who called it Spitzber- 
gen. 

Sponsors first appointed to in- 
fants at christenings, 140 ; accord- 
ing to some authorities, half a 
century later. 

Spooner : a Mr. Spooner of Tam- 
worth, in Warwickshire, died in 
1775 at the age of 57 ; he weighed 
40 stone 91bs., and measured 4 feet 
3 inches across the shoulders. 

Sports allowed on Sundays, after 
divine service ; a declaration to 
that effect, constituting the first 
book of sports, published by James 
L, May 24, 1618 ; a second book of 
sports was published by Charles I., 



ST 



639 



ST 



Oct. 18, 1633; they gave rise to 
numerous controversies. 

Spots on the Sun, generally 
termed " macula? ;" one observed 
three times the earth's diameter 
upon the sun's centre, April 21, 
1766. 

Spring, one suddenly hurst forth 
in the vicinity of Como in Italy, 
and caused the fall of two houses 
and a forge that were situated near 
it, 1806. 

Spues came into use, 1400. 

Spuks, Battle of the, between 
Henry VIII. of England and the 
emperor Maximilian on one side, 
and the French on the other, they 
having entered into an alliance 
against France, 1513; the emperor 
received an allowance of a hundred 
ducats per day from the king of 
England, so that Austrian or Ger- 
man mercenaries in the service of 
England, are of a more ancient 
date than the reign of George III. 
and his subsidies ; the Duke de 
Longueville, who commanded the 
French, was beaten at Guinegate, 
where, making more use of their 
spurs than their swords, they ob- 
tained for it the name of the " battle 
of the spurs." 

St. Agatha, Monastery of, found- 
ed near Richmond, Yorkshire, 1151; 

St. Andrew, a post-revolution 
Scotch bishopric, having ceased 
soon after the revolution of 1688 ; 
the year of its primary establish- 
ment is uncertain. 

St. Andrew's Festival, instituted 
359. 

St. Asaph, Bishopric of, founded 
560; the archdeaconry erected 
1127; the deanery, before 1239; 
the sees of St. Asaph and Bangor 
were to have been united on the 
next vacancy of either, on the crea- 
tion of the see of Manchester, by an 
order in council of Oct., 1838 ; the 
order was annulled, 1846 ; the sees 
to remain separate. 

St. David, Bishopric of, founded 
519; once the metropolitan see of 
Wales. 

St. David's Day, the festival of 



the Welsh, in honour of St. David 
their patron, 519, who removed the 
bishop's well from Carleon to Nenew, 
it being previously too near the 
Saxons ; in a battle with these Sax- 
on invaders, the Welsh wore a leek 
in their caps, which they recall by 
placing one in their hats in the 
present day. 

St. Dizier, Battle of, in France, 
between Napoleon and the invading 
armies of the allies; the latter 
claimed the victory, Jan. 27, 1814. 

St. George, Man-of-war, a 98, 
with the Hero and Defence, 74, lost 
on the coast of Jutland with nearly 
all their crews, Dec. 24, 1811 ; Ad- 
miral Carthew Reynolds perished 
in the St. George. 

St. Ives, Cornwall, incorporated 
1641. 

St. James, Festival of, instituted 
1089. 

St. John's Gate, London, the en- 
trance to the ancient monastery of 
the knights of St. John of Jerusa- 
lem, and the only remnant of that 
establishment, suppressed 1540. 

St. Jude, Festival of, instituted 
1090. 

St. Luke, Feast of, instituted 
1130. 

St. Maloes, France, bombarded 
by the English, 1693; attacked 
again by the English in 1758, when 
they burned or destroyed above 100 
vessels in the port, since strongly 
fortified. 

St. Mark, Festival of, instituted 
1090. 

St. Martin's Feast, instituted 
812. 

St. Martin's Church, Canterbury, 
built 182. 

St. Mary's Abbey, York, built 
1088. 

St. Mary's Priory, Thetford, 
built 1104. 

St. Michael's or Vale Castle, 
Guernsey, built 1100, the church 
1117. 

St. Michael's Mount Monastery, 
Cornwall, built 1030. 

St. Osyth's Priory, Essex, found- 
ed 1L2'J. 



ST 



640 



STA 



St. Paul's Cross, London, which 
once stood before the cathedral ; 
here was a pulpit, with steps up to it, 
in which the city divines preached 
every Sunday forenoon, and they 
were attended by the corporation, 
1259 ; it was devoted not only to 
polemical but political purposes ; 
Jane Shore, the favourite of Ed- 
ward IV., was dragged before it by 
her priestly persecutors, 1483, with 
every mark of degradation they 
could heap upon her ; it was not the 
worst act of the parliament that 
commanded its demolition in 1643. 

St. Peter ad Vincula, Festi- 
val of, instituted 317. 

St. Peter's Church at Pome, the 
noblest in the world, erected on the 
spot where the emperor Constantine 
erected a church ; it was begun un- 
der Pope Nicholas V. by Rosellini, 
in 1450, who cleared the ground, 
and demolished a temple of Probus 
there ; the first stone was laid in 
1506 by pope Julius II., and un- 
der the architect Bramante, and 
after him of the sublime Michael 
Angelo, who amended the original 
plan, and erected the dome ; when 
he died, 1564, then Vignola suc- 
ceeded him as architect, and then 
Delia Porta ; 600 workmen were 
employed upon it, and the last 
stone was laid, 1590 ; the facade 
and lateral parts of the portico 
were not completed until 1621 ; 
the front has a width of 400 feet, 
and is 180 in height ; the dome 
rises to 324 feet ; the height exter- 
nally is 432, the length 669, and 
the breadth within, 442. 

St. Salvador, one of the Bahama 
Islands, the first land of America, 
or the islands discovered by Colum- 
bus, who named it Oct. 11, 1491 ; 
the original name was Guanhomi, 
or Cat's Eye, which sailors some- 
times call it at this day. 

St. Saviour's Church, Southwark, 
built 1098. 

St. Sebastian, Siege of, by the 
army under the Duke of Welling- 
ton, Aug. 31, 1813, in which the place 
was stormed after a severe loss, and 



fearful excesses committed on the 
inhabitants ; 2500 British and Por- 
tuguese were killed and wounded, 
to which, adding the actions before 
the place on the 31st of August, 
and the 1st and 2nd of September, 
the total loss was 5122 killed and 
wounded. 

St. Sebastian, Battle of, between 
the British auxiliary legion under 
General Evans, and the Carlists, 
May 5, 1836 ; the Carlists were 
defeated, and suffered considerable 
loss; the lines of General Evans 
were attacked by the Carlists at, 
Oct. 1, 1836, when they were re- 
pulsed with loss. 

St. Sophia, Church of, at Con- 
stantinople, built by Justinian, and 
since that city fell into the hands of 
the Turks, used as a mosque, 
1453 ; it is 269 feet long, and 243 
broad. 

St. Stephen's Chapel, used as the 
House of Commons, built 1115 ; re- 
built by Edward III., 1347; ap- 
plied to the purposes of the House 
of Commons, 1550. 

St. Thomas's Festival, instituted 
1130. 

St. Thomas's Hospital, London, 
founded 1213 ; surrendered to 
Henry VIII., 1 530 ; purchased of 
Edward VI., by the citizens of 
London, and in 1553 incorporated 
with the other hospitals in the city ; 
rebuilt 1693. 

St. Vincent, Battle of Cape, be- 
tween the English and French fleets, 
under Sir John Jervis, who took 
four line-of-battle ships, two of 110 
guns, and two of 74, with a force 
one third inferior ; the French ad- 
miral De Tourville, in 1693, when 
12 English and Dutch men of war 
and 80 merchant vessels were taken 
or destroyed by the French ; Lord 
Podney defeated the Spanish fleet 
under Admiral Langara off this cape, 
Jan. 16, 1780 

STADT-House, at Amsterdam, 
built 1649, but not completely 
finished until 1655. 

STADT-Holdership of the Low 
Countries, suppressed 1775. 



STA 



641 



STA 



Stafford, Sir Henry, killed at 
the battle of Seven Oaks, by the 
insurgents under Jack Cade, June 
24, 1450. 

Stafford Castle, built 3070. 

Stafford, Henry, Duke of Buck- 
ingham, addressed the London 
citizens in favour of Richard II., 
and got him proclaimed king, June 
24, 1483. 

Staffordshire Canal begun, 
July 1766. 

Stage Coaches, see Travelling ; 
new acts in relation to, 1785, 1809, 
1814, Jan. 1832; duties varying 
from 2d. to 5d. per mile, as estab- 
lished at different times. 

Stages, Diligences, and Posts, 
established in France, 1464. 

Stamford, Lincolnshire, shock of 
an earthquake felt at, Feb. 27, 
1792 ; castle of, built 922. 

Stamp Act, for levying a tax 
iipon America, passed 1764 ; re- 
pealed March 18, 1766. 

Stamp Duties imposed upon the 
administration of justice in the do- 
cuments for law proceedings ; those 
which tended to enhance their cost, 
and are therefore most objectionable, 
returned in the seven years ending 
respectively Jan. 5, 1818, £167,760; 
1819, £152,556; 1820, £159,709; 
1821, £155,552; 1822, £154,632; 
1823, £149,207; 1824, £145,206. 

Stamp Duties generally, these 
were first imposed June 28, 1694 ; 
increased, 1756; increased again, 
1776, 1780, 1789, 1797, 1801, 1802, 
1808, and 1815 ; first established in 
Ireland, March 25, 1774 ; increased, 
1801; altered 1853. 

Stamp Duties, 1852, then em- 
braced the following heads : — ad- 
mission to act in any court as an 
advocate, £50; as solicitor, agent, 
or writer, £25 ; as agent in supreme 
courts in Scotland without inden- 
ture, £30 in addition ; the same in 
inferior courts, in addition to £25, 
£30 more ; notary public, in Eng- 
land, £30 ; in Scotland, £20 ; to be 
fellow of a college of physicians, 
£25, or licence to practise physic, 



£15 ; each degree of M.D. in Scot- 
land, £10 ; to a corporation privi- 
leged, £1, on other grounds, £3 ; to 
an ecclesiastical benefice, England 
and Ireland, £7 ; Scotland, £2 ; 
agreements of £20 and upwards, 
with not more than 1080 words, 
2s. 6d., and for every 2080 words 
more progressively, 2s. 6d. ; resig- 
nation instrument in Scotland, 5s. ; 
the same of any lands, 5s. ; duty on 
above the first 1080 words progres- 
sively, 5s. ; appraisements, not ex- 
ceeding — 

£50 2s. 6d. 

50 and not £100 5 

100 „ 200 10 

200 „ 500 15 

500 and upwards 20 

Indentures of apprenticeship, pre-, 
mium under £30, duty £1, — 

£30 and under £50 £2 

50 „ 100 3 

100 „ 200 6 

200 „ 300 12 

300 „ 400 20 

400 „ 500 25 

500 „ 600 30 

600 „ 800 40 

800 „ 1000 50 

1000 and upwards 60 

Duplicate, 5s. ; if no premium, and 
under 1080 words, 20s., or 35s. if 
more than 1080 ; assignment of 
indenture, without new considera- 
tion, 20s. ; if more than 1080 words, 
35s. ; indentures of parish or volun- 
tary apprentices to the sea service, 
or those of pauper children, are ex- 
empt ; that of clerkship in the law 
courts in England and Ireland, 
£120, in any inferior courts, £60 ; 
duplicate of the same, 35s. ; awards 
in England or Ireland, or decreet 
arbitral in Scotland, less than 
2160 words, 35s. ; when above the 
number of words, then for any 
entire 1080 above the first 1080, a 
further progressive duty of £1, 5s. ; 
bills of lading, 6d. each; Ireland, 
bills of exchange and promissory 
notes, not exceeding 2 months or 
60 days' date, — 

2t 



STA 



642 



STA 



£2 and not above £5 5s Is. Od., longer Is. 6d. 



£5 5s. 

20 

30 

50 
100 
200 
300 
500 
1000 
2000 



£20 
30 

50 

100 

200 

300 

500 

1000 

2000 

3000 



1 


6 


2 





2 


6 


3 


6 


4 


6 


5 





6 





8 


6 


12 


6 


15 






3000 and upwards 25 



2 





2 


6 


3 


6 


4 


6 


5 





6 





8 


6 


12 


6 


15 





25 





30 






Inland draft, bill, or order for pay- 
ment, though not to bearer or to 
order, if delivered to the payee, the 
same duty as on a bill of exchange 
for the like sum ; such a bill, inland 
bill, draft, or order for the payment of 
any sum of money at stated periods, 
if made payable to the bearer or 
to order, or if delivered to the 
payee, where the total amount of 
the money made payable shall be 
specified, or can be ascertained 
therefrom — the same duty as on a 
bill payable to bearer or order on 
demand for a sum equal to such 
total amount ; and where the total 
amount of the money made payable 
shall be indefinite, the same duty as 
on a bill on demand for the sum 
therein expressed only; bills of 
exchange payable out of Great 
Britain or Ireland respectively, and 
drawn in either country, if drawn 
singly, the same duty as on an in- 
land bill of the same amount and 
tenor ; in sets, then for every bill of 
each set, £100, Is. 6d. ; Above 
£100 & not above £200... 3s. Od. 
200 „ 500... 4 

500 „ 1000... 5 

1000 „ 2000... 7 6 

2000 „ 3000... 10 

3000 15 

These were established 1782, in- 
creased 1791, 1797, 1801, 1808, 
1815. Bonds, mortgages, and war- 
rants of attorney, bond in England 
or Ireland, and personal bond in 
Scotland, given as a security for the 
payment of any definite and certain 
sum of money not exceeding £50, 
Is. 3d, ; above — 



£50 & not above £100 ... 2s. 6d. 
100 „ 150 ... 3 9 

150 „ 200 ... 5 

200 „ 250 ... 6 3 

250 „ 300 ... 7 6 

And where the sum shall exceed 
£300, then for every £100, and also 
for any fractional part of £100, 
2s. 6d. Bond in England or Ireland, 
and personal or heritable bond in 
Scotland, given as a security for the 
payment of any annuity, or of any 
sum or sums of money at stated pe- 
riods (not being interest for any prin- 
cipal sum, nor rent reserved or pay- 
able upon any lease or tack), for the 
term of life or any other indefinite 
period, so that the whole money to 
be paid cannot be previously ascer- 
tained : — 

£ s. 
Not exceeding £50 per annum 1 
Above £50 and not above £100 2 
And where the same shall ex- 
ceed £100 per annum, then 
for every £100 per annum, 
and also for any fractional 

part of £100 per annum 2 

Where there shall be both a 
personal and heritable bond 
in Scotland in separate deeds 
of the same date for securing 
such annuity or sums at 
stated periods, and the ad 
valorem duty above charged 
thereon shall amount to £2 
or upwards, the heritable 
bond only shall be charged 
with the ad valorem duty, 
and the personal bond shall 
be charged only with a duty 
of 1 



STA 



643 



STA 



Mortgage, the same duty as on 
bonds. 

£ s. d. 

Instruments on the sale or 
mortgage of copyhold 
estates 2 6 

Progressive duty on words ..026 

Warrant of attorney, the 
same duty as on a bond for 
the like purpose, save 
where such payment or 
transfer shall be already 
secured by a bond, mort- 
gage, or other security 
which shall have paid the 
proper ad valorem duty on 
bonds or mortgages impos- 
ed by law at the date, ex- 
ceeding in amount the sum 
of 5s. ; and also except 
where the Avarrant of at- 
torney shall be given for 
securing any sum or sums 
of money exceeding £200, 
for which the person giv- 
ing the same shall then be 
in actual custody under an 
arrest on mesne process or 
in execution ; and in those 
excepted cases, a duty of... 5 

Warrant of attorney not 
otherwise charged in this 
schedule 1 15 

Charter of resignation, or of 
confirmation, or of novoda- 
mus, or upon apprising, 
or upon a decreet of ad- 
judication or sale of any 
lands or other heritable 
stibjectsin Scotland holden 
of any subject superior ... 5 

And where the same shall 
contain 2160 words or 
upwards, then for every 
entire quantity of 1080 
words contained therein, 
over and above the first 
1080 words, a further 
progressive duty of 5 

Charter Party, or any 
agreement or contract 
for the charter of any 
ship or vessel, or any 
memorandum, letter, or 
other writing between 



the captain, master, or 
owner of any ship or 
vessel, and any other per- 
son, for or relating to the 
freight or conveyance of 
any money, goods, or 
effects on board of L such 

ship or vessel '...£05 

A charter party may be stamped 
within 14 days after the date, and 
the execution thereof by the party 
who first executes the same, on pay- 
ment of the duty only ; after 14 days 
and within one calendar month, on 
payment of a penalty of .£10 besides 
the duty ; but after a month it can- 
not be stamped at all. 
Conveyances. — Where the 
purchase or consideration 
money therein or there- 
upon expressed shall not £ s. d. 

exceed £25 2 6 

Above £25, not above £50 5 
„ 50 „ 75 7 6 

„ 75 „ 100 10 

„ 100 „ 125 12 6 

„ 125 „ 150 15 

„ 150 „ 175 17 6 

„ 175 „ 200 1 

„ 200 „ 225 12 6 

„ 225 „ 250 15 

„ 250 „ 275 1 7 6 

„ 275 „ 300 1 10 

„ 300 „ 350 1 15 

„ 350 „ 400 2 

„ 400 „ 450 2 5 

„ 450 „ 500 2 10 

„ 500 „ 550 2 15 

„ 550 „ 600 3 

And where the purchase 
or consideration money 
shall exceed £600, then 
for every £100, and also 
for every fractional part 

of £100 10 

Debentures for entitling 
any person to receive 
any drawback of any 
duty or duties, or part 
thereof, of customs or 
excise, or any bounty 
payable out of the 
revenue of customs or 
excise, for or in re- 
spect of any goods ex- 



STA 



644 



STA 



ported, or shipped to be 

exported from Great Bri- 
tain or Ireland, to any 

part beyond the sea £0 5 

Insurance, Life Policies, — 

When sum not above £50 2 6 

Above £50 „ 100 5 

„ 100 and under 500 1 

When 500 „ 1000 2 

„ 1000 „ 3000 3 

„ 3000 „ 5000 4 

„ 5000 and up wards... 5 

Fire, — Duty on each policy Is., 
besides 3s. per cent, per annum on 
every insurance made or renewed. 

Exemptions. — Public hospitals : 
also agricultural produce, farming 
stock, and implements of husbandry, 
being upon any farm or farms in 
Great Britain or Ireland, provided 
the insurance shall be effected by a 
separate and distinct policy relating 
solely to such produce, &c. &c. 

The duties on Sea Insurances are 
granted by the 7th Victoria, cap 21, 
throughout the United Kingdom. 

For and in respect of every policy 
of assurance or insurance, or other 
instrument, by whatever name the 
same shall be called, whereby any 
insurance shall be made upon any 
ship or vessel, or upon any goods, 
merchandise, or other property on 
board of any ship or vessel, or upon 
the freight of any ship or vessel, or 
upon any other interest in or relat- 
ing to any ship or vessel which 
may lawfully be insured, for or upon 
any voyage whatever, the following 
duties, where the whole sum insured 
shall not exceed £100, and where 
the whole sum insured shall exceed 
£100, then for every £100, and also 
for any fractional part of £100, 
whereof the same shall consist 
(that is to say) — 

Where the premium or con- 
sideration for such insu- 
rance, and bond fide paid, 
given, or contracted for, 
shall not exceed the rate of 
10s. per cent, on the sum in- s. d. 
sured 3 

^Exceeding the rate of 10s. 



per cent., and not exceed- s. d. 

ing the rate of 20s 6 

Exceeding the rate of 20s. 
per cent., and not exceed- 
ing the rate of 30s 1 

Exceeding the rate of 30s. 
per cent., and not exceed- 
ing the rate of 40s 2 

Exceeding the rate of 40s. 
per cent., and not exceed- 
ing the rate of 50s 3 

And where the same shall 
exceed the rate of 50s. per 
cent, on the sum insured ... 4 
But if the separate interests 
of two or more distinct persons 
shall be insured by one policy or 
instrument, then the said respective 
duties, as the case may require, 
shall be charged thereon in respect 
of each and every fractional part of 
£100, as well as in respect of every 
full sum of £100, which shall be 
thereby insured upon any separate 
and distinct interest. 

And for and in respect of every 
policy of assurance or insurance, or 
other instrument whereby any such 
insurance as aforesaid shall be made, 
for any certain term or period of 
time, the following rates or sums 
on every £100, and also for any 
fractional part of £100, whereof the 
same shall consist (that is to say) — 
Where any such insurance s. d. 
shall be made for any term 
or period not exceeding 6 

calendar months 2 6 

Exceeding 6 calendar months 4 
And for and in respect of every 
policy of assurance or insurance, 
or other instrument, by whatever 
name the same shall be called, 
whereby any insurance, commonly 
called a mutual insurance, shall be 
made, or whereby divers persons 
shall insure or agree to insure one 
another, without any premium or 
pecuniary consideration, from any 
loss, damage, or misfortune that 
may happen of or to any ship or 
vessel, or any goods, merchandise, 
or other property on board of any 
ship or vessel, or the freight of any 
ship or vessel, or any other interest 



STA 



645 



STA 



in or relating to any ship or 


vessel 




dent in the cities of 






which may be lawfully insurec 


upon 




London or West- 






any voyage whatever, and not 


x>r 




minster, city or shire 






any period of time. 








of Edinburgh, or 






For every sum of £100, and 








city of Dublin, and 






also for each and every 








shall have been in 






fractional part of £100, 








possession of office 






thereby insured to any per- 


s. 


d. 




for 3 years or up- 






son or persons 


2 


6 




wards, £12 ; if not 






Lease of Tack of any lands, 


tene- 




so long, £6. If re- 






ments, hereditaments, or heritable 




sident elsewhere, 






subjects at a yearly rent, without 




and shall have been 






any sum of money by way of fine, 




admitted for the 






premium, or grassum paid for 1 


he 




space of 3 years or 






same : 


s. 


d. 




upwards, £8 ; if not 


£ 


s. 


Where the yearly rent is not 








so long 


4 





above £5 





6 




to dealers in gold and 






Above £5, and not above £10 


1 







silver plate above 






„ 10 „ 15 


1 


6 




2 oz. gold, or 30 oz. 






» 15 „ 20 


2 







silver, or upAvards 


5 


15 


„ 20 „ 25 


2 


6 




Do. under ditto 


2 


6 


„ 25 „ 50 


5 





JJ 


to hawkers and ped- 






„ 50 „ 75 


7 


6 




lars in England and 






„ 75 „ 100 


10 







Scotland 


4 





And where the same shall 








And if travelling with 






exceed £100, then for every 








horse, ass, or mule, 






£50, and also for any 








for every such beast 


4 





fractional part of £50 


5 





?? 


to hawkers and ped- 






Letter of Attorney, for the 








lars, in Ireland 


2 


2 


sale, transfer, acceptance, 








And if travelling with 






or receipt of dividends of 








horse, ass, or mule, 






any of the government 


£ 


s. 




for every such beast, 






stocks or funds 


1 







and for every ser- 






Letter or power of Attorney 








vant employed in 






of any other kind 


1 


10 




carrying goods of 






Progressive duty above 1080 








any such hawker ... 


2 


2 


words 


1 





Stage-coach licence 


2 


2 


Annual Licences : 






Marriage licence, special ... 


5 





,, to appraisers 


2 







in England, not special 
cate of the registration 


K 


,, to auctioneers 


10 





Certifi 






,, to bankers 


30 

must 


of a 
Protes 


design 


5 





[and a separate one 


ts — on bill or note for 


d. 


be taken out in respect 


of 


any 


sum less than £20 ... 


2 





each town or place 


where 


£20 and less than £100 ... 


3 





the persons issue notes; but 


£100 


„ £500... 


5 





it is not necessary to take 


£500 


or upwards 


10 





out more than 4 licences. 


Protest of any other kind, for 






Vict., c. 32. sec. 22.] 






every sheet 


5 





„ to pawnbrokers in the 






After the first a further pro- 






cities of London 






gressive duty of 


5 





and Westminster 






Receipts — For money amount- 






and suburbs, also 






ing 


to 






Dublin and do 


15 





£5 and under £10 





3 


,, Elsewhere 


7 10 


10 

20 


20 

50 




1 





,, to attorneys. If rcsi- 





STA 



646 



STA 



s. d. 

£50 and under £100 1 6 

100 „ 200 2 6 

200 „ 300 4 

300 „ 500 5 

500 „ 1000 7 6 

1000 and upwards 10 

For any sum said to be in 

full of all demands 10 

Seisin Instrument 5 

Progressive duty on words 

above 1080 5 

Stamp Receipts issued — 
1852 5,290,661 

1851 5,178,556 

1850 4,768,505 

Revenue from : 

1852 £194,088 

1851 187,480 

1850 174,694 

New Act, 1853.— Receipts on £2 

and upwards to be only Id. duty, 
given either on stamped paper, or 
by a stamp affixed adhesively, to be 
obliterated by writing the name 
across it. Penalty for not defacing 
the stamp, £10 ; for using the same 
twice, £20. 

Settlements.. — Any deed, whether 
voluntary or upon any considera- 
tion other than a bona fide pecuniary 
consideration, whereby any definite 
sum or sums of money shall be set- 
tled upon or for the benefit of any 
person or persons, either in posses- 
sion or reversion, either absolutely 
or for life, or other partial interest, 
or in any manner whatsoever. If 
the value of such articles together, 
shall not exceed in the whole £100, 
5s. ; and if the same shall exceed 
£100, then for every £100, and also 
for any fractional part of £100, 5s. 

Probate of a will, and letters of 
administration with a will annexed, 
to be granted in England or Ireland, 
where the estate and effects for 
which such probate sball be grant- 
ed or expeded, or whereof such 
inventory shall be exhibited and re- 
corded, exclusive of what the de- 
ceased shall have been possessed of, 
or entitled to, as a trustee for any 
other person or persons, and not 
beneficially, shall be — 



Above the value of £20, and 
under the value of £ s. 

£100 10 

Above 100 and under £200 2 
200 „ 300 5 

300 „ 450 8 

450 „ 600 11 

600 „ 800 15 

800 „ 1000 22 

1000 „ 1500 30 

1500 „ 2000 40 

2000 „ 3000 50 

3000 „ 4000 60 

4000 „ 5000 80 

5000 „ 6000 100 

6000 „ 7000 120 

7000 „ 8000 140 

8000 „ 9000 160 

9000 „ 10,000 180 
10,000 „ 12,000 200 
12,000 „ 14,000 220 
14,000 „ 16,000 250 
16,000 „ 18,000 280 
18,000 „ 20,000 310 
20,000 „ 25,000 350 
25,000 „ 30,000 40Q 
30,000 „ 35,000 450 
35,000 „ 40,000 525 
40,000 „ 45,000 600 
45,000 „ 50,000 675 
50,000 „ 60,000 750 
60,000 „ 70,000 900 
70,000 „ 80,000 1050 
80,000 „ 90,000 1200 
90,000 „ 100,000 1350 
100,000 and upwards. 
Letters of administration without 
a will annexed, to be granted in 
England or Ireland : where the 
estate and effects for or in respect 
of Avhich such letters of administra- 
tion or confirmation respectively 
shall be granted or expeded, or 
whereof such inventory shall be ex- 
hibited and recorded, exclusive of 
what the deceased shall have been 
possessed of or entitled to as a 
trustee for any other person or per- 
sons, and not beneficially, shall be 
Above the value of £20, and 
under the value of £ s. 

£50 10 

Above 50 and under £100 1 
100 „ 200 3 

200 „ 300 8 



ST A 



647 



STA 



£ s. 
£300 and under£450 1 1 
450 „ 600 15 

600 „ 800 22 

800 „ 1000 30 

10U0 „ 1500 45 

1500 „ 2000 60 

2000 „ 3000 75 

3000 „ 4000 90 

4000 „ 5000 120 

5000 „ 6000 150 

6000 „ 7000 180 

7000 „ 8000 210 

8000 „ 9000 240 

9000 „ 10,000 270 
10,000 „ 12,000 300 
12,000 „ 14,000 330 
14,000 „ 16,000 375 
16,000 „ 18,000 420 
18,000 „ 20,000 465 
20,000 „ 25,000 525 
25,000 „ 30,000 600 
30,000 „ 35,000 675 
35,000 „ 40,000 785 
40,000 „ 45,000 900 
45,000 „ 50,000 1010 
50,000 „ 60,000 1125 
60,000 „ 70,000 1350 
70,000 „ 80,000 1575 
80,000 „ 90,000 1800 
90,000 „ 100,000 2025 
100,000 and upwards, 
The inventory duty is paid in the 
first place on the whole succession, 
without deduction of debts ; but Act 
55 Geo. III. cap. 184," sec. 51, 
provides for a return being given on 
proof of the debts being paid, so as 
to confine the duty to the net ba- 
lance. This repayment must be 
claimed within three years ; but the 
time will be prolonged on cause 
shown. If there be any omission in 
the inventory, an additional one 
must be lodged. 

Legacies, Annuities, 'Residues to 
children or their descendants, or 
lineal ancestors of the deceased, 
£1 ; brother or sister, or their 
descendants, £3 ; uncle or aunt, 
or their descendants, £5 ; grand- 
uncle or aunt, or their descend- 
ants, £6 ; all other relations or 
strangers, £10. 
The husband or wife of the de- 



ceased is not chargeable with duty. 
Where the testator, testatrix, or 
intestate, shall have died after the 
5th day of April, 1805 : for every 
legacy, specific or pecuniary, or of 
any other description of the value 
of £20 or upwards, given by any 
will or testament of any person 
who shall have died after the 5th 
day of April, 1805, either out of his 
personal or movable estate, or 
charged upon his heritable estate, 
or out of any moneys to arise by 
the sale, mortgage, or other dispo- 
sition of his real or heritable estate, 
or any part, and which shall be sa- 
tisfied or discharged after the 31st 
day of August, 1815, in Great Bri- 
tain, or after the 9th day of Octo- 
ber, 1842, in Ireland ; also for the 
clear residue when devolving to one 
person, and for every share of the 
clear residue when devolving to two 
or more persons, of the personal or 
movable estate of any person who 
shall have died after the 5th day of 
April, 1805, after deducting charges 
first payable, whether the title to 
such residue, or any share thereof, 
shall accrue by virtue of any testa- 
mentary disposition or upon a par- 
tial or total intestacy ; where such 
residue shall be of the value of £20 
or upwards, and where the same 
shall be paid, delivered, re- 
tained, satisfied, or discharged after 
the 31st day of August, 1815, in 
Great Britain, or after the 9th 
day of October, 1842, in Ireland ; 
also for the clear residue when giv- 
en to one person, and for every 
share of the clear residue when giv- 
en to two or more, of the moneys to 
arise from the disposition of any 
real or heritable estate, directed to 
be sold, mortgaged, or otherwise 
disposed of by any testamentary 
instrument, of any person who 
shall have died after the 5th day 
of April, 1805, after deducting 
charges first made payable there- 
out, if any, where such residue shall 
amount to £20 or upwards, and 
where the same shall be paid, re- 
tained, or discharged, after the 31st 



ST A 



648 



ST A 



day of August, 1815, in Great Bri- 
tain, or after the 9th day of October, 
1842, in Ireland. 

Each grant of the dignity of a duke, 
£200; marquis, £200 ; earl, £200; 
viscount, £150 ; baron, £100 ; 
and baronet, £50. Of a conge 
d'elire, £20. Of the royal 
assent to the election of arch- 
bishop or bishop, £20. 
Newspapers.— -For every sheet en- 
tire, the sum of le?., begun 1713, 
increased 1725, 1765, 1781, 1789, 
1797, 1808, 1815 ; reduced duty, 
1833. 



Passports, 7s. 6d. ; Playing Cards, 
Is. per pack ; gold-plate stamped 
at Goldsmiths' Hall, if wrought 
in England, 16s. per oz., except 
watch cases; silver, Is. 3d. per 
oz., except certain small articles ; 
the stamp commenced 1796, the 
letters run from D to W : 1853 is P. 
Stamped Paper, for covering- 
walls of rooms, introduced 1555 ; 
flock or velvet paper, first used 1620. 
Stamps, total revenue from, 
1801, £3,049,844 ; 1821, £6, 513,599 ; 
1831, £6,947,829; 1841, £7,135,217; 
to Jan. 5, 1851 : 



Deeds and other instruments 

Probates of Wills and Letters of Adminis- 
tration 

Bills of Exchange and Bankers' Notes 

Composition for Bank of England, Bank of 
Ireland, and Country Bank Notes 

Beceipt Stamps 

Marine Insurances 

Hawkers' Licences and Certificates 

Newspapers and Supplements, and Papers 
for Advertisements 

Medicine 

Legacies 

Fire Insurances 

Gold and Silver Plate 

Cards and Dice 

Advertisement Duty 

Penalties and Law Costs recovered 

Law Fund 

Chancery Fund 

Judgments Registry Fund 

Civil Bill Fund 

Bills outstanding, and Balances in th^ 
hands of Collectors, on January 5, 1851... 



£1,191,490 14 8 




973,230 3 8§ 




566,894 3 7 




43,470 6 6 




174,744 7 7 




172,673 4 4 




224,316 17 6 




396,514 2 11 




32,263 19 5 




1,313,027 18 4 




1,134,539 7 3 




61,212 17 2£ 




11,441 4 




175,094 10 8 




874 16 10^ 




26,969 9 5 




18,032 11 8| 




4,326 17 5 




8,631 17 8 






£6,529,049 10 8 






151,839 13 7 



Standard, the Metallic, of the 
united kingdom, first fixed by law, 
1300 ; that for gold being 22 out of 
24 parts pure, and the other 2 of 
silver or copper ; the standard of 
silver is 11 oz. 2 dwts. of pure metal, 
with 18 dwts. of copper, or 40 parts 
silver, and 3 parts copper ; in 1300, 
such 12 oz. troy were coined into 
20s. ; in 1412, into 30s. ; in 1527, 
into 45s. ; in 1545, 6 oz. of silver 
and 6 of alloy were coined into 48s.; 
and in the following year the reigning 
king coined 4 oz. of silver and 8 oz. 
of alloy into 48s. ; Elizabeth in 1560 
restored the old standard at 60s., and 



in 1601 into 62s., now 66s. ; the com- 
mon proportions of silver to gold in 
the mint are as 15| to 1. 

Standard, or Ensign, borne by 
military bodies, but in the singular 
understood as the flag of the chief; 
in early ages the cross was used as 
the standard of the Christian armies, 
as Constantine warily bore it to 
attach the Christians to him, 312. 
Mahomet's standard was green, and 
preserved by the Porte with great 
care, carried in a procession in 1768 ; 
the Turks butchered all the infidels 
who dared to look at it. The impe- 
rial standard of England, after the 



ST A 



649 



ST A 



union Avith Ireland, was first hoisted 
on the Tower in London and Castle 
in Dublin, Jan. 1, 1801. 

Standing while the &ospel is 
read, ordained 406. 

Stanislaus, the abdicated king of 
Poland, burned by accident, Feb. 6, 
1768, aged 89. 

Stanislaus Poniatowski, the de- 
throned king of Poland, 1795, died 
April 11, 1798. 

Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, 
murdered in a London insurrection, 
1326. 

Staples Inn, London, built 1415. 

Star Chamber, Court of the, 
named from the ceiling being orna- 
mented with stars. This court was 
instituted by Henry VII., 1487, as 
a place to try causes before the 
privy council ; Charles I., and his 
tyrannical instrument Laud, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, here as else- 
where set the laws of the realm at 
defiance ; enormous fines, whip- 
pings of the most cruel character, 
slitting the noses, cutting off the 
ears of persons obnoxious to the 
court, and imprisonments of fright- 
ful duration, were everyday occur- 
rences, increasing the merited 
dislike to Charles and his semi- 
papistical tools. After proving 
practically, but too long, that there 
was no law but the will of the king 
and his chief minion, this court was 
put down when it could no longer 
be maintained, in 16 Charles I., 
1641, but too late to make it ever 
be forgotten that the king was a 
great supporter of this disgraceful 
tribunal. 

Star Castle, Scilly Islands, built 
1593. 

Star, order of knighthood in 
France, disused 1465. 

Stars ; the heavens were very 
early observed in the East ; it is said 
1500 years before Christ there were 
many of them named ; there is a 
map of the stars extant in the king's 
library at Paris, which gives the 
stars 600 years before Christ, and 
contains 1460 stars correctly laid 
down. 



Starching of Linen, first brought 
into England by Mrs. Dingham ot 
Flinders, 1554 ; starch was heavily 
taxed by Pitt, but the act was sub- 
sequently repealed; the starch- 
makers were incorporated as a 
company, 1632. 

STATES-General of France, an 
ancient assembly of that country, 
last convened before the revolution 
of 1789, in 1614; it consisted of 
three orders — the nobility, clergy, 
and commons ; they last met May 
5, 1789, when they differed about 
meeting in three bodies or collec- 
tively ; they finally met in one hall, 
and thence the national assembly 
of that eventful era. 

Stationers' Company had their 
first charter, 1556; second, 1558; 
again, 1667 and 1684; their first 
charter confirmed, 1689 ; they had 
a patent for the sole printing of 
almanacs, 1615, in aid of their 
poor members. 

Statues; the moderns have never 
been able to compete wfth the an- 
cients in statuary ; Italy has pro- 
duced the best since the decline of 
the empire ; Michael Angelo is at 
the head of modern sculpture. The 
first and best public statue in Lon- 
don, is that of Charles I. in Cha- 
ring Cross, the horse is particu- 
larly fine ; it was made in 1633, by 
Le Sueur, a French sculptor of 
merit ; it was buried during the 
commonwealth by a brazier who 
purchased it, and re-erected it in 
1678 ; as works of art, there is yet 
wanting one in this department of 
the fine arts to which England may 
point as worthy of the admiration 
of foreigners ; there is, or was, a 
statue of George I. in Leicester 
Square; that in Soho Square, 
though placed there according to 
some authorities in 1679, passes both 
for Charles II. and for the duke of 
Monmouth ; George I. has disap- 
peared for more than a century 
from Grosvenor Square : — 

A. D. 

George I., Leicester Square... 1726 
George III., Somerset house 1788 



STE 



650 



STE 



George III., Cockspur-street 1836 
Howard, John, first erected in 

St. Paul's 1796 

James II., Whitehall 1687 

Nelson, Trafalgar-square 1843 

Pitt, William, Hanover- 
square 1831 

Wellington, Duke of, city ... 1844 
Wellington, Duke of, arch, 
Hyde-park corner; proba- 
tionary site 1846 

William III., St. James's- 

square 1717 

William IV., city 1845 

York, Duke of, Waterloo- 
place 1834 

Achilles, Hyde- park, in ho- 
nour of the Duke of Wel- 
lington June 18, 1822 

Anne, Queen, St. Paul's 

Churchyard 1711 

Bedford, Duke of, Russell- 

square 1717 

Canning, George, New Palace- 
yard 1832 

Cartwright, Major, Burton 

Crescent 1831 

Cumberland, Duke of, Caven- 
dish-square 1770 

Elizabeth, Queen, St. Dnn- 

stan's, Fleet-street 1586 

Fox, Charles James, Blooms- 
bury-square 1816 

Statute Mile, first ascertained in 
England, 1593. 

Statutes, the first printed in 
England in English, 1483 : prefix- 
ed titles to them, 1487 ; the more 
celebrated were those of Clarendon 
to restrain the clergy, written in 
French, 1267 ; Marlborough, 1269 ; 
Gloucester, the earliest of which 
any record exists, 1277 ; of Mort- 
main, 1279 ; Quo warranto, Oct., 
1280; of Winchester, Oct. 1284; 
forbidding the levy of taxes without 
consent of parliament, 1297; of 
Premunire, 1306; the first printed 
bearing date 1483, are in English ; 
the statutes compiled from the ori- 
ginal MSS. and records, by com- 
missioners appointed 1801 ; the first 
volume appeared 1811 ; the second, 
1816. 

SxEAM-Engine, several hints, and 



machines more elegant than useful, 
were promulgated and shown prior 
to that of Branca, who resided at 
Rome in the beginning of the 17th 
century, 1628, 1629; the marquis 
of Worcester's obscure hints in his 
" Century of Inventions," 1663 ; 
Sir Samuel Moreland's project, 
1682; Papin's digester, invented 
1681, being his first project; his 
idea of a steam-engine promulgated 
1685 ; Savary, the first who raised 
water by fire*, 1698 ; Papin's en- 
gine shown to the Royal Society, 
according to report, 1699; Savary 
published an account of his engine, 
1696, and his answer to objections 
in his " Miner's Friend," 1702 ; ex- 
hibited his mode to William III., 
1699 ; Amonton's fire-wheel, in- 
vented 1699 ; Papin's new engine, 
1707; Cawley and Newcomen's 
engine, in conjunction with Savary, 
1705 ; Newcomen's engine erected 
at Wolverhampton, 1712; Brigh- 
ton's engine, 1718 ; Savary raised 
the ballast from rivers by steam, 
1718; Leupold's engine, the first 
high pressure, 1720 ; Hull's patent 
for moving ships by steam, 1736"; 
Blakey's engine, 1756; Fitzgerald's 
attempted improvements, 1578; the 
atmospheric engine, introduced into 
the United States of America be- 
tween 1750 and 1760; Watt's in- 
vention of condensing in a separate 
vessel, 1765 ; his first patent, 1769; 
his patent renewed, 1775 ; engine 
to give a rotatory motion, 1778 ; 
Smeaton's portable atmospheric 
engine, 1765 ; Watt's expansion 
engine, 1778 ; double-acting en- 
gines proposed by Dr. Falck, on 
Newcomen's principles, 1779 ; 
Watt's double engine, and his first 
patent for it, granted 1781 ; the 
marquess Jouffroy constructed an 
engine on the Saone, 1781 ; Horn- 
blower's engine, 1782; Cook's ro- 
tatory engine, 1787 ; W. Syming- 
ton made a passage on the Forth 
and Clyde canal, 1789 ; first steam- 
engine erected in Dublin by Henry 
Jackson, 1791 ; Sadler's rotatory 
engine, 1791 ; Cartwright's engine, 



STE 



651 



STE 



1797 ; Hornblower's rotative en- 
gine, 1798; Nancarrow's engine, 
1799; Trevethick's high pressure 
engine, 1802 ; Trevethick and Vi- 
vian, 1804 ; Hornblower's steam- 
wheel, 1805 ; Woolfe, London, 
double cylinder, 1805 ; Miller, Lon- 
don, 1805; Maudsley, 1807, port- 
able engine ; Mead, Hull, steam- 
wheel, 1808; Noble, new steam- 
engine, 1809; Clegg, steam- wheel, 
1809; James, steam-boat, 1811; 
Eox and Dean, 1812; Noble's 
improved engine, 1814; Dodd, 
carriages, and Stephenson, car- 
riages, 1814; Trevethick, rotative 
engine, 1815 ; Oldham, steam-boats, 
1817; Congreve, steam- wheel, 1818; 
Rider, rotatory engine, 1820 ; Per- 
kins, 1822 ; Stephenson, 1822, 1823, 
&c, &c. ; locomotive steam car- 
riages on railway at Liverpool, Oct. 
1829. 

STEAM-Ena;ines in Birmingham, 
in 1780 to 1815, only 42 ; in 1839, 
240. 

STEAM-Engine burst at Provi- 
dence mill, in Shipney, near Brad- 
ford, Yorkshire, by which five young 
persons were killed, Feb. 4, 1811. 
The valves of the boiler of one in 
the extensive sugar-baking ware- 
house of Mr. Cronstadt of Well- 
street, Wellclose-square, burst, 
which destroyed the manufactory, 
and buried upwards of 20 persons 
in the ruins, Nov. 15, 1815. 

Steamboat Accidents, British 
steamers, during twenty years of the 
infancy of the navigation : — 

1817, there were 14 steam vessels 
running ; one took fire and was 
burnt ; the boilers of another ex- 
ploded ; nine persons perished in 
this year. 

1818, 19 steamers ; no accident. 

1819, 24 steamers ; no accident. 

1820, 34 steamers ; one burnt ; no- 
body suffered. 

1821, 59 steamers ; no accident. 

1822, 85 steamers ; no accident. 

1823, 101 steamers ; no accident. 

1824, 116 steamers : the boilers of 
two exploded ; three deaths. 

1825, 153 steamers; one wrecked; 



two, the Comet and the Ayr, came 
in collision, and 62 persons lost 
their lives : the boilers of another 
exploded. 

1826, 230 steamers; one burnt; 
explosion on another ; six suffer- 
ers this year. 

1827, 255 steamers ; one wrecked ; 
explosion on another; two lives 
lost. 

1828, 274 steamers ; two wrecked ; 
one burnt ; explosion on two ; 
one life lost. 

1829, 289 steamers ; three wrecked ; 
explosion on one ; six lives lost. 

1830, 298 steamers; three wrecked; 
explosion on one. The Eorly 
totally lost, but the number of 
persons on board not precisely 
known. The other accidents did 
not occasion a death. 

1831, 324 steamers ; two wrecked ; 
two collisions ; one burnt ; 119 
persons perished on the Rothesay 
Castle, near Beaumaris. 

1832, 352 steamers ; no accident. 

1833, 387 steamers ; 6 wrecked ; 
1 burnt, and 73 deaths, without 
including the Erin, which was 
lost, with all on board. 

1834, 430 steamers ; 2 wrecked ; 1 
burnt, and one explosion. The 
Superb lost, with ail on board, in 
the North Sea ; number of sufferers 
unknown. The other casualties 
caused no loss of life. 

1835, 503 steamers ; 3 wrecked ; 2 
came into collision ; 1 explosion of 
boilers : 13 lives lost. 

1836, 561 steamers ; 2 wrecked ; 4 
collisions ; 2 burnt ; 1 explosion ; 
no life lost. 

1837, 707 steamers ; 2 wrecked ; 4 
ran against each other ; 3 took 
fire and burnt : 1 explosion ; total 
victims, 29. 

1838, 766 steamers ; 5 wrecked ; 2 
collisions; 6 explosions; 132 lives 
lost. 

The total number of lives lost, 456, 
not including the Erin, Forly, and 
Superb, estimated at 120 more. 
Notwithstanding twenty years' ex- 
perience, the year 1838 was the mos t 
disastrous. The Killarncy, Nor- 



STE 



652 



STE 



thern Jack, and Forfarshire were 
lost. 

STEAM-Engines' Materials, cost of, 
the following is given as the corn- 
Materials. 

Iron 80,000 kil. 

Sheet Iron... 110,000 

Castings 275,000 



parative prices in England and 
France, of the materials employed 
in the construction of marine steam- 
engines of 450 horse power, in 1851 : 



English Price, 

per 100 kil. 
20f.— 16,000f, 
44 —14,000 
10 —26,500 



French Price, 
per 100 kil. 
45f.— 36,000f. 
65 —71,500 
29 —55,000 



465,000 87,000 162,500 

If we subtract the English price from the French 87,500 



There is the difference of 75,000 



STEAM-Engines of Lancashire, 
1825, besides 500 engines in the 
country of 7500 horse-power, there 



were in the following towns 
follows : — 



PARISHES, &C. 



Ashton-under-Line 

Blackburn 

Bolton (and Vicinity) 

Burnley (and Vicinity) 

Bury (Township) 

Chorley (Parish) 

Clitheroe 

Colne (Chapelry) 

Haslingden (Township) 

Kirkham 

Lancaster (Township) 

Leigh (Parish) 

Liverpool (on Shore) 

(Afloat, in Steam Packets). 

Manchester 

Middleton (Township) 

Oldham (and Vicinity) 

Prescot 

Preston 

Rochdale (and Vicinity) 

St. Helen's (and Vicinity) 

Stayley-bridge 

Todmorden 

Ulverstone 

Warrington 

Wigan 

Stockport 



No of 
Engines 



Total 1048 23894 



34 

31 

83 

37 

15 

11 

5 

8 

3 

1 

6 

16 

73 

79 

212 

3 

96 

5 

24 

57 

69 

29 

13 

2 

17 

32 

67 



Horse 
Power. 



840 

408 

1604 

571 

205 

187 

110 

87 

64 

45 

147 

286 

1030 

3931 

4875 

82 

2061 

57 

981 

1048 

1369 

773 

210 

27 

334 

597 

1965 



STE 



653 



STE 



Steamboats, above 1,057,000 
passengers to Gravesend and else- 
where, passed Blackwall, in 1836, in 
these boats. 

Steam to India, the passage of 
the mails from Bombay to Suez, 
began 1834; the communication 
rendered more perfect, 1837; by 
Falmouth and Malta, the distance, 
6,310 miles, was shortened, by pas- 
sage overland to Marseilles, to 
5,238 miles, the distance by the 
Cape being 10,580 miles ; in 1841, 
mails were conveyed between Suez, 
Bombay, Ceylon, and Calcutta, and 
then to Hong Kong ; the correspon- 
dence thus quickened, increased in 
the following ratio : — 
From, 1834, 158,933 ; to, 105,739. 

„ 1835, 167,341 ; „ 106,779. 

„ 1836, 179,915; „ 111,933. 
Since these years, the increase has 
been enormous : — 

Lettevs. Newspapers. 

1843, inwards, 350,767 112,058 
outwards, 370.038 429,028 
Total ; 1,261,891 

1845, inwards, 505,192 154,940 
outwards, 448,335 686,561 
Total 1,795,028 

Steam- Vessels ; first experiment 
on the Thames, 1801 ; the experi- 



ment of Mr. Symington repeated 
with success, 1802 ; Fulton started 
a steamboat on the river Hudson, 
America, 1807; steam power to 
convey coals on a railway, employ- 
ed by Blenkinsop, 1811 ; steam- 
vessels first commenced plying on 
the Clyde, 1812 ; steam applied to 
printing in " The Times " office, 
1814 ; there were five steam-vessels 
in Scotland, 1814 ; first steam- vessel 
on the Thames brought by Mr. 
Dodd from Glasgow, 1815 ; the 
first steamer built in England, 
1815; the Savannah steamer, of 
350 tons, came from New York to 
Liverpool in 26 days, July 15, 1819 ; 
first steamer in Ireland, 1820 ; 
Captain Johnston obtained £10,000 
for making the first steam voyage 
to India, in the Enterprise, which 
sailed from Falmouth, Aug. 16, 
1825 ; the Great Western arrived 
from Bristol at New York, being 
her first voyage, in 18 days, June 
17, 1838; war steamers built in 
England, 1838 ; war steamers built 
at Birkenhead, named the Nemesis 
and Phlegethon, carrying each two 
thirty- two pounders, sent by go- 
vernment to China, 1840. The 
steam-vessels, not including the 
navy, in 1850, were of England as 
follows, with their tonnage : — 



Under 50 tons 470 11,423 tons. 

Above 50 tons 425 97,283 „ 

Of Scotland. 

Under 50 tons.... 38 1064 „ 

Above 50 tons , 131 29,763 „ 

Of Ireland,; 

Under 50 tons 12 398 „ 

Above 50 tons 102 27,281 „ 

Isle of Man &c. 

Above 50 tons 7 1130 „ 

Total 1185 168,342 „ 



The colonies are not included ; they 
had, in 1849, 147 vessels, and 
17,310 tons. 

Steam Vessel, Frolic, lost on the 
Ness Sands. Glamorganshire, April 
11, 1831 ; 80 souls perished. 



Steam Packet, the Kegent, bound 
for Margate, took fire and burned 
to the water's edge, off Whits table, 
July 2, 1817. 

Steam Vessels, coasting and 
foreign trade in — 



ST E 



654 



STO 



Vessels. Tons. 
1829, 5,792; 978,981 inwards. 
1839, 15,550; 2,926,521 „ 
1849, 18,343; 4,283,515 „ 

Foreign Steam. Trade : — 

British. 

1829, 497; 51,754 „ 

1839, 2293; 356,595 „ 

1849, 3353; 688,608 „ 

1829, 428 ; 47,480outwards 

1839, 2296; 351,361 „ 

1849. 3111; 633,106 „ 

Total, 1829, 52,159 inwards 
„ 1839,427,368 „ 
„ 1849, 840,417 „ 

The largest European steam ves- 
sel belonged to Russia, 1848, being 
of 2049 tons, and 540 horse power — 
she possessed 65 ; Belgium had the 
next largest, of 1600 tons and 500 
horse power — she possessed 3 ; 
Egypt had 8, the largest of 963 tons 
and 220 horse power; Turkey 14, 
the largest 814 tons and 300 horse 
power : all the other powers ranged 
from 842 tons downwards ; France 
possessed 119, none above 600 tons; 
Sweden, 61, the largest 841 tons ; the 
Danes, 15; Norway, 10 ; Holland, 38, 
the largest 707 tons ; Spain, 13 ; 
Portugal, 10 ; Sardinia, 12 ; Austria, 
16 ; Brazil, 30 ; the United States 
(sea going), 261. 

Steel, iron refined and hardened; 
improvements in the process, 1798 ; 
about 8500 tons exported annually ; 
may be rendered 300 times more 
valuable than gold by manufacture, 
weight for weight : thus, six steel 
pendulum watch springs weigh 1 
grain, and give the artist 7s. 6d.each, 
or £2, 5s. ; a grain of gold is worth 
only 2d. 

Steel- Yard Company, a company 
of London merchants who had the 
steel-yard granted to them by Henry 
III., 1232 ; they were only exporters 
of English commodities. 

STEEL-Yard, an ancient balance, 
said to have come down from the 
Romans, 315 a.c. ; to the present 
day, the vulgar in some places call 
them Stilliers. 

Steinsberg, a German, murdered 



Vessels. 


Tons. 


1829, 6,875; l,006,041outwards 


1839, 15,498; 2,894,995 „ 


1849, 18,362; 4,203,202 „ 


Foreign. 


1829, 3 


; 405 inwards 


1839, 511 


70,773 „ 


1849, 811 


■ 151,809 „ 


1829, 22 


; l,486outwards 


1839, 479 


69,560 „ 


1849, 826 


157,370 „ 


Total, 1829, 79,976 „ 


„ 1839,420,921 „ 


„ 1849, 790,476 „ 



Ellen Lefevre and her four children 
at Pentonville, Sept. 8, 1834. 

Stenography or short-handwrit- 
ing ; the inventor is unknown ; the 
oldest system extant was printed 
1412 ; Bales, the penman, also pub- 
lished upon stenography, 1590; there 
are numerous modern systems, that 
of Gurney is the more general. 

Stephen, St., order of knight- 
hood of, began in Florence, 1561. 

Stereometer, an instrument to 
take the liquid contents of any ves- 
sel, invented 1350. 

Stereotype, the invention has 
been claimed by two Scotchmen 
named Ged and Tilloch, the one as 
suggesting, the other as carrying out 
the invention 40 years afterwards, in 
1779 ; but the real inventor was 
F. A. Didot, the celebrated printer 
of Paris, 1779 ; it was early in use 
in Holland, but the English, in their 
usual dislike to all innovations, did 
not adopt it until 1809, when Wilson 
made use of it in London. 

Stews suppressed, until then li- 
censed, 1546. 

Stirrups first used in the sixth 
century. 

Stock, Night-scented. — A speci- 
men of a very extraordinary flower 
is known in the north of England 
by the above name. It grows in 
the open air in Cornwall, and flow T - 
ers in the summer time; but this 
stock is forced in the hothouse 
northwards. During the day this 
flower, which is small and delicate, 



S TO 



655 



STO 



has no smell, but in the dusk of the 
evening, and during the night, it 
gives forth a strong and delicious 
perfume. It appears to be one of 
the most beautiful and extraordi- 
nary ornaments of the flower gar- 
den, 1835. 

Stock Exchange, in Capel Court, 
foundation of, laid May 18, 1800. 

Stock Companies, act respecting, 
1693. 



STOCK-jobbing forbidden by par- 
liament, March 28, 1734. 

Stocks, the public funds so called, 
which originated in Venice, and 
were introduced into Florence, 1340; 
the Stock Exchange hoax of Baron 
de Berenger and others, Feb. 22, 
1814 ; stockholders in 1840, 337,481; 
consols averaged as follows in the 
years indicated : — 



1780, £63 13 6 

1785, 68 6 6 

1790, 71 2 6 

1795, 74 8 6 



1800, £60 3 3 

1805, 58 14 

1810, 67 16 3 

1815, 58 13 9 



1820, £68 12 

1825, 90 8 

1830, 89 15 7 

1840, 89 17 6 



1845, £93 2 
1850, 96 10 



Stockings, Silk, first worn by 
Henry II. of France, 1547. Howell 
says, that in 1560 Queen Elizabeth 
was presented with a pair of black 
knit silk stockings by her silk-wo- 
man, Mrs. Montague, and she never 
wore cloth ones any more. He adds 
that Henry VIII., that magnificent 
and unprincipled monarch, wore or- 
dinarily cloth hose, except there came 
from Spain, by great chance, a pair 
of silk stockings ; for Spain very 
early abounded with silk. His son, 
Edward VI., was presented with a 
pair of Spanish silk stockings by 
his merchant, Sir Thomas Gresham, 
and the present was then much 
taken notice of; consequently the 
invention of knit silk stockings came 
from Spain. Others relate that 
"William Rider, a London appren- 
tice, seeing at the house of an Ital- 
ian merchant a pair of knit worsted 
stockings from Mantua, from thence 
made a pair like them, which he 
presented to the Earl of Pembroke, 
the first of the kind made in Eng- 
land, 1564 ; stocking-frame weaving 
was invented by the Rev. Mr. Lee, 
of Cambridge, 1587. 

Stockholm, Peace of, between 
England and Sweden,Nov. 20, 1719; 
between Sweden and Russia, March 
24, 1724 ; treaty between England 
and Sweden, March 3, 1813. 

Stockholm, 1000 houses at,burn- 
ed down, 1751 : again, 250 burned, 
Aug. 31, 1759 ; nearly destroyed 



bv fire, July, 1795, and Nov. 15? 
1802 ; city built, 1253. 

Stockport, England, erected into 
a borough, 1832. 

Stone, Buildings of, first erected in 
England, 674 ; bridge at Bow, 1087; 
at Crowland, 960 ; bullets of, used 
as late as 1514 ; church of, the first 
built in London, 1087 ; artificial, for 
statues, discovered by a Neapolitan, 
1776, introduced here by Mrs. 
Coade ; stone paper made, 1796 ; 
the first stone building in Ireland 
was a castle, 1161. 

Stonehenge, near Salisbury, one 
of the uprights and a top stone or 
trilithon fell during a thaw, Jan. 3, 
1797 : origin of, not known, attri- 
buted by some to Ambrosius, in 
memory of 460 Britons murdered 
by Hengist ; by others as a monu- 
ment to Ambrosius, 500. 

Stone, Operation for, called li- 
thotomy, said to have been first per- 
formed at Alexandria, 240 ; first 
successfully performed on a crimi- 
nal at Paris, 1474 ; a Mrs. Stevens 
rewarded by parliament for a nos- 
trum to cure, 1739. 

Stops in Literature introduced 
1520 ; colon, 1580 ; semicolon, 
1599. 

Store Cask for a brewery in 
Southwark made, 1792, to hold 8000 
casks of 16 gallons each, 55 feet 6 
inches in diameter, and 20 feet deep. 

Storms ; in Canterbury, threw 
down 200 houses, and killed several 



STO 



656 



STO 



families, 234 ; in London, which 
killed several people, 277 ; at Win- 
chester, 301 ; hailstones much 
bigger than hens' eggs, 344 ; 420 
houses in Carlisle blown down, and 
many people killed, 349 ; great part 
of Colchester destroyed, and seve- 
ral people killed, 416; in York, 
which blew down several houses, 
and killed many people, 458 ; hail- 
stones fell in most parts of Britain 
above three inches diameter, killed 
many men and much cattle, 459 ; in 
London, which threw down many 
of the houses, and killed 250 inha- 
bitants, 549 ; on the coast of Kent, 
Sussex, and Hampshire, 566 ; at 
Lincoln, which threw down above 
100 houses, 70JU in Wells, 772 ; at 
Coventry, 781 ; destroyed above 40 
houses in Cambridge, 919 ; at Man- 
chester, 921 ; in London, which 
threw down 1500 houses, 944 ; 
Southampton nearly destroyed in a 
storm by lightning, 951, at Colches- 
ter, 996 ; near 400 houses in Lon- 
don blown down, 1055; storm at 
Edinburgh, 1064; in several parts 
of England, especially at Winchels - 
comb, Gloucestershire, when the 
steeple of the church was thrown 
down, Oct. 5, 1091 ; at London, 500 
houses were thrown down, and Bow 
church unroofed, and at Old Sarum 
the steeple, with many houses, was 
thrown down, Oct. 17, 1091 ; in 
England, 1116. A violent storm 
desolated a great part of Denmark 
and Norway, 1194. Many lives 
were lost, and houses overthrown, 
and the corn in the fields destroyed, 
by hailstones as large as hens' eggs, 
1205. One which threw down seve- 
ral churches, 1222. It thundered 
for 15 days together, with terrible 
tempests of thunder and rain, 1233. 
The chimney of the chamber where 
the queen of king Henry III. andher 
children lay was blown down, and 
their whole apartments at Windsor 
shaken ; many oaks in the parks 
were rent asunder and torn up by 
the roots, accompanied by such 
thunder and lightning as had not 
been known in the memory of man, 



1251. As king Edward I. and his 
queen were talking together in their 
bedchamber, a flash of lightning 
struck in at the window, passed by 
them, killed two of their servants 
who were waiting upon them, but 
did their majesties no hurt, 1285. 
When Edward III. was on his 
march, within two leagues of Char- 
tres, there happened a storm of 
piercing wind that swelled to a tem- 
pest of rain, lightning, and hailstones, 
so prodigious as instantly to kill 
many of his horses and of his troops, 
1339. When Kichard II.'s first 
wife came from Bohemia, she had 
no sooner set foot on shore, but 
such a storm immediately arose as 
had not been seen for many years, 
when" several ships were dashed to 
pieces in the harbour, and the ship 
in which the queen came over was 
shattered and broken ; and which 
was the more observable, because 
his second wife brought a storm 
with her to the English coast, in 
which the king's baggage was lost, 
and many of the ships of his fleet 
cast away, 1389. In different parts 
of England many houses were 
thrown down, cattle destroyed, and 
trees rooted up, 1382. The leads 
of the Greyfriars' church, and the 
whole side of a street, called the 
Old Exchange, London, beaten 
down, Nov. 25, 1413. St. Paul's 
steeple fired by lightning, and the 
steeple of Waltham-cross consumed, 
1444. At St. Neot's, Huntingdon- 
shire, was a storm of hail, in 1479, 
when the stones measured eighteen 
inches round. In Italy, a storm of 
hail destroyed all the fishes, birds, and 
beasts of the country, 1510. A vio- 
lent one in Denmark, "which rooted 
up whole forests, and blew down 
the steeple of the great church at 
Copenhagen, Jan. 1, 1515. A storm 
of hail in Northamptonshire, when 
the stones measured fifteen inches in 
circumference, July, 1558. A storm 
at Leicester, 1563. Near Chelms- 
ford, in Essex, which destroyed 500 
acres of corn, 1566. Hailstones 
fell at Dorchester seven inches in 



STO 



657 



STO 



circumference, Aug. 23, 1651. The 
day that Oliver Cromwell died, one 
was so violent and terrible that it 
extended all over Europe, Sep. 3, 
1658. A great one in London, Feb. 
18, 1662. Two hundred sail of 
colliers and some coasters were lost, 
with all their crews, in the bay of 
Cromer, in Norfolk, 1696. A storm 
of hail in Cheshire and Lancashire, 
which killed fowls and small ani- 
mals, and knocked down horses and 
men, some of the stones weighing- 
half a pound, April 29, 1697. The 
same year, May 4, in Hertfordshire, 
hailstones fell fourteen inches in cir- 
cumference, and destroyed trees and 
corn in a dreadful manner. The 
most terrible that had ever been 
known in England, attended with 
flashes of lightning, Nov. 27, 1703, 
which unroofed many houses and 
churches, blew down several chim- 
neys and the spires of many stee- 
ples, tore whole groves of trees up 
by the roots, the leads of some 
churches were rolled up like scrolls 
of parchment, and several vessels, 
boats, and barges were sunk in the 
Thames ; but the royal navy suf- 
fered the greatest damage. Being 
just returned from the Mediterra- 
nean, one second-rate, four third- 
rates, four fourth-rates, and many 
others of less force, were cast away 
upon the coast of England, and 
above 1500 men lost, besides those j 
that were cast away in the mer- 
chants' service ; in London only the 
damage was estimated at a million. 
The Eddystone lighthouse was de- 
stroyed with its architect. A snow- 
storm in Sweden,when 7000 Swedes, 
it is said, perished upon the moun- 
tains, in their march to attack 
Drontheim, 1719. Port Royal, in 
Jamaica, destroyed Aug. 28, 1722; 
again, Oct 20, 1744. Carolina was 
greatly damaged by storms, Aug., 
1722. Cheltenham, in Gloucester- 
shire, received £2000 damage, June, 
1731. At St. Kitt's, where 20 ships 
were lost, June 30, 1733. At Ja- 
maica, 1734. At the mouth of the 
Ganges, in India, when 2000 ves- 



sels of different kinds were cast 
away, eight English East India 
ships and 30,000 people were lost, 
and the water rose 40 feet higher 
than usual, Oct. 11, 1737. At An- 
tigua, Aug. 1740. A violent one 
on the coast of England, Nov. 1, 
1740. At Canterbury, Sept. 8, 1741. 
In Yorkshire, where the hailstones 
were five inches round, May, 1745. 
One at Nantz, where 66 vessels 
and 800 sailors were lost, March 
7, 1751. At Jamaica, which did 
£300,000 damage, August 10, 
1751. At Cadiz, 100 ships, lost, 
December 8, 1751. At Martinico, 
12th Sept. 1756, which did great 
damage. At Barbadoes, Aug. 23, 
1758. At Charleston, South Caro- 
lina, where the ships lost were 
worth £20,000, May 4, 1761. At 
the Havannah, where 4048 hoxises 
were destroyed, and 1000 inhabi- 
tants perished. At Girgenti, in 
Sicily, where the hailstones weighed 
twenty ounces, April 18, 1772. At 
Leeds, in Yorkshire, where the hail- 
stones were as large as nutmegs, 
June 20, 1772. At St. Jago, where 
it did great damage, and the hail- 
stones were as large as oranges, 
July 16, 1772. A terrible one at 
St. Kitt's, which did immense dam- 
age in that and the adjoining islands, 
Aug. 30, 1772. In France and 
England, March, 1773. A most 
terrible one near Boston, in North 
America, in Aug., and at Cubs, 
July, 1773. In Oxford, Nov. 15, 
1773. At Alencon, in France, 
where the hailstones measured eight- 
een inches round, Aug. 3, 1774. At 
London Sept. 30, and Dec. 5, 6, and 
7, 1774, which did great damage to 
the shipping. In the north of Eng- 
land, four Dublin packets foundered, 
Oct. 19, 1775. Again on the south 
coasts, Nov., 1775. At Antwerp, 
&c., in Holland, where the hail- 
stones were as large as hens' eggs ; 
they weighed three-quarters of a 
pound, and killed several horses, 
&c, and destroyed the fruits of the 
earth, June 11, 1776. In the West 
Indies, the severest ever known, 
2u 



STO 



658 



STO 



Sept. 6, 1776. At Florence and its 
neighbourhood, which did immense 
damage, Oct. 16, 1777. In all the 
West India islands, particularly at 
Savannah la Mer, in Jamaica, and 
at Barbadoes, Oct. 1780. At Roe- 
hampton, Richmond, and other 
places near London, Oct. 15, 1780. 
All over England, Jan. 1779. A 
violent hail-storm at Madrid, which 
did £6000 damage to the glass 
windows; some stones weighed a 
pound, July 26, 1782. At Surat in 
the East Indies, which destroyed 
7000 of the inhabitants, April 22, 
1782. At Dieupole, in Moravia, 
which totally destroyed the place, 
May 30, 1782. In Erance, where 
the hailstones weighed eight ounces, 
June 17, 1782. Great damage done 
in America, particularly in New 
England, 1784. At Irun, in the 
Pyrenees, on the borders of France 
and Spain, hailstones fell as large 
as hens' eggs, which weighed 23 
ounces each, July 18, 1784. A 
dreadful storm on the north coast of 
England, Dec. 5, 1784. The same 
in Italy 1784. A hail-storm at 
Paris, the stones as large as cherries, 
July 1, 1785. 131 villages and 
farms laid waste in France, Aug. 

5, 1785. In the West Indies, July 

6, 1785. In the Channel, Jan. 
1786, when the Halsewell Indiaman, 
&c, was lost. At Ferrara, in Italy, 
where the hailstones were as large 
as hens' eggs, July 17, 1786. The 
same month a storm at High-bick- 
ington, in Devonshire, removed 13 
elm trees upwards of 200 yards from 
their original spot, and they re- 
mained standing upright in a 
flourishing state ; a rock at the 
same place was divided upwards of 
eight feet asunder, and all the poul- 
try and corn for several miles were 
destroyed by the thunder and light- 
ning. At Barbadoes, Aug. 11, 
1786 ; and at North Shields, where 
the hailstones were as big as pigeons' 
eggs, Aug. 16, 1786. In Normandy, 
where the hailstones were as big as 
hens' eggs, Aug. 4, 1787. In differ- 
ent parts of England, the same 



month, 1787. In the West Indies, 
where great damage was done, par- 
ticularly in the French islands, 
July, 1787. Considerable damage 
to the Tower-ditch at London, 
where the ground on little Tower-hill 
was trenched nearly 12 feet deep, 
June 20, 1788. At St. Germain-en- 
Laye, in France, hail fell as large as 
a quart bottle, and all the trees 
from Vallance to Lisle were torn up 
by the roots, July 13, 1788. At 
Liverpool, June 29, 1789. Almost 
all over the kingdom, which did 
very considerable damage, Dec. 23, 
1790. A violent hail-storm in 
Italy, June, 1791, and in several 
parts of England the same month. 
In Sept., 1791, a violent hail-storm 
fell in Calabria, near Naples, when 
some of the hailstones weighed an 
English pound, which destroyed all 
hopes of a vintage. The church of 
Speldhurst, in Kent, was destroyed 
by lightning, and the bells were 
melted, and other damage done at 
Raynam, Oct. 25, 1791. Also in 
Sussex, where the hailstones were 
four inches in circumference. At 
Waterford, April 4, 1792. In 
different parts of Kent, April 13, 
1792. In the north of England, 
July 16, 1792. At Whitehaven, 
Avhich did great damage, when 
the tide rose six feet above its 
usual height, March, 1793. At 
Thornton, in Leicestershire, when 
the hailstones measured from 4 
to 6§ inches in circumference, and 
did great damage, Aug. 3, 1793. 
At Savannah la Mer, in Jamaica, 
hailstones as large as pigeons' eggs 
fell, June 2, 1793. Almost univer- 
sal through Great Britain, by which 
much damage was done, Jan. 16, 
1794. A most violent storm of rain 
in Norfolk inundated many towns, 
particularly Norwich, Nov. 1794. 
A most violent storm on the eastern 
coast of England, when much da- 
mage was done to the shipping, 
Oct. 6, 1794. A most violent storm 
in Cumberland, Dec. 2, 1794. A 
storm of hail in Essex and Herts, 
which did great damage, June 12, 



STO 



659 



STO 



1795. In different parts of Eng- 
land, particularly in the Channel 
and in London, Nov. 4, 1795. At 
Petersburgh, upwards of 90 vessels, 
and a large magazine of naval 
stores were destroyed, June 7, 1798. 
The stones in a hail-storm over 
London an inch and a half in cir- 
cumference, May 8, 1797, which did 
great damage to the garden-grounds 
in the environs. Hailstones fell at 
Lewes, in Sussex, which measured 
three inches in circuit, and some 
weighed three ounces each, June 5, 
1797. Lewes, in Sussex, received 
damage in glass, by a hail-storm, to 
the amount of £1000 ; the stones 
were from four to seven inches 
round. At Bletchingdon there were 
575 panes of glass broken belong- 
ing to the barracks, and other da- 
mage done in different places. At 
Halifax, in Nova Scotia, £100,000 
damage was done bv a storm, Sept. 
25, 1798. At Hey ford, in Oxford- 
shire, irregular pieces of ice, the 
size of a hen's egg, fell, Aug. 19, 
1800 ; the same storm did great 
damage in Bedfordshire, where hail- 
stones fell eleven inches in circum- 
ference, and killed the hares and 
partridges in the fields. Nov. 8, the 
same year, great damage was done 
in London, and throughout almost 
all England. Again, in Devonshire, 
and in tbe Baltic, Nov. 1801. In 
the north of England, Aug. 18, 1802. 
A violent hurricane of wind did 
great damage in Devon and Corn- 
wall, Jan. 19, 1804. Another blew 
down a garden wall at Shenfield 
place, Kent, of 300 feet in length, 
on Jan. 22, 1S04. A dreadful storm 
at Kingston-upon-Thames, July 8, 
1805. A terrific thunder-storm in 
Somersetshire, when the hailstones 
measured from six to seven inches 
in circumference, July 15, 1808. A 
thunder-storm near Grimsby, by 
which a cottage and several other 
buildings were destroyed, and a 
vessel burnt to the water's edge, 
Aug. 10, 1809. A violent tempest 
at Cadiz, which caused great de- 
struction among the shipping, 



March 6 and 8, 1810. A violent 
storm in London, the effects of 
which were felt in most parts of 
England, July 1, 1810 ; a thunder- 
storm passed over London, doing 
damage in several places, Aug. 5, 
1810. Another on the 14th and 15th 
of the same month, which did still 
greater damage. A very tempes- 
tuous one at Windsor, on the 15th. 
Another on the 15th, at Welling- 
borough. Another on the 31st, 
at Stamford and its neighbour- 
hood. ' A tremendous one at 
Boston, by which, and the rising 
of the tide, the town and country 
round were deluged, Nov. 10, 1810. 
A tremendous one at Exeter, and 
other places in the west of England, 
on the same day ; at a farm belong- 
ing to Captain Nowel, of Iffley, 
near Oxford, by which two barns, 
some out-houses, and 13 valuable 
ricks of hay and corn were destroy- 
ed, Oct. 12, 1810; at Worcester, 
by which the Severn was raised 20 
feet in 24 hours, May 28, 1811 ; at 
Brighton, a storm of wind and rain, 
accompanied by lightning, by 
which much damage was done, and 
one house torn to pieces, Nov. 9, 
1813; tremendous storm at Har- 
rowgate, July 22 ; at Bielby, near 
Pocklington, several persons mak- 
ing hay were knocked down, and 
a young woman killed, July 26, 
1818; at Eaton Socon, Bedford- 
shire, a heavy storm of thunder, 
lightning, and hail, during which a 
fire-ball fell, and a barn, malting 
office, and stable were burnt down, 
Oct. 1813 ; a tremendous gale and 
storm prevailed throughout Great 
Britain and Ireland, by which much 
damage was done in various places, 
Dec. 16 and 17, 1814; violent 
thunder-storm in Loudon, June 15, 
1814 ; so dreadful a one fell upon 
the town of Worschetz, in the 
county of Temeswar, that of 2800 
buildings, none escaped withou. 
injury, July 2, 1816 a most tre- 
mendous gale, by which many 
vessels were lost, and much dam- 
age was done to the shipping in 



STO 



660 



STO 



general on the English coasts, Aug. 
31, 1816 ; very terrible storms of 
wind and hail desolated various 
parts of Cumberland and West- 
moreland, — some of the pieces of 
ice were an inch in diameter, Aug. 
31, 1816 ; tremendous gale of wind, 
which did considerable mischief, 
was experienced at Birmingham, 
Liverpool, Manchester, and other 
northern towns, Feb. 27, 1817 ; a 
very violent hurricane, which con- 
tinued for several hours, and levelled 
several houses in London with the 
ground, and did considerable dam- 
age to the shipping ; a piece of lead 
weighing more than two hundred 
weight, was blown to some distance 
from the roof of Surgeons' Hall, 
Lincoln's-inn-fields ; it extended 
over a great part of England, and 
raged every where with equal fury, 
destroying property to a vast 
amount, and causing the loss of 
many lives; numbers of vessels 
were stranded on the coast, along 
the whole line of the Channel ; at 
Loughborough the shock of an 
earthquake was felt, March 4, 1818 ; 
a water-spout burst at Stenbury, in 
the Isle of Wight, and did much 
mischief to a farm there, March 
1818; a terrible thunder-storm <n 
the English and Scotch border 
counties, May 8, 1818; severe 
storms of thunder, hail, and rain at 
Norwich, and in the neighbour- 
hood ; many windows were broken 
by the hailstones, and the corn 
was much injured, Aug. 1818; a 
dreadful hurricane, which ravaged 
the Leeward Islands, from Sept. 
20 to 22, 1819; at the Island of 
St. Thomas alone, 104 vessels were 
lost ; Barbadoes escaped this cala- 
mity, but was shortly afterwards 
visited by another of equal severity, 
which lasted two days, and did in- 
calculable mischief, Oct. 13, 1819 ; 
a severe thunder-storm in various 
parts of Monmouthshire, which 
poured down a deluge of rain that 
laid many parts of the country 
under water ; several cattle were 
killed by lightning, July 1820 ; a 



whirlwind at Neen Savage, Shrop- 
shire, which tore up trees by the 
roots, Aug. 1820 ; a terrible thun- 
der-storm at Truro, in the same 
month ; a thunder-storm at Bristol, 
and in the neighbourhood, — it took 
place at midnight; the tower of 
Radcliffe church was struck and 
much injured, April 2, 1821 ; a 
tempest at Wittlesea, in the course 
of which a poor man was struck 
dead by lightning, — his clothes were 
rent to pieces, and scattered in all 
directions, June 1821 ; a singular 
whirlwind at Thrandiston, Suffolk, 
which had a red appearance, and 
was confined to a very narrow 
space ; it beat down four persons, 
and carried part of a stall of crock- 
ery to the distance of a mile, Aug. 
2, 1821 ; a storm at Newhaven, 
-America, in which the trees were 
covered with salt, and the foliage 
destroyed, Sept. 23, 1821 ; a dread- 
ful storm along the coast from Dur- 
ham to Cornwall, in which great 
numbers of vessels were lost, Nov. 
1821 ; the lighthouse at Dungeness 
much injured by lightning, Dec. 23, 
1821 ; a storm near Bedale, York- 
shire, in which Miss Bussell, a rela- 
tion of the Countess of Darlington, 
was killed by the fall of a stack of 
chimneys at Newton House, Jan. 
1822 ; a violent storm in London 
and the vicinity, during which the 
hail and large pieces of ice, some of 
them three inches in circumference, 
did damage to an immense amount ; 
a single nursery-ground sustained 
a loss of £300, May 25, 1822 ; an- 
other storm, July 10 ; North Luffen- 
ham church, Lincolnshire, struck by 
lightning and the steeple damaged, 
June 10, 1822; a waggon-load of 
hay carried into the air by a whirl- 
wind, near Nottingham, July 17, 
1822; Edmonthorpe church, Lei- 
cestershire, struck by lightning dur- 
ing a severe slorm, — the parish 
clerk was also struck while walking, 
but escaped with no other injury 
than the singeing of his eyebrows, 
and his face being somewhat 
scorched, Aug. 4, 1822 ; a terrible 



STO 



661 



STR 



thunder-storm at Agno, which did 
great damage, Sept. 1822; a ter- 
rible storm at Pernisch and Tre- 
bitsch, in Moravia, during which 
hailstones as large as hens' eggs did 
great mischief, — an inundation fol- 
lowed, Sept. 1, 1822 ; violent gales 
off the western coast, in which the 
Plymouth breakwater proved to 
be of the utmost service in protect- 
ing the shipping, Nov. 12, 1822 ; 
a storm of wind and rain at Brigh- 
ton, which blew down one house, 
unroofed several, and injured the 
chain pier, Dec. 6, 1822; in Ireland, 
and near Dublin, a vast number of 
houses unroofed, Dec. 12, 1822 ; the 
cathedral at Rouen much damaged 
by lightning and storms, 1822 and 
1823 ; a heavy storm of thunder 
and lightning at Coddenham, in 
Suffolk, in the course of which a 
meteoric stone fell into the street, 
July 1823 ; gales at Lynn, during 
which the spring-tide only rose 
seven instead of seventeen feet, but 
in the evening rose to seventeen 
and a half, Jan. 1824 ; storm on the 
coast of England, many vessels lost, 
and 13 diiven ashore and wrecked 
in Plymouth alone, Jan. 12-13, 
1828; at Gibraltar, where more 
than a hundred vessels were de- 
stroyed, Feb. 18, 1828; dreadful 
storm at the Cape of Good Hope, 
where immense property was lost, 
July 16, 1831 ; a hurricane visited 
London and its neighbourhood, 
which did great damage to the 
buildings, but without the destruc- 
tion of human life, though many 
serious accidents occurred, Oct. 28, 
1838 ; awful hurricane on the wes- 
tern coast of England, and in Ire- 
land; the storm raged through 
Cheshire, Staffordshire, and War- 
wickshire ; 20 persons were killed 
in Liverpool by the falling of build- 
ings, and 100 were drowned in the 
neighbourhood, — the coast and har- 
bours were covered with wrecks — 
the value of two of the vessels lost 
being nearly half a million sterling ; 
in Limerick, Galway, Athlone, and 
other places, more than 200 houses 



were blown down, and as many 
more were burnt, the wind spread- 
ing the fires ; Dublin suffered dread- 
fully ; London and its neighbour- 
hood scarcelv sustained any 
damage, Jan. 6-7, 1839; Oct. 6, 
1850, a violent gale which did 
much damage at Liverpool and in 
Nottingham. 

Stoborough, nearWareham,Dor- 
set, fifteen houses consumed at, 
July, 1806. 

Stour Hall, Ramsey, burned 
with the outhouses by an incen- 
diary, Oct. 23, 1816. 

Stow, Archdeaconry of, erected 
1213. 

Stralsund in Pomerania, founded 
1209. 

Strand, London, first built in 
1315, principally with houses for 
the nobility; riot in, three houses 
stripped and demolished by the 
mob, July 1, 1749. 

Strand Bridge, first stone of, 
laid Oct. 11, 1811 ; opened June 18, 
1817, hence called frequently the 
Waterloo Bridge. 

Strangford, Lord, suspended 
from voting in the Irish House of 
Lords, for soliciting a bribe in the 
cause of Rochfort and Ely, 1784. 

Strasburgh Cathedral, built 
1035 ; the celebrated tower, 1049. 

Strata Florida Abbey, Cardi- 
ganshire, built 1164 ; rebuilt 1238. 

Stratford, Stony, sixty houses 
burned at, April 10, 1736 ; and 150 
houses, May 6, 1742. 

STRATFORD-upon-Avon, incorpo- 
rated by Edward VI. ; burned 
Aug. 1, 1614 ; monastery built, 
1700; jubilee at, in honour of 
Shakspeare, Sept. 6, 1769. 

Strathmore, Countess of, once 
Miss Bower of Durham, with im- 
mense property, married the earl 
of Strathmore, Feb. 25, 1766 ; after 
the earl's death she was married to 
Mr. Stoney, and afterwards forcibly 
carried off by him and armed men, 
Nov. 10, 1786; she was brought up 
to the King's Bench by habeas 
corpus, and released, and Mr. 
Stoney committed to prison, Nov. 



STU 



662 



SUB 



23 ; when she recovered her estates, 
which she had assigned to him un- 
der the influence of fear, in May, 
1788. 

Stratton, Cornwall, Battle of, 
between the royal troops, led by 
Ralph Hopton, and the earl of 
Stamford, in which the former was 
victorious, and took General Chud- 
leigh and 1700 men prisoners, for 
which he was made Baron Hopton 
of Stratton, Sept. 4, 1643. 

Straw used for the bed of the 
monarch of England, 1234. 

Streatham, Surrey, mineral 
spring discovered at, 1639. 

Stroud, England, made a bo- 
rough, 1832. 

Struensee and Brandt, Counts, 
who were beheaded at Copenhagen 
under the false accusation of intri 
guing with the queen, made through 
the baseness of the king's mother- 
in-law and his own imbecility; 
no story is more touching than the 
tragic history of that innocent lady; 
they were executed March 28,1772. 

Stuart, Cardinal d' York, son of 
the Pretender, ordained by the 
pope, Sept. 1, 1748. 

Stuarts, Fatality attending the 
— King James of Scotland, eight- 
een years imprisoned in England, 
and, with his queen, assassinated. 
1405; James II., 29 years of age, 
killed in fighting against Eng- 
land, 1437; James III. was first 
imprisoned, and subsequently killed 
in battle by his rebellious sub- 
jects, 1460; James IV. perished 
in the battle which he lost, 1513 ; 
Mary Stuart, his grand- daughter, 
queen of Scotland, after eighteen 
years' imprisonment, was beheaded, 
1542; James V. supposed murdered, 
1513; Charles I. beheaded, 1649; 
James, his son, driven from his three 
kingdoms; his son attempted to 
mount the thro ne, andhisfriends ex- 
ecuted for the attempt, 1715, 1745. 

Stuart, Captain, insane, tried for 

the murder of seven of his crew, under 

extraordinary circumstances, Aug. 

11, 1828. 

Stucco work, an invention of 



the ancients, said to have been re- 
vived by d'Udine, 1550. 

Style, alteration of the Julian 
calendar, formed at a General 
Council held at Nice in the year 
325, appointed the introduction of 
one day in every four years, in con- 
sequence of the year consisting of 
nearly 365| days, was found to be 
incorrect, inasmuch as the year 
being only 365 days 5 hours and 49 
minutes in length, there arose a 
difference of 44 minutes in every 
four years, or about three days in 
400 years. To obviate this difficul- 
ty, Pope Gregory XIII. held a 
consultation in 1582, and made an 
arrangement that every hundredth 
year should be accounted a com- 
mon year, and not a leap year, 
unless its centesimal parts were di- 
visible by four : — thus, that 1700, 
1800, and 1900 should be common 
years, whilst 1600 and 2000 should 
be leap years. This Gregorian 
calendar was received in most 
parts of Europe, but was not intro- 
duced into England till the year 
1751, when the great inconvenience 
arising to merchants and others 
corresponding with foreign nations, 
and the equinoxes happening at a 
different time from that set down in 
the calendar, occasioned an Act of 
Parliament to be passed in the 24th 
of Geo. II., c. 23, intituled, " an 
Act for regulating the commence- 
ment of the year, and for correcting 
the calendar now in use:" It was 
hereby enacted, that the year 1752 
and all succeeding years should 
begin on the 1st January preceding 
the 25th March, which had been 
the usual time of the year's com- 
mencement, and that eleven days 
should be omitted after Wednesday, 
the 2nd September, 1752, the next 
day being called Thursday, the 14th 
September, as the surplus of forty- 
four minutes in every four years 
had amounted to about eleven days 
since 325. Other corrections of the 
old style were at that time adopted 
in England. 

Submarine Electric Telegraph ; 



SUB 



SUD 



the connection of England and 
France, London and Paris, by 
means of the electric wire, was exe- 
cuted in 1850 and 1851, to the 
complete fulfilment of its object ; 
the wire began to be laid down 
Aug. 28, 1850. The connecting 
wires were placed on the govern- 
ment pier in Dover harbour ; and 
in the Goliah steamer were coiled 
about 30 miles in length of tele- 
graphic wire, enclosed in a covering 
of gutta percha half an inch in 
diameter. The Goliah started 
from Dover, unrolling the tele- 
graphic wire as it proceeded, and 
allowed it to drop to the bed of the 
sea. In the evening the steamer 
arrived on the French coast, and 
the wire was run up the cliff at 
Cape Grisnez to its terminal sta- 
tion, and messages were sent to 
and fro between England and 
the French coast. But the wire, 
in settling into its place in the sea- 
bottom, crossed a rocky ridge, 
which injured it, for it snapped in 
two, and thus the enterprise for the 
moment failed, but Avas speedily re- 
newed and perfected, and continues 
to perform its rapid journeys ever 
since, bringing the two capitals in 
contact. 

Subsidies, See Loans. Under the 
lavish system of Pitt, in his ambi- 
tion to be a distinguished war 
minister, England was fleeced by 
every miserable continental power ; 
the aggregate of the sums given on 
all sorts of pretexts was, from 1793 
to 1814, £46,289,459. All the suf- 
ferers among our allies partook of 
the taxes levied on laborious Eng- 
lishmen ; needy princes, expelled 
their own realms, kept their purses 
full at England's expense ; even 
Louis XVIII., who had not money 
to return to France, in 1814, got 
from the government that in 1793 
went to war to restore his dynasty 
£200,000, which he seems never to 
have been grateful enough to repay. 
In the above mode were expended, — 
1793, 833,273?.; 1794, 2,550,225/.; 
1795, 5,724,961?.; 1796, 32,780?.; 



1797, 1,684,586?.; 1798, 127,013?.; 

1799, 849,812?.; 1800, 2,613,177?.; 
1801, 690,114?.; 1802, 285,451.; 
1803, 212,275?.; 1804, 103,423?.; 
1805, 35,341?.; 1806, 595,847?.; 
1807, 859,082?.; 1808, 2,897,873?.; 
1809, 2,579,039?.; 1810, 2,110,543?.; 
1811, 2,367,413?; 1812,3,908,5212.; 
1813, 6,786,022?.; 1814,8,442,578?; 
Total, 46,289,459^. Besides money, 
in one year alone, 1814, the sum of 
1,582,045?. was supplied in arms and 
equipments. Subsidies in early 
times were given in merchandise: 
thus 30,000 sacks of wool were 
voted to Edward IIL, 1340, for his 
wars against France : they were 
raised upon th$ subjects of England 
as late as 1624 to 1639; in 18,0, 
England in return for her subsidies 
got Austria to stipulate that neither 
should make peace with France 
without the consent of the other ; 
but Marengo and Hohenlinden, 

1800, showed the inutility of such 
treaties, aud again, Austerlitz, in 
1805 ; the posterity of England 
being burthened with the interest 
of the debts for all. 

Succession Act, passed to exclude 
Catholics from the throne, 1689; 
the crown of England was settled 
upon the present royal family by 
the 13 William IIL, June 12, 1701, 
by which the crown, after the de- 
mise of William III. and queen 
Anne without issue, was limited to 
the princess of Hanover and her 
heirs, she being the grand-daughter 
of James I. 

Succession, the War of the, re- 
markable for the brilliancy of the 
exploits of Marlborough, and its 
utter inutility to England, the 
question being as to who should 
succeed to the crown of Spain ; 
England opposed France upon the 
question — Marlborough gained 
splendid victories — the allies fell 
off from each other, and after an 
ocean of bloodshed the French 
monarch gained his object in the 
peace of Utrecht, 1713. 

Sudbury, Archdeaconry of, 
founded 1127. 



SUG 



664 



SHI 



Sudbury, Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, beheaded by the rebels on 
Tower Hill, June 14, 1831. 

Sudely Castle, Gloucestershire, 
built 1442. 

Suevi, said to have been the in- 
habitants of Lusace in Upper Saxo- 
ny, styling themselves Visigoths 
on settling in Spain, to distinguish 
themselves from the Ostrogoths, 
established in Italy 419. 

Suffolk, Archdeaconry of, erect- 
ed before 1127. 

Suffolk, the Earl of, lord trea- 
surer, discarded and fined £30,000, 
for embezzlement, 1615. 

Suffolk in Virginia, destroyed 
by the British forces, May 1779. 

Sugar, first mentioned by Paul 
Eginetta, a physician, 625; origi- 
nally from China and the East; 
produced in Sicily, 1148; produced 
in Madeira, 1419; in the Canary 
islands, 1503 ; attempted to be cul- 
tivated in Italy and not succeeding, 
1659 ; carried to the West Indies 
by the Portuguese and Spaniards, 
1510; cultivated at Barbadoes, 
1641 ; sugar refining first discovered 
by a Venetian, 1503 ; practised first 
in England, 1659 ; was first taxed 
in England, 1685; imported into 
England, in 1789, above 1,936,440 
hundred weight, for which duty to 
the amount of £1,180,814 : 12 : 6 
was levied ; in 1801, the quantity of 
sugar cleared in England for home 
consumption was, 3,341,496 cwt. c . ; 
1811, 3,938,367 cwts. ; in 1821, 
3,128,026 cwts.; the duty in 1801 
was 20s.; in 1811, 27s.; 1821, 
27s. ; the population in 1801, 
10,942,646; in 1821, 14,391,631; 
thus showing an over-taxed article. 
In Ireland for home consumption, 
1800, 298,069 cwts., the average of 
3 years; in 1810, Jan. 5, average of 
3 years, 420,093; 1821, 380,608 
cwts., — duty 17s. 6d., 27s., po- 
pulation, 1800, 5,395,456 ; 1810, 
population, 5,950,917; in 1821, 
6,801,827, showing an over-taxed 
article ; in 1831, the duty was re- 
duced to 24?. ; in 1830, the quan- 
tity retained for home consumption 



was 4,147,350 cwts, or 1994 per 
head, the price being, duty included, 
49s. 0^d. per head ; in 1849, the con- 
sumption was 24-12 per head, the 
quantity consumed being 5,982,593 
cwts. ; the differential duty on 
sugar to be abolished prospectively, 
July 5, 1854. 

Sugar first taxed by name, 1 
James II., 1685. 

Suicides; the propensity to fly 
from the evils of existence is not 
confined to real sufferings from that 
cause ; there are as many from 
imaginary as from real evil — from 
prospective as from present ; of 163 
suicides, and 63 female, in ten years 
previous to 1821, in Westminster, it 
appears that in England the month 
of July, and not that of November, 
returns the larger number ; the 
months of June and July have been 
observed to be most productive of 
suicide on the continent ; in 1836, 
sixty voluntary deaths took place 
at Bouen during the months of 
June and July, the air being at 
that time remarkably humid and 
warm ; and in July and August of 
the same year, more than three 
hundred suicides were committed at 
Copenhagen, the constitution of the 
atmosphere presenting the same 
phenomena as it did at Bouen : — 



1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
Tot. 


3 

1 
2 
2 
5 

1 
1 
4 
4 
1 
21 


3 
1 
1 
4 
3 
1 
1 
3 
1 
2 
20 


2 
3 
3 
1 
4 
1 
1 
3 
5 
2 
U 


p. 

< 

2 
2 
5 
2 
1 

1 

1 

2 


16 


| 

1 

1 
! 
2 

1 
3 

1 
4 
14 


p 
ha 

1 

3 

4 

3 

~ 3 
2 

q 

25 


5 

1 
4 

7 

3 

5 

4 

1 

2 



30J 


< 
1 
2 





1 
1 

1 

4 
2 
3 
15 


o 

X 

3 

2 
2 

3 


2 
2 
1 

15 


o 

O 

2 
2 

2 
1 
2 
1 
1 

1 
12 




3 

1 


- 

5 

5 
2 
1 

17 


Q 
i 

3 
3 

4 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
17 



SUI 



665 



SUN 



In Paris, after the examination of 
9000 cases of suicide, between 1796 
and 1830, it has been observed so 
repeatedly as to be asserted for fact, 
1, — that philosophical or premedi- 
tated suicide takes place during the 
night, and a little before daybreak ; 
2, — that accidental or unpremedi- 
tated suicide takes place during the 
day, because it is then that the oc- 
casional causes arise, as quarrels, 
bad news, losses at play, intemper- 
ance, &c. ; at every age man seems 
to choose particular modes of sui- 
cide, — in youth he has recourse to 
hanging, which he abandons for 
fire-arms ; in proportion as his 
vigour declines, he returns to his 
first mode — it is most commonly by 
hanging that the old man puts an 
end to his existence ; these consi- 
derations are curious with respect 
to medical jurisprudence. The fol- 
lowing table shows the mode of 
suicide the most common at diffe- 
rent ages in France : — 

Age. Pistol. Hanscing. 

From 10 to 20 61 68 

„ 20 to 30 283 51 

„ 30 to 40 182 94 

„ 40 to 50 150 188 

„ 50 to 60 161 256 

„ 60 to 70 126 235 

„ 70 to 80 35 108 

„ 80 to 90 2 

1000 1000 
The other modes of death are not 
given, as not so much to the pur- 
pose ; in England, of the suicides 
out of pure ennui, life- weariness, 
remarkable examples were — that 
of Lord Clive, in Nov., 1775 ; 
General Pichegru, April 7, 1804; 
Miss Champante, Aug. 15, 1804 ; 
Sellis, the valet of the Duke of 
Cumberland, May 31, 1810; Wil- 
liams, the murderer of the Marr 
family, Dec. 15, 1811 ; Lord French, 
Dec. 9, 1814; Marshal Berthier, 
June 1, 1815; Samuel Whitbread, 
Esq., Sept. 6, 1815 ; Sir Samuel 
Romillv, Nov. 2, 1818; Sir Richard i 
Croft, Nov. 6, 1818; Christophe, I 
king of Hayti, Oct. 8, 1820; Ad- ' 



miral Sir George Campbell, Jan. 
23, 1821 ; Marquess of London- 
derry, Aug. 12, 1822 ; Hon. Colonel 
Stanhope, Jan. 26, 1825; Mr. 
Montgomery, in Newgate, July 4, 
1828 ; Miss 'Charlotte Both, Jan. 3, 
1830 ; Lord Greaves, Feb. 7, 1830 ; 
Colonel Brereton, Jan. 13, 1832 ; 
Major Thompson, June 13, 1832 ; 
Mr. Simpson, the traveller, July 24, 
1840; Lord James Beresford, April 
27, 1841 ; General Sir Rufane Shaw 
Donkin, May 1, 1841 ; the Earl of 
Munster, March 20, 1842; Lord 
Congleton, June 8, 1842 ; Colonel 
Gurwood, Dec. 29, 1845; Rear- 
admiral Collard, March 18, 1846; 
Haydon, the eminent painter, June 
22, 1846 ; Count Bresson, Nov. 2, 
1847 ; Colonel King, in India, July 
12, 1850 ; Walter Watts, lessee of 
the Olympic theatre, July 13, 1850; 
a Frenchman threw himself into the 
crater of Vesuvius, 1820 ; a woman 
threw herself from the monument, 
1750; John Cradock, a baker, 
1788; Lyon Levy, a merchant, 
1810 ; a girl named Moves, 1839 ; 
a boy called Hawes, 1839, and a 
girl called Cooper, aged 17, 1842 ; 
several have flung themselves under 
the wheels of railway carriages. In 
England, among the old usages to 
deter the vulgar from suicide, the 
body was buried in cross-roads, a 
stake being driven through it; a 
usage sufficiently barbarous. 

Sultan, a title of the head of an 
empire, the same as king or ruler 
in Christendom, first given in 1055 
to the Turkish princes. 

Sumptuary Law passed 1482, to 
restrain luxury in the reign of 
Edward III. and Henry VIII. ; the 
futility of imposing such laws needs 
no comment. 

Sumatra and Malacca discovered 
by the Portuguese, 1518 ; visited byi 
the Spaniards, 1521. 

Sun, the centre of the system 
advanced by Copernicus, 1530 ; 
Galileo and Newton imagined the 
sun to be an igneous body, but 
the phenomena of electricity, and 
the galvanic and magnetic dis- 



SUE 



666 



SWA 



coveries were not known in 
their time; the maculae on its 
surface first noticed in 1611 ; 
Halley discovered the sun's motion 
on its own axis, 1676 ; his discovery 
of the sun's parallax, 1702 ; Her- 
schel measured spots on the sun, 
which covered together 50,000 
square miles. 

Sunday, or the Lord's day, called 
Sunday because on that day adora- 
tion was paid to the sun by the 
northern Pagan nations ; called the 
Lord's day on account of the appear- 
ance of Christ after the resurrec- 
tion ; it was established as an imi- 
tation of the Jewish sabbath, 
together with other church festivals, 
by Constantine the emperor, March 
7, 321 ; labour in the country was 
not prohibited on that day until the 
council of Orleans, 338 ; it was thus 
an institution of the church, as 
Dr. Paley has remarked. The earlier 
Christians met in the morning of 
that day for prayer and singing 
hymns in commemoration of Christ's 
resurrection, and then went about 
their usual duties; the Jewish 
sabbath appears to have been set 
aside under the new dispensation, 
until made observable by the above 
ordinance; the book of Sunday 
sports, published 15 James I., 
1618, was violently opposed ; the 
Sunday act was passed, 1781. 

Sunday Schools first established 
in England about 1782, by Robert 
Raikes, a printer of Gloucester. 

Sundials discovered in remote 
antiquity ; first set up in churches, 
613. 

Surnames, Use of, introduced by 
the Romans, to distinguish families ; 
first used among tbe nobility, 1200 ; 
many of the more common, as Jack- 
son, Wilson, Thomson, were taken 
from the Flemings ; some from agri- 
cultural pursuits, as Bellwether, 
Merewether ; from trades, as 
Arrowsmith, Goldsmith, Painter, 
and the like, 1200. 

Surnames first used in England, 
1102, became common, 1199; under 
the Normans, Fitz was used by them 



as a prefix for son, whence the 
Frenches; the Irish used O, and 
the Scotch Mac : the Saxons added 
the word -son as Will's-son, John's- 
son ; some were borrowed from con- 
tinental countries. 

Surplices originally worn by 
Pagan priests, and adopted from 
them in churches, 316 ; generally 
ordered by pope Adrian, 786 ; pre- 
scribed also by 2 Edward VI., 1517 ; 
Elizabeth, 1558; and Charles II., 
1662. 

Surrey Canal Dock opened at 
Rotherhithe, 1807. 

Surrey Institution commenced, 
1808; dissolved, 1823. 

Survey of England first made by 
Alfred, 900; by William the Con- 
queror, 1080; by Charles II., 1668. 

Suspension Bridges introduced 
into use in England early in the 
19th century; the Menai and Hun- 
gerford the most important ; one at 
Broughton, Lancashire, fell April 
II, 1831. 

Sussex, kingdom of, founded by 
Ella a Saxon, 419; ended, 754. 

Sutlej, India, Battle of the, with 
the Sikh army and the English, 
under Sir Harry Smith, called also 
the Battle of Alliwal: the English 
loss was severe, but the Sikhs were 
routed with the loss of 67 pieces of 
cannon, and 10,000 men. 

Suttees, or the Hindoo burning 
of widows: these immolations to 
the manes of their departed hus- 
bands, were abolished by the go- 
vernment there, Dec. 7, 1829. 

Sutton, Thomas, founded the 
Charterhouse in London, 1600. 

SuTTON-Coldfield, Warwickshire, 
chartered by Henry VIII. about 
1538. 

Suwarrow Islands discovered by 
Lieut. Lasuran, of the Russian ship 
Suwarrow, Sept. 27, 1814. 

Swale, six women and a man 
drowned in, by accident, near 
Feversham, June 23, 1816. 

Swan, order of knighthood in 
Cyprus, began 1495; in Sweden, 
1528. 

Swansea Castle, South Wales, 



SWE 



667 



SWE 



erected, 1113 : the town of, made a 
borough, 1832. 

Swan River Settlement, project- 
ed 1828; a lieutenant-governor ap- 
pointed, 1829 ; the same year, 
Perth, Freemantle, and Guildford, 
three towns, were founded ; the 
Freemantle Gazette published 
March, 1831. 

Swainshaw, Mrs., died in Rose- 
hill workhouse, Tower-hill, Dec. 
6, 1711, aged 127. 

Swearing on the Gospels first in- 
troduced, 528; with judicial pro- 
ceedings, 600; a fine for swearing 
introduced, 6 William III., 1695; 
a labourer or servant to pay Is. 
per oath : others, 2s. ; for a second 
offence, 4s. ; and a third, 6s. 

Sweating- sickness, which some 
reported to be an English disease, 
appeared first, 1485 ; six aldermen 
of London died of it in a week, and 
many thousands of the inhabitants : 
in 1517, it destroyed one half of the 
inhabitants in many English towns : 
it appeared again in 1528, 1529, and 
1551 ; in Oxford, 501 men, and no 
Avomen, died of it in July, 1575; 
those attacked were carried off in 
from three to six hours. 

Sweden, Suithead, and more re- 
cently Sweircke, a Finnish raee 
originally, who were supplanted by 
the Goths or Scandinavians ; the 
fabulous or traditional history be- 
gins about 520, and includes the 
conquest of Sweden by Ivar Vid- 
fatme, kiug of Demnark, 760; there 
is perfect obscurity until the reign 
of Bion I., 829. Denmark was con- 
quered by Olif II., about 900. 
Olif the Infant was baptised, 
and introduced Christianity 
among his people about a.d. 1000 
Gothland, so celebrated for its 
warlike people, and inva- 
sions of other countries, 

• annexed to Sweden 1132 

Waldemarl. of Denmark sub- 
dued Rugen, and destroyed 

the pagan temples 1168 

Stockholm founded 1260 

Magnus Ladclus established a 
. regular form of government 1279 



The crown of Sweden, which 
had been hereditary, is 
made elective; and Steen- 
chel Magnus, surnamed 
Smeek or the Foolish, king 
of Norway, elected 1318 

The crown made elective 1320 

Waldemar laid Gothland 
waste 1361 

Albert of Mecklenburg reigned 1365 

Sweden united to the crown 
of Denmark and Norway, 
under Margaret 1394 

University of Upsal founded.. 1476 

Christian II. , " the Nero of the 
North," massacred all the 
Swedish nobility, to fix his 
despotisim 1520 

The Swedes delivered from 
the Danish yoke by the va- 
lour of Gustavus Vasa 1523 

He made the crown heredi- 
tary, and introduced the re- 
formed religion 1544 

The titles of count and baron 
introduced by Eric XIV.... 1561 

The conquests of Gustavus 
Adolphus, between 1612 
and 1617 

Slain at Lutzen 1633 

Rugen ceded to Sweden by 
Denmark 1648 

Abdication of Christina 1654 

Charles X. overran Poland.... 1657 

Arts and sciences began to 
flourish 1660 

Charles XII., " the madman 
of the North," began his 
reign 1699 

He made himself absolute ; 
abolished the senate *** 

Battle of Pultowa, where 
Charles was defeated by the 
czar of Russia 1709 

He escaped to Bender, where, 
after three years' protection, 
he was made a prisoner by 
the Turks 1713 

He was restored ; after ruin- 
ous wars, and fighting nu- 
merous battles, he was at 
length killed at the siege of 
Frederickshall Dec. 11, 1718 

Queen Ulrica Eleanor abo- 
lished despotic government 1719 



SWE 



668 



SWE 



Royal Academy founded by 
Linne, afterwards called 
Linnaeus 1741 

Conspiracy of counts Brahe 
and Home, who were be- 
headed 1756 

Despotism re-established 1772 

Order of the Sword instituted 1772 

Assassination of Gustavus III. 
by count Ankerstrom, at a 
ball, March 16 : he expired 
the 29th 1792 

The regicide was dreadfully 
scourged with whips of iron 
thongs three successive days: 
his right hand was cut off, 
then his bead, and his body 
impaled May 18, 1792 

Gustavus IV. dethroned, and 
the government assumed by 
his uncle, the duke of Su- 
dermania March 13, 1809 

Sweden ceded Finland to the 
czar of Russia,.... Sept. 17, 1809 

Marshal Bernadotte, the 
prince of Ponte Corvo, was 
chosen the crown prince of 
Sweden Aug. 21, 1810 

Gustavus IV. arrived in Lon- 
don Nov. 12, 1810 

Swedish Pomerania seized 
by Napoleon Bonaparte, 

Jan. 9, 1812 

Alliancewith England, July 12, 1812 

Sweden joined the grand alli- 
ance against Napoleon, 

March 13, 1813 

Norway ceded to Sweden by 
the treaty of Kiel, Jan. 14, 1814 

Bernadotte ascended the 
throne of Sweden as 
Charles John XIV. Feb, 5, 1818 

Treaty of navigation between 
Great Britain and Sweden 

May 19, 1826 

Death of Bernadotte, whose 
son, Oscar, ascended the 
throne March 8, 1844 

SOVEREIGNS, AND DATES OF THEIR 
REIGNS. 

Olaf Skotkonung, or Olif 
Schoetkonung ; the Infant. 
Christianity partially intro- 
duced in this reign. 1001 

Edmund Colbrenner 1026 



Edmund Slemme 1051 

Stenkil or Stenchil 1056 

Halstan 1066 

Ingi, the Good 1090 

Philip 1112 

Ingi II 1118 

Swerker or Suercher 1 1129 

EricX 1150 

Charles VII. : made prisoner 

by his successor 1162 

Canute, son of Eric X 1163 

Swerker or Suercher II. : kill- 
ed in battle 1192 

Eric XI 1210 

John 1 1220 

Eric XII 1223 

Waldemar 1251 

Magnus 1 1279 

Birgerll 1290 

Magnus II.: dethroned 1320 

Albert of Mecklenburgh : his 
tyranny caused a revolt of 
his subjects, who invited 
Margaret of Denmark to 

the throne 1363 

Union of Calmar, by which 
the three kingdoms were 
united under one sovereign 1397 
Margaret, queen of Sweden 
and Norwav, now also Den- 
mark, and Eric XIII 1397 

Eric XIII. governed alone: 

deprived 1412 

Christopher III 1441 

Charles VIII., surnamed Ca- 

nuteson 1448 

Interregnum 1470 

John II. (I. of Denmark) 1483 

Interregnum 1502 

Christiern or Christian II. of 
Denmark, styled the " Nero 
of the North ; " deposed for 

his cruelties 1520 

Gustavus Vasa: by whose 
valour the Swedes are de- 
livered from the Danish 

yoke 1523 

Eric XIV., son of Gustavus : 
dethroned, and died in pri- 
son 1560 

John III., brother of Eric 1568 

Sigismund, king of Poland, 
son of John III. : disputed 
for the succession ; conti- 
nued the whole of this reign 1592 



SWE 



SWI 



Charles IX., brother of John 
III 1604 

Gustavus (Adolphus) II., the 
Great : fell on the plains of 
Lutzen : supposed to have 

been treacherously slain 1611 

Interregnum 1633 

Christina, daughter of Gusta- 
vus Adolphus. Resigned 
the crown to her cousin : 

• died at Rome in 1689 1633 

Charles X. (Gustavus), son of 
John Casimir, count pala- 
tine of the Rhine 1654 

Charles XL, son of the pre- 
ceding; the arts and sci- 
ences nourished in this reign 1660 
Charles XIL, styled the "Al- 
exander," the " Quixote," 
and the "madman of the 
North : " killed at the siege 

of Frederickshall 1697 

Ulrica Eleanora, his sister, and 
her consort, Frederick I, 
Ulrica relinquished the 

crown, and in 1719 

Frederick reigned alone.. ..... 1741 

Adolphus-Frederick, of Hol- 
stein-Gottorp, descended 
from the family of Vasa.... 1751 

Gustavus (Adolphus) III. : 
assassinated by count An- 
kerstrom at a masked ball.. 1771 
Gustavus (Adolphus) IV. ; 
dethroned, and the govern- 
ment assumed by his uncle, 
the duke of Sudermania... 1792 
Charles XIII., duke of Suder- 
mania 1809 

Treaty of Kiel, by which Nor- 
way fell under the sove- 
reignty of Sweden 1814 

Charles (John) XIV., Berna- 
dotte, the French prince of 
Ponte Corvo ; succeeded by 

his son 1818 

Oscar, who ascended the 
throne, March 8, king of 

Sweden and Norway 1844 

Sweden, Population of; the king 
of Sweden having ordered a Regis- 
ter (or Doomsday -book) to be made 
from 1748, the following estimate 
of the population was lately pre- 
sented to him : — The number of 



Swedes, not comprising Finland, 
amounted in that year to 1,736,483. 
This number increased, in 1773, 
to 1,958,797; in 1798, it became 
2,352,298; and, in 1823, it was 
2,687,457. Thus the annual in- 
crease has been 12,680 for the space 
of seventy-five years. 

Swedenbokgians, one of the nu- 
merous religious sects of the last 
century, who found their faith on 
certain pretended revelations of Em- 
manuel Swedenborg, who was born 
at Stockholm, an eccentric noble- 
man of the north : he consi- 
dered the New Jerusalem of the 
Apocalypse to be on the point of 
establishment, and then the true 
nature of God and of man, of the 
words heaven and hell, is to be fully 
explained, and the church will bear 
its true points of love to God and 
to our neighbour, and purifier of 
life ; his first work on theology was 
published in 1743 ; his sect began 
abroad in 1760, but did not make 
much way in England until 1782 ; 
he was, though fanciful, a man of 
strict integrity. 

Sweet Bay brought into Eng- 
land from Italy, prior to 1548 ; the 
Royal came from Madeira, 1675 ; 
the Glancous from China, 1806; 
there are several other species of 
this tree in England. 

Swift, The, of Montrose, run 
down off Flamborough, and all on 
board lost, March 5, 1816. 

Swithin, or St. Swithin, a monk 
of Winchester of noble parentage, 
to whom old women and children 
ascribe an influence over the ele- 
ments. He passed his youth in the 
study of grammar, philosophy, and 
the scriptures. Swithin was pro- 
moted to holy orders by Helmstan, 
bishop of Winchester, at who.se 
death, in 852, King Ethelwolf 
granted him the see. In this he 
continued eleven years, and died in 
868. Swithin desired that he might 
be buried in the open churchyard, 
and not in the chancel of the min- 
ster, as was usual with other bi- 
shops, and his request was complied 



SWI 



670 



SWI 



with : but the monks, on his being 
canonized, considering it disgrace- 
ful for the saint to lie in a public 
cemetery, resolved to remove his 
body into the choir, which was to 
have been done, with solemn pro- 
cession, on the 15th July. It rained, 
however, so violently for forty days 
succeeding, that the design was 
abandoned as heretical and blas- 
phemous, and they honoured his 
memory by erecting a chapel over 
his grave, at which many miracu- 
lous cures of all kinds are said to 
have been wrought. To the above 
circumstance may be traced the ori- 
gin of the old saying, " That if it 
rains on St. Swithin's, it will rain 
forty days following ! " 

Switzerland, once apart of Gaul, 
and afterwards of the Alemanni ; 
at later times it fell to the house of 
Hapsburgh, from whose power it 
was happily emancipated in the 
14th century ; the original popula- 
tion is thought to be Celtic by some, 
but this is doubtful : the name is 
derived from the canton of Sclxweitz, 
to which canton at present it is 
confined, the people being deno- 
minated Swiss. 
The Helvetians converted to 

Christianity a.d. g 612 

Helvetia ravaged by the Huns " 909 
Became subject to Germany, 1032 
Fribourg built by Berthold IV. 1179 
Tyranny of Gezler, which oc- 
casioned the memorable re- 
volt under William Tell.... 1306 
Swiss independence... Nov. 7, 1307 
A malignant fever carried off, 
in the canton of Basle, 

11,000 souls 1314 

Form of government made 

perpetual 1315 

Lucerne joined the confede- 
racy 1335 

The canton of Zurich joined, 
and became head of the 

league 1350 

Berne, Glaris, and Zug joined 1351 

The Grisons league 1400 

Second league of the Grisons 1424 
The third league of the Grisons 1436 
Swiss soldiers first entered in- 



to the pay of France, under 
Louis XI 1480 

Union of Fribourg and So- 
leure 1481 

Maximilian I., emperor, ac- 
knowledged Swiss indepen- 
dence 1499 

Schaffhau sen joined the union 1501 

The Swiss confederacy ac- 
knowledged by France' and 
other powers 1516 

The Reformation began at 
Basle ; the bishop compelled 
to retire 1519 

The Grison leagues joined the 
Swiss confederacy as allies 1544 

Appenzel joined the other 
cantons 1597 

Charles Emmanuel of Savoy 
attempted Geneva by sur- 
prise, scaled the walls, and 
penetrated the town; but 
in the end was defeated 1602 

Independence of Switzerland 
recognised by the treaty of 

Westphalia 1648 

From this period until the French 

Revolution, the cantons enjoyed 

tranquillity, disturbed only by "the 

changes arising out of their various 

constitutions. 

Alliance with France, May 25, 1777 

Domestic strife in Geneva, be- 
tween the aristocratic and 
democratic parties : France 
interfered 1781 

1000 fugitive Genevans sought 
an asylum in Ireland 1782 

Swiss guards ordered to quit 
France 1792 

Helvetic confederation dis- 
solved ; its subjugation by 
France .". 1798 

The number of cantons in- 
creased to 19 ; the federal 
government restored; and 
a landamman appointed by 
France May 12. 1802 

Uri, Schweitz, and Under- 
wald separated from the re- 
public July 13, 1802 

Switzerland joined France 
with 6000 men.... Aug. 24, 1811 

The Allies entered Switzer- 
land in the spring of 1814. 



SYD 



671 



SYR 



The number of cantons in- 
creased to 22, and the in- 
dependence of Switzerland 
secured by the treaty of 

Vienna 1815 

Revolution at Geneva, Oct. 7, 184(5 
Sword of State carried at the 
English coronations by a king of 
Scotland, 1194; forbidden to be 
worn in Edinburgh, 1724. 

Sydney, New South Wales, found- 
ed by governor Philip in a cove of 
Port Jackson harbour in 1788, as 
a settlement for convicts originally 
intended to be settled in Botany 
Bay ; but Port Jackson was found 
better situated; since arisen to a 
large town of considerable extent, 
with a legislative council, first held 
July 13, 1829. It is the chief town 
of New South Wales, which, Dec. 21, 
1851, had a population of 113,032 
males, and 84,136 females, in all 
197,168 : the total revenue was 
£486,698 in New South Wales pro- 
per. It appeared that the export of 
wool during the current year was 
expected to be seven millions of 
pounds, being nearly a million more 
than in 1839. The following figures 
show the great value of the British 
trade with New South Wales. Re- 
turn of the declared value of British 
and Irish produce exported to New 
South Wales in the year ending 
January 5, 1840, with the propor- 
tion to similar exports from the 
united kingdom in the preceding 
year to other countries. 
The declared value of 
exports to New South 
Wales, exclusive of 
the other Australian 
colonies, Jan. 5, 1840 £1,173,440 
The official value of exports on 
Jan. 5, 1840, to New South Wales, 
was — 

British and Irish pro- 
duce and manufac- 
tures 1,440,446 

Foreign and colonial 

merchandise 289,072 

Total, 1,729,518 



Employing, with passengers, 416 
vessels, with a tonnage of 48,911 
tons ; in return for which exports, 
the colony sent back, in 1839, 
6,894,8631bs of wool, besides oil 
from the fisheries. 

Synods, The, first called by the 
emperors of the East, and subse- 
quently by Christian princes, but 
the pope afterwards usurped the 
power, and one of his legates pre- 
sided; the first held in England 
was at Hertford, 673 ; the last held 
by Cardinal Pole, 1555; it was 
made unlawful to hold synods with- 
out royal authority, 1533, by the 
25 Henry VIII. The celebrated 
synod of Dort was held 1618, whose 
delegates met from all the reform- 
ed churches to settle the points of 
doctrine, but principally those of 
justification and free-grace ; the 
Arminians were excluded from the 
assembly and condemned, but in 
1625 were restored to their former 
position. The synod of Thurles 
in Ireland was one of Roman ca- 
tholic prelates and inferior clergy, 
under Archbishop Cullen, the pri- 
mate, Aug. 22, 1850 ; it condemned 
the queen's colleges, and recom- 
mended the founding a Catholic 
university, Sept. 10. 

Syracuse destroyed by an earth- 
quake, with many thousand persons, 
Jan., 1693 ; again greatly injured, 
Aug. 6, 1757 ; surrendered to the 
Neapolitan troops, April 8, 1 849. 

Syria, a country in the north of 
Palestine, the capital of Avhich is An- 
tioch ; little of its history is known, 
being connected with the empires 
of Assyria, Babylon, and Persia, 
on which account an incident or 
two in its history before the Chris- 
tian era, will complete all that it 
is material to know of it. 
Seleucus, surnamed Nicator, 

entered Babylon b.c. 312 

^Era of the Seleucidai 312 

Great battle of Ipsus, defeat 

and death of Antigonus ... 301 
The city of Antioch founded, 299 
Antiochus, son of Seleucus, 

falling in love with his fa- 



SYR 



672 



SYR 



tlier's queen, Stratoirice, he 
pined away ; but the secret 
being discovered, she was 
divorced by the father, and 
married by the son 297 

Battle of Cyropasdion 281 

Seleucus is foully assassinated 
by Ceraunus 280 

Antiochus defeated the Gauls, 
and took the name of Soter, 
or Saviour 275 

Reign of Antiochus II., sur- 
named by the Milesians 
Theos, or God 261 

Seleucus II. made a treaty of 
alliance with Smyrna and 
Magnesia 243 

Reign of Seleucus III 226 

Battle of Raphia, in which 
Antiochus III. is signally 
defeated 217 

Antiochus' conquest of Judasa 204 

War with the Romans begun 129 

Reign of Antiochus IV., who 
assumes the title of Theos- 
Epiphanes, or the illustri- 
ous God 175 

He sent Apollonius into Ju- 
daea ; Jerusalem taken ; the 
temple pillaged ; 40,000 in- 
habitants destroyed ; and 
40,000 more sold as slaves. 170 

Cleopatra, the queen, mur- 
dered her son Seleucus 
with her own hand 124 

Reign of her son Antiochus 
Grypus, whom she attempt- 
ed to poison ; but he com- 
pelled his mother to swal- 
low the deadly draught 
herself 123 

Reign of Cyzicenus at Da- 
mascus, and of Grypus at 
Antioch Ill 

Defeat of Tigranes by Pom- 
pey, who entered Syria, 
and dethroned Antiochus 

Asiaticus, about 65 

* * * 

Conquest of Syria a.©. 970 

This conquest was made by 

the Fatimite caliphs who rule in 

Egypt. 

Revolt of the emirs of Da- 
mascus 1067 



The emirs of Aleppo revolted 1068 

The Crusades from Europe 
commence ... 1095 

The Christians ultimately 
conquered that part of 
Syria called the Holy 
Land **# 

Noureddin conquered Syria. . 1166 

Saladin puts an end to the ' 
power of the Fatimite dy- 
nasty 1171 

The Tartars overran all Syria 1259 

Recovered by the sultans of 
Egypt, who expelled the 
Crusaders 1291 

Syria overrun by Tamerlane 1400 

Conquered by the Turks un- 
der Selim 1517 

After the conquest by Selim, 
Syria continued in posses- 
sion of the Turks till the 
invasion of Egypt by the 
French July 1, 1789 

Bonaparte defeated tbeMame- 
lukes with great loss 

Aug. 6, 1798 

He overran the country, and 
took Gaza and Jaffa 1798 

Siege of Acre, 

March 6 to May 27, 1799 

Bonaparte returned to France 
from Egypt Aug. 23, 1799 

Egypt evacuated by the 
French army Sept. 10, 1801 

Mehemet Ali attacked and 
captured Acre, and over- 
ran the whole of Syria, 1831-1832 

Ibrahim Pacha, his son, de- 
feated the army of the 
grand signior July 30, 1832 

Ibrahim Pacha defeated the 
Turkish army, making 
10,000 prisoners.... June 25, 1839 

The Turkish fleet arrived at 
Alexandria, and placed it- 
self at the disposal of Me- 
hemet Ali July 14, 1839 

The Five Powers proposed to 
the Porte to negotiate with 
Mehemet Ali July 16, 1839 

Death of lady Hester Stan- 
hope ..A June 23, 1840 

Treaty of London ...July 15, 1840 

Capture of Sidon ...Sept. 27, 1840 

Fall of Beyrout Oct. 10, 1840 



TAL 



673 



TAN 



Fall of Acre Nov. 3, 1840 

After much expostulation with 
the sultan, the four powers, Eng- 
land, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, 
prevailed upon him to make the pa- 
ehalic of Egypt hereditary in the 
family of Mehemet Ali. This result 
conciliated France. 
Ibrahim Pacha, the elder off- 



spring of Mehemet Ali, vi- 
sited England June 8, 1846 

He embarked at Portsmouth 
for Alexandria ...July 15, 1846 

Death of Mehemet Ali, in his 
80th year July 2, 1849 

Succeeded by his son Ibrahim, 
and Ibrahim by Abbas 
Pacha 1850 



Taffety, a species of silk manu- 
facture very highly prized, formerly 
made in England by John Tyce of 
Shoreditch, London, 41 Elizabeth, 
1598. 

Tahiti, the modern name for 
Otaheite, discovered 1767. 

Tail, creating estates in, act 
passed for, 1279. 

Tain, Ross-shire, the jail took 
fire April 25, 1833, and two debtors 
and a woman, the wife of one of 
them, were burned. m 

Tainistby and Gavelkind, in Ire- 
land, abolished 1604. 

Talacbe, Flintshire, the seat of 
Sir E. Mostyn, burned down, Sept. 
12, 1827. 

Talaveba de la Reyna, Battle of, 
between the English and Spanish 
armies, and the French, under Se- 
bastiani, July 27 and 28, 1809, 
when Wellington succeeded in re- 
pelling the French attack, but was 
obliged to retreat, leaving his 
wounded behind him, in consequence 
of want of adequate support from 
the Spaniards. 

Talent, the Euboic or Phoenician 
about £400 sterling ; the Egyptian, 
£20 ; the Jewish, used a.c. 1400. 

Talmud, Books of the morality 
and religion of the Jews ; there are 
two, that of Jerusalem and that of 
Babylon, one of them was composed 
117 years before Christ ; the second 
consists of commentaries by suc- 
ceeding rabbins, collected by Ben 
Eliezer about the sixth century, and 



abridged in the twelfth by Mai- 
monides. 

Tameblane, a mighty eastern 
conqueror who subdued Persia, In- 
dia, and Egypt ; made Bajazet, 
sultan of the Turks, his prisoner, 
1402, and exposed him in the iron 
cage destined for himself, had the 
sultan been victor. Tamerlane died 
1405. Bajazet dashed out his own 
brains against the bars of his cage. 

Tamwobth Castle built 914. 

Tandy, James, an Irishman who 
proposed a plan of reform in 1791, 
and became obnoxious to the go- 
vernment in consequence ; hence he 
joined in the rebellion of 1798, 
acting with the French in their 
expedition; it failed, and he fled 
to Hamburgh, where, on the solici- 
tation of the agents of the English 
minister, the city delivered him 
over to their custody, for which dis- 
graceful act Bonaparte declared 
war upon Hamburgh, Oct. 15, 1799. 
He was tried and condemned to 
death for high treason, but was 
liberated after the treaty of Amiens, 
and died at Bordeaux, 1803. 

Tangiebs, given by Portugal to 
Charles II. as a dowery to the In- 
fanta, 1662; destroyed by tbat 
king as being too expensive to 
maintain, Oct., 1683 ; the place 
was then abandoned ; it was taken 
by the Portuguese, 1471 ; prince 
Ferdinand was beaten before it, 
1471. 

Tanning Leather, a new and ex- 



TAR 



674 



TAX 



peditious method for, discovered 
1795. 

Tannis, near Buntingford, 21 ricks 
of corn, a dwelling-house, stables, 
out-houses, horses, and 17 hogs, 
destroyed by fire, Oct. 3, 1815. 

Tapestry invented in the Nether- 
lands, made in France in the reign 
of Henry IV. by artists from Flan- 
ders; art brought to England by 
William Sheldon, and the first 
manufactory established by Sir 
Francis Crane at Mortlake, 1619, 
towards which James I. gave £2000 ; 
carried to great perfection in France 
under Louis XIV. 

Tab, Mineral, discovered at Cole- 
brook Dale, in Shropshire, 1779 ; 
and in Scotland, Oct. 10, 1792. 

Tar of the Pine extracted from 
the wood by fire, of essential use 
for nautical and shipbuilding pur- 
poses ; patent coal tar, 1781. 

Tar Water, one of those medical 
nostrums that has a run for a time 
in public esteem, and then is for- 
gotten ; it was strongly recom- 
mended by Bishop Berkley in 1744. 

Tara, Battle of, in Ireland, one 
of the earliest in the rebellion of 
1798, in which the Irish were de- 
feated, and lost 500 killed, May 26, 
1798. 

Tarbes, Battle of, in France, be- 
tween Marshal Soult and the Duke 
of Wellington, March 21, 1814; the 
French general was forced from 
his position. 

Tarragona occupied as a naval 
station -by the English before the 
capture of Gibraltar; stormed by 
the French, June 28, 1811 ; besieged 
for a short time by General Murray, 
who embarked under a panic, May, 
1813. 

Tartaric Acid discovered by 
Scheele, 1770. 

Tartart, the country of ancient 
Scythia ; in 1206 it was ruled by 
Jenghis Khan ; Tamerlane, or Ti- 
mour the Tartar, conquered Persia, 
and routed the Turks in 1402, and 
the successors to those rulers be- 
came a powerful dynasty down to a 
late period. 



Tasman's voyage performed in 
the South Seas, 1642. 

Taunton, Somersetshire, Arch- 
deaconry of, erected 1106; pre- 
centorship founded, 1135 ; town 
charter given by Charles I. ; but 
taken away and re-chartered by 
Charles II. 

Taunton, North, 30 houses burn- 
ed down at, and 40 families left at 
once without shelter, June 29, 
1532. 

Tavistock, Monastery of, built, 
961. 

Taverns in London, in the reign 
of Edward III. only three were 
allowed, one in Chepe, one in Wall- 
brooke, and one in Lombard Street: 
the Boar's Head, in East Cheap, is 
celebrated by Shakespear, the 
White Hart, Bishopsgate, was an- 
other noted tavern, established in 
1480, rebuilt 1829; the number 
was generally restrained, by an act 
of Edward VI., 1552, to forty in 
London, eight in York, four in 
Norwich, three in Westminster, six 
in Bristol, three in Lincoln, four in 
Hull, three in Shrewsbury, four in 
Exeter, three in Salisbury, four in 
Gloucester, four in Chester, three 
in Hereford, three in Worcester, 
three in Southampton, four in Can- 
terbury, three in Ipswich, three in 
Winchester, three in Oxford, four 
in Cambridge, three in Colchester, 
four in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

Taxation and Taxes, the means 
through which governments, not 
representative, support their own 
objects and oppress their subjects : 
revolutions produced by their enor- 
mity, as that of France, 1789; 
taxes in specie were first introduced 
into England by William I., 1067 ; 
assessed, as Charles I. attempted to 
assess afterwards, namely, by his 
own will; yet the taxes paid in 
kind were not abrogated until the 
reign of Richard II., 1387, being, 
like the modern income tax, too 
convenient to dispense with, how- 
ever unjust in continuance; wool, 
corn, leather, stock, were all sub- 
jected to tax in kind to the king, 



TAX 



675 ; 



TAX 



and tithe in kind to the church. 
The supplies voted in 1750 did not 
exceed 4,969,635?.; in 1752 and 
1753, they were no more than 4§ 
millions each year ; in the first 
year of George III., 1760, they 
were 19,616,119?., such was the waste 
and cost of needless wars. On Jan. 
11, 1757, the whole amount of the 
national debt was 74,780,886?. ; in 
1786, George III. had raised the 
national debt to 266,725,097?., de- 
claring he would sooner lay down 
his crown than make peace with 
the American rebels; he had at- 
tempted to conquer them, and lost 
England her colonies ; in 1793, he 
commenced an unjustifiable war to 
replace the Bourbons on the throne 
of France, and at the peace of 1801 
the debt was raised to 637,000,000^., 



funded and unfunded, and the taxes 
levied were 33,081,821?., when the 
war that again broke out became 
one of defence : in the years 
from 1801 to 1814, no less than 
633,634,614?. were spent in the war 
outlay, and the burthen of taxa- 
tion proportionably increased. The 
amount of the assessed taxes and 
those on property and income are 
not all the taxes paid by the na- 
tion ; the poor rates, church rates, 
police rates, and highway rates, 
swell the burthen yet more, and the 
support of the clergy is a tax upon 
the means of the country to the 
extent of 9,000,000?., or more, per 
annum, which in other countries 
comes directly out of the revenue of 
the government. The assessed 
taxes were in 1851 as follow :-— 



1. Windows .£1,178,470 

2. Houses 1,357,207 

3. Land , 1,167,167 

4. Servants 295,136 

5. Carriages , 392,963 

6. Pleasure Horses 356,373 

7. Other do 61,484 

8 Dogs and Packs of Hounds 181,019 

9. Horse Dealers 13,543 

10. Hair Powder < 14,377 

11. Armorial Bearings a... 54,889 

12. Game Certificates 125,431 

13. Composition Duty 25,909 

14. Arrears of Inc., and Pr. D.. 3,547 

15. Law costs received in England 2,454 

Balances 95,790 J 



. A4,535,710;in 18511 



Total sum to be accounted for £5, 325, 759 

Property tax, 1851 t , 



£5,510,859 



Tax on Legacies in England paid 
on Jan. 5, 1853, on £49,402,391 in 
Great Britain, on £2,435,228 in 
Ireland. 

Tax on Land since the Revolu- 
tion— 1688, 3s.; 1690 to 1692, 3s.; 
1693 to 1697, 4s.; 1698-9, 3s.; 1700, 
2s., additional duty, 6d ; 1701, 3s.; 
1702 to 1712, 4s.; 1713 to 1715,2s.; 
1716,4s.; 1717 to 1721, 3s.; 1722 W 
1726, 2s.; 1727, 4s.; 1728-9, 3s.; 
1730-1, 2s.; 1732-3, Is.; 1734 to 



1739, 2s. ; 1740 to 1749, 4s.; 1750 to 
1752, 3s.; 1753 to 1755, 2s.; 1756 to 
1766, 4s.; 1767 to 1770, 3s.; 1771, 
4s.; 1772 to 1775, 3s.; 1776 to the 
present time, 4s. Act for the re- 
demption of, 1798. The land tax, 
redeemed to Feb. 1, 1808, amounted 
to the sum of £22,976,829 : 10 : 4, 
the interest of which, £689,304, 
17s. 4|d., was transferred to the con- 
solidated fund, and constitutes part 
of the produce of the land tax in 



TAX 



676 



TAX 



the ways and means of the current 
year. 1800, £1,307,941; 1820, 
£192,257 ; 1840, £1,298,622. 

Tax on Property, 1801 to 1815, 
when it ceased : — 

1801 

1804 

1805 

1806 

1808 



1815 



£5,716,572 5 per cent. 

4,650,000 „ 

5,937,500 
11,500,000 
16,548,985 10 per cent. 



14,978,557 
Taxes, Assessed, amount levied 

1800. £3,468,131 

1820 6,311,316 



1840 £3,866,467 

1850 4,303,849 

including also the land tax. 

Taxes, County rates, for bo- 
roughs, counties, and liberties to 
1845, from the latter half of 1845, 
total, £1,024,231; the highest 
amount was in 1842, £134,556; 
the lowest 1835, £74,100; 1848, 
£1,153,624; 1849,1,381,132. 

Taxes on Imports, Jan. 5, 1852, 
for 1851, under the following heads, 
paving to the customs a total of 
£22,197,075 :— 



£ s. d. 

Almonds (not Bitter) 6,844 9 

Apples (Raw) 10,893 18 1 

Baskets 3,594 19 8 

Beer (Spruce) 4,662 9 

Books 9,097 2 3 

Boots, Shoes, and Boot Fronts 8,393 19 5 

Butter 166,780 10 1 

Capers 2,896 18 8 

Cheese 83,241 10 8 

Chicory, &c 2,487 4 5 

China, Porcelain, and Earthenware 3,990 15 4 

Clocks 7,680 19 1 

Cloves 3,626 1 

Cocoa and Chocolate 18,912 6 6 

Coffee 444,670 

Corks (ready made) 5,760 11 

Corn, Meal, and Flour 504,921 4 4 

Currants 357,851 13 1 

Eggs 42,112 10 

Embroideiy and Needlework 10,859 2 9 

Figs :.... 25,040 6 7 

Fish, Anchovies, &c 3,420 3 9 

Flowers, (Artificial) 16,175 11 

Ginger, Dry and Preserved 8,395 18 10 

Glass and Glass Bottles 10,975 9 9 

Gloves, of Leather 42,350 10 2 

Grapes 1,914 13 10 

Hams 1,936 18 3 

Hops 212 10 1 

Lace, Thread and Cushion Lace 7,797 5 9 

Linens 4,321 8 9 

Liquorice, Juice and Paste 9,998 13 10 

Musical Instruments 5,264 10 1 

Nutmegs 21,855 1 10 

Nuts and Walnuts 23,224 8 1 

Oil (Chemical, Essential, and Perfumed) 12,372 7 6 

Opium 2,623 7 1 

Oranges and Lemons 81,086 12 1 

Paper, Printed, Stained, &c. ... 5,690 14 6 

Pepper 86,670 2 8 



TAX 



677 



TAX 



Pictures, Prints, and Drawings £5,024 3 1 

Potato Flour 1,124, 12 5 

Prunes, Plums, &c, Preserved 13,649 9 11 

Raisins .• 163,912 11 6 

Rice 12,300 15 10 

Seeds, Clover 41,007 17 6 

Silk Manufactures 213,709 10 10 

( Rum , 1,097,920 13 4 

Spirits -J Brandy 1,393,862 3 

( Geneva, &c 33,469 9 

Sugar, Unrefined, Refined, and Molasses 4,162,994 19 9 

Tallow 67,839 16 

Tea ". 5,900,624 13 7 

Tin 11,238 19 9 

Tobacco and Snuff 4,466,468 19 4 

Toys 4,971 4 

Watches 10,684 13 3 

Wine 1,776,246 13 

Wood and Timber 521,871 19 11 

Woollen Manufactures 9,629 8 11 

Yarn, Worsted 3,213 3 10 

Duties collected at the Isle of Man 26,245 4 9 

Rent of Legal Quays, &c 30,285 15 3 

Proceeds of Goods sold for Duties, &c 2,605 16 9 

Sale of Old Stores, &c 14,682 3 2 

Miscellaneous 140,887 11 7 



Taxes levied by the Excise, I venue, to Jan. 5, 1852. Total, 
now charged to the Inland Re- | £15,400,420 :— 

£ s. d. 

Game Certificates (Ireland) 9.298 16 

Hackney Carriages 88,032, 10 

Hops 426,028 4 6£ 

Licences (Victuallers, &c.) 1,160,570 13 5J 

Malt 5,035,559 17 8| 

Paper 928,876 17 2£ 

Post-horses 145,432 7 4£ 

Railways 287,331 11 3£ 

Stage Coaches, &c 217,052 2 8| 

Soap 1,043,026 16 2± 

Spirits, Home-made 6,030,323 17 10j 

Fines, Seizures, &c, (about) 17,473 2 2| 

Law Costs recovered 1,101 7 6 

Sale of Buildings, &c. 11,111 2 

Scotch Incorporation Fund 1,775 2 7k 



Taxes, Local ; of the yearly total 
levy of £12,000,000 sterling for 
" local rates and taxes " in England 
and Wales, £10,750,000 are raised 
in England ; of that, above 30 per 
cent, are upon houses, and 52 per 
cent., or £6,000,000, are levied upon 
(£30,500,000 sterling as net value 
or rental ot) land in cultivation, 



comprising 25,500,000 acres of 
cultivated land. These local rates 
extended over above 14,000 parishes 
in 1843, and engaged above 180,000 
persons in their collection and ex- 
penditure : they include various 
heads, as county rates, police, 
roads, church repair, church build- 
ing, prosecutions, sewers, militia 



TAX 



678 



TAX 



coroners, bridges, poor, mainte- 
nance of jails and prisoners, prose- 
cutions, &c. 
Tax on Windows abolished 1851: 



the nature and amount of this odi- 
ous tax in twelve principal towns 
was, on March 18, 1835, in £10 
houses and upwards, as follows : — 



Liverpool 

Bath , 

Bristol 

Manchester 

Brighton 

Birmingham 

Cheltenham 

Norwich 

Clifton 

Leeds 

Portsmouth 

Cambridge Town 



£ 8. 


d. 


Population. 


Houses. 


19,722 


5 


165,175 


17,427 


18,029 12 


6 


50,800 


7,314 


11,197 2 


7 


103,886 


9,785 


11,055 5 


9 


187,002 


12,723 


10,644 2 


6 


41,994 


2,763 


6,290 9 


n 


146,986 


6,532 


4,873 8 


3 


22,942 


2,100 


4,863 15 10 


61,110 


2,316 


4,491 14 


1 


12,032 


1,000 


4,190 11 


2 


123,393 


6,683 


3,830 18 


5 


50,389 


2,463 


3,749 14 


04 


20,917 


1,160 



Taxes Repealed; the expendi- 
ture, on an average of the three 
vears ending with 1829, amounted 
to £52,006,000 ; the average for the 
six years, ending with 1836, was 



only £46,822, 220. The actual re- 
duction of taxes in the latter pe- 
riod was £6,236,821. The follow- 
ing is a list of the taxes repealed 
or reduced : — 



Printed cottons, repealed , 

Coals and Slates, repealed 

Candles, repealed 

Hemp, reduced : Drugs, reduced ; Tiles, repealed ; Marine 
Insurance, reduced ; Advertisement Duty, reduced one 
half; Insurances on Panning Stock, repealed; Small 
Receipt Stamps, repealed ; Land Tax on Personal Es- 
tates, repealed ; Soap Duty, reduced one half 

Duty on Pamphlets, repealed ; House Tax on Shops, re- 
duced one half; Duty on Travellers or Riders, repealed ; 
Tax on Clerks and Book keepers, repealed; Tax on 
Overseers and Managers, repealed ; Tax on Shopmen 
and Warehousemen, repealed ; Duty on Tax-carts, re- 
pealed ; llbuse Tax, payable by Market Gardeners, 
repealed ; House Tax, payable by Licensed Victual- 
lers, reduced one half; House Tax, reduced 

Windows in Parm Houses ; Horses used in Husbandry ; 
Shepherds' Dogs ; Amendments in Tariff, being chiefly 
Reductions in Foreign Articlesused in Manufactures... 

Starch ; Almanacs ; Spirit Licences, reduced ; Plint 
Glass, 6d. to 2d. per lb. ; Newspapers, reduced 

Paper Duties, reduced 

Insurances on Farm Houses, repealed : — 

1820 to 1829 

1829 to 1830 

1831 to 1839 

Also in the Public Departments 



£550,000 
900,000 
500,000 



593,000 



1,200,000 



200,000 

200,000 
200,000 

15,463,000 

14,546,000 

12,475,000 

237,000 



TAX 



679 



TAX 



Gross amount of taxes imposed, i imposed 21,760?.: taxes, 1,740,317?.; 
872,038*.; net amount, 870,581?. imposed, 1,170?.; post office, 26,600?., 
— Gross amount repealed in cus- j imposed none, 
torn duties, 2,007,187?. ; imposed, The savings in public salaries 
656,651?.; excise, 4,120,400?.; im- deserve especial notice : — 
posed, 181,000?.; stamps, 197,872?.; 

Average of years. Public Salaries. 

1820 to 1829 £3,358,000 

1829 to 1830 3,087,000 

1831 to 1839 2,850,000 

Cost of collecting the revenue, in 1829 , 4,875,000 

Ditto ditto in 1832 4,042,000 



£833,000 



The following are the valuations 
of property in 1815 and 1843, on 



which the tax was founded in these 
years respectively ;-*• 



1815 Property tax on land , £29,476,856 

1843 do. do 32,655,137 



Value Increase £3,178,281 

Total of all property assessed at these periods ; — 

1803 £115,351,952 

1815 130.057,746, increase, £14,705,794 

1842 18i;322,202, „ 51,264,456 



Total increase since 1803...... £65,970,250 

(Schedule A)_Land— England and Wales.. £32,655,137 tax £975,000 
Houses, Factories, and Ware- 
houses, Wharfs, Docks, Ship- 
yards, &c 41,063,292 ... 1,175,412 

(B) Tenant Farmers 20,486,606 ... 298,763 

(C) Funds 27,873,691 ... 812,983 

(D) Profits in Trade 50,296,645 ... 1,466,985 

(E) Public Officers 8,936,831 ... 260,657 



Scotland in all Schedules 



Total 181,322,202 ... 4,988,800 

9,284,383 ... 394,324 



Total £190,606,585 £5,384,124 



The number of persons who pay 
no income tax in the funds, 1851, 
was : — 

Dividends under £5 51,816 

£5 and „ 25 19,871 

25 and „ 50 9,601 

50 and „ 100 5,194 

100 and „ 150 1,036 

Total 87,518 



Taxes in Ireland, direct taxation 
abolished there in 1823, owing to 
their unproductiveness. 

Parliamentary Paper, 235, dated 
May, 1842, returned the value of 
lana separated from houses, facto- 
ries, warehouses, wharfs, docks, 
ship-yards, railways, canals, public 
funds. &c: — 



TEA 



TEA 



Land in England and Wales £32,655,137 tax £975,000 

Land in Scotland 5,586,527 ... 237,269 

Tenant Farmers, one half 20,486,606 . . . 298,763 



Total Income tax paid by Land £1,511,632 

Income tax paid by Houses, Factories, Docks, Warehouses, 
Wharfs, Shipyards, Canals, Railways, Public Funds, 
Profits in Trade 3,873,092 



Total Income Tax paid in 1843 £5,384,124 



Taylor, The Rev. Robert, sen- 
tenced to a year's imprisonment for 
blasphemy, Oct. 24, 1827. 

Te Deum, a specious ceremony 
of thanks to the God of Peace, 
offered by those who perpetrate 
the greatest crimes in war, when suc- 
cessful: Catherine of Russia ordered 
one on the storming of Ismael by 
the butcher Swarroff, when every 
crime was committed that makes 
humanity shudder ; the words used 
upon such occasions are said to be 
the composition of St. Augustine 
or St. Ambrose, 390, and are in 
themselves not unworthy a great 
solemnity. 

Tea Tree was brought to Eng- 
land from China about 1768 ; a 
fine tea plant was reared at Kew, 
but the attempts to cultivate the 
plant in England have not suc- 
ceeded. 

Tea ; from a paper found in Sir 
Hans Sloane's library, in the British 
Museum, it appears that tea was 
known in England in the year 
1657, though not then in general 
use. The author of this paper says, 
" That the virtues and excellences 
of this leaf and drink are many and 
great, is evident and manifest by 
the high esteem and use of it 
(especially of late years) among the 
physicians and knowing men in 
France, Italy, Holland, and other 
parts of Christendom ; and in Eng- 
land it hath been sold in the leaf 
for six pounds, and sometimes for 
ten pounds the pound weight." 
In 1678, the East India Company 
began the importation of tea as a 
branch of trade ; the quantity re - 
ceived at that time amounting to 



4713 lbs. The importation gradu- 
ally enlarged, and the government in 
consequence, augmented the duties 
upon tea. By the year 1700, the 
importation of tea had arrived at 
20,000 lbs. In 1721, it exceeded 
1,000,000 lbs. In 1816, it had ar- 
rived at 36,234,380 lbs. Something 
more than 30,000,000 lbs. is pro- 
bably the present average of impor- 
tation. Hanway ascertained that 
the price was 60s. per lb. in 1660. ' 
Tea continued to maintain a high 
price for many years ; so late as the 
year 1737, hyson tea was 20s. and 
21s. per lb. ; green tea, 9s. to lis. ; 
and black tea, 9s. and ]0s. per lb. 
The only time it was really 
cheap, was when Mr. Pitt, by way 
of experiment to prevent smuggling, 
took off the excise duties. But, not- 
withstanding the high price, its 
consumption continued to increase 
so rapidly that it became an article 
of the first importance in commerce, 
and a most abundant source of 
revenue. From the year 1717 to 
1726, there were annually sold in 
England 700,000 lbs. In less than 
60 years the quantity had increased 
eightfold, as appears by the follow- 
ing average quantities for one year, 
of each sort of tea sold by the East 
India Company in ten years, from 
March sale, 1773, to Sept. sale, 
1782, inclusive, viz. — 

Bohea 3,075.307 

Congou 523,272 

Souchong and Pekoe 92,572 

Singlo 1,832,472 

Hyson 218,839 

In the year 1787, twenty-seven 
ships which arrived from China, 
imported as follows : — • 



TEA 



681 



TEL 



Bohea 6,493,816 nett lbs. 

Congou 4,266,136 „ 

Souchong ... 1,113,900 „ 

Singlo 5,355,251 „ 

Hyson 1,623,572 „ 

18,852,675 lbs. 

In 1794, the quantity imported 
was from 16 to 20,000,000 lbs.; 
and in 1814 there were consumed 
in England no less than 24,640,000 
lbs., and the Custom-house du- 
ty, in the course of that year, 
upon tea sold for internal consump- 
tion only, amounted 

At 6 per cent, to ... £250,000 

And the Excise duty, 

at 90 per cent., to. . 3,880,000 

Revenue from tea 

alone £4,130,000 

Owing to the increase of smug- 
gling which the peace had created, 
and the growing, nefarious, and still 
more fraudulent practice of making 
imitation tea, the internal consump- 
tion of the year 1816 did not exceed 
20,480,000 lbs., being less by above 
one sixth than the consumption of 
1814 ; while the revenue collected 
amounted to somewhat less than 
£3,000,000, a decline during only 
two years of above 4,000,000 lbs., 
or one-sixth in the weight consum- 
ed ; and of nearly £1,100,000, or 
more than one-fourth of the ad va- 
lorem duties. Green tea began to 
be used in 1715. The duty imposed 
on tea in America, 1767. This tax 
occasioned the destruction of the 
tea at New York and at Boston, 
Nov., 1773, and ultimately led to 
the American war, and the loss of 
the colonies. Tea-dealers obliged 
to have sign-boards fixed up, 
noticing their sale of tea, Aug., 
1779. Commutation act for redu- 
cing the duty on tea from 50 to 12§ 
per cent., and taxing windows in 
lieu, June, 1784. New duties 
charged, 1796. The duty was 96 
and 100 per cent, until July 1, 
1836, when by the 6th Will. IV. it 
was made 2s. Id. per lb. 

Teas imported : — 



1726 700,000 

1766 7,000,000 

1792 13,185,000 

1800 23,723,000 

1805 24,133,000 

1810 25,414,000 

1815 26,368,000 

1820 25,662,474 

1825 27,803,668 

1830 30,544,404 

1835 44,360,550 

1840 38,068,555 

1845 51,056,979 

1848 55,626,765 

1850 53,460,751 

The duty derived from the import of 
tea in 1850, amounted to £5,471,641. 
Millions of pounds weight of sloe, 
liquorice, and ash-tree leaves, are 
every year mixed with Chinese 
teas in England. The consumption 
of the whole civilised world, exclu- 
sively of England, is about 
22,000,000 lbs., while the consump- 
tion of Great Britain is from 
39,000,000 to 49,000,000 lbs., and 
since 1850 it is still more. The 
Chinese originally exchanged tea 
for sage, they now exchange it 
against opium and bullion : it is 
difficult to say whether tea is pos- 
sessed of any virtue beyond its 
agreeable flavour and astringency ; 
the late Dr. Letsom was not favour- 
able to its use : green tea is highly 
pernicious to some constitutions, 
and enervates ; hence black is the 
most wholesome. It has no nutri- 
tive property, like wine or malt 
drink, which nourish while they ex- 
hilarate. 

Tedbubt Church, Gloucester- 
shire, fell down Nov. 17, 1770; re- 
built and opened, Oct., 1781. 

Telescopes invented in Germany, 
though the principle was noticed by 
Roger Bacon, 1250; in 1609 they 
were perfected by Galileo, who 
made one that magnified a thousand 
times ; and with it he made several 
important astronomical discoveries, 
among which were the moons of 
Jupiter ; these instruments were still 
further improved by Huygens, New- 



TEM 



682 



TER 



ton, and Gregory; reflecting tele- 
scopes were invented by Newton ; 
Herschel made his larger telescope 
48 inches diameter of the speculum, 
with a thickness of 3£ inches, 
weighing 2118 lbs. and magnifying 
6400 times ; the telescope of Lord 
Rosse, at Parsonstown, Ireland, is 
still larger, being 7 feet in diameter 
and 52 in length. 

Telegraph, The, said to have 
been suggested by the marquis of 
Worcester, in his Century of Inven- 
tions, 1663 ; Dr. Hooke suggested 
the same thing, 1684; in 1793 it 
was first applied by the French to 
useful purposes, and one was adapt- 
ed and regulated for the first time; 
one erected over the English admi- 
ralty, 1796 ; the semaphore more 
simple, 1816 ; such signals are only 
made on land, at sea the numbers 
that compose the letters are repre- 
sented by different flags, whose in- 
dications are changed whenever 
there is a suspicion that they are 
known to an enemy. 

Tell, William, shot Giesler the 
Austrian tyrant, and freed his coun- 
try, 1350. 

Temperance Societies originated 
with an American minister, Calhoun, 
1818, who prohibited spirits alto- 
gether in the American army ; the 
first temperance society originated 
in 1825, in the United States, and 
the novelty afterwards spread into 
England and Ireland; in 1831, 
there were 1000 temperance societies 
in America ; a lecture on temper- 
ance took place at Belfast, 1829, 
and Father Matthew in Ireland 
made more than a million converts 
to the principle from 1839 to 1841 j 
he visited America in the latter 
year, arguing from the abuse, the 
total disuse of spirits in every pos- 
sible way. 

Templars, a military order, 
founded 1118, by Baldwin II., king 
of Jerusalem; came to England, 
1185: suppressed by the council of 
Vienna, and its revenues given to 
other orders, 1312 ; many of the 
knights burned alive or hanged, 



suffering bitter persecutions through- 
out Europe, and in France especial- 
ly under Philip de Valois; sup- 
pressed finally in England, 1340. 

Temple, London, formerly the 
residence of the knights templars, 
afterwards of the professors of the 
common law, and converted into 
inns of court, the inner and middle ; 
the outer was without Temple Bar, 
and part of Essex House ; the Tem- 
ple Church was erected by the 
templars in the reign of Henry II., 
and contains the tombs of several 
of the crusaders buried there ; the 
Temple Hall was built in 1572. 

Temple Bar, a gateway at the 
boundary of one of the London out- 
parishes, to which, and no further, 
the authority of the city extended ; 
built by Sir Christopher Wren, 
1672, and once decorated under the 
Stuarts and first princes of the 
house of Hanover, with human 
heads taken off on the scaffold. 

Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, 
destroyed by the Goths, 260 ; the 
first temples of ancient art were 
destroyed by Constantine, 331, be- 
cause they were devoted to pagan 
worship. 

Tenby Castle, Pembrokeshire, 
built 1079. 

Teneriffe, one of the Canary 
islands; the Peak is 15,396 feet 
above the sea; a fire at Puerta Ora- 
tava, in this island, destroyed a con- 
vent, when seven women perished, 
Dec. 11, 1815; and then a deluge 
of rain drowned 14 individuals more ; 
an earthquake here destroyed sev- 
eral towns and many persons, 
1704 ; it was attacked unsuccessfully 
by Nelson at Santa Cruz, when he 
lost his right arm, and 141 officers 
and men were killed, July 24, 
1797. 

Tenterden, Kent, chartered by 
Queen Elizabeth. 

Tenths of Church Livings first 
collected in England, 1320. 

Tenures held by knightly ser- 
vice, abolished by law 1643. 

Terceira Island, discovered by 
the Spaniards 1583. 



THA 



683 



THE 



Terms in Law, and Vacations, 
said to have been instituted by the 
Normans, the long vacation being 
adopted on account of the vintage, 
Will. I., 1079 ; the terms fixed by 
statute, July 22, 1830; this act 
amended, Nov. 15, 1830. 

Terra Firma, North America, 
settled by the Spaniards, 1524; 
revolt, and freedom of the colonists 
from Spain established, 1810. 

Teschen, in Silesia, reduced to 
ashes, March 6, 1789. 

Test Act passed, directed against 
the Catholics and Protestant Dis- 
senters, 1673 ; repealed, May 1828. 

Testi Muti, order of knight- 
hood of, in Wurtemberg, began 1052. 

Tester, a coin of silver struck in 
France by Louis XII., 1513, and 
also in Scotland, in the time of 
Francis II. and Mary queen of 
Scots, 1559; it was so called from 
the head of the king which was 
stamped upon it ; in England it 
bore the value of 12d. in the reign 
of Henry VIIL, and afterwards of 6d. 

Teutonic or Marian order, begun 
1192 ; abolished, 1322 ; revived in 
Prussia, 1522. 

Tewkesbury, Battle of, in which 
Edward IV. obtained a great victory 
over the Lancasterian forces ; queen 
Margaret and her son were taken 
prisoners here, and she was convey- 
ed to the Tower of London, where 
king Henry expired a few hours 
after the engagement, supposed to 
have been murdered by the duke of 
Gloucester, afterwards Richard I ! I. ; 
the queen was ransomed in 1475 by 
Louis XL, king of France, for 50,000 
crowns ; the battle was fought partly 
in and near the town of Tewkesbury; 
it was the last battle between the 
Houses of York and Lancaster. 

Tewkesbury, Town of, damaged 
by a storm, Aug. 18, 1793 : abbey 
built, 1102. 

Thames, the river rose so high at 
Westminster that the lawyers were 
brought out of the hall in boats, 
1235; it rose again to a great 
height, 1736, 1747, 1762, and 1791 ; 
the conservancy of the Thames given 



to the lord mayor of London, 1489 ; 
the Thames made navigable to Ox- 
ford, 1624 ; ebbed and flowed thrice 
in three hours, 1658 ; three times 
in five hours, March 22, 1682 ; again 
twice in three hours, May 24, 1777. 

Thames Tunnel begun 1825 ; ex- 
cavation commenced, April 1 ; first 
horizontal driving, Dec, 1825 ; first 
irruption of water, 544 feet from the 
shaft, May 18, 1827; second do., in 
which six workmen perished, Jan. 
12, 1828; opened throughout for 
foot passengers, March 25, 1843; 
length of the tunnel, 1300 feet; 
breadth, 35 feet ; height, 20 feet ; 
clear width of archway, including 
footpath, 14 feet ; thickness of earth 
between the tunnel and bed of the 
river, 15 feet. 

Thane, a Scotch title, altered by 
Malcolm H. to that of Earl, 1057. 

Thavies Inn, London, established 
1549 ; pulled down, 1770. 

Theatins, Order of, founded 1524; 
established at Paris, 1644 : they 
vainly endeavoured to restrain the 
luxury of the clergy, and to revive 
the simplicity and poverty of the 
apostles. 

Theatres. — The first licence for 
one in England, 1574, granted to 
one Burbidge, and other servants of 
the Earl of Leicester, for the Globe 
Theatre, Bankside : the admissions 
to the gallery, 2d. ; to the Lords' 
Rooms, Is. ; the first bill issued, 
April 8, 1663, from Drury-lane, was 
for a comedy, called the Humorous 
Lieutenant, the play to begin at three 
o'clock ; Lincoln's-Inn Theatre was 
the next opened, 1695. The patent 
for Drury Jane was granted to Kil- 
ligrew, April 25, 1662, but the 
theatre was burned down, 1671 ; 
and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, 
1674. 
Cibber, Wilkes, and Booth, 

trod the boards 1712 

Garrick first appeared at Dru- 
ry-lane 1742 

Garrick and Lacy's tenure of 

the theatre 1747 

The interior was rebuilt by 

Adams 1775 



THE 



684 



THE 



Sheridan became manager 1776 

Garrick founded the theatrical 



fund, 



1777 



Mrs. Siddons made her ap- 
pearance with great ap- 
plause Oct. 10, 1782 

John Kemble as Hamlet, 

Sept. 30, 1783 

Drury-lane rebuilt, opened, 

March 12, 1799 

Charles Kemble's first appear- 
ance (as Malcolm in Mac- 
beth) April 21, 1794 

Dowton's first appearance (as 
Sheva, in the Jew), Oct. 11, 1796 

Hatfield fired at George III. 

May 11, 1800 

The theatre burnt, Feb. 24, 1809 

Rebuilt by Wyatt, and re- 
opened Oct. 16, 1812 

Edmund Kean's appearance 
(as Shylock) Jan. 26, 1814 

Elliston, lessee Oct. 3, 1819 

Madame Vestris ; her first ap- 
pearance (as Lilla). Feb. 19, 1820 

Real water introduced in the 
Cataract of the Ganges, 

Oct 27, 1823 

Price, lessee July, 1826 

Miss Ellen Tree's appearance 
(as Violante) Sept. 23, 1826 

Charles Kean's appearance 

(as Norval) Oct. 1, 1827 

Mrs. Nisbet's first appearance, 

Oct. 9, 1829 

Alexander Lee's and captain 
Polhill's management 1830 

Alfred Bunn, lessee 1831 

Forest's first appearance, 

Oct. 17, 1836 

Hammond's management 1839 

German operas commenced at 
this theatre March 15, 1841 

Macready's management 1841 

Bunn again lessee 1843 

Miss Clara Webster burnt on 
the stage, Dec. 14 ; and died 
on the next day but one, 

Dec 16, 1844 
Anderson's management 1849 

COVENT GABDEN. 

Sir "William Davenant's pa- 
tent April 25, 1662 

The theatre opened by Rich... 1732 

"Theatrical fund instituted 1765 



Harris's tenure 1767 

Lewis's first appearance in the 
character of Belcour, 

Sept. 15, 1773 

Miss Reay killed by Mr. Hack- 
man, coming from the 
house April 7, 1779 

Jack Johnstone'siirst appear- 
ance in Irish characters, 

Oct. 3, 1783 

Munden's appearance, Dec. 2, 1790 

Fawcett's first appearance 

here Sept. 21, 1791 

G. F. Cooke's appearance (as 
Richard III.) Oct. 31, 1800 

Braham's appearance, Dec. 9, 1801 

Kemble's management 1802 

Appearance of Master Betty, 
the infant Roscius, Dec. 1, 1803 

Lewis's last appearance (as 
the Copper Captain), 

May 28, 1808 

Theatre burnt down, Sept. 20, 1808 

Rebuilt by Mr. Beazley, and 
reopened with Macbeth, 

Sept. 18, 1809 

The O.P. riot, from Sept. 18 
to Dec. 10 1809 

Horses first introduced here, 
in Bluebeard Feb. 18, 1811 

The farewell benefit of Mrs. 

Siddons June 29, 1812 

Mrs. Siddons performed once 

afterwards, in June 1819, for the 

benefit of Mr. and Mrs. Charles 

Kemble. 

Miss Stephens' first appearance 
(as Mandane) Sept. 7, 1813 

Miss O'Neill's appearance here 
(as Juliet) Oct. 6, 1814 

Miss Kelly fired at by Geo. 
Barnet, in the house, Feb. 7, 1816 

Macready's first appearance, 

Sept. 16, 1816 

J. P. Kemble's farewell (as 
Coriolanus) June 23, 1817 

Henry Harris's management, 1818 

Charles Kemble's manage- 
ment 1823 

Miss Fanny Kemble's appear- 
ance Oct, 5, 1829 

Fawcett's farewell.... May 21, 1830 
Charles Young's farewell. 

May 30, 1832 
Macready's management 1837 



THE 



685 



THE 



Madame Vestris's manage- 
ment 1839 

Miss Adelaide Kemble's ap- 
pearance (as Norman), 

Nov. 2, 1841 
Charles Kemble again, Sept.10, 1842 
Laurent's management, 

Dec. 26, 1844 
Opened for Italian opera, 

April 11, 1847 

ITALIAN OPERA-HOUSE 

Opera-house opened 1704 

The theatre enlarged 1720 

Burnt down June 17, 1788 

Rebuilt and reopened, Sept.22, 1791 
Exterior improved by Mr. 

Nash 1818 

The relievo, by Mr. Bubb 1821 

Madame Rachel's appearance, 

May 10, 1841 

Lumley's management 1842 

Jenny Lind's first appearance, 

May 4, 1847 

HAYMARKET. 

Built in 1702, and altered 1720 

A French company prohibited 
from acting by the audience 1738 

Mr. Foote's patent 1747 

The Bottle-conjurer's dupery, 

Jan. 16, 1748 

The theatre rebuilt 1767 

Colman's tenure Jan. 1, 1777 

Miss Farren's appearance here 1777 
Fatal accident from an over- 
crowd, 30 persons killed and 

wounded^ Feb. 3, 1794 

Elliston's debut here, June 24, 1796 
First appearance of Mathews 

(as Lingo) May 16, 1803 

Morris's management 1805 

Appearance of Liston (as 

Sheepface) June 8, 1805 

The tailors' riot Aug. 15, 1805 

Appearance here of Young 

(as Hamlet) June 22, 1807 

Of Miss H, Kelly (as Floretta), 

June 12, 1810 
Theatre rebuilt ; and opened, 

July 4, 1821 
Miss Paton (Mrs. Wood) ; her 

appearance Aug. 3, 1822 

"Webster's management, 

June 12, 1837 
Charles Kean's appearance 
here 1839 



ENGLISH OPERA-HOUSE, 

Opened as the Lyceum in 1809 

Appearance of Wrench here 

Oct. 7, 1809 
Reopened with an address 
spoken by Miss Kelly, 

June 15, 1816 
House destroyed by fire, 

Feb. 16, 1830 
Rebuilt and reopened... July, 1834 
Equestrian performances, 

Jan. 16, 1844 
Mrs. Keeley's management, 

April 8, 1844 
Madame Vestris's manage- 
ment Oct., 1847 

THE ADELPHI THEATRE. 

Formerly called the Sans Souci, 
opened under the manage- 
ment of Mr. and Miss Scott, 

Nov. 27, 1806 
New management began in... 1820 
Matthews' and Yates' manage- 
ment, jointly 1828 

Theatre rebuilt without 1840 

Webster lessee ; Madame Ce- 
leste's management, Sept. 30, 1844 

PRINCE'S, LATE ST. JAMES'S. 

This theatre was built by, and 
opened under the manage- 
ment of, Braham, Dec. 14, 1835 

German operas performed 
here under the management 
of Mr. Bunn 1840 

Mitchell's tenure ; performance 
of French plays.... Jan. 22, 1844 

PRINCESS'S THEATRE, OXFORD STREET. 

First opened 1840 

Sold for £16,400 Sept. 9, 1841 

Charles Kean's management, 1850 

OLYMPIC. 

Erected by the late Mr. Astley, 1806 
Here the celebrated Elliston, 

and afterwards Madame 

Yestris, had managements ; 

the latter until 1839 

George Wild's tenure 1840 

Miss Davenport's tenure, 

Nov. 11, 1844 

Watt's management 1848 

The theatre destroyed by fire, 

March 29, 1849 
Rebuilt, and Watts resumed 

his management 1850 

William Farren's management 1850 



THE 



THE 



STRAND THEATRE. 

First opened 1831 

William Farren's management 1849 

astley's amphitheatre. 
First established as a riding- 
house 1767 

Opened as an amphitheatre... 1780 
Destroyed by fire, with nume- 
rous adjacent houses, 

Sept. 17, 1794 
Again, with 40 houses, Sept. 2, 1803 

Ducrow's management 1825 

Again destroyed by fire, 

June 10, 1841 
Eebuilt and reopened by Mr. 
Batty 1843 

CIRCUS, NOW SURREY THEATRE. 

Originally devoted to eques- 
trian exercises 

Opened for performances, 

Nov. 4, 1783 

Destroyed by fire Aug. 12, 1805 

Elliston's management 1809 

Elliston again June 4, 1827 

Davidge's tenure 1833 

COBURG, NOW VICTORIA. 

The erection commenced un- 
der the patronage of the 
late princess Charlotte, and 
the prince Leopold of Saxe- 

Coburg 1816 

The house opened 1818 

Egerton and Abbott had the 

management in 1833 

Osbaldiston's tenure 1840 

Sadler's wells. 

Opened as an orchestra 1683 

Present house opened 1765 

Eighteen persons trampled to 
death, on a false alarm of 

fire Oct. 15, 1807 

Management of Mrs. Warner 
and Mr. Phelps.... May 20, 1844 

OTHER THEATRES. 

Queen's Theatre, Tottenham- 
court road 1828 

Garrick Theatre, Goodman's- 

fields 1830 

Bowery Theatre, Lambeth... 

City Theatre, Norton-Folgate 1837 

Miss Kelly's Theatre 1840 

DUBLIN THEATRES. 

Werburgh-street commenced 1635 
Orange-street, now Smock- 
alley .' 1662 



Aungier-street (Victor)., 1728 

Ditto, management of Hitch- 
cock 1733 

Crow-street Music-hall 1731 

Rainsford-street Theatre 1732 

Smock-alley Theatre, rebuilt 1735 
Fishamble-street, Music-hall 1741 

Capel-street Theatre 1745 

Crow-street, Theatre Royal... 1758 

Ditto, Daly's patent 1786 

Ditto, Fred. Edward Jones's 

patent 1798 

Peter-street, Theatre Royal... 1789 
Hawkins-street, Theatre Royal 1821 

Ditto, Abbott, lessee 1824 

Ditto, Bunn, lessee 1827 

Ditto, Calcraft, lessee 1830 

Queen's Theatre, Brunswick- 
street, opened Oct. 5, 1844 

EDINBURGH THEATRES. 

Theatre of Music 1672 

Allan Ramsay's 1736 

Theatre, Shakspeare-square 1769 

The Caledonian Theatre 1822 

FIRST OR LAST APPEARANCES. 

Quin's first appearance 1716 

Macklin's, at Lincoln's-Inn- 
fields 1725 

Garrick's, at Goodman's-fields, 
as Richard III Oct. 19, 1741 

Miss Farren (afterwards coun- 
tess of Derby), first appear- 
ed at Liverpool 1773 

Garrick's last appearance, 

June 10, 1776 

Mrs. Robinson's Perdita ; her 
last appearance.... Dec. 24, 1779 

Braham's first appearance at 
the Royalty April 20, 1787 

Storace ; her first appearance, 
in London Nov. 24, 1789 

Miss Mellon ; her first ap- 
pearance as Lydia Lan- 
guish Jan. 31, 1795 

Romeo Coates; his appear- 
ance, as Lothario, April 10, 1811 

Mrs. Jordan's last appearance, 
as Lady Teazle June 1, 1814 

Macready's first appearance 
at Bath, as Romeo, 

Dec. 29, 1814 

Booth's first appearance, 

Feb. 12, 1817 

Munden's last appearance, 

May 31, 1824 



THE 



687 



THE 



Liston's last appearance, 

May 31, 1838 
Mrs. Glover's farewell, July 12, 1850 

MEMORANDA. 

Mr. Palmer dted on the stage 

at Liverpool Aug 2, 1798 

Bannister retired from the 

stage 1815 

Talma died in Paris 1826 

Weber came to London, Feb. 1826 
The Brunswick Theatre fell, 
owing to the weight of a 
newly - erected roof, and 
numbers of persons were 
wounded, and some killed, 

Feb. 28, 1828 
Madame Malibran died at 

Manchester Sept. 23, 1836 

Paganinidied May 29, 1840 

Power lost in the President 

steamer, about March 13, 1841 
Elton lost in the Pegasus, 

July 19, 1843 
Theatres' Registry act passed, 

Aug. 22, 1843 
Before these theatres existed, mi- 
racle plays so called, were repre- 
sented in the open fields, where the 
devil appeared in person on the 
stage, shearing the bristles of hogs ; 
hence the old proverb, " Great cry 
and little wool." Plays were op- 
posed by the Puritans, 1633, and 
suspended till 1660, when Charles 
II. licensed Killigrew and Dave- 
nant ; the first at the Bull, Vere- 
street, Claremarket, which in a year 
or two was removed to Drury-lane ; 
the other in Dorset-gardens. Till 
this time boys performed women's 
parts. Sir William Davenant in- 
troduced operas, and both compa- 
nies united, 1684, and continued 
together till 1694, when, from the 
reduced salaries given to the per- 
formers, the principal of them, under 
Betterton, obtained a licence, and 
withdrew to Portugal- street, Lin- 
coln's-inn-fields, in 1695. 

Theatre, the Brunswick, fell and 
killed Mr. Maurice, one of the pro- 
prietors, and nine other persons, 
Feb. 28, 1828. 

Theatre at Nantes was destroyed 
by accidental fire, Aug. 27, 1796. 



Theatre at Capo d'lstria, in Italy, 
fell and crushed the performers and 
audience to death, Feb. 6, 1794. 

Theatre at Mentz was destroyed 
by fire during the performance, on 
the falling in of which many were 
crushed to death, and 70 burned, 
Aug. 1796. 

Theatres not to be licensed by 
the king but by the parliament, 
1737. 

Theatrical Exhibitions are said 
to have been exhibited in 1566 by 
Geoftry, prior of St. Swithin, Win- 
chester. 

Thebes, the celebrated city of 
the Thebaid in Egypt, which is said 
by Homer to have had an hundred 
gates, and from each issued out a 
thousand experienced soldiers ; it 
was destroyed by Cambyses, 500 
years before Christ, but the ruins of 
its stupendous temples and palaces 
bid defiance to time, and are yet 
continually visited by strangers ; 
Belzoni opened the tomb of one of 
the kings here in 1819. Thebes, in 
the Morea, the capital of Boeotia, 
of which a few huts now alone in- 
dicate where it stood. 

Theft punished by compensation 
to the injured party, and by a fine ; 
the Saxons made the criminal re- 
deem his life by a ransom : the 
power of redemption abolished by 
Henry I., 1108 ; the law revised 
and modified in relation to, 9 and 10 
George IV. 

Theists, a class of Deists in 
France, who rejected public wor- 
ship and exterior forms, but would 
unite themselves with all who be- 
lieved in God alone ; they appeared 
1660. 

Thelusson's Will, a remarkable 
document ; he left £100,000 to his 
family, and £600,000 to trustees to 
accumulate, until the eldest male 
heir of his three sons' sons should 
be of age ; the money to accumu- 
late, and to be laid out in the pur- 
chase of estates. The will was con- 
tested, but confirmed in an appeal 
to the lords, June, 1805. The- 
lusson died July 21, 1797, and 



THI 



THO 



the stock might possibly accu- 
mulate for 120 years, and reach 
£140,000,000 sterling ; should there 
be no heir the property was to go 
to lessen the national debt. It got, 
however, into chancery manage- 
ment, and report stated that it had 
not doubled its principal more than 
thirty years afterwards, as might 
be expected. 

Thelwall, Tooke, and Hardy, 
trial of, for high treason, in having 
belonged to a society for promoting 
parliamentary reform ; they were 
tried and honourably acquitted in 
Nov. and Dec, 1794, not through 
any failure of effort in the govern- 
ment to hang, draw, and quarter 
them ; they were committed to the 
Tower, May 20, 1794, and came off 
through the great abilities and 
exertions of their counsel, Messrs. 



Erskine and Gibbs ; Lord Eldon was 
opposed to the proceedings, being 
then of the administration, and only 
wished to prosecute them for a 
misdemeanour ; but Bitt was inexo- 
rable, though he had himself brought 
forward a motion in parliament for 
the self-same reform. 

Thermometer, that of Fahren- 
heit invented about 1726 ; Reau- 
mur's, 1730; and the Centigrade 
later. The greatest degree of heat 
observed by Fahrenheit's thermo- 
meter in this country was, on July 
13, 1808, when it stood at 96 de- 
grees ; on Aug. 6, 1818, it stood at 
92 degrees at Tottenham: in 1825-6, 
the thermometer in a north-east 
aspect, in the shade near Hyde- 
park, stood at 85 degrees, July 14, 



at noon. 



July 15, 10 a.m., 81 



16, 

17, 9 ;; 

18, 9 „ 

19, 9|„ 
20, 

21, 8 „ 



80 
80 

78 
80 

74 



noon, 89 



83 
90 



4 p.m., 

5 „ 
5 „ 
2 „ 



71 



80 
82 
84 
80 
80 




10 p.m. 
10 „ 

10 „ 

10 „ 

5 „ 

5 „ 



76 
75 

75 
75 

78 
69 



In the places without figures, no 
observations were made. 

Thetford Monastery founded 
1103. 

Thieftakers condemned and 
pilloried in Smithfield, March, 1755. 

Thistle, Order of the, in Scotland, 
founded 1540 ; some pretend it is 
much more ancient ; revived in 
1687, March 29, by James II. of 
England ; the Duke of Gordon, the 
Marquis of Athol, the Earl of Arran, 
afterwards Duke of Hamilton, the 
Earls of Moray, Perth, Seaforth, 
Dumbarton, and Melford were the 
first knights. Thistle of Bourbon, 
order of, begun 1370. 

Thistleavood, Brunt, Ings, Da- 
vidson, and Tidd, arrested for the 
Cato street conspiracy,Feb. 23,1820; 
executed May 1, 1820 ; the criminals, 
there is good reason to believe, attri- 
buted their being led into their des- 
perate conduct by government spies. 



Thomas, Island of St., West 
Indies, 900 stores and warehouses 
at, burned, valued at £600,000, 
Nov. 22, 1805. 

Thomas', St., Hospital, South- 
wark, founded 1553. 

Thomas, St., Festival of, instituted 
1130. 

Thomites, the name of a party 
of the poorer class, whose ignorance 
led them to follow an impostor 
named Thorn, pretending to par- 
ticular revelations, and calling him- 
self king of Jerusalem : he declared 
himself invulnerable, and shot a con- 
stable ordered to apprehend him ; a 
party of military were sent to 
Boughton, near Canterbury, after 
him, the officer in command of 
which, on ordering him to surrender, 
he shot dead, on which he was him- 
self shot by one of the soldiers ; his 
devotees then attacked the military, 
who were compelled to fire on them, 



THY 



TIM 



and several were killed. Thorn is 
vet considered a saint by his wise 
"followers of Kent, May 31, 1838. 

Thompson, Mrs., died near Dub- 
lin, Oct. 1796, aged 135. 

Thoracic Duct discovered in a 
horse by Eustachius, 1563, and in 
the human body by Bartholine of 
Copenhagen, and Joliffe of England, 
1654. 

Thoresbt, the duke of Kingston's 
seat, Northamptonshire, burned, 
with the paintings and furniture, 
April 4, 1745. 

Thorveton, near Exeter, seven- 
teen houses destroyed at, by fire. 

Thorn, in Prussia, founded 1232. 

Thornhill, Mr., of Sutton, rode 
21 5 miles in twelve hours seventeen 
minutes, April 29, 1745. 

Thornbury Castle, Gloucester- 
shire, built 1510. 

Thornton College, Lincolnshire, 
built 1174. 

Thrace conquered by the Turks 
under Mahomet II., 1453. 

Threshing Machines invented by 
Michael Menzies of Edinburgh, 
1732. 

Thread first made at Paisley, in 
Scotland, 1722. 

Threatening Letters made pun- 
ishable, 1730; and again by 30 
George II., 1756. 

Thuilleries, in Paris, built 
1600. 

Thumbscrew, an instrument of 
torture used in the Inquisition, and 
also in England when ordered by 
the privy council, though torture was 
declared by the j udges contrary to the 
law of the land ; at the revolution 
of 1688, it was abolished ; Carstairs, 
accused of having a guilty know- 
ledge of the Eyehouse plot, was the 
last put to the torture in the reign 
of Charles II., about 1682 ; the privy 
council of king William made him 
a present of the instrument, 1688. 

Thurot's invasion of Carrick- 
fcrgus, Ireland, which he plundered, 
but was overtaken by Captain Elliot, 
who took his squadron, and he was 
killed, Eeb. 28, 1760. 

TnrNNE, Thomas, shot in his car- 



riage in Pall-Mall, Feb. 12, 1682, by 
assassins hired by Count Konigs- 
mark, who was himself assassi- 
nated by order of George I., jealous 
of him without cause. 

Tice, Mr., died at Hagley, 
Worcestershire, Eeb. 26, 1774, aged 
125. 

Tichfield Abbey, Hants, built 
1232. 

Tiara, the ecclesiastical crown 
with which the pope, to prove his 
Christian humility, was crowned for 
the first time in 1053 : John XIX. 
had it encircled with a crown, 1276 ; 
Boniface VIII. added a second, 
1295 ; and Benedict XII. a third. 

Ticonderoga taken by the 
English, 1759. 

Tides, their theory first elucidated 
by Kepler, 1591; but Sir Isaac 
Newton gave proof of the correct- 
ness of the theory by gravitation, 
between 1680 and 1690. 

Tide ebbed and flowed three 
times in an hour at Lyme, in Dor- 
set, May 31, 1682, and four times 
in an hour at Whitby, July 17, 
1761 ; three times in two hours on 
the Kentish coast, Oct. 31, 1827. 

Tiles first used in England, 1246; 
taxed, 1784 ; the number taxed in 
1820, 81,924,626; and in 1830, 
97,318,264 ; tax discontinued, 1833. 

Tilly, Count, killed, 1632. 

Tilsit, Treaty of, between France 
and Russia, when Napoleon gave 
back half his kingdom to the king 
of Prussia ; Russia acknowledged 
the confederation of the Rhine, and 
the elevation of Napoleon's brothers 
to the thrones of Naples, Holland, 
and Westphalia, July 7, 1807. 

Tilts and Tournaments instituted 
in German v, 919 ; abolished in 
England, 1400; in France, 1560. 

Time, first computed from the 
Christian era, 516 ; in history, 748 ; 
in Spain, 1358; in Arragon and; 
Castile, 1383 : in Portugal, 1415. 

Time measure barometer intro- 
duced by Scipio Nasica, 159 ; King 
Alfred's timekeeper was six large 
wax tapers, each twelve inches 
long; as they burnt unequally, owing 
2 Y 



TIT 



690 



TIT 



to the wind, he invented a lantern 
made of wood and thin-scraped 
plates of ox-horns, glass heing a 
great rarity, 887. The ancients had 
three sorts of time-measnres, hour- 
glasses, sun-dials, and a vessel full 
of water with a hole in its hottom. 

Tin found in Cornwall since the 
trading times of the Phoenicians, 
1200 years before the Christian era ; 
small quantities have been found in 
Spain and Britany : tin is found in 
considerable quantities in Banca, an 
island of the Indian ocean : it was 
also found in New Spain, 1 782. The 
quantity of tin in Cornwall to have 
been raised for so many ages is sur - 
prising : in 1750, 2876 tons ; and in 
1834, 4180 tons were raised: of 
Banca, or foreign tin, 35,826 cwts. 
were imported 1849, and 8540 
cwts. re-exported : the duchy of 
Cornwall and the tin dues were 
bestowed by Edward III. on the 
Black Prince, 1335; about 35,292 
cwts. of British tin were exported, 
and tin plates to the value of 
£727,825, 1849. 

Tithes conferred by Offa, king of 
Mercia, upon the church about 794, 
Selden thinks in 786, to expiate a 
murder that prince had committed. 
They were voluntary until 1180, 
being paid before that time to such 
monasteries and churches as the 
people chose. The Lateran council 
compelled them to be paid in the 
parish where the tithed lived. 
Tithes were never heard of in the 
first five or six centuries of Chris- 
tianity. They consisted at first 
only of the fruits of the earth ; but 
they were afterwards claimed by the 
greedy ecclesiastics of those times 
from personal labour, and enjoined 
by the canon law. This, it is proba- 
ble, was found oppressive, as then la- 
bouring people, although they fool- 
ishly believed the parson could decide 
their future happiness or misery, 
were disinclined to give up a tenth 
of their toil even for so important an 
end. The clergy of that day there- 
fore condescended to accept offer- 
ings or oblations in their room at | 



Easter, wisely reasoning, that if they 
persisted in taking tithes from per- 
sonal labour they might get nothing 
at all in the end. In Wales they 
tithed marriage goods. Statutes 
were at last passed to restrain the 
clergy from exacting tithes from 
day-labourers and the poor in 
spiritual courts, — a thing they had 
practised before without compunc- 
tion. Not a mill nor an operation 
of human industry escaped. The 
legislature, and courts of law, were 
ultimately obliged to interpose for 
the subject's protection. Where the 
custom of forty years was proved, 
the church obtained tithes even out 
of fish in the ocean j at length a 
tithe commutation was passed, 
Aug. 13, 1832 ; a tithe composition 
act, Aug. 36, 1832 ; and in 1838 an 
act was passed, 2 Vict., to substitute 
rent charges in lieu of the composi- 
tion; the composition arrears act, 
March 27, 1839 ; amendment act, 
May 19, 1840 ; the payments settled 
averages of every seven years in 
the following mode : — 

Tithe rent charge per cent, for 
seventeen years to Christmas, 1852, 
being the result of the corn averages. 
Wheat, 6s. 0|d. ; Barley, 3s. 9|d. ; 
and Oats, 2s. 6|d. the imperial 
bushel. 

1837 £98 13 9| 

1838 97 7 11 

1839 95 7 9 

1840 98 15 9| 

1841 102 12 5| 

1842 105 8 2J 

1843 105 12 2\ 

1844 104 3 6£ 

1845 103 17 11^ 

1846 102 17 8| 

1847 99 18 10i 

1848 102 1 

1849 100 3 7| 

1850 98 16 10 

1851 96 11 4$ 

1852 93 16 11| 

1853 91 13 5| 

1697 19 4^ 

Average 17 years 99 17 7| 



TOB 



691 



TOB 



Titles, first creation of, by pa- 
tent, 1344. 

Titles, Royal : the following is 
the succession in which the royal 
titles swelled in England : — Henry 
IV. had the title of " Grace" con- 
ferred on him ; Henry VI. that of 
"Excellent Grace;" Edward IV. 
that of " High and Mighty Prince ;" 
Henry VII. "Highness;" Henry 
VIII. " Majesty" (James I. was 
the last that was styled "Dread 
Sovereign ") ; and James I. that of 
" Sacred," or " Most Excellent Ma- 
jesty." That of "Majesty" was 
first given to Louis XI. of France ; 
before, it was the title only of em- 
perors. The kings of Arragon, Cas- 
tile, and Portugal, had the title only 
of "Highness," those of England, 
"Your Grace," those of France, 
" Your Despotism." Titles of fami- 
lies abolished in France, 1790. 

Tiverton Castle, Devonshire, 
built 1110. 

Tiverton-, 200 houses burned 
down at, June 5, 1731 ; on Mav 
26 and 27, 1762 ; between 60 and 
70, 1785 ; and 200 on June 30, 1794. 

Tobacco, " The Counter-blast 
to," written by James I., king of 
England, 1607 ; persons taking to- 
bacco in church to be excommunica- 
ted by a bull of Pope Urban VIII. ; 
grown and did well about 1657 at 
Winscombe in Gloucestershire, but 
was stopped on account of the duty 
obtained on its importation. 

Tobacco received its name from 
Tabacco, a province of Yucatan, 
New Spain. Some say from the 
island of Tobago, one of the Carib- 
bees; others from Tabasco, in the 
gulf of Florida. It was first observed 
at St. Domingo, a.d. 1496 ; and was 
used freely by the Spaniards in 
Yucatan, in 1520. Tobacco Avas 
first brought to England, 7 Eliz., 
1565, by Sir John Hawkins ; but 
Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis 
Drake are also mentioned as having 
first introduced it here. It was 
manufactured only for exportation 
for some years. In 1584 a procla- 
mation was issued against it. The 



Star-chamber ordered the duties to 
be 6s. lOd. per pound, 1614. By vari- 
ous acts passed in the reign of 
Charles II., tobacco was forbidden to 
be planted in England, on forfeiture 
of forty shillings for every rod of 
ground thus planted, excepting in 
physic gardens, where it is allowed in 
quantities not exceeding half a pole 
of ground, 1684. Justices of peace 
have power to issue warrants to 
search after and destroy the same. 
It appears that walnut-tree leaves 
have been used as a substitute for 
tobacco ; 5 Geo. III., c. 11, forbids 
the cutting of walnut-tree leaves, or 
other leaves (not being tobacco 
leaves), or colouring them so as to 
resemble tobacco; or selling the 
same, mixed or unmixed, for tobacco; 
under a penalty of forfeiting five 
shillings a pound, &c. It is said 
that, in 1750, Maryland and Virgi- 
nia produced to England more than 
100,000 tons of tobacco; of which, it 
is said, the English kept one half for 
their own consumption, and export- 
ed the remainder to France ; for 
which the latter country paid annu- 
ally the sum of 9,200,000 livres, or 
about £383,333 English money : the 
cultivation allowed in Ireland, 1779. 
The tax increased and put under 
the excise, 1789. Various statutes 
have been passed relative to tobacco ; 
act to revive the act prohibiting 
the culture of tobacco in Ireland, 
passed 2 Will. IV, Aug. 1831 ; 
act directing that tobacco grown in 
Ireland be purchased in order to 
its being destroyed, March 24, 
1832. The quantity consumed in 
England in 1791, was 9,500,000 
lbs., and in 1829, about 15,000,000 
lbs. In 1840, the quantity had 
reached to 40,000,000 lbs. In 1850, 
the whole quantity imported was 
43,551,954 lbs., of which 1,905,306 
lbs. were manufactured 

Tobago, island of, settled by the 
Dutch, 1642, taken by the English, 
1672; retaken, 1674; declared a 
neutral island, 1748 ; in 1763, ceded 
to the English ; taken by the French 
under de Grasse, 1781 ; confirmed to 



TON 



692 



TOU 



them, 1783 ; taken by the English, 
April 14, 1793; restored 1802, at 
the peace of Amiens ; taken by the 
English, July 1, 1803, and confirmed 
to them 1814, at the general peace. 
Tokens issued by the Bank of 
England, passed for 5s., January 1, 
1798 ; raised to the value of 5s. 6d., 
Nov. 14, 1811 : passed in Ireland 
for 6s. until the year 1817. 

Toleration Act, by which the 
sovereign conceded to British sub- 
jects, 1689, that which was the 
natural right of every man, to 
think for himself in matters of 
religion : queen Anne, the enemy of 
civil and religious liberty, like her 
father James II., died the very day 
that the schism bill was to become 
a law, Aug. 1, 1714; and thus 
another high church persecution 
was prevented. 

Tolls exacted by Denmark in 
the passage to the Baltic ; see Sound. 
Eirst used on turnpikes, 1663 ; first 
collected in London for repamng 
the highways of Holborn, St. Mar- 
tin's Lane, and Gray's Inn Lane, 
1346. 

Tombs of the kings of Egypt open- 
ed by Belzoni, 1819 ; of the abbey of 
St. Denis, Erance, ordered to be de- 
stroyed by the national convention, 
Oct. 14, 1793. 

Tonnage and Poundage, duties 
on wine and other goods imported 
or exported, granted to the king of 
England for life, 5 Edward IV. 
1465 ; the poundage was a per cent- 
age on goods only. 

Tonnage belonging to the larger 
ports, 1852 : — 
Liverpool ... 700, 464... 3, 786, 000 

London 1,226,885... 3,289, 000 

Hull 268,706... 836,000 

The Clyde... 106,542... 435,000 
Newcastle. . . 264,000. . . 1,165.000 
Southampton 43,000... 299,000 

Bristol 108,851... 217,000 

Tontines, Loans for Life Annui- 
ties, given out to the people as a 
chance of making enormous interest, 
1653. In 1798, there died a Mr. 
Jennings, aged 103 ; he had pur- 
chased a share of £100 value in a 



tontine company, and, being the last 
survivor, his share produced him 
£3000 per annum. 

Toplitz, Battle of, between the 
Austrians and the Prussians, in 
which the last were defeated, 1762 ; 
Aug. 30, 1813, between the French 
and allies ; treaty of, between Russia, 
Austria, and Prussia, Oct. 3, 1813. 

Tokgau, Battle of, between Fre- 
derick the Great of Prussia and the 
Austrians, in which he obtained a 
great victory; the Austrian com- 
mander, Count Daun, was wounded. 
Daun had before been victorious 
over Frederick in 1757; the town of 
Torgau taken by the allies, 1814. 

Torrijos, General, treacherously 
entrapped to Malaga by Ferdinand 
VII. of Spain, and then shot in the 
market-place without a trial, Dec. 
10, 1831. 

Torrington, Devonshire, incor- 
porated by Queen Mary, 1554. 

Torture used by the Romans 
against slaves only; used in the 
Roman Catholic church against 
heretics and schismatics ; used in 
England, though declared contrary 
to law, in the reign of Elizabeth, 
and in Scotland under James II., 
until 1690 ; abolished in Portugal, 
1776; in France, 1780; in Sweden 
by Gustavus III., 1786. 

Tory, said to have been derived 
from an Irish word for savage, i ; * 
applied to an oppressive collector 
of tithes and taxes ; the Cavaliers 
and Roundheads, terms used during 
the common weal tb, are said to have 
been exchanged for Tories and 
Whigs, the Tories supporting the ar- 
bitrary power and divine right of 
kings, and the Whigs friends to civil 
and religious freedom, 1679; after 
all, the exact origin is uncertain. 

Totness, Devonshire, Archdea- 
conry of, appointed before 1143. 

Touching for the Evil, introdu- 
ced by Edward the Confessor, 1046 ; 
custom given up by George I. ; 
service for, given up in the church 
in the beginning of the eighteenth 
century. 

Toulon, in France, bombarded 



TO IT 



693 



TR A 



by the allies, 1706, and reduced to 
a heap of ruins, also some ships 
burned, but the siege was raised ; 
besieged by the French in 1793, 
having been previously given up 
to the British, Aug. 22 ; the siege 
was so pressed through the activity 
of Bonaparte, then a young officer 
of artillery, that the English were 
compelled to evacuate it, Dec. 19, 
after setting fire to the dockyard, 
and burning several line-of-battle 
ships. 

Toulouse, France, founded six 
centuries before the Christian era ; 
a tribunal of a fearful nature estab- 
lished there by the Catholics to ex- 
tirpate heretics, 1229 ; the Trou- 
badours originated here, 850 ; the 
British and allies under Wellington 
entered the town, April 12, 1814. 

Toulouse, Battle of, the last 
contest between the French and 
English armies in the south of 
France, April 10, 1814. The battle 
continued twelve hours, and was of 
the most sanguinary character; but 
the French were forced from all 
their positions, with the loss of 
9000 men, the victorious army lost 
between 4000 and 5000 ; at the same 
period Bonaparte had abdicated the 
throne, but neither of the com- 
manders was aware that hostilities 
had ceased in Paris. 

Tournaments, see Tilts. 

To urn ay taken by the allies, 
1709; ceded to Austria by the 
treaty of Utrecht, to have a Dutch 
garrison ; taken by the French, 
Nov. 11, 1792 ; battle of, between 
the English, Austrians, and the 
French, May 8, 1793; skirmish 
between the British and French, 
May 6, 1794. 

Tourniquet, an instrument used 
for compression, in vented by Morelli, 
1674 ; new screw tourniquet invented 
by Petit of France, 1718. 

Tourlone, Cardinal, the high in- 
quisitor of Rome, dragged out of 
his carriage, and hanged like Ha- 
inan, on a gibbet fifty feet high, by 
an incensed mob, 1786. 

Tours, Battle of, won by Charles 



Martel over the Saracens, near 
Tours, which stopped their progress 
in Europe, that would else have all 
become Mahometan, Oct. 10, 732. 

Towers, Round, in Ireland, the 
only old stone structures found ex- 
cept in the maritime towns which the 
Danes erected ; fifty-six of these 
remain from 50 to 130 feet high, 
mere hollow pillars with conical 
roofs, having lateral holes to admit 
light. One within the circuit of the 
walls of the Tower of London 
giving the name, built 1078, walled 
in 1099 ; the White tower was com- 
pleted in the time of William Rufus, 
1098, who finished the walls and 
excavated the ditch ; the new build- 
ings in the Tower completed, 1850. 

Tower Hamlets, London, made 
a borough, 1832. 

Tower of the Winds, Athens, a 
relic of the early city, built before 
the Christian era. 

Tower, Leaning, at Pisa, built 
1174; a still more remarkable one, 
from its inclination, at Caerphilly 
Castle, South Wales. 

Towers, Churches first decorated 
with, 1000. 

Towton, Battle of, fought between 
the Houses of York and Lancaster, 
or Edward IV. and Henry VI. ; 
the latter was defeated, and 37,000 
of his subjects fell, to whom Edward 
ordered no quarter to be given. This 
battle was won by the talents and 
experience of the earl of Warwick, 
who killed his horse before the 
combat began, to indicate that he 
would conquer or die ; fought on 
Palm Sunday, March 29, 1461. 

Trade and Plantation Office 
formed, Nov. 7, 1660. 

Trafalgar, Battle of, fought 
Oct. 21, 1805, off Cape Trafalgar, 
between the English under Nelson, 
and the combined fleets of France 
and Spain ; the allies had 33 sail of 
the line, the English 27. After an 
obstinate battle the French were de- 
feated, with the loss of 19 sail of 
the line ; but Nelson was mortally 
wounded, and died in an hour or 
two after the battle was over. 



TEA 



694 



TRA 



Trajan, Marcus, a Roman em- 
peror who governed between 52 
and 117 ; his pillar, erected 114, yet 
stands entire at Rome, 140 feet 
high, but the popes crowned it with 
an apostle ! a piazza at Rome built 
round by him, 100. 

Transfiguration, Festival of the, 
first observed, 700. 

Transfusion of Blood first prac- 
tised in France in the 15th century. 
Louis XL, when dying, drank the 
warm blood of infants under the 
notion of preserving life, 1483 ; 
trials were made of transfusion upon 
animals in Paris, and then upon the 
human body ; of five operated upon, 
two died, 1668 ; practised in Eng- 
land, 1691 ; the idea is said to have 
been originally suggested by an 
Oxonian, named Wrean; in 1797, 
the trial was again made in France, 
but rarely with success, though in 
some few instances it seems to have 
answered. 

Translation to Heaven ; the Irish 
House of Commons expelled a Mr. 
Asgill, because he wrote a book 
asserting the possibility of transla- 
tion to the other world without death, 
1703 ; the House thereby publicly 
denying the records of the creed to 
which they had sworn, in order to 
take their seats in parliament, " on 
the true faith of a Christian." 

Transportation, a punishment 
inflicted by the 39th Elizabeth, 1590; 
banishment was pronounced for 
criminal offences much earlier. It 
was the merited reproach of England, 
that death or transportation was 
long inflicted for trivial offences 
compared to the sacrifice of a life ; 
John Eyre, a man of fortune, was 
transported for stealing a few quires 
of paper, Nov. 1, 1771 ; Dr. Halloran 
for forging a frank in his pupil's 
name, value lOd. postage, Sept. 9, 
1818 ; transportation to New South 
Wales began, May 1787 ; returning 
from transportation was made death 
until 1834, when it was changed to 
transportation for life. 

Transubstantiation introduced 
into the church as an article of faith, 



840 ; confirmed, 1000 ; admitted in 
England, 1066 ; belief in, necessary 
to salvation, declared by the council 
of Placentia, 1095; the word to 
describe it " transubstantiation" first 
introduced by Peter de Blois, 
1165 ; John Huss first opposed the 
doctrine, and he was answered by 
being burned, under order of the 
council of Constance, 1415. 

Transylvania bestOAved on the 
House of Austria, 1699. 

Trappists, the monks of La 
Trappe, a French order of strict 
discipline, but not to the severe 
extent reported of it — perpetual 
silence is only enjoined in particular 
apartments of their monastery ; the 
English and Irish were ordered to 
quit France in 1831 from their 
establishment at Meillerai, and they 
have since formed themselves into a 
society at Mount St. Bernard, in 
Leicestershire, where, by the labour 
of their hands, they are converting 
a sterile desert into fertile ground. 

Travelling; only six coaches were 
on the roads for all England in 
1672 ; and one John Cresset of the 
Charter-house wrote a pamphlet to 
shew the necessity for their sup- 
pression At a later period, the fol- 
lowing advertisement tells its own 
tale : — " York four-days' Stage- 
Coach. — Begins on Friday the 12th 
April, 1706. — All that are desirous 
to pass from London to York, or 
from York to London, or any other 
place on that road, let them repair 
to the Black Swan in Holbourn, 
in London, and to the Black 
Swan in Coney-street, in York. 
At both which places they may 
be received in a light coach 
every Monday, Wednesday, and 
Friday, which performs the 
whole journey in four days (if God 
permit), and sets forth at 5 in the 
morning, and returns from York to 
Stamford in 2 days ; and from 
Stamford, by Huntingdon, to Lon- 
don, in 2 days more ; and the like 
stages on the retui-n." — Again, 1712, 
" Edinburgh, Berwick, Newcastle, 
Durham, and London Sta<>;e-Coach 



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begins on Monday the 13th October, 
1712. All that desire to pass from 
Edinbro' to London, or from Lon- 
don to Edinbro', or any place on 
that road, let them repair to Mr. 
John Baillie's, at the Coach and 
Horses, at the Head of Cannongate, 
Edinbro', every other Saturday, or 
to the Black Swan, in Holborn, 
every other Monday, at both of 
which places they may be received 
in a Stage-Coach, which performs 
the whole journey in thirteen days, 
without any stoppage (if God per- 
mit), having 80 able horses to per- 
form the whole stage. Each pas- 
senger paying £4, 10s. for the whole 
journey, allowing each passenger 
201b. weight, and all above to pay 
6d. per pound. The Coach sets out 
at six in the morning." In 1825, 
the mail-coach did this distance in 
46 hours. In 1780, the first stage- 
coach between London and Maid- 
stone left at six in the morning, and 
only arrived at half-past 8 p.m., a 
distance of 34 miles. The coaches 
went about 1\ miles an hour on the 
average, and the mail-coach charge 
was 52s. inside per 100 miles, and 
30s. outside ; first common coaches 
42s. inside, and 26s. out, exclusive 
of coachman and guard. The rail- 
way takes the passengers, without 
coachmen or guards, the same dis- 
tance for 20s. and 12s., at 30 or 40 
miles an hour, 1850. 

Travelling post, in the time of 
James I., 1610, letters were con- 
veyed by men who rode post ; those 
who took government despatches 
were hanged in the time of Henry 
VIII. if dilatory ; letters were in- 
dorsed " Haste Post ! Haste ! " and 
a gallows was often sketched on the 
letter; in 1626, a letter was indorsed 
and addressed by Mr. Bagg, deputy 
mayor of Plymouth, to Sir Edward 
Conway : — 

" For His Majesty's especial ser- 
vice. 
" To the Eight Honourable Sir 
Edward Conway, Knight, one of 
his Majesty's principal secretaries, 
these, at Court. 



" Post hast — post hast — hast — hast 

— with speed. 
" Plymouth, 17th June, 1623, eleven 

o'clock in the morninge. 
" Ashton (Ashburton), 17 June, 

1623, four o'clock in the after- 
noon. 
"Exeter at four in the morning, 

June 18, 1623. 
"Received this packet at Honyton, 

at eleven o'clock in the, forenoon. 
" Sherborne, late at night, 18 June, 

1623. 
" At Sarum, 19 June, at six in the 

morning. 
" Andover, past nine o'clocke in the 

morninge, 19th day of June. 
" At Basing, at twelve at noon. 
" Hartford Bridge, half- past two in 

the afternoon 
" Staines, at past five o'clock in the 

afternoon. 
" Stroud (the Strand) at house, 

past eight o'clock at night." 

The post, riding, according to the 
proverbial saying, " for his life," 
was 17 hours on the road between 
Plymouth and Exeter, a distance 
only of 41£ miles. Seven hours 
were consumed from Exeter to 
Honiton, the distance of 16£ miles ; 
from Honiton to Sherborne, in 
Dorsetshire, 35 miles, occupied 
about 11 hours ; from Sherborne to 
Salisbury, 34 miles, 10 hours ; Salis- 
bury to Andover, Yl\ miles, say Sh 
hours. The courier, now upon 
the beaten line of the old Roman 
road, passed to Basingstoke, 19^ 
miles from Andover, in 3 hours; 
from Basingstoke to Hartford- 
bridge, 10 miles, occupied him 2j 
hours ; from Hartford-bridge to 
Staines, 19 miles, about 3|- hours ; 
the remaining 19 miles, to the resi- 
dence of Mr. Secretary Conway In 
the Strand, where he delivered his 
despatch, consumed nearly 3g- hours. 
A distance, therefore, of 212 or 214 
miles was traversed in 57 hours, the 
average being little more than 3 ? j 
miles in the hour. The Defiance 
coach in 1835 traversed the whole 
distance between London and 
Plymouth in 27 hoars. The railway 



TRE 



>6 TR^ 

commission called the Treasury, 
with its lord commissioners; the 
first officer of this rank in Ireland 
was John de St. John, 1217. 

Tbeaties, the first formal Eng- 
lish treaty on record is dated 1217 ; 
the first commercial treaty, 1272, 
with the Flemings ; the following 
are among the more noted of the 
European treaties generally. 

Abo, peace of 1743 

Aix-la-Chapelle 1668 

Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of. 1748 

Akermann, peace of. 1826 

Alt Radstadt 1706 

America, peace with 1783 

Amiens, peace of. 1802 

Armed Neutrality 1800 

Arras, treaty of. 1435 

Arras, ditto 1482 

Augsburgh, league of 1686 

Baden, peace of 1714 

Barrier treaty..'. 1715 

Basle, peace of. 1795 

Bassein, India 1802 

Bayonne, treaty of. 1808 

Belgium, treaty of London ... 1839 

Belgrade, peace of 1739 

Berlin, peace of. 1742 

Berlin decree 1806 

Berlin convention 1808 

Breda, peace of. 1667 

Bretigny, peace of 1360 

Bucharest, treaty of. 1812 

Cambray, league of. 1508 

Cambray, peace of 1529 

Campo-Formio, treaty of 1797 

Carlowitz, peace of. 1699 

Carlsbad, congress of. 1819 

Chateau-Cambresis, peace of. 1559 

Chaumont, treaty of... 1814 

Chunar, India 1781 

Cintra, convention of. 1808 

Closterseven, convention of... 1757 
Coalition, first, against France 1792 

, second, ditto 1799 

, third, ditto 1805 

. , fourth, ditto 3806 

, fifth, ditto 1809 

, sixth, ditto 1813 

Concordat 1801 

Conflans. treaty of. 1465 

Constantinople, treaty of and 

peace of. 1712 

Constantinople, peace of. 1833 



express completes the distance in 7 
hours, 1853. 

Travelling abroad, a licence to 
travel abroad required from British 
subjects to be paid to the crown, 10 
Charles I., 1635, an open and direct 
infringement of Magna Charta ; 
gross attempts made to tax travel- 
lers and absentees, 1753, but all 
failed meritedly. 

Treadmill, a Chinese invention 
to irrigate their lands, copied in 
England as an instrument of pun- 
ishment for felons, and introduced 
into Brixton jail, 1817. 

Treason punished in England 
only by banishment until the reign 
of Henry I. ; defined by Edward 
III., 1349, two witnesses required 
to convict; the punishment san- 
guinary, and of the most vengeful 
character — to be hung by the neck, 
but not until dead, the bowels to be 
torn out before the wi'ithing suffer- 
er's face and cast into the fire ; the 
heart to be afterwards torn out and 
burned, the mangled body to be 
beheaded and quartered, the head 
and quarters to be stuck up in public 
places, for which purpose they were 
parboiled in caldrons with spices 
and herbs, to preserve them as long 
as possible from decay ; portions 
were sometimes sent to be displayed 
in different parts of the kingdom. 
Burning alive was practised for 
petit treason against the king's 
image, as in coining, or the murder 
of a bishop or other ecclesiastic by 
an inferior, of a husband by a wife, 
or of a master by a servant; for 
the reverse, a husband or master 
Avas hung. The last victim to this 
law was a woman for coining, 1787 ; 
she was burned at the Old Bailey 
28 years after George III. had 
reigned, however incredible it may 
appear ; a bill was brought in to 
abolish burning, 1788. 

Treasury Office, Westminster, 
built 1732. 

Treasurer, Lord High, of Eng- 
land, the crown's third great officer ; 
Odo, Earl of Kent, was the first, 
1069 ; the office is now filled by the 



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Copenhagen, peace of. 1660 

(Dressy, treaty of. 1 544 

Dresden 1745 

Family compact 1761 

Fontainebleau, peace of. 1679 

- — , treaty of. 1785 

, concordat at... 1813 

Friedwald, treaty of. 1551 

Fuesren, treaty of. 1745 

Ghent, pacification of. 1576 

— , peace of (America)... 1814 

Golden Bull 1356 

Grand alliance 1689 

Greece, London, treaty of 1829 

Hague, treaty of the 1659 

Ditto 1669 

Halle, treaty of. 1610 

Hamburgh, peace of 1762 

Hanover, treaty of 1725 

Hamburgh, peace of. 1762 

Hanover treaty 1725 

Holland, peace with 1784 

Holy Alliance 1815 

Hubertsberg, peace of 1763 

Interim 1548 

Kiel, treaty of 1814 

Laybach, congress of 1821 

League 1576 

Leipsic, alliance of 1631 

Leoben, peace of 1797 

Lisbon, peace of 1668 

London, treaty of (Greece) ... 1829 
London, convention of (Tur- 
key) 1840 

Lubeck, peace of 1629 

Luneville, peace of 1801 

Madrid, treaty of 1526 

Methuen treaty 1703 

Milan decree 1807 

Munster, peace of 1648 

Nantes, edict of 1598 

Naumberg, treaty of 1554 

Nice, treaty of 1518 

Nimeguen, peace of 1678 

Noyon, treaty of 1516 

Nuremberg, treatv of 1532 

Olivi, peace of ..". 1660 

Paris, peace of {see Paris) ... 1763 

Paris, treaty of 1796 

Paris, peace of (Sweden) 1810 

Paris, capitulation of 1814 

Paris, treaty of 1814 

Paris, peace of 1815 

Paris, treaty of 1817 

Partition, first treaty 1698 



Partition, second treaty 1700 

Passarowitz, peace of 1718 

Passau, treaty of 1552 

Petersburgh, peace of 1762 

Petersburgh, treaty of 1772 

Petersburgh, treaty of 1805 

Petersburgh, treaty of 1810 

Peterswalden, convention of.. 1813 

Pilnitz, convention of 1791 

Poland, partition of 1795 

Pragmatic Sanction 1439 

Pragmatic Sanction 1713 

Prague, peace of 1653 

Presburg, peace of. 1805 

Public good, league for the... 1464 

Pyrenees, treaty of the 1659 

Quadruple Alliance 1718 

Eadstadt, peace of 1714 

Eadstadt, congi'ess of 1797 

Eatisbon, peace of 1630 

Ratisbon, treaty of 1806 

Eeligion, peace of 1555 

Ehine, confederation of the... 1806 

Eyswick, peace of 1697 

St. Germain's, peace of 1570 

St. Germain-en-Laye 1679 

St. Ildefonso, alliance of Spain 

with France 1795 

Seville, peace of 1792 

Siorod, peace of. 1613 

Smalcald, league of 1529 

Spain, pacification of (Lon- 
don) 1834 

Stettin, peace of 1570 

Stockholm 1630 

Stockholm, peace of 1719 

Stockholm, treaty of 1724 

Stockholm, treaty of. 1813 

Temeswar, truce of 1664 

Teschen, peace of 1779 

Teusin, peace of 1595 

Tilsit, peace of 1807 

Tolentino, treaty of 1793 

Toplitz, treaty of 1813 

Triple Alliance 1717 

Triple Alliance of the Hague 1668 

Troppau, congress of 1820 

Troves, treaty of 1420 

Turkmauchay, peace of 18:28 

Ulm, peace of 1620 

Utrecht, union of 1579 

Utrecht, peace of 1713 

Valencay, treaty of 1813 

Verona, congress of 1822 

Versailles, peace of 1783 



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698 



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Vienna, treaty of 1725 

Vienna, treaty of alliance .... 1731 

Vienna, definitive peace 1737 

Vienna, peace of 1809 

Vienna, treaty of, March 23, 1815 
Vienna, treaty of, ...May 31, 1815 

Vienna, treaty of, June 4, 1815 

Vossem, peace of 1673 

Warsaw, treaty of. 1768 

Warsaw, alliance of 1683 

Westminster, peace of 1674 

Westminster^ (with Holland) 1716 

Westphalia, peace of 1648 

Wilna, treaty of 1561 

Worms, edict of 1521 

Wurtzburg, treaty of 1610 

Treaties, first commenced, made 
with the Flemings, 1272 ; with Por- 
tugal and Spain, 1308. 

Tree, the Elm, under which 
William Penn made his treaty with 
the Indians, at Seackamaxon, in the 
year 1682, became celebrated from 
that time. When, in the American 
war, the British general Simcoe was 
quartered at Kensington, he so re- 
spected it, that upon his soldiers 
cutting down every other tree for 
firewood, he placed a sentinel under 
this memorable tree, that not a 
branch of it might be touched. In 
1812 it was blown down, and its 
trunk was then split into Avood, and 
cups and other articles were made 
from it, to be kept as memorials. 

Tregoney, Cornwall, incorpo- 
rated 1620. 

Trematon Castle, Cornwall, built 
before the conquest, and quite per- 
fect until a Mr. Tucker pulled down 
a part to accommodate a dwelling- 
house, about 1807-8 : it belongs to 
the duchy of Cornwall, and existed 
before the conquest, 1066. 

Trenck, Baron, celebrated for 
his adventures and imprisonment, 
beheaded in Paris, 1794. 

Trent, Council of, the 18th in 
the Roman Catholic church, 1545 ; 
its decisions are considered strictly 
orthodox by the faithful ; the sit- 
tings of the councils were continued 
under Pope Paul III , Julius III., 
and Pius IV., to 1563, when the 
last council sat. 



Tria juncta in uno, the motto of 

the Order of the Bath, first used, it 

is said, by Richard II., and also by 

Henry IV., 1399, and on the revival 

of the order by George I., 1725. 
Trials, Remarkable, for above a 

century past : — of 

The infamous Colonel Char- 
teris, for the rape of Ann 
Bond Feb. 25, 1730 

Captain Porteous, at Edin- 
burgh, for murder... July 6, 1736 

The celebrated Jenny Diver, 
for felony, executed, 

March 18, 1740 

William Duell, executed for 
murder at Tyburn; came 
to life when about under- 
going dissection ...Nov. 24, 1740 

Lords Kilmarnock and Bal- 
merino, for high treason, 

July 28, 1746 

Mary Hamilton, for marrying 
Avith her OAvn sex, 14 Avives, 

Oct. 7, 1746 

Lord Lovat, 80 years of age, 
for high treason, beheaded, 

March 9, 1747 

Freney. the celebrated Irish 
robber, who surrendered 
himself July 9, 1749 

Amy Hutchinson, burnt at 
Ely, for the , murder of her 
husband Nov. 5, 1750 

Miss Blandy, for the murder 
of her father, hanged 

March 3, 1752 

Ann Williams, for the mur- 
der of her husband, burnt 
alive April 11, 1753 

Eugene Aram, for murder at 
York, executed ...Aug. 13, 1759 

The Earl Ferrers, for the mur- 
der of his steAvard, executed 

April 16, 1760 

Mr. M'Naughten, at Strabane, 
for the murder of Miss Knox 

Dec. 8, 1761 

Ann Bedingfield, for the mur- 
der of her husband, burnt 
alive April 6, 1763 

Mr. Wilkes, alderman of Lon- 
don, for an obscene poem, 
called an " Essay on Wo- 
man" Feb. 21, 1764 



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The murderers of Captain 
Glass, his wife, daughter, 
mate, and passengers, on 
board the ship Earl of 
Sandwich, at sea, March 3, 1766 

Elizabeth Brownrigg, for the 
murder of one of her ap- 
prentices, a female, Sept. 12, 1767 

Lord Baltimore and his fe- 
male accomplices, for rape, 

March 28, 1768 

The great cause between the 
families of Hamilton and 
Douglas Feb. 27, 1769 

The great Valentia cause in 
the House of Peers, in Ire- 
land March 18, 1772 

The case of Somerset the 
slave, establishing their free- 
dom to slaves upon British 
ground, after a long trial, 

June 22, 1772 

Mrs. Herring, at Dublin, for 
the murder of her husband, 
burnt in St. Stephen's Green, 
in that city .Oct. 24, 1773 

The two brothers, Perreau, 
bankers and wine-mer- 
chants, for forgery, hanged, 

Jan. 17, 1776 

The Duchess of Kingston, for 
marrying two husbands ; 
guilty April 15, 1776 

Dr. Dodd, for forging a bond 
of 4200Z. in the name of the 
Earl of Chesterfield ; found 
guilty, Feb. 22 ; executed 

June 27, 1777 

Admiral Keppel, by court- 
martial ; honourably ac- 
quitted Feb. 11, 1779 

Mr. Hackman, for the murder 
of Miss Reay, when coming 
out of the theatre royal, Co- 
vent-garden April 16, 1779 

Lord George Gordon, on a 
charge of high treason ; ac- 
quitted Feb. 5, 1781 

Mr. Woodfall, printer, for a 
libel on Lord Loughbo- 
rough, afterwards lord chan- 
cellor Nov. 10, 1786 

Lord George Gordon, for a 
. libel on the queen of France, 
guilty Jan. 28, 178S 



"Warren Hastings : a trial 
which lasted seven years 
and three months, com- 
menced Feb. 13, 1788 

The proprietors of "TheTimes" 
London newspaper, for a 
libel on the Prince of Wales : 
guilty Feb. 3, 1790 

Renwick Williams, called the 
monster, for stabbing wo- 
men in the streets of Lon- 
don July 8, 1790 

Barrington, the pickpocket, 
transported Sept. 22, 1790 

Thomas Paine, the political 
writer, for libels in the 
Rights of Man ; guiltj^, 

Dec. 18, 1792 

Louis XVI. of France ; be- 
gan Dec. 11, 1792 ; con- 
demned Jan. 20; and be- 
headed Jan. 21, 1793 

The Queen of France, Marie 
Antoinette, consort of Louis 
XVL, guillotined... Oct. 16, 1793 

Archibald Hamilton Rowan, 
for libel ; sentenced to two 
years' imprisonment, and a 
fine of £500 Jan. 29, 1794 

Madame Elizabeth, of France, 
sister to the king Louis 
XVL, beheaded ...May 10, 1794 

Mr. Purefoy, arraigned for 
the murder of Colonel Ro- 
per, in a duel ; acquitted, 

Aug. 14, 1794 

Robert Watt and Downie, at 
Edinburgh, for toeason, 

Sept. 3, 1794 

Hardy, Home Tooke, Thel- 
wall, and Joyce, for high- 
treason ; acquitted Oct. 29, 1794 

The Earl of Abingdon for a 
libel on Mr. Serman, guilty, 

Dec. 6, 1794 

Major Semple, Semple Lisle, 
for felony Feb. 18, 1795 

The Rev. William Jackson, 
on a charge of high treason, 
in Dublin ; he soon after 
died in prison April 24, 1795 

Mr. Redhead Yorke, at York, 
for a seditious libel, 

Nov. 27, 1795 

Lord Westmcath v. Bradshaw, 



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for crim. con. ; damages, 
10,000? March 4, 1796 

Lord Valentia v. Mr. Gaw- 
ler, for adultery; damages, 
2000? June 16, 1796 

Daniel Isaac Eaton, for libels 
on kingly government ; 
guilty July 8, 1796 

Sir Godfrey Webster v. Lord 
Holland, for adultery ; 6000?. 

Feb.. 27, 1797 

Parker, the mutineer at the 
Nore, called Admiral Parker 

June 27, 1797 

Bodclington v. Boddington, 
for crim. con. ; damages, 
10,000? Sept. 5, 1797 

William Orr, at Carrickfergus, 
for high treason ; executed 

Oct. 12, 1797 

Mrs. Phepoe, alias Benson, 
the celebrated murderess 

Dec. 9, 1797 

The murderers of Colonel St. 
George and Mr. Uniacke, 
at Cork April 15, 1798 

The celebrated Arthur O'Con- 
nor, the barrister, and O'- 
Coigley, at Maidstone, for 
treason ; the latter hanged 1798 

Sir Edward Crosbie and 
others, for high treason ; 
hanged June 1, 1798 

Beauchamp Bagenal Harvey, 
at Wexford, for high trea- 
son June 21, 1798 

The two Messrs. Sheares, at 
Dublin, for high treason ; 
executed July 12, 1798 

Theobald Woulffe Tone, by 
court-martial (died on the 
18th) Nov. 10, 1798 

Lord Thanet, for his conduct 
at Arthur O'Connor's trial 

June 10, 1799 

Sir Harry Browne Hayes, for 
carrying off Miss Pike, of 
Cork April 13, 1800 

Hatfield, for shooting at 

George III June 26, 1800 

Mr. Tighe of Westmeath v. 
Jones, for crim. con. ; da- 
mages, 10,000? Dec. 2, 1800 

The mutineers at Bantry Bay ; 
hanged Jan. 8, 1802 



Charles Hayes, for the obscene 
libel "The Man of Fashion" 

Jan. 9, 1802 

The mutineers of the Teme- 
raire and other ships at 
Portsmouth Jan. 11, 1802 

Governor Wall, for cruelty 
and murder, twenty years 
before Jan. 28, 1802 

Crawley, for the murder of 
two females in Peter's-row, 
Dublin March 6, 1802 

Colonel Despard and his as- 
sociates, for high treason ; 
hanged on the top of Horse- 
monger-lane jail Feb. 7, 1803 

M. Peltier, for a libel on Na- 
poleon Bonaparte, then first 
consul of France ; guilty 

Feb. 21, 1803 

Robert Aslett, cashier of the 
Bank of England, for em- 
bezzlement and frauds ; the 
loss to the Bank, 320,000?. ; 
found not guilty, on account 
of the invalidity of the bills 

July 8, 1803 

Robert Emmett, at Dublin, 
for high treason ; executed 
next day Sept. 19, 1803 

Keenan, one of the murderers 
of Lord Kilwarden ; hanged 

Oct. 2, 1803 

Mr. Smith, for the murder of 
the supposed Hammersmith 
ghost Jan. 13, 1804 

Lockhart and Loudon Gor- 
don, for carrying off Mrs. 
Lee March 6, 1804 

General Moreau, and others, 
for conspiracy, in France 

May 29, 1804 

The Rev. C. Massy v. Mar- 
quess of Headfort, for crim. 
con.; 10,000? July 27, 1804 

William Cooper, the Hackney 
monster, for offences against 
females April 27, 1805 

Hamilton Rowan, in Dublin, 
pleaded the king's pardon 

July 1, 1805 

Judge Johnson, for a libel on 
the Earl of Hardwicke ; 
guilty Nov. 23, 1805 

General Picton, for applying 



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the torture to Louisa Cal- 
deron, to extort confession, 
at Trinidad ; tried in the 
Court of King's Bench ; 

guilty Feb. 21, 1806 

Patch, for the murder of Mr. 

Bligh April 6, 1806 

Lord Melville, impeached by 
the House of Commons ; 

acquitted June 12, 1806 

The Warrington gang, for un- 
natural offences ; executed 

Aug. 23, 1806 
Palm, the bookseller, by a 
French military commis- 
sion, atBrennau...Aug. 26, 1806 
Lord Cloncurry v. Sir John 
B. Piers, for crim. con. ; 
damages, 20,000?... Feb. 19, 1807 
Holloway and Haggerty, the 
murderers of Mr. Steele ; 
thirty persons crushed to 
death at their execution, at 

the Old Bailey Feb. 20, 1807 

Sir Home Popham, by court- 
martial; reprimanded 

March 7, 1807 
Knight v. Dr. Wolcot, alias 
Peter Pindar, for crim. con. 

June 27, 1807 
Lieut. Berry, of H. M. S. 
Hazard, for an unnatural 

offence Oct. 2, 1807 

Lord Elgin y. Ferguson, for 
crim. con. ; damages. 10, 0001. 

Dec. 22, 1807 
Simmons, the murderer of the 
Boreham family, at Hod- 

desdon March 4, 1808 

Sir Arthur Paget, for crim. 
con. with Lady Boringdon 

July 14, 1808 
Major Campbell, for killing 
Captain Boyd in a duel; 

hanged Aug. 4, 1808 

Peter Finnerty and others, for 
a libel on the Duke of York 

Nov. 9, 1808 
The Duke of York, by inquiry 
in the House of Commons, 
on charges preferred against 
him by Colonel Wardle ; 
from Jan. 26 to March 20, 1809 
Wellesley v. Lord Paget, for 
crim. con.; damages, 20,000?. 1809 



The King v. Valentine Jones, 
for breach of duty as com- 
missary -general May 26, 1809 

Earl of Leicester v. " Morning 
Herald," for a libel ; da- 
mages, 1000? June 29, 1809 

Wright v. Colonel Wardle, for 
Mrs. Mary Ann Clarke's 

furniture . . * July 1, 1809 

William Cobbett, for a libel on 
the German Legion ; con- 
victed July 9, 1809 

The Hon. Captain Lake, for 
putting Bobert Jeffrey, a 
British seaman, on shore 
at Sombrero ; dismissed the 

service Feb. 10, 1810 

Mr. Perry, for libels in the 
" Morning Chronicle;" ac- 
quitted Feb. 24, 1810 

The Vere-street gang, for un- 
natural offences ; guilty 

Sept. 20, 1810 
Peter Finnerty, for a libel on 
Lord Castlereagh ; judg- 
ment Jan. 31, 1811 

The King v. Messrs. John 
and Leigh Hunt, for libels ; 

guilty Feb. 22, 1811 

Ensign Hepburn, and White, 
the drummer ; both were 

executed March 7, 1811 

Walter Cox, in Dublin, for 
libels ; he stood in the pil- 
lory March 12, 1811 

The King v. William Cobbett, 
for libels ; convicted 

June 15, 1811 
Lord Louth, in Dublin ; sen- 
tenced to imprisonment and 

fine June 19, 1811 

The Berkeley cause, before the 
House of Peers ; concluded 

June 28, 1811 
Dr. Sheridan, physician, on a 

charge of sedition ; acquitted 1811 
Gale Jones, for seditious and 
blasphemous libels ; con- 
victed Nov. 26, 1811 

Thomas Kirwan, in Dublin, 
a Catholic delegate ; con- 
victed Jan. 23, 1812 

Daniel Isaac Eaton, on a 
charge of blasphemy; con- 
victed March IS, 1812 



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702 



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Bellingham, for the murder of 
Mr. Perceval, prime minis- 
ter May 15, 1812 

The King v. Mr. Lovell, of 
the " Statesman," for libel ; 

guilty Nov. 19, 1812 

Messrs. John and Leigh Hunt, 
for libels in the " Exa- 
miner;" convicted... Dec. 9, 1812 
The Marquis of Sligo, for con- 
cealing a sea deserter 

Dec. 16, 1812 
The murderers of Mr. Hors- 
fall, at York ; executed 

Jan. 7, 1813 
Mr. Hugh Fitzpatrick, for 
publishing Scully's " His- 
tory of the Penal Laws " 

Feb. 6, 1813 
The divorce cause against the 
Duke of Hamilton, for adul- 
tery April 11, 1813 

Mr. John Magee, in Dublin, 
for libels in the " Evening 

Post;" guilty July 26, 1813 

Nicholson, the murderer of Mr. 
and Mrs. Bonar ; hanged 

Aug. 21, 1813 
Tuite, the murderer of Mr. and 
Mrs. Goulding; executed 

Oct. 7, 1813 
The celebrated Mary Ann 
Clarke, for a libel on the 
Right Hon. Wm. Vesey Fitz- 
gerald, now Lord Fitzge- 
rald Feb. 7, 1814 

Admiral Bradley, at Winches- 
ter, for frauds in ship letters 

Aug. 18, 1814 
Lord Cochrane, Cochrane 
Johnstone, Berenger, Butt, 
and others, for frauds in the 
public funds ; convicted 

Feb. 22, 1814 
Colonel Quentin, of the 10th 
hussars, by court-martial 

Nov. 10, 1814 
Sir John Henry Mildmay, 
Bart., for crim. con. with 
the Countess of Roseberv; 
damages, 15,000?.... Dec. 5, 1814 
The King v. Brider, on a 
charge of incest ; guilty 

Feb. 17, 1816 
George Barnett, for shooting 



at Miss Kelly, of Covent- 

garden Theatre April 8, 1816 

Captain Hutchinson, Sir Ro- 
bert Wilson, and Mr. Bruce, 
in Paris, for aiding the es- 
cape of Count Lavalette 

April 24, 1816 
Captain Grant, the famous 
Irish robber, at Marybo- 

. rough Aug. 16, 1816 

Vaughan, a police officer, 
Mack ay, and Browne, for 
conspiracy to induce men 
to commit felonies to obtain 
the reward ; convicted 

Aug. 21, 1816 
Colonel Stanhope, by court- 
martial, at Cambray, in 

France Sept. 23, 1816 

Cashman, the intrepid seaman, 
for the Span elds riots, and 
outrages on Snowhill ; con- 
victed and hanged . Jan. 20, 1817 
Count Maubreuil, at Paris, for 
robbing the Queen of West- 
phalia May 2, 1817 

Mr. R. G. Butt, for a libel on 
Lord Chief-justice Ellenbo- 

rough May 23, 1817 

Mr. Wooller, for libels on the 
government and ministers 

June 6, 1817 
Thistlewood, Dr. Watson, 
Hooper, and others, for 

treason June 9, 1817 

The murderers of the Lynch 
familv, at Wildgoose-lodge, 

Ireland July 19, 1817 

Mr. Roger O'Connor, on a 
charge of robbing the mail ; 

acquitted Aug. 5, 1817 

Brandreth, Turner, and others, 
at Derby, for high treason 

Oct, 15, 1817 
Hone, the bookseller, for pa- 
rodies; three trials before 
Lord Ellenborough ; re- 
markable for his extempo- 
raneous and successful de- 
fence Dec. 18, 19, 20, 1817 

Mr. Dick, for the abduction 
and rape of Miss Crockatt 

March 21, 1818 
The memorable appeal of 
murder case, Ashford, the 



TRI 



703 



TRI 



brother of Mary Ashford, 
against her murderer., Abra- 
ham Thornton ...April 16, 1818 

The Rev. Dr. O'Halloran, for 
forging a frank Sept. 9, 1818 

Robert Johnston, at Edin- 
burgh; his dreadful execu- 
tion Dec. 30, 1818 

Sir Manasseh Lopez, for bri- 
bery at Grampound 

March 18, 1819 

Bagueley, Drammond, and 
others, at Chester, for sedi- 
tion April 17, 1819 

Moseley, Woolfe, and others, 
merchants, for conspiracy 
and fraud April 20, 1819 

Carlile, for the publication of 
Paine's "Age of Reason" 

Oct. 15, 1819 

Mr. John Scanlan, at Lime- 
rick, for the murder of Ellen 
Hanly March 14, 1820 

Sir Erancis Burdett, at Leice- 
ster, for a seditious libel 

March 23, 1820 

Mr. Henry Hunt, and others, 
for their conduct at the 
Manchester meeting; con- 
victed March 27, 1820 

Sir Charles Wolseley and Rev. 
Mr. Harrison, for sedition ; 
guilty April 10, 1820 

Thistlewood, Ings, Brunt, Da- 
vidson, and Tidd, for the 
conspiracy to murder the 
king's ministers; commenc- 
ed April 17, 1820 

Louvel, in Erance, for the 
murder of the Duke de 
Berri June 7, 1820 

Lord Glerawley v. Mr. John 
Burn, for crim. con. 

June 18, 1820 

The individuals charged with 
high treason, at Glasgow 

July 25, 1820 

Major Cartwright and others, 
at Warwick, for sedition 

Aug. 3, 1820 

"Little Waddington," for a 
seditious libel ; acquitted 1820 

Lieut. -colonel French, 6th 
dragoon guards, by court- 
martial Sept. 19, 1820 



Caroline, Queen of England, 
before the House of Lords, 
for adultery, commenced 
Aug. 16 ; it terminated 

Nov. 10, 1820 

The female murclei-ers of 
Miss Thompson, in Dublin ; 
hanged ....- May 1, 1821 

David Haggart, an extraordi- * 
nary robber, and man of 
singularly eventful life, at 
Edinburgh, for the murder 
of a turnkey June 9, 1821 

Samuel D. Hayward, the fa- 
vourite man of fashion, for 
burglary Oct. 8, 1821 

The murderers of Mrs. Tor- 
rance, in Ireland; convicted 
and hanged Dec. 17, 1821 

Cussen, Leahy, and others, for 
the abduction of Miss Gould 

July 29, 1822 

Barthelemi, in Paris, for the 
abduction of Elizabeth Flo- 
rence Sept. 23, 1822 

Cuthbert v. Browne, singular 
action for deceit ...Jan. 28, 1823 

The famous "Bottle Conspi- 
rators," in Ireland, by ex- 
officio Feb. 23, 1823 

The extraordinary " Earl of 
Portsmouth case," com- 
menced March 18, 1823 

Probert, Hunt, and Thurtell, 
the murderers of Mr. 
Weare ; Probert turned 
king's evidence, but was 
afterwards hanged... Jan. 5, 1824 

Mr. Con oily, for the murder of 
Grange, the bailiff. Jan. 26, 1824 

Mr. Henry Fauntleroy, bank- 
er of London, for forgery ; 
hanged Oct. 30, 1824 

Foote v. Hayne, for breach of 
promise of marriage; da- 
mages, 3000Z Dec. 22, 1824 

Mr. Joseph Haydn, for a libel 
on the Marquis Wellesley; 
continued three days in the 
Court of King's Bench ; the 
jury discharged without 
coming to a verdict, 

Jan. 26, 1825 

Mr. Henry Savary, a banker's 
son at Bristol, for forgery, 1825 



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704 



TEI 



O'Reefe and Bourke, the mur- 
derers of the Franks family, 

Aug. 18, 1825 

John Grosset Muirhead, esq., 
for indecent practices, 

Oct. 21, 1825 

The case of Mr. Wellesley 
Pole and the Misses Long 
commenced Nov 9, 1825 

Captain Bligh v. the Hon. 
William Wellesley Pole, for 
adultery Nov. 25, 1825 

Fisher v. Stockdale, for a li- 
bel in Harriette Wilson 

March 20, 1826 

Edward Gibbon Wakefield 
and others, for abduction of 
Miss Turner March 24, 1827 

The Eev. Robert Taylor, for 
blasphemy ; found guilty, 

Oct. 24, 1827 

Richmond Seymour, Esq., and 
Macklin ; for an unnatural 
crime March 12, 1828 

Richard Gillam, for the mur- 
der of Maria Bagster, at 
Taunton April 8, 1828 

Mr. Montgomery, for for- 
gery ; committed suicide in 
prison on the morning ap- 
pointed for his execution, 

July 4, 1828 

Brinklett, for the death of 
Lord Mount Sandford by a 
kick July 16, 1828 

William Corder, for the mur- 
der of Maria Marten ; exe- 
cuted Aug. 6, 1828 

Grace, the murderer of Mr. 
Chadwick, at Clonmel ; 
hanged Oct. 28, 1828 

Burke, at Edinburgh, for the 
Burking murders ; Hare, his 
accomplice, became appro- 
ver Dec. 24, 1828 

The King v. Buxton and 
others, for a fraudulent 
marriage March 21 , 1829 

Jonathan Martin, for setting 
fire to York Minster, 

March 31, 1829 

Stewart and his wife, noted 
murderers, hanged at Edin- 
burgh July 14, 1829 

Reinbauer the Bavarian priest, 



for his murders of women, 

Aug. 4, 1829 

Captain Dickenson, by court- 
martial at Portsmouth ; ac- 
quitted Aug. 26, 1829 

Mr. Alexander, editor of the 
Morning Journal, for libels 
on the Duke of Wellington ; 
convicted Feb. 10, 1830 

Clune, &c, at Ennis, for cut- 
ting out the tongues of the 
Doyles March 4, 1830 

Mr. Comyn, for burning his 
house in the county of 
Clare; hanged ...March 6, 1830 

Mr. Lambrecht, for the mur- 
der of Mr. Clayton in a 
duel April, 2, 1830 

Captain Moir, for the murder 
of William Malcolm ; hang- 
ed July 30, 1830 

Captains Smith and Mark- 
ham, for killing Mr. O' Gra- 
dy in a duel Aug. 24 ; 1830 

Captain Helsham, for the 
murder of Lieut. Crowther 
in a duel Oct. 8, 1830 

Mr. St. John Long, for the 
manslaughter of Miss 
Cashin ...Oct. 30, 1830 

Polignac, Peyronnet, and 
other ministers of France, 

Dec. 21, 1830 

Carlile, for a seditious libel 
inciting to a riot ; guilty, 

Jan. 10, 1831 

Mr. D. O'Connell, for breach 
of a proclamation ; pleaded 
guilty Feb. 12, 1831 

St. John Long, for manslaugh- 
ter of Mrs. Lloyd, Feb. 19, 1831 

Mr. Luke Dillon, for the vio- 
lation of Miss Frizzel; con- 
victed April 14, 1831 

Major Dundas, for the seduc- 
tion of Miss Adams ; dama- 
ges, 3000Z May 26, 1831 

Mr. Cobbett, for a seditious 
libel ; the Jury could not 
agree July 7, 1831 

The Rev. Robert Taylor, 
blasphemy July 6, 1S31 

Mr. and Mrs. Deacle v. Mr. 
Bingham Baring, M.P. 

July 14, 1831 



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Bird, a boy 14 years of age, 
for the murder of a child ; 
hanged Aug. 1, 1831 

The great cause, Earl of 
Kingston v. Lord Lorton ; 
commenced Nov. 9, 1831 

Bishop and Williams, for mur- 
der of the Italian boy, Dec. 3, 1831 

The Earl of Mar, in Scotland, 
for shooting at Mr. Oldham, 

Dec. 17, 1831 

Elizabeth Cooke, for the mur- 
der of Mrs. Walsh, by 
" Burking " Jan. 6, 1832 

Colonel Brereton, by court- 
martial at Bristol ...Jan. 9, 1832 

The murderers of Mr. Blood, 
of Apple vale, county of 
Clare Feb. 28, 1832 

William Duggan, at Cork, for 
the murder of his wife and 
others March 26, 1832 

The murderers of the five po- 
licemen at Ennis, April 2, 1832 

Mr. Hodgson (son of the ce- 
lebrated Miss Aston) v. 
Greene July 26, 1832 

The mayor of Bristol for ne- 
glect of duty in the Bristol 
riots Oct. 26, 1832 

Rev. Mr. Irving, by his own 
(the Scots) church, for he- 
resy March 13, 1832 

Lord Teynham and Donlan, 
a tailor, for swindling; 
guilty May 10, 1833 

Mr. Baring Wall, M.P., most 

honourably acquitted 

May 11, 1833 

Captain Wathen, 15th hussars, 
by court- martial at Cork, 
honourably acquitted ; his 
colonel, Lord Brudenell, 
removed from his command, 

Jan.—, 1834 

The proprietors of the True 
Sun for libels ; guilty Feb. 6, 1834 

Mary Ann Burdock, the cele- 
brated murderess, at Bristol, 

April 10, 1835 

Sir John de Beauvoir for per- 
jury; acquitted ...May 29, 1835 

Fieschi, at Paris, for attempt- 
ing the life of the king, 
Louis Philippe, by explod- 



ing an infernal machine, 

Jan. 30, 1836 

The Hon. G. C. Norton v. 
Lord Melbourne, in Court 
of Common Pleas, for crim. 
con. with the Hon. Mrs. 
Norton; verdict for the 
defendant June 22,^1836 

Dr. Morrison v. proprietors of 
Weekly Dispatch, for libel. 

Feb. 10, 1837 

Lord de Roos v. dimming, 
for defamation, charging 
Lord de Roos with cheating 
at cards; verdict for Mr. 
Cumming Feb. 10, 1837 

James Greenacre and Sarah 
Gale, for the murder of 
Hannah Brown ; Greenacre 
convicted and hanged, Gale 
transported April 10, 1837 

Francis Hastings Medhurst, 
Esq., for killing Mr. Joseph 
Alsop; guilty April 13, ]839 

Bolam, for the murder of Mr. 
Millie; verdict, manslaugh- 
ter July 30, 1839 

Rev. Mr. Stephens, at Ches- 
ter, for inflammatory lan- 
guage Aug. 15, 1839 

John Frost, an ex-magistrate, 
and others, on a charge of 
high treason ; guilty : sen- 
tence commuted to trans- 
portation Dec. 31, 1839 

Courvoisier, for the murder of 
Lord William Russell ; 
hanged June 20, 184) 

Gould, for the murder of Mr. 
Templeman ; transported, 

June 22, 1840 

Edward Oxford, charged with 
attempting the life of the 
Queen; adjudged insaue, 
and confined in Bethlehem 
hospital July 9, 10, 1840 

Madam Lafarge, in France, 
for the murder of her hus- 
band ; guilty Sept. 2, 1840 

Prince Louis Napoleon, for 
his descent upon France, 

Oct. 6, 1840 

Captain R. A.Reynolds, 11th 
Hussars, by court-martial : 
guilty : the sentence excited 
2z 



r 



TRI 



706 



TRI 



great popular displeasure 
against his colonel, Lord 
Cardigan Oct. 20, 1840 

Lord Cardigan, before the 
house of peers, capitally 
charged for wounding Cap- 
tain Harvey Tucket in a 
duel; acquitted ...Feb. 16, 1841 

The Wallaces brothers, mer- 
chants, for having wilfully 
caused the destruction of the 
ship Dryad at sea, to defraud 
the underwriters ; trans- 
ported March 4, 1841 

Josiah Mister, for attempting 
the life of Mr. Macreth ; 
guilty March 23, 1841 

Bartholomew Murray, at 
Chester, for the murder of 
Mrs. Cook April 5, 1841 

The Earl of Waldegrave and 
Captain Duff, for an aggra- 
vated assault on a police 
c6nstable ; guilty, 6 months 
imprisonment, and fines of 
2001. and 20Z. ; judgment, 

May 3, 1841 

Madame Lafarge again, for 
robbery of diamonds, 

Aug. 7, 1841 

The great case, Allen Bogle, 
versus Mr. Lawson, publish- 
er of The Times newspaper, 
for an alleged libel, in stat- 
ing the plaintiff to be con- 
nected with numerous bank 
forgers throughout Europe, 
in their schemes to defraud 
Messrs. Glynn and Compa- 
ny, bankers of London, by 
means of fictitious letters of 
credit ; damages, one far- 
thing Aug. 16, 1841 

Mr. M'Leod, at Utica, Ame- 
rica, for taking part in the 
destruction of the Caroline, 
commenced ; acquitted after 
a trial that lasted 8 days 

Oct. 4, 1841 

Robert Blakesley, for the mur- 
der of Mr. Burdon of East- 
cheap ; hanged ...Oct. 28, 1841 

Mr. Beaumont Smith, for the 
forgery of exchequer bills 
to an immense amount : he 



pleaded guilty, and was sen- 
tenced to transportation for 
life Dec. 4, 1841 

Sophia Darbon v. Rosser ; 
breach of promise of mar- 
riage ; damages, 1600?. 

Dec. 8, 1841 

Dr. Webster, for bribery at 
an election at St. Albans ; 
acquitted March 3, 1842 

Mr. John Levick and Antonio 
Mattei, principal and second 
in the duel in which Lieut. 
Adams was killed at Malta, 
both acquitted ...March 10, 1842 

Vivier, courier of the Morning 
Herald, at Boulogne, for 
conveying the Indian mail 
through France, contrary to 
the French regulations 

April 13, 1842 

Daniel Good, for the murder 
of Jane Jones ; the memor- 
able Roehampton murder : 
found guilty, and sentenced 
to be hanged May 13, 1842 

John Francis, for attempting 
to assassinate the queen, 

June 17, 1842 

Thomas Cooper, for the mur- 
der of Daly the policeman, 
hanged July 4, 1842 

Nicholas Suisse, valet of the 
late marquess of Hertford, 
at the prosecution of that 
nobleman's executors, char- 
ged with enormous frauds ; 
acquitted July 6, 1842 

M'Gill and others, for the ab- 
duction of Miss Crellin ; 
guilty Aug. 8, 1842 

Nicholas Suisse again ; upon 
like charges, and again ac- 
quitted Aug. 24, 1842 

Bean, for pointing a pistol at 
the Queen ; 18 months' im- 
prisonment . = . Aug 25, 1842 

The rioters in the provinces, 
under a special commission 
at Stafford Oct. 1, 1842 

The Cheshire rioters, under a 
special commission before 
Lord Abinger Oct. 6, 1842 

The Lancashire rioters, also 
under a special commission, 1842 



TRI 



707 



TRI 



Alice Lowe, at the prosecu- 
tion of Lord Frankfort ; 
acquitted Oct. 31, 1842 

Mr. Howard, attorney, v. Sir 
William Gossett, sergeant- 
at-arms Dec. 5, 1842 

Mr. Egan, in Dublin, for the 
robbery of a bank parcel ; 
acquitted Jan. 17, 1843 

The Rev. W. Bailey, LL.D., 
for forgery ; guilty : trans- 
portation for life ...Feb. 1, 1843 

M'Naughten, for the mur- 
der of Mr. Drummond, 
secretary to Sir Robert 
Peel ; acquitted on the 
ground of insanity, 

March 4, 1843 

The Rebeccaites, at Cardiff, 
under a special commission, 

Oct. 27, 1843 

Mr. Samuel Sidney Smith, 
for forgery : sentenced to 
transportation for life, 

Nov. 29, 1843 

Edward Dwyer, for the mur- 
der of his child at South- 
wark; guilty Dec. 1, 1843 

Mr. Holt, of the Age; libel 
on the Duke of Brunswick ; 
guilty Jan. 29, 1844 

Lieutenant Grant, second to 
Lieutenant Munroe in his 
duel with Colonel Fawcett ; 
acquitted Feb. 14, 1844 

Frazer v. Bagley, for crim. con., 
verdict for the defendant. 

Feb. 19, 1844 

Lord William Paget v. Earl 
of Cardigan, for crim. con. ; 
verdict for defendant, 

Feb. 26, 1844 

Mary Furley, for the murder 
of her child in an agony of 
despair April 16, 1844 

The will-forgers, William 
Henry Bai'ber, Joshua Flet- 
cher, Georgiana Dorey, 
William Sanders, and Su- 
sannah his wife ; all found 
guilty, April 15 ; sentenced 

April 22, 1844 

Crouch, for the murder of his 
wife ; found guilty May 8, 
hanged May 27, 1844 



Messrs.O'Connell, sen.,0'Con- 
nell, jun., Steele, Ray, Bar- 
rett, Gray, Duffy, and Rev. 
Thomas Tierney, at Dub- 
lin, for political conspiracy ; 
the trial commenced Jan. 
15 ; lasted 24 days, and all 
the traversers were found 
guilty, Feb. 12. Proceed- 
ings on motions for a new 
trial, &c, extended the case 
into Easter term ; and sen- 
tence was pronounced upon 
all but the clergyman, on 
whom judgment was remit- 
ted May 30, 1844 

Augustus Dalmas, for the 
murder of Sarah Macfar- 

lane; guilty June 14, 1844 

William Burton Newenham, 

for the abduction of Miss 

Wortham ; guilty, June 17, 1844 

Bellamy, for the murder of 

his wife by prussic acid; 

acquitted Aug. 21, 1844 

John Tawell, for the murder 
of Sarah Hart ; hanged, 

March 13, 14, 1845 
Thomas Henry Hocker, for 
the murder of Mr. James 

Delarue April 11, 1845 

Joseph Connor, for the murder 

of Mary Brothers, May 16, 1845 
The Spanish pirates, for the 
murder of ten Englishmen 

at sea July 26, 1845 

Rev. Mr. Wetherall, for crim. 
con. with Mrs. Cooke, his 

own daughter Aug. 16, 1845 

Captain Johnstone, of the 
ship Tory, for the murder 
of several of his crew, 

Feb. 5, 1846 
Miss M. A. Smith v. Earl 
Ferrers ; breach of promise 

of marriage Feb. 18, 1846 

Lieutenant Hawkey, for the 
murder of Mr. Seton in a 
duel; acquitted ...July 16, 1846 
Captain Richardson, railway 
director, for fraud and for- 
gery ; bill ignored, Sept. 23, 1S46 
Richard Dunn, for perjurv 
and attempted fraud on 
Miss A. Burdett Coutts, 1816 



TRI 



708 



TBI 



Mitchell, the Irish confede- 
rate, transported for four- 
teen years May 26, 1848 

"William Smith O'Brien, Mea- 
gher, and other confederates, 
sentenced to death : the 
sentence afterwards com- 
muted to transportation, 

Oct. 9, 1848 
Bloomfield Rush, for the mur- 
der of the Messrs. Jermy, 

March 29, 1849 
Gorham v. the Bishop of Ex- 
eter : ecclesiastical case : 
judgment given in the court 
of Arches against the 

plaintiff Aug. 2, 1849 

Manning and his wife, for the 
murder of O'Connor ; guil- 
ty : death Oct. 27, 1849 

"Walter Watts, lessee of the 
Olympic theatre,for forgery, 

May 10, 1850 
Robert Pate, a retired lieu- 
tenant, for an assault on 

the queen July 11, 1850 

The Sloanes, man and wife, 
for starving their servant, 

JaneWilbred Feb. 5, 1851 

Sarah Chesham, for the mur- 
der of her husband by 
poison ; she had murdered 
several of her children and 
others by the same means ; 

hanged March 6, 1851 

Thomas Drory, for the mur- 
der of Jael Denny ; hanged, 

March 7, 1851 
The murderers of the Rev. 
George Edward Holiest, of 
Frimley, Essex : guilty, 

March 31, 1851 
Trial by Battle, abolished in 
England so late as 1818, by act 59 
George III., c. 46. The last appeal 
to this ancient custom was in the 
case of Ashford v. Thornton. The 
defendant was tried for the murder 
of a female. He was acquitted, 
tli ere not being sufficient evidence 
to establish his guilt. Tbe brother 
and next heir of the murdered wo- 
man appealed, in order to bring the 
matter again before a jury. The 
accused man asserted his right to | 



prove his innocence by battle. The 
judges acknowledged his right to 
do so ; and the legal antiquaries 
would have been gratified with the 
rare spectacle of a judicial duel, but 
for a voluntary abandonment of the 
prosecution. The law was soon 
afterwards passed, abolishing the 
wager of battle. 

Tribute of Wolves' heads paid 
in England, 971 ; by the English to 
the Danes, in one year, £48,000, 997. 

Trichinopoli, in the East Indies, 
blown up by the firing of a powder- 
magazine ; 300 of the inhabitants 
killed, 310,000 musket cartridges 
destroyed, and the whole place shak- 
en to its foundation, 1772. 

Triennial Parliaments establish- 
ed 1694 ; repealed, and septennial 
parliaments voted, because they 
were managed with more facility 
by the minister, 1715. 

Triers taken by the French, June 
1705. 

Trincomalee, Ceylon, the no- 
blest harbour in India, taken from 
the Dutch, 1782; restored to the 
Dutch, 1783 ; taken again by the 
English, 1795 ; and retained by 
England at the peace of Amiens. 

Trinidad discovered, 1498 ; taken 
by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1595 ; by 
the French, 1676. 

Trinitarians, the term Trinity 
first used by Theophilus, bishop of 
Antioch, in the second century ; 
order of, founded 1594, in Spain ; 
an order also founded as early as 
1 1 98, by Felix de Valois and others ; 
St. Philip de Noir founded an order 
of fifteen persons in Rome, 1548, 
under the same name. 

Trinity Act, to exempt persons 
from penalties who denied the doc- 
trine, 1813. 

Trinity College, Cambridge, 
founded by Henry VIIL, 1546; 
Trinity Hall in the same university, 
William Bateman, 1351 ; Trinity 
College, Oxford, by Sir Thomas 
Pope, 1554 ; the same at Dublin, 
founded from the Augustine mo- 
nastery of All Saints, by queen 
Elizabeth, 1 591 ; first stone laid, 



TEI 



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Jan. 1, 1593 ; new charter given to, 
1637; made a barrack of, 1689; 
west front erected, 1759 ; library 
built, 1732. 

Trinity House, London, founded 
by Mr. Thomas Spirt, 1512 ; incor- 
porated by Henry VIII., 1546 ; re- 
incorporated, 1685 ; built 1795, on 
Tower-hill ; three originally founded 
at Deptford, Hull, and Newcastle : 
the two last in 1537. 

Trithaites, a sect that believed 
in three gods, 560. 

Trinity Sunday instituted by 
pope Gregory IV"., the Sunday af- 
ter Whitsuntide, 828 ; kept by the 
Catholic and Protestant churches 
alike. 

Triple Alliance formed between 
the States -general and England 
against Prance, for the protection 
of the Spanish Netherlands ; Swe- 
den afterwards joined the league, 
Jan. 28, 1668. 

Tripoli nearly destroyed by an 
earthquake, Dec. 13, 1759. 

Triumphs of the British navy ; 
a phrase used during the last war 
to designate the capture of 15 sail, 
and the burning of 20 others, on 
the evacuation of Toulon, Dec. 18, 
1793 : the victory of Lord Howe, 
June 1, 1794, when 8 sail of the 
line were taken or sunk : of Admi- 
ral Cornwallis, who, with 5 sail of 
the line and 2 frigates, engaged 13 
French sail of the line and 7 frigates 
a whole day, and, beating them off, 
making their retreat in safety, June 
17, 1795: Lord Duncan's victory, 
off Camperdown, over the Dutch, 
Oct, 11, 1797, with 14 sail of the 
line and 2 fifties, against 14 sail of 
54 guns and upwards, and 11 of 
44 guns to 18, when 9 sail of the 
line and 2 frigates were captured, 
the others escaped into the Texel : 
at the Cape of Good Hope, Aug. 17, 
1796, when two 64, one 54, and 4 
frigates, surrendered to Admiral El- 
phinstone : one 80 and two 74 taken 
by Lord Bridport, with 13 sail of 
the line, June 23, 1795, near I Ori- 
ent, part of a fleet of 12 sail of the 
line and 11 frigates, the others es- 



caping by getting close inshore : 
Lord St. Vincent's victory off Cape 
St. Vincent, Feb. 14, 1797; the 
English, 14 sail of the line, 4 fri - 
gates, and 3 sloops ; the Spaniards, 
27 of the line, 12 frigates, and a 
brig ; two ships of 112 guns, one of 
80, and one of 74 were taken : off 
Algesiras, July 12, 1808, Admiral 
Saumarez, with 5 sail of the line 
and 3 frigates, captured the San 
Antonio of 74 guns, while two of 
112 took tire and blew up; the 
Spanish and French squadrons con- 
sisted of 10 sail of the line and 3 
frigates : Admiral Mitchell's victory 
over the Dutch, 1799, August 28 
and 30, when 10 vessels of 54 guns 
and upwards, and 14, from 44 guns 
to 16 each, were taken or surren- 
dered, annihilating the Dutch navy : 
Aug. 1, and 2, 1798, at the mouth 
of the Nile, when Nelson, with 13 
sail of the line, a 50 gun ship and 
brig, attacked the French at an- 
chor, captured 9 sail of the line, 
burned 3, and sunk 1, five only es- 
caping ; the French force consisted 
of 13 sail of the line, two of 44 guns, 
and two of 38 : the destruction of the 
Danish line of defence before Co- 
penhagen, April 2, 1801 : the vic- 
tory of Sir J. B. Warren, off the 
coast of Ireland, Oct. 12, 13, and 18, 
1798; the English had 3 sail of the 
line, three of 44 guns, and two of 36 ; 
the French 1 of 80, one of 46, five 
of 40, and two of 36 — only 3 es- 
caped : the battle of Corunna, in 
Avhich Sir Robert Calder engaged 
a superior force by a fourth to his 
own, and captured two sail of the 
line : July 22, 1805, at Trafalgar, 
where Nelson fell, having, with 27 
sail of the line, engaged the com- 
bined French and Spanish fleets of 
33 sail, and taken and destroved 
19, Oct. 21, 1805: Nov. 4, 1805, 
Sir Richard Straclian captured five 
sail of the line, escaped from Tra- 
falgar : in the West Indies, where 
Sir John Duckworth captured or 
destroyed a French squadron of four 
sail of the line, in the Bay of St. 
Domingo, 1806. 



TKU 



710 



TUE 



Tristan d'Acunha, island of, dis- 
covered in 1651 ; in the year 1811, 
Jonathan Lambert, an American 
sailor, took possession of the deso- 
late island of Tristan d'Acunha, 
and issued a manifesto, drawn up 
in a strict diplomatic form, which 
was signed by his chief minister, 
another American sailor, whose 
name was Andre w Millet. He de- 
clares that, on Teh. 4, 1811, he took 
entire possession for himself, and 
his descendants for ever, of the is- 
land of Tristan d'Acunha, as well 
as of two neighbouring islands, the 
Inaccessible Island, and the Island 
called Nightingale, of which he 
thereby declares himself the lord and 
prince. When Napoleon was a 
prisoner at St. Helena, this island 
was occupied by the English, and 
after the emperor's death, when 
the party occupying was withdrawn, 
an English seaman remained, and, 
joined by one or two others, became 
sole inhabitants and occupiers of 
the island in 1825. 

Troppau, Congress of, the emperor 
of Austria and king of Prussia met 
here, Oct. 20, 1820, to consider of 
the affairs of Naples, and then ad- 
journed to Laybach, Dec. 20, 1820. 

Trot Weight, from Troyes in 
France, where it was first used ; the 
oz. troy, is said to have been brought 
originally from the East, in the 
time of the Crusaders, 1095 ; the 
Scotch troy weight was introduced 
by James I. of England, 1618. 

Trumpet first sounded in Eng- 
land before its sovereigns, in the 
time of Offa, king of Mercia, 790. 

Trumpets for Speaking, made by 
Talland, 1654. 

TRUMPET-Flowers brought from 
North America, 1640; the large- 
flowered from China, 1800 ; there 
are other varieties from the Cape 
and America. 

Trusty, the ship, lost between 
Bristol and Cork, Jan. 17, 1802. 

Truxillo, order of knighthood 
begun in Spain, 1227. 

Truxillo, in Peru, ruined by an 
earthquake, Dec, 1759. 



Tuam, Archbishopric of, founded 
501 ; the see of Mayo annexed to 
Tuam, 1559 ; it ceased to be arch- 
episcopal, 1833, and is now a bishop- 
ric, to which Killala and Achonry 
are annexed. 

Tubular Bridge over the Menai 
Straits, the construction of which 
is no less novel than gigantic ; it 
consists of two lines of tubes, each 
of great length, lifted above a hun- 
dred feet over the level of the water ; 
the engineers were Stephenson and 
Fairbairn ; railway trains pass 
through them, March 5, 1850. 

Tuilleries, in Paris, one of the 
royal palaces, begun by Catharine 
de Medicis, 1564 ; in the revolu- 
tions of 1789 and 1848, it was forced 
by the mob, who did no mischief to 
the edifice. 

Tulips came first to England, 
1578, were objects of commerce in 
the 16th century : in 1639, the sum 
of 90,000 florins was given in Hol- 
land for 120 tulips, with the offsets ; 
one called the Viceroy sold for 
4203 guilders ; the tulip r tree came 
to England from America, 1663. 

Tunbridge Castle, built 1090 ; 
the priory, 1094 ; wells became 
noted as curative through Dudlev, 
Lord North, 1606. 

Tunis, City of, stands near the 
site of ancient Carthage, besieged 
by Louis IX. of France, 1270 ; taken 
by Barbarossa ; he was expelled by 
Charles V., but recovered by the 
Turks under Selim II.; 10,000 
Christian slaves there set at liberty, 
1 535 ; the bey of Tunis first ap- 
pointed, 1570 ; reduced by Admiral 
Blake on the bey refusing to give up 
the English captives, 1656. 

Tunnel, the Thames, see Thames 
Tunnel ; for navigation, the earliest 
was constructed by M. Biguet in 
the reign of Louis XIV., at Be- 
zieres in France ; the first in Eng- 
land by Brindley, for the Duke of 
Bridgwater's canal, near Manches- 
ter, about 1760; the Gravescnd, 
projected 1800; the report upon it 
made, 1801. 

Turin besieged by the French* 



TUB 



711 



TUB 



May 23, 1706, but their army de- 
feated by Prince Eugene; in 1798, 
seized by the French ; in 1799, the 
French driven out by the Austrians 
and Russians ; soon after reconquered 
by the French under Napoleon ; 
delivered up to the allies, 1814, and 
given to the king of Sardinia. 

Turkeys first brought to England, 
1523, and to France, 1570; they 
were originally from America, and 
are met with wild there in flocks. 

Turkey Trade commenced in the 
reign of queen Elizabeth, 1550 ; the 
Levant company instituted by 
charter, 1579 ; it is now a most 
extensive and open trade. 

Turkey, Empire of, consisting of 
mixed Asiatic races, the greater 
number of whom were originally of 
Tartar blood, combined under the 
influence of the Mahometan creed 
and conquests. 

Birth of Mahomet, the pro- 
phet, at Mecca a.d. 571 

His imposture commenced 604 

The Koran written 610 

Flight to Medina 622 

.Era of the Hegira 622 

Death of Mahomet 631 

Holy wars begin 1095 

The Turkish empire first 
formed under Othman at 

Bithynia. 1298 

The Turks penetrated into 
Thrace, and take Adrian- 
pole 1360 

Amurath L instituted the Ja- 
nissaries, a guard composed 
of Christian slaves, bred 

Mahometans 1362 

Bajazet L overruns the pro- 
vinces of the Eastern empire 1389 
He laid siege to Constantino- 
ple ; but was taken by Ta- 
merlane 1403 

Tbe Turks, invading Hungary, 

were repelled by Huniades 1450 
Constantinople taken by the 
Turks under Mahomet II., 
which ends the Eastern Ro- 
man empire 1453 

Greece made subject to the 

Mahometans 1458 

The Turks penetrate into 



Italy, and take Otranto, 
which diffused terror 

throughout Europe 1480 

Selim I. raised to the throne 
by the Janissaries: he 
murdered his father, bro- 
thers, and their sons 1512 

He took the islands of the 
Archipelago from the Chris- 
tians 1514 

He overran Syria 1515 

Added Egypt to his empire... 1516 
Solyman II. took Belgrade... 1521 
Rhodes taken from the knights 

of St. John 1522 

Battle of Mohatz 1526 

Solyman II., with 250,000 
men, repulsed before Vi- 
enna 1529 

Cyprus taken from the Ve- 
netians 1571 

Great battle of Lepanto, 
which put an end to the 
fears of Europe from Turk- 
ish power 1571 

Amurath H. ascended the 
throne ; strangled his five 

brothers 1574 

The Turks driven out of Per- 
sia by the famous Schah 

Abbas , 1585 

Reign of Mahomet III 1595 

Reign of Achmetl 1603 

Great fire in Constantinople.. 1606 
Reign of Amurath IV., who 
strangled his father and four 

brothers...., 1624 

The Turks defeated the Per- 
sians, and took the city of 

Bagdad 1639 

The island of Candia, or 
Crete, taken after a 25 

years' siege 1669 

Vienna besieged by Mahomet 
IV., relieved by John of 

Poland 1683 

Mahomet IV. deposed by 

Solyman 16S7 

Peace of Carlovitz 1699 

Mustapha III. deposed. 1703 

The Morea retaken by the 

Turks 1715 

Belgrade taken from Austria ; 

Russia relinquished Azof... 1739 
Sea-fight in the channel of 



TUR 



712 



TUR 



Scio ; the English and Rus- 
sian fleets defeat the Turk- 
ish 1770 

The Crimea falls to Russia 

Jan. 1783 

Cession of Oczacow ends the 
disastrous war with Russia 
and Austria, the Turks 
having lost more than 
200,000 men 1791 

War against Russia.... Dec 30, 1806 

Passage and repassage of the 
Dardanelles by the British 
fleet Feb. 19, 1807 

Murder of Hali Aga. . .May 25, 1807 

The sultan Selim is deposed 
and murdered, and Mus- 
tapha IV. called to the 
throne May 29, 1807 

Treaty of Bucharest... May 28, 1812 

A caravan of 2000 souls, re- 
turning from Mecca, de- 
stroyed by a pestilential 
wind in the deserts of Ara- 
bia; 20 only saved.,.Aug. 9, 1812 

Subjection of the Wahabees... 1819 

AH Pacha of Janina, in 
Greece, declares himself in- 
dependent 1820 

Insurrection of Moldavia and 
Wallachia March 6, 1821 

The Greek patriarch put to 
death at Constantinople 

April 23, 1821 

Massacre at Scio ....April 23, 1822 

Sea-fight hear Mitylene, Oct, 6, 1824 

New Mahometan army orga- 
nised May 29, 1826 

Insurrection of the Janissaries 
at Constantinople, June 14, 1826 

Firman of the Saltan abolish- 
ing the Janissaries, June 16, 1826 

Fire at Constantinople ; 6000 
houses reduced to ashes 

Aug. 30, 1826 

Battle of Navarino; the Turk- 
ish fleet destroyed by the 
fleets of England, France, 
and Russia ...Oct. 20, 1827 

Banishment of 132 French, 
120 English, and 85 Rus- 
sian^ettlers, from the Turk- 
ish empire ,.Jan. 5, 1828 

War with Russia ....April 26, 1828 

The Emperor Nicholas took 



the field against the Turks 

May 20, 1828 

Capitulation of Brehilow 

June 19, 1828 

Surrender of Anappa, June 23, 1828 

The eminences of Schumla 
taken by the Russians 

July 20, 182S 

The Russian emperor arrived 
before Varna Aug. 5, 1828 

Battle of Akhalzic.Aug. 24, 1828 

Fortress of Bajazet taken 

Sept. 9, 1828 

The Sultan left his capital for 
the camp, bearing with him 
the sacred standard, 

Sept. 26, 1828 

The Dardanelles blockaded 

Oct. 1, 1828 

Surrender of Varna.. .Oct. 15, 1828 

Russians-retreated from before 
Schumla Oct. 16, 1828 

Surrender of the castle of the 
Morea to the French, Oct. 30, 1828 

Siege of Silistria raised by the 
Russians Nov. 10, 1828 

Victory of the Russians at 
Kulertscha, near Schumla 

June 11, 1829 

Battle near Erzeroum, July 2, 1829 

Adrianople entered by the 
Russian troops ....Aug. 20, 1829 

Armistice between the Rus- 
sian and Turkish armies 

Aug. 29, 1829 

Treaty of peace Sept. 14, 1829 

Fire at Constantinople ; ex- 
tinguished by the seamen 
and marines of H. M. S. 
Blonde , Jan. 22, 1830 

Treaty with America, May 7, 1830 

St. Jean dAcre taken by Ibra- 
him Pacha, son of Mehemet 
Ali Jtily 2, 1832 

He defeated the army of the 
Sultan in Syria, with great 
loss July 30, 1832 

A series of successes brings 
the army of Ibrahim Pacha 
within 80 leagues of Con- 
stantinople, and the Sultan 
has recourse to the aid of 
Russia Jan. 1833 

A Russian force enters the 
Turkish capital A pril 3, 1833 



TUR 



713 



TUR 



Treaty with Russia, offensive 
and defensive July 8, 1833 

Office of Grand Vizier abo- 
lished by the Sultan 

March 30, 183S 

Treaty of commerce with Eng- 
land concluded by Lord 
Ponsonby, ratified Aug. 16, 1838 
A body of Hungarian and Polish 

refugees, fleeing from the scene of 

the civil war, seek the protection of 

Turkey. 

The Turkish government re- 
fused to surrender them on 
the joint demand of Russia 
and Austria.......;. Sept. 16; 1849 

Russia again demanded the 
expulsion of the Hungarian 
refugees, and suspended all 
intercourse with the Porte 

Nov. 12> 1849 
The Porte (countenanced by Eng- 
land) firmly resisted this demand. 

The British fleet; under Sir 
W. Parker, anchored in Be- 
sikabay Nov. 13, 1849 

Diplomatic relations between 
Russia and the Porte re- 
sumed, the latter sending 
the refugees to Koniah, in 
Asia Minor Jan. 1850 

TURKISH SOVEREIGNS. 

Othman, or Ottoman, who as- 
sumed the title of Grand 
Seignior 1299 

Orchan, son of Othman 1326 

Amurath I. : stabbed by a sol- 
dier, of which he died 1360 

Bajazet I., his son; defeated 
by Tamerlane, and died im- 
prisoned 1389 

Solyman, son of Bajazet; de- 
throned by his brother and 
successor 1402 

Musa-Chelebi; strangled 1410 

Mahomed I., also son of Ba- 
jazet 1413 

Amurath II, succeeded by his 
son 1421 

Mahomed II., by whom Con- 
stantinople was taken, in 
1453 1451 

Bajazet II. : deposed by his 
son 1481 

Selim I., who succeeded him 1512 



Solyman the Magnificent, son 
of the preceding 1520 

Selim II., son of the last 1566 

Amurath III., his son : on his 
accession he caused his five 
brothers to be murdered, 
and their mother, in grief, 
stabbed herself to death ... 1574 

Mahomed III.; son of Amu- 
rath ; commenced his reign 
by strangling all his bro- 
thers, and drowning all his 
father's wives 1595 

Ahmed, or Achmet, his son : 
succeeded by his brother . . . 1603 

Mustapha I. : deposed by the 
Janissaries, and imprisoned; 
succeeded by his nephew.... 1617 

Osman I. : strangled by the 
Janissaries, and his uncle 
restored 1618 

Mustapha I. again and again 
deposed, sent to the Seven 
Towers, and strangled 1622 

Amurath IV. succeeded by 
his brother 1623 

Ibrahim : strangled by the 
Janissaries .-. 1640 

Mahomed IV., son of Ibra- 
him : deposed, and died im - 
prisoned 1649 

Solyman III., his brother 1687 

Ahmed or Achmet II. : suc- 
ceeded by his nephew 1691 

Mustapha II., eldest son of 
Mahomet IV. : deposed, 
succeeded by his brother.... 1695 

Ahmed or Achmet III. : de- 
posed, and died in prison in 
1736 1703 

Mahmud or Mahomed V. suc- 
ceeded his uncle, the pre- 
ceding Sultan 1730 

Osman II., brother of Mahmud 1754 

Mustapha III., brother of Os- 
man 1757 

Abdul- Ahmed .• 1774 

Selim III. : deposed by the 
Janissaries, and his nephew 
raised to the throne 1788 

Mustapha IV. : deposed, and, 
with the late sultan, Selim, 
murdered 1807 

Mahmud II. : succeeded by 
his son 1808 



UKR 



714 



(JLM 



Abdul-Mejid, the present 

(1850) sultan 1839 

Turnpike Roads, see Roads. 
Turpentine, the produce of a 
species of fir-tree, imported from 
Barbary prior to 1656 ; there are 
two kinds, the Venice or Venetian, 
and the common. 

Tuscan order of architecture, the 
simplest and most severe of all the 
orders ; St. Paul's, Covent-Garden, 
built by Inigo Jones, 1640, is the 
only specimen of note in London of 
this order. 

Tuscany erected into a dukedom, 
1530 ; came to an Austrian family, 
1737 ; seized by the French, March 
24, 1799 ; recovered its indepen- 
dence, July 17, 1799 ; but reduced 
again under obedience to France 
the following year ; given to Louis, 
son of the king of Spain, as king of 
Etruria, Feb. 26, 1801; he died, 
June 30, 1803; united to France, 
May 24, 1808 ; restored to Austria, 
1814; Leopold II. ascended the 
ducal seat, June 18, 1824 ; fled from 
Sienna in consequence of the civil 
war, Feb. 7, 1849 ; arrived at Gaeta, 
Feb. 23 ; restored by an Austrian 
army, May 5, 1850, and to plenary 
despotism, Leopold returning, July 
23, 1850. 

Tuxford, Nottinghamshire, burn- 
ed down, 1702. 



TwELFTH-day, custom of drawing 
king and queen on, was borrowed 
from the Greeks and Romans, who, 
on the tabernacle or Christmas fes- 
tivals, drew lots for kings, by putting 
a piece of money in, the middle of a 
cake, which, whoever found, was sa- 
luted as king of the festival of the 
Epiphany, instituted 813. 

Twickenham, the French ambas- 
sador's house burned, June 14, 
1734. 

Tyburn, London, the ancient 
place for the execution of malefac- 
tors, now covered with fine houses, 
at the junction of the Edge ware- 
road and the Bayswater, where 
Connaught- place stands: a German 
writer in 1778, speaks of it as dis- 
tant two miles from London. 

Tychfield Abbey, Hants, built 
1232. 

Tyler, Wat, his insurrection in 
opposition to the pole-tax, levied 
1378; killed in Smithfield by the 
mayor, Walworth, 1381. 

Tyrone, the Irish rebel, defeated 
the English, 1599; taken, brought 
to London and pardoned, 1603. 

Tyre, Era of, begins Oct. 19, 125 
a.c. ; to reduce this era to our own, 
subtract 124, and if the given year 
be less than 125, deduct it from 125, 
and the remainder will be the era 
before Christ. 



u 



Ubiquitarians, a Lutheran sect, 
which at one time spread over Ger- 
many and through other countries; 
they believed the natural body of 
Christ to be every where present : 
the sect arose in 1540, but never to 
any considerable numbers. 

Udina, Giovanni da, celebrated 
as the reviver of stucco-work; he 
died 1564. 

Ukraine, or the Frontier, as the 
term imports. By a treaty between 
. Russia and Poland, they divided the 



Ukraine, 1693; Poland had the west 
side of the Dneiper, and Russia the 
east, but the borders of Poland, 
Russia, and Little Tartary were 
appropriated by Russia, 1795, ac- 
cording to the iniquitous treaty of 
partition, the same year. 

Ulm, Peace of, by which Frederic 
V. was utterly deprived of Bohemia, 
having been previously driven from 
it, July 3, 1620; taken by the 
French, 1796; great battle of, be- 
tween the French and Austrians, 



UNI 



715 



UNI 



in which General Mack was de- 
feated by Marshal Ney with great 
loss, and Ulm surrendered in con- 
sequence with 36,000 men, the 
flower of the Austrian army, Oct. 
19, 1805. 

Ulvecroft Priory, Leicestershire, 
built 1167 

Umbrella, the first person who 
used the umbrella in the streets of 
London was Jonas Hanwav, who 
died 1786. 

Unctton, Extreme, a ceremony 
originally of the Jews, who anointed 
themselves with oil upon particular 
occasions, and hence the imitation of 
the ceremony; it was in common 
use about 550 ; the first who received 
extreme unction from the pope was 
St. Asaph, 590 ; " extreme " unction 
applied only to the dying. 

Uniformity, Act of,. passed, 1559 ; 
came into first operation, 1662 ; 
obliging all the clergy to subscribe 
the same 39 articles and to use the 
same form of worship ; upwards of 
2000 ministers quitted the church 
of England upon that occasion, 
joined the dissenters, and ranked 
among the fathers of the dissenting 
interest, 1661, 1662. 

Union of the Three Crowns ; Eng- 
land and Scotland became united 
by the accession of James VI. of 
Scotland as James I. of England, 
March 24, 1603 ; in 1604, the union 
of the two kingdoms was attempted, 
but failed, 1670 ; the Tories opposed 
the union in 1706, in the House of 
Commons, but it became a law, 
June 16, and was ratified by the 
Scotch Parliament, Jan. 16, 1707. 
Union with Ireland proposed in the 
Irish parliament, Jan. 22, 1799 ; 
rejected by the Irish Commons, Jan. 
29, 1799 ; the plan of the union de- 
tailed, Feb. 5, 1800 ; the act passed 
the British parliament, July 2, 1800; 
the united standard of England and 
Ireland first displayed on Dublin 
castle, Jan. 1, 1801 ; the realm 
thence became the united kingdom 
of Great Britain and Ireland, the 
title to France being dropped. 

■Union Packet, of Dover, lost off 



Calais, Jan. 28, 1792, the first acci- 
dent of the kind for 105 years. 

Union Fire- Office established 
1715. 

Unitarians, who worship only one 
self-existent deity, in place of three 
equal deities in one, arose under 
Servetus, 1553 ; on his passing 
through Geneva, proceeding to Na- 
ples, in that year, Calvin incited the 
magistrates to arrest him on charges 
of blasphemy and heresy, and on his 
refusing to retract his opinions con- 
demned him to be burned ; this 
murder took place, Oct. 27, 1553 ; 
the Unitarian marriage bill passed, 
June 1827. 

United Provinces once subjected 
to Spain ; became a republic, shak- 
ing off the Spanish yoke, 1579 ; de- 
puties from the provinces of Hol- 
land, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, 
Groningen, Overyssel, and Guelder- 
land, met at Utrecht, Jan. 23, 1579, 
and signed a treaty of mutual de- 
fence, appointing the Prince of 
Orange stadtholder, thus forming 
the union of Utrecht, or the founda- 
tion of the Seven United Provinces. 
In 1609 their independence was ac- 
knowledged ; Holland was united 
to France, 1796 ; Louis Bonaparte 
crowned king of, June 5, 1806 ; he 
abdicated, July 1, 1810'; Holland re- 
stored to the house of Orange, with 
Belgium annexed, Nov. 18. 1813 ; 
separated from Belgium, and Leo- 
pold of Saxe-Coburg elected king, 
July 12, 1831. 

United Ladies for the honour of 
the Cross, an order of female knight- 
hood in Germany, begun 1666. 

United States of America revolt- 
ed from the sway of England, 
though English colonists, originally 
established by voluntary exile to 
avoid persecution for opinion's sake, 
and secure civil and religious liberty 
to themselves and their posterity. 
Attemped to be taxed by George 111. 
against their consent, they resisted, 
and established their independence 
by a resolution of their representa- 
tives in congress, Sept. 9, 1776, 
as thirteen states free of control on 



UNI 



716 



UNI 



the part of England ; treated on the 
basis of their acquired independence, 
1782; acknowledged independent by 
England, 1783 ; they had been pre- 
viously acknowledged by France, 
Eeb. 6, 1778; and by Holland, 
April 19, 1782 ; the act of parlia- 
ment of Great Britain imposing new 
and heavy duties on the goods 
they imported, Mar. 1 1, 1764. 
The Stamp Act, so distaste- 
ful 

First American Congress met 
June 7, 

English act levying duties on 
paper, tea, painted glass, 
and other imports, 

June 14, 1767 
340 chests of tea destroyed by 
the people at Boston; and 17 

at New York ;Nov. 

Boston port bill March 25, 

Deputies of the States meet, 

Sept. 5, 

First battle between the Eng- 
lish and Americans at Lex- 
ington April 19j 1775 

Act of perpetual state union, 

May 20, 1775 
Washington appointed com- 
mander-in-chief ...June 16, 
America declares itself "free, 
sovereign, and independent, 
July 4 ; 

After a war of a varying 
character, Lord Cornwallis 
surrendered with 7000 men 
to Washington, at York 

town Oct. 19, 1781 

Arrival of Sir Guy Carleton 

to treat for peace ...May 5, 1782 
Provisional articles signed at 
Paris by commissioners, 

Nov. 30, 1782 
Definitive treaty of peace sign- 
ed at Paris Sept. 3, 

Ratified by congress ...Jan. 4, 

John Adams, hrst American 

ambassador, had his first 

interview with the king of 

England June 2, 

New American constitution 
proposed to the States, 

Sept. 17, 
The quakers of Philadelphia 



1765 
1765 



1773 
1774 

1774 



1775 



177i 



1783 

1784 



1785 



1787 



emancipated their slaves, 

Jan. 1, 178S 

New government for the 
States organised at New 
York March 4, 1789 

General Washington declared 
the president April 6, 1789 

Bank instituted ; capital 
10,000,000 of dollars, June 7, 1791 

Choice made of Washington 
town for the capital of the 
States July 8, 1792 

Re-election of General Wash- 
ington as president, 

March 4, 1793 

He resigned the presidency, 

Sept. 17, 1796 

Mr Adams elected... March 4, 1797 

General Washington died ; 
the seat of government re- 
moved to Washington, 

Dec. 14, 1799 

American embargo ...Dec. 9, 1807 

War with Great Britain, 

June 18, 1812 

Action between the American 
ship Constitution and the 
British frigate Guerriere, 

Aug. 19, 1812 

Fort Detroit taken... Aug. 21, 1812 

The British sloop Frolic taken 
by the American ship 
Wasp Oct. 18, 1812 

The ship United States of 54 
gurts, captured the British 
frigate Macedonian, Oct. 25, 1812 

Battle of French town, Jan. 22, 1813 

The Hornet captured the 
British sloop of war 
Peacock Feb. 25, 1813 

Forts Erie and George aban- 
doned by the British, 

May 27, 1813 

The American frigate Chesa- 
peake captured by the 
Shannon frigate ...June 1, 1813 

Battle of Burlington Heights ; 
the Americans defeated, 

June 6, 1813 

H.M. sloop Pelican took the 
American sloop Argus, 

Aug. 14, 1813 

Buffalo town taken by the 
British, and burnt, Dec. 9, 1813 

American frigate Essex taken 



UNI 



71" 



UNI 



by the Phoebe and Cherub, 

March 29, 1814 

The British defeat the Ameri- 
cans in a severe conflict, 

July 2, 1814 

Alexandria capitulated to the 
British forces Aug. 17, 1814 

The city of Washington taken 
by the British forces, and 
the public edifices, records, 
and libraries burned, 

Aug. 24, 1814 

The British sloop of war Avon, 
sunk by the American 
sloop Wasp Sept. 8, 1814 

The British squadron on lake 
Champlain captured, 

Sept. 11, 1814 

Attack on Baltimore by the 
British; General Ross killed, 

Sept. 12, 1814 

Treaty of peace with Great 
Britain signed at Ghent, 

Dec. 24, 1814 

The British ship Endymion 
captured the President, 

Jan. 15, 1815 

The Ghent treaty of peace 
ratified Feb. 17, 1815 

Centre foundation of the capi- 
tol of Washington laid, 

Aug. 24, 1818 

Spain ceded Florida to the 
United States Oct. 24, 1820 

The States acknowledged the 
independence of South 
America March 8, 1822 

Treaty with Colombia, Oct. 3, 1824 

Mr. Adams elected president, 

Feb. 4, 1825 

Death of the two ex-presidents 
Adams and Jefferson, on 
the 50th anniversary of the 
independence of the Ameri- 
can States July 4, 1826 

Indemnity convention with 
Great Britain Nov. 13, 1826 

American tariff bill, May 13, 1828 

General Jackson president, 

Feb. 16, 1829 

Treaty between the United 
States and Ottoman Porte, 

May 7, 1830 

Ports re-opened to British 
commerce Oct. 5, 1830 



New tariff laws ......July 14, 1832 

Great fire at New York ; 647 
houses and many public 
edifices burnt Nov. 15, 1835 

In the Canadian insurrection, 
many of the American peo- 
ple assist the insurgents, 

Oct., Nov., and Dec, 1837 

The American steam -boat 
Caroline attacked and burnt 
by the British, near Schlos- 
ser, to the East of the Nia- 
gara, on the territory of 
the United States, Dec. 29, 1837 

Proclamation of the president 
against American citizens 
aiding the Canadians against 
Great Britain Jan. 5, 1838 

The Great Western steam- 
ship first arrived at New 
York June 17, 1838 

The American banks suspend- 
ed their cash payments, 

Oct 14, 1839 

Affair of Mr. M'Leod, charg- 
ed with aiding in the 
destruction of the Caroline; 
true bill found against him 
for murder and arson, 

Feb. 6, 1841 

The United States bank again 
suspended payment, Feb. 7, 1841 

Election of General Harrison 
as president March 4, 1841 

Mr. Fox, British minister, de- 
mands the release of Mr. 
M'Leod March 12, 1841 

General Harrison died a 
month after his inaugura- 
tion April 4, 1841 

The presidency devolved on 
the vice-president, John 
Tyler April 5, 1841 

The case of M'Leod is re- 
moved by habeas corpus to 
the supreme court at New 
York May 6, 1841 

A party of British volunteers 
crossed the frontier from 
Canada, and carried off 
Colonel Grogan ...Sept. 9, 1841 

Resignation of all the United 
States' ministers, with the 
exception of Mr. Webster, 

Sept. 11, 1841 



UNI 



718 



UNI 



The President's proclamation 
against lawless attempts of 
American citizens to invade 
British possessions, and to 
suppress secret lodges, clubs, 
and associations... Sept. 25, 1841 
Trial of Mr. M'Leod com- 
menced at Utica supreme 

court Oct. 4, 1841 

Grogan given up to the 
American government, 

Oct. 4, 1841 
Acquittal of M'Leod after 
a trial of eight days, 

Oct. 12, 1841 
Colossal statue of Washing- 
ton placed in the capitol at 

Washington Dec. 1, 1841 

Affair of the Creole, which 
led to a dispute with Eng- 
land Dec, 1841 

This vessel, an American, was 
on her voyage to New Orleans 
with a cargo of slaves; they 
mutinied, murdered the owner, 
wounded the captain, and compelled 
the crew to take the ship to 
Nassau, New Providence, where the 
governor, considering them as pas- 
sengers, allowed them, against the 
protest of the American consul, to 
go at liberty. 

Announcement of Lord Ash- 
burton's mission to the 

United States Jan. 1, 1842 

Arrest of Hogan, implicated 
in the Caroline affair, 

Feb. 2, 1842 
The Warspite, with Lord Ash- 
burton on board, arrived at 

New York April 1, 1842 

Washington treaty, defining 
the boundaries between the 
United States and the Bri- 
tish American possessions, 
for suppressing the slave 
trade, and giving up fugi- 
tive criminals ; signed at 
Washington by Lord Ash - 
burton and Mr. Webster, 

Aug. 9, 1842 
The tariff bill passed, Aug. 10, 1842 
Lord Ashburton left the Unit- 
ed States, Sept. 5 ; arriv- 
ed in England ....Sept. 23, 1842 



War declared against the Unit- 
ed States by Mexico, 

June 4, 1845 

Resolution of the senate and 
house of representatives for 
terminating the joint occu- 
pancy of Oregon, Apr. 20, 1846 

Annexation of New Mexico 
to the United States, after 
a protracted war, Aug. 23, 1845 

Treaty fixing the north-west 
boundary of the United 
States at the 49th parallel 
of latitude, and giving the 
British possession of Van- 
couver's Island, and the free 
navigation of the Columbia 
river June 12, 1846 

Battle of Bueno Vista, Feb. 22, 1847 

The Mexicans defeated by 
General Taylor at Bueno 
Vista Feb. 23, 1847 

Vera Cruz taken by storm, 
the Mexicans every where 
worsted. Great battle of 
Sierra Gorda; the Mexi- 
cans defeated April 18, 1847 

General Scott defeated the 
Mexicans, taking 6000 pri- 
soners April 18, 1847 

Treaty between Mexico and 
the United States ratified, 

May 19, 1848 

Park Theatre destroyed by 
fire Dec. 16, 1848 

Riot at the theatre, New York, 
occasioned by a dispute 
between two actors, May 10, 1849 

Proclamation of the president 
against the marauding ex- 
pedition to Cuba... Aug. 11, 1849 

The French ambassador dis- 
missed from Washington, 

Sept. 14, 1849 

Death of Mr. Calhoun, 

March 31, 1850 

Destructive fire in Philadel- 
phia July 9, 1850 

Bill passed to admit California 
a member of the States, 

Aug. 15, 1850 

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

General George Washington, 
first president, elected 

April 6, 1789 



UNI 



719 



UNI 



General Washington again 

March 4, 1793 

John Adams March 4, 1797 

Thomas Jefferson.... March 4, 1801 
Mr. Jefferson re-elected, 

March 4, 1805 

James Madison March 4, 1809 

Mr. Madison re-elected, 

March 4, 1813 

James Monroe March 4, 1817 

Mr. Monroe re-elected, 

March 4, 1821 
John Quincy Adams, March 4, 1825 

General Jackson March 4, 1829 

General Jackson re-elected, 

March 4, 1833 
Martin Van Buren... March 4, 1837 
General William H. Harrison, 

March 4, 1841 
(Died April 4, following.) 

John Tyler April 4, 1841 

James Knox Polk ...March 4, 1845 
General Zachaiy Taylor, 

March 4, 1849 
(Died July 9, 1850.) 
Millard Fillmore sworn into 

office next day July 10, 1850 

General Pearce 1852 

Universities founded : the old- 
est those of Oxford, Cambridge, 
Paris, Salamanca, and Bologna ; the 
following are the principal exist- 
ing :— 

Aberdeen 1477 

Abo, Finland 1640 

Aix, 1409; re-established 1642 

Alba Julia, Transylvania 1629 

Altorf, Franconia 1581 

Angers 1698 

Andrew's, St., Scotland 1411 

Anjou, 1349 ; enlarged 1364 

Avignon, Prance 1388 

Bamburg 1585 

Basle, Switzerland 1458 

Berlin 1812 

Besancon, Burgundy , 1540 

Bologna, Italy 423 

Bruges, Austrian Planders ... 1665 

Cahor, in Quercy, Prance 1320 

Caen, Normandy 1431 

Cambridge began 626, accord- 
ing to some oihers 900 ; re- 
vived 1110 

Cambridge, New England, 
projected ■ 1630 



Cologne, Germany, refounded 1389 

Compostella, Spain 1517 

Coimbra, Portugal, 1391 ; en- 
larged 1503 

Constantinople 425 

Copenhagen, 1497 ; enlarged 

1539 1569 

Cordova, Spain 968 

Cracow, Poland, 700; enlarged 1402 

Dijon, France 1722 

Dillingen, Suabia .. 1565 

Dole, Burgundy 1426 

Douay, French Flanders 1562 

Dresden, Saxony 1694 

Dublin Trinity College 1591 

Also in the Annals of Dublin there 
is an entry to the following tolerant 
effect—" 1629. The Papists erected 
an University in Dublin, for the 
education of the youth of that reli- 
gion, without any authority from the 
State, and in the face of Govern- 
ment, which, however, was shut up 
in 1632." 
Edinburgh, founded by James 

VI..... 1580 

Erfurt, Thuringia, enlarged... 1390 

Erlangen, Franconia 1743 

Evora, Portugal 1559 

Ferrara, Italy 1316 

Florence, Italy, enlarged ....:. 1438 

Franeker, Friesland 1585 

Frankfort on the Oder 1506 

Friberg, Germany 1460 

Fulda, Germany 1734 

Geneva 1365 

Giessen, 1605 ; united to Mar- 

purg 1626 

Glasgow, Scotland 1450 

Goettingen, Hanover 1734 

Granada, Spain 1537 

Gripswald 1547 

Groningen, Friesland 1614 

Halle, Saxony ' 1694 

Heidelburgh, Germany .. 1346 

Helmstadt, or Jula, Bruns- 
wick- Wolfenbuttle 1570 

Jena, or Sala, Thuringia 1548 

Ingolstadt, Bavaria 1573 

Inspruck, Tyrol 1672 

Kiel, Holstein 1665 

Koningsberg, Prussia 1544 

Leyden, Holland 1575 

Leipsic, Saxony 1409 

London, April 13 1827 



UNI 



720 



URS 



Louvain, Flanders, 926 ; en- 
larged 1427 

Lyons, France 830 

Marpurg, Hesse 1527 

Mechlin, Flanders 1440 

Mentz 1482 

Montpelier 1196 

Moscow : 1754 

Munster 1491 

Naples 1216 

Orleans, France 1312 

Oxford 886 

Paderborn 1592 

Padua, Italy 1179 

Palencia, 1209 ; removed to 

Salamanca 1249 

Paris 792 

Parma 1599 

Pavia, 791; enlarged 1361 

Perpignan 1349 

Perugia, Italy 1290 

Petersburg, Russia 1747 

Pisa, Italy, 1339 ; enlarged 

1487, and 1542 

Poictiers, France 1430 

Prague, Bohemia 1360 

Rinteln, Schaumberg 1621 

Rheims, 1145; enlarged 1560 

Rostock, Mecklenburgh 1419 

Salamanca, Spain 1249 

Salerno 1233 

Saltzburgh, Germany 1623 

Saragossa, Arragon 1474 

Sienna, Etruria 1387 

Siguenza, Spain 1517 

Seville, Spain 1517 

Sorbonne, France 1253 

Strasburg, Germany 1 538 

Toledo, Spain 1518 

Toulouse, France 1228 

Treves, Germany 1473 

Tubingen, Wurtemburg 1477 

Turin 1412 

Valladolid 1343 

Valence 1475 

Venice 1592 

Vienna 1365 

Upsal, Sweden 1477 

Utrecht, Holland 1636 

Wittenberg 1502 

Wurzberg 1402 

Wirtemberg 1502 

University College, Oxford, 
founded • 1249 ; library of, com- 
pleted 1669. 



University Statistics of France. ' 
The returns forwarded to the minis- 
ter of public instruction by the 
rectors of the university of Paris, 
from which it appears that the royal 
colleges throughout France con- 
tained in 1844, 21,890 pupils, or 
1123 more than last year, and the 
district colleges 35,388, showing an 
increase over 1843 of 2291. The 
whole number of pupils in the royal 
and district colleges is consequently 
57,278, or 3414 more than in 1843. 
This last year, likewise, exhibited 
an augmentation of 1984 pupils, 
so that in the course of two years 
the number of pupils following the 
lectures in these colleges increased 
by upwards of 5000, in spite of the 
war waged by the clergy against 
the university. 

Unknown Tongues, under a pre- 
tended inspiration, sundry disciples 
of the late Edward Irving suddenly 
held forth and harangued in a 
gibberish no one could understand, 
Oct. 16, 1831 ; the fact being over- 
looked, that the gift of tongues 
to the apostles was the gift of the 
living languages of their time, to 
enable them to preach to the Gen- 
tiles : the disciples of, and others 
knew not what they uttered, and 
others were in the same state of 
ignorance, yet there are still many 
believers in this senseless delusion, 
saying so little for the good sense 
of the age. 

Upnor Castle, built 1561. 

Uranus, the name now given by 
astronomers to the planet discovered 
by Herschel, and so unluckily named 
the " Georgium Sidus," discovered 
March 13, 1781, by Herschel, whose 
name is sometimes bestowed upon 
it. The distance of Uranus from 
the sun is twice that of Saturn. 

Urine employed in the manu- 
facture of gunpowder and in the 
woollen manufacture: a statute for 
its preservation to manufacture salt- 
petre, 1626. Uric or lithic acid 
obtained from, by Scheel, 1776. 

Ursulines, an order of nuns, esta- 
blished 1198. 



VAG 



'21 



VAL 



Ushant, Battle of, between the 
English and French fleets, when 
the latter withdrew into Brest har- 
bour. The English were command- 
ed by Admiral Keppel, who was 
tried for his failure in obtaining a 
more complete result, and honour- 
ably acquitted, July 27, 1778. 

Usury forbidden by law, 1341 ; 
2s. per week fixed as the interest 
for 20s., 1260; this limit restrained, 
1275; fixed at 10 per cent., 1545 



and 1570 ; reduced to 8 per cent., 
21 James L, 1623, when the word 
" interest " was used in place of 
" usury ;" it was reduced to 6 per 
cent., 1650; continued at 6 to 1660; 
made 5 per cent., 1714. 

Utrecht, Treaty of, terminating 
Queen Anne's wars, April 11, 1713; 
town of, surrendered to the Prus- 
sians, May 9, 1787; taken by the 
French, Jan. 18, 1795. 



Vaccine inoculation established 
on the discovery of Dr. Jenner, 
May 1796 ; made public, 1799 ; re- 
ceived £10,000 for the discovery 
from parliament, 1802; royal Jen- 
nerian institution founded, Jan. 19, 
1803 ; practised throughout Europe, 
1816 ; act respecting adoption of, 
passed July 23, 1840. 

Vagrants and Beggars. A vast 
number of poor were employed or 
maintained in and about the mo- 
nasteries, and when they were seized 
upon by Henry VIII., the humbler 
dependents were turned loose to 
beg, starve, or thieve; they were 
then mercilessly punished : this ac- 
counts for 75,000 persons having 
been put to death in the reign of the 
royal plunderer. He passed an act 
that a vagrant, after being whipped, 
was to take an oath to return to the 
place where he was born, or had last 
dwelt for three years, 22 Henry 
VIII., 1530; a second time con- 
victed, he was to lose the upper 
part of the gristle of his right ear, 
27 Henry VIII. ; and a third time 
convicted, death. Vagrants were 
punished by whipping, jailing, bor- 
ing the ears, and death for a second 
offence, 14 Eliz., 1571. The milder 
statutes were those of 17 Geo. II. ; 
32, 35, and 59 Geo. III. The laws 
against beggars are still very severe 
in England. 



Vails to servants abolished in 
the world of fashion, 1764. 

Valencia, Spain, conquered by 
the MoOrs, and then lost by them, 
1094; relinquished to them by the 
King of Castile, and then taken 
again by James I., king of Arra- 
gon, 1238; and with Arragon united 
to Spain,1492 ; university of, founded 
early, revived in 1470 ; city of, taken 
by the Earl of Peterborough, 1705; 
submitted to the Bourbons after the 
battle of Almanza, 1707; taken by 
Marshal Suchet with 16,000 men, 
and immense munitions of war, 
Jan. 9, 1812, 

Val de Grace, Paris, built 
1666. 

Valenciennes taken by the 
French from the Spaniards, 17th 
March, 1677; besieged and taken 
by the allied armies after seven 
weeks' siege, in May and July, 
1793; retaken, together with Conde, 
by the French six weeks afterwards, 
together with 1100 emigrants ar- 
rayed against their country, 200 
pieces of cannon, a million pounds 
weight of powder, 8,000,000 florins 
in money, 1000 head of cattle, and 
large stores of provisions, Aug. 30, 
1794. 

Valencay, Treaty of, between ^Na- 
poleon and Ferdinand VII. of Spain, 
by which that graceless monarch 
was put .in full possession of his 
3a 



VAL 



722 



VAL 



kingdom, on his agreeing; to main- 
tain its integrity, Dec. 8, 1813. 

Valentine's Day. Valentine, a 
Eoman bishop, or, according to 
others, only presbyter of the church, 
was beheaded under Valerianus, a.d. 
278, Feb. 14. It is said that on this 
day the birds choose their mates, 
whence, probably, came the custom 
of young people choosing valen- 
tines, or particular friends, on this 
day. 

Valentine's Day, remarkable 
events upon. In 1684, Sir Samuel 
Barnardiston fined =£10,000 for us- 
ing a few indiscreet but innoxious 
expressions of a political nature, in 
some letters. In 1779, Capt. James 
Cook killed at Owhyhee, one of the 
Sandwich Islands : he was born at 
Marton, in the north part of York- 
shire, Oct. 27, 1728. In 1780, died 
that illustx*ious lawyer, Sir William 
Blackstone, author of a celebrated 
Avork, entitled, " Commentaries on 
the Laws of England : " born in 
Cheapside, London, July 10, 1723. 
In 1793, expired Brass Crossby, a 
patriotic lord mayor of London, 
who at the expiration of his mayor- 
alty received the thanks of the cor- 
poration, and a cup of £400 value : 
born at Stockton-upon-Tees, in Dur- 
ham, in 1725. In 1797, Sir John 
Jervis (afterwards Earl St. Vincent) 
obtained a signal victory over the 
Spanish fleet, off Cape St. Vincent, 
Portugal. In 1818, a cotton manu- 
factory at Colnbridge, near Hudders- 
field, occupied by Mr. T. Atkinson, 
caught fire, and was entirely de- 
stroyed ; 17 girls, the oldest about 
19 years of age, were burnt to 
death, only 9 persons escaping. 

Valle Crucis Abbey, Denbigh- 
shire, built 1200. 

Valentio, Father, so styled, was 
an English friar, a native of York- 
shire, whose name was Matthew 
Atkinson, called in religion Father 
Paul of St. Francis. Under the 
penal statute, 11th and 12th of Wil- 
liam III., he was condemned to 
perpetual imprisonment, in the lat- 
ter end of the 17th ceartury, for 



having exercised the functions of 
an ecclesiastic of the church of 
Rome, on the information of his 
maid-servant, who received the re- 
ward, stipulated by the statute, of 
£100, for betraying her master. 
Pursuant to his sentence he was 
conveyed to Hurst castle, and there 
confined for life. This statute was 
passed in the reign of a monarch 
who is said to have established civil 
and religious liberty in England ! 
This prisoner for worshipping God 
according to the custom of his fa- 
thers, had, as a great indulgence, 
the privilege of walking on the ad- 
joining strand, by the warden of the 
place, by whom he was much re- 
spected, and to whom he rendered 
himself useful, by teaching his chil- 
dren Latin; but certain strangers 
who happened to visit the castle 
took offence at this indulgence, which 
was the occasion of Mr. Atkinson's 
voluntarily confining himself ever 
afterwards to his own miserable 
apartment. Here he was so resigned 
and contented, as to persist in refus 
ing the offers made by powerful 
friends to procure his enlargement. 
He was buried in the Roman Ca- 
tholic burying-ground contiguous to 
Winchester The epitaph on Mr. 
Atkinson, inscribed on his head- 
stone in St. James's churchyard, 
Winchester, is as follows : — 

H. S. E. E. P. 

Paulus Atkinson, Fran- 

ciscanus, qui 15th Oct., 1729, 

setat. 74, in castro de Hurst, 

vitam finivit, postquam ibidem 

30 peregerat annos. 

It is said — and, it must be hoped, 
truly — that he was the last sufferer 
under the infamous statutes of Wil- 
liam and Mary against religious 
liberty, no matter what creed ap- 
plied against. 

Valentinians, the followers of a 
priest called Valentine, who, losing 
a bishopric, felt so disappointed that 
he founded a specious idolatrous 
system of faith of his own, 200. 
He published a gospel and psalms. 



VAN 



723 



VAS 



Some of his followers declared for, 
others against, baptism. 

Valet, the term given to the 
king's eldest son; hence the valet 
or knave, synonymous terms, follow 
the king and queen in the pack of j was spared 
cards. 



Valteline, in Switzerland, cele- 
brated for the massacre of the Val- 
teline, or of the Protestants, by the 
Catholics, July 20, 1620 ; for three 
days neither man, woman, nor child 



VALUE IN STERLING OF THE GOLD AND SILVER RAISED FROM THE MINES IN 
THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES: 



Mexico 

Panama 

Chili 

Buenos Ayres 


FEOM 1790 TO 1809. 


fsom 1810 to 1829. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


TotaL 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Total. 


£ 

4,523 378 

223,518 

8*53,974 
1,862,955 


£ 

94,429,303 

' '944*736 
19,286,831 


£ 

98,952,681 

22<,518; 

1,808,710! 

21,149,786 


£ 

1,913,075 

23,603 

1,904,514 

2,161,940 


£ 

45,388,729 

'878,188 
7,895,812 


£ 

47,301,804 

23,603 

2,782,702 

10,057,7*2 


7,473,825 


114,660,870 


122,134,695 | 


6,003,132 


54,162,759 


60,165,891 


Russia — from 


1820 to 1829 


! 


3.703,743 


1,502,981 


5,206,724 



Vandals began their ravages in 
Germany and Gaul, 406-414; took 
Carthage, Oct. 24, 439 ; overran a 
large part of Europe with pillage 
and murder in the early ages of the 
Christian era. 

Van Diem an's Land, discovered 
by Tasman, 1633 ; visited by Fur- 
neaux, 1773 ; by Cook, 1777 ; deemed 
the south-east part of New Holland 
until the Straits of Bass were dis- 
covered; Hobart Town, the seat of 
government, settled on the river 
Derwent, 1804. Since that time, or 
in half a century, to Dec. 21, 1851, 
its white population increased to 
70,130; in 1840, it contained 40,000 
souls. In the last-mentioned year — 
and it has vastly increased since — 
the increased soil in cultivation was 
from 25,000 to 124,000 acres; the 
shipping, from one vessel of 41 tons 
to 141 vessels containing 12,491 
tons ; the imports from £62,000 to 
near a million ; the exports from 
£14,500 to £867,000, of which more 
than a quarter were of wool; the 
revenue from £17,000 to near 
£119,000 ; and, in addition to these 
vast improvements, a sum little 



short of £219,000 was invested in 
the purchase of Crown lands. 

Vane, Sir Henry, the vounger, 
beheaded by Charles II., 1662. 

Vanini, burned under pretence of 
heresy and deism, at Thoulouse, 
1619, aged 33. 

Varennes, in France, the place 
where Louis XVI. was arrested on 
the 21st of June, 1791, and taken 
back to Paris, while endeavouring 
to pass the frontiers of France and 
join the Austrians and Prussians. 

Varna, Battles of, between the 
Russians and Turks, Aug. 5, 1828 ; 
after several attacks made by the 
Turks, which were repulsed, the city 
surrendered, Oct. 1, 1828. 

Vasco de Gama discovers the East 
Indies by Cape of Good Hope, 1529. 

Vassalage, or Villanage, the sla- 
very that existed under "the Saxons 
and Normans. Of those under the 
Normans, there were the free and 
the vassal serfs — the last sold with 
the land, the former free to labour 
for whom they pleased. Abolished 
in England, temp. Elizabeth ; in 
Hungaiy, 1785; in Holstein, May, 
1797; and in Courland, Sept. 181*"'. 



VEN 



'24 



VEN 



Vatican Library, founded 1448; 
palace of, at Rome, the residence 
of the pope, said to contain 7000 
rooms. 

Vauxhall Gardens, London, 
opened 1738 ; in 1752, became the 
property of Tyers ; in 1823, 133,279 
persons visited these gardens. They 
were sold, Sept. 9, 1841, for £20,200, 
but are still open in the summer 
season. 

Vauxhall Bridge, built by Ren- 
nie and Walker, May 9, 1811, com- 
pleted, 1816 ; it consists of 9 equal 
arches, and cost £150,000. 

Vegetables originally imported 
from the Netherlands, 1509. There 
were then no kitchen-gardens in 
England ; sugar was eaten with 
meat, to correct its putrescency, be- 
fore they were introduced. 

Veins, the lacteal, discovered by 
Asellius, 1640. 

Vellore, India, revolt and mas- 
sacre of the sepoys at, July 10, 
1806 ; most of the insurgents put to 
the sword by Colonel Gillespie, but 
800 sepoys fell before the mutiny 
was subdued. 

Velocipedes, a species of car- 
riage, impelled by the rider in them, 
now gone out of use; invented 1818. 

Venables' Expedition to America, 
Dec. 4, 1654. 

Venereal Disease, of uncertain 
origin ; reported to have first broken 
out in the French army, before 
Naples, 1494, when the term Mai de 
Naples ; in England and the Neth- 
erlands called the Mai de France ; 
yet in the latter country it is said 
to have been known so early as the 
12th century ; about the same pe- 
riod, too, at Florence, one of the 
Medici family died of it. Some ima- 
gine it was brought by Columbus 
from the new world, in 1493 ; there 
are grounds for believing it was 
known to the Jews, Greeks, and 
Romans, long before America was 
discovered. 

Venetiano, Dom., artist of Ve- 
nice, who introduced the use of 
oil colours, there assassinated, 
1476. 



Venetian Horses, five in number, 
said to have been executed by Ly - 
sippus; they were first on theTemple 
of the Sun at Corinth, and, in the 
first year of the Christian era, 
Augustus Caesar paid the weight of 
them in gold, the price he offered 
for every statue of this sculptor ; Nero 
placed them on a triumphal arch, 
and 300 years afterwards Constan- 
tine placed them in the Hippo- 
drome ; in the 12th century the 
Venetians took Constantinople and 
these horses, and placed them on 
the facade of the church of St. 
Mark, where they remained for 600 
years, until Napoleon, in 1805, 
brought them to Paris, and placed 
them on the triumphal arc in the 
Place Carrousel ; from thence they 
were taken by the allied forces and 
returned to Venice, 1814. 

Venezuelans, The, declare in con- 
gress the sovereignty of the people, 
July, 1814; separated themselves 
from the federal union, and declared 
themselves alone and independent, 
1830 ; their country of Venezuela 
was settled by the Spaniards, 1499. 

Venice ; the first inhabitants of 
this country were the Veneti ; con- 
quered by the Gauls, and made a 
kingdom about 356 ; conquered for 
the Romans by Marcellus, 221 b.c 
— The islands on which the city 
stands began to be inhabited by 
Italians about 421 ; the first house 
was erected on the morass by En- 
tinopus, who fled from the Goths ; 
the people of Padua took refuge 
there also, and were assisted by 
Entinopus in building the eighty 
houses which formed the first city, 
413 ; first governed by a doge, 697 ; 
but its republic was not independent 
till 803 ; reduced to ashes, 1101 ; 
bank of, founded 1157 ; nearly de- 
stroyed by the league of Cambray, 
1509 ; the arsenal was destroyed by 
fire, 1565 ; the conspiracy on which 
Otway's play is founded, 1618 ; its 
university founded, 1592 ; declared 
a free port, May 11, 1736; greatly 
damaged by fire, 1789 ; its senate 
dissolved, and its government 



YES 



'25 



VIC 



changed by the French troops, in 
1797 ; the doge omitted the cere- 
mony of wedding the Adriatic sea, 
a ceremony that had existed from 
1173.— The French ceded the city, 
with the adjacent country, to the 
Emperor of Germany, Oct. 17, 
1797 ; annexed to the kingdom of Ita- 
ly, 1805; annexed to Austria, 1814. 

Ventilators invented by the 
Rev. Dr. Hales, 1740 ; various im- 
provements by Triewald, Chabonne, 
Reid, and others, in 1741, 1819, and 
following years. 

Venus, Transit of, over the sun, 
June 2, 1761, observed at St. Helena 
by Maskelyne ; Cook's first voyage 
to Otaheite to observe that of 1769; 
the diurnal motion of Venus dis- 
covered by Casini, 1712 ; in 1874, 
this planet will appear from the 
earth as brilliant as in 1769. 

Vermeyers, a Dutch artist, whose 
beard touched the ground when he 
stood erect; he died 1559. 

Vernon, the largest English fri- 
gate till then ever built, 2082 tons, 
launched at Woolwich, May 1 , 1832. 

Verochio, Andrew, a Florentine 
artist, who first found out the 
method of taking likenesses with 
plaster of Paris, 1470. 

Versailles, Palace of, in France, 
built as a hunting-seat by Louis 
XIV, 1630 ; in 1687, enlarged by 
Louis XIV., and made into a mag- 
nificent palace, finished 1708 ; be- 
coming the principal residence of 
the French monarchs until 1789 ; it 
was refurnished by Louis Philippe 
at his own expense. 

Versailles, Peace of, between 
England and North America, Sept. 3, 
1783 ; and the same day a treaty of 
peace between England, France, 
and Spain, Sept. 3, 1783. 

Vespast<w, the Roman emperor, 
ruled at Rome, 79. 

Vespers, the Sicilian, see Sicilian 
Vespers, 1282 ; Easter- day, when 
all the French in the city were 
massacred, March 29. 

Vespers, during the service of one 
at Blackfriars, Oct. 16, 1623, no less 
than 100 persons were killed at the 



house of the French ambassador, 
while a Catholic priest was offi- 
ciating. 

Vesta, the planet discovered by 
Dr. Olbers of Bremen, March 28, 
1807. 

Vestal Virgins, the priestesses of 
Vesta, who took care of the celes- 
tial fire which burned in her temple ; 
if incontinent, they were punished 
by being buried alive ; the first 
were appointed byNuma, 710 a. c; 
the vestal Cornelia Maximiliana 
was buried alive, 92. 

Vesuvius, Eruptions of, 79, when 
two cities were buried in burning 
lava, with 250,000 people ; 203, 272, 
472, when all Campania was de- 
stroyed ; 512, 685, 993, 1036, 1043, 
1048, 1136, 1506, 1538; at Puzzoli, 
1631, 1 632, when 4000 persons and 
a large tract of land were destroved ; 
1660, 1682, 1694, 1701, 1704, 1712, 
1717, 1730, 1737, 1751, 1754, 1760, 
1766, 1767, 1770, 1771, 1779, 1785. 
1786, 1787, 1794, 1810, 1814, 1816. 

Vice Chancellor of England, a new 
equity judge, who took his seat in 
Chancery, May 5, 1813 ; a similar 
officer was appointed in Ireland as 
early as 1232 ; two additional vice- 
chancellors were appointed by 5 
Victoria, 1841 ; the term, vice- 
chancellor of England, ceased Aug. 
1850. 

Victory, man of war of 100 guns, 
lost in the Race of Alderney, and 
Admiral Belcher, with the crew of 
1000 men, perished, Oct. 8, 1744; 
also the name of Nelson's flagship 
in the battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 
1805, in which he fell just before the 
close of the contest. 

Victuallers, no time can be as- 
signed when the name licensed 
victualler was given ; the victuallers' 
company of London was founded 
1437 ; their hall was rebuilt, 1823 ; 
the licensed victuallers' school was 
founded, 1803 ; the asylum, 1827. 
Enacted that none should sell less 
than a full quart of the best beer for 
Id., and two quarts of the smaller sort 
for Id., 1603 ; in England, in 1850, 
39,335 licensed victuallers ; Scot- 



VIE 



726 



VIL 



land, 15,081 ; Ireland, 14,080 ; total, 
88,496; of beer sellers only to be 
drunk on the premises, 3270. 

Victualling- Office, instituted, 
Dec. 10, 1663 ; its inferior depart- 
ments removed to Deptford, Aug. 
1785, and the office to Somerset 
House, 1783. That at Plymouth 
burnt, July 22, 1779. 

Vienna, the old capital of the Ger- 
man empire, but since 1806 the capi- 
tal of Austria alone ; its history is 
obscure till 1151 ; it was walled and 
enlarged by Henry I. of Austria, 
1142, with the ransom of King 
Richard I. of England ; made an 
imperial city by Frederick II., 1136 ; 
made subject to the house of Aus- 
tria, 1140; besieged and taken by 
the king of Hungary, 1485 ; be- 
sieged by the Turks under Solyman 
the Magnificent, with an army of 
300.000 men, 1529 ; again in 1532, 
1543, and 1663, when the Grand 
Vizier, with 100,000 men, cannon- 
aded the city from July 24th to the 
beginning of September, without 
effect ; taken possession of by the 
French troops, 1805 and 1809, but 
restored at the peace in each. year ; 
the allied sovereigns met here, 
Sept. 28, and Oct. 2, 1814; 
insurrection at, 1848-9, and Count 
Latour assassinated ; Vienna re- 
mained in the hands of the insur- 
gents, and the emperor fled, Oct. 6, 
1848 ; the Imperialists recovered 
possession of the city, Nov. 1, 1848 ; 
treaty of, with Spain, April 30, 1725 ; 
treaty of alliance between the Em- 
peror Charles VI., Great Britain, 
and Holland, by which the Prag- 
matic Sanction was guaranteed, 
March 16, 1731; treaty of, with 
France, between Charles VI. of 
Germany and Louis XV., Nov. 18, 
1738 ; between Napoleon and Fran- 
cis I. of Austria, by which the latter 
power ceded the Tyrol, Dalmatia, 
and other territories to France as 
the Illyrian provinces, Oct. 14, 1809; 
treaty of, between Great Britain, 
Russia, Austria, and Prussia, signed 
March 23. 1815; that confirming 
the enlargement of Holland and 



vesting the sovereignty in the House 
of Orange, May 31, 1815 ; the treaty 
ceding Swedish Pomerania and Ru- 
gen to Prussia in exchange for 
Lauenberg, June 4, 1815 ; the 
federative constitution of Vienna, 
signed June 8, 1815. 

Vienna, Population in, 1840, 
329,873 inhabitants, being about 
70,000 more than Berlin, without 
including the military or foreigners. 
The number of males was 150,368, 
and of females 166,505. Of these it 
is calculated that 5000 were in 
opulence, 5000 employed by the 
government, and 3000 servants. 
There are 40 public-houses, besides 
80 coffee-houses, and 500 smoking- 
houses. The registered burghers 
amount to 6660, and those who have 
licences to carry on trade to 4970. 
There are about 100 manufacturers' 
warehouses. The number of bakers 
is 173, of booksellers 68, goldsmiths 
210, tailors 1554, shoemakers 1775, 
joiners 915, clock and watchmakers 
200, turners 112, and weavers 130. 
There are 840 wholesale dealers, and 
4570 retailers. 

Vigo, Spain, attacked by Sir 
George Booke, 1702, in company 
with the Dutch, the French and 
Spanish fleets being in that port ; 
several sail of the line of galleons 
were taken, and a great spoil fell 
into the hands of the victors, Oct. 
12 ; taken by Lord Cobham, 1719, 
but relinquished soon after ; it was 
again taken bv the English, March 
27, 1809. 

Villa Franca, Battle of, between 
the English cavalry and the French 
under Marshal Soult, which ter- 
minated in the defeat of the latter 
commander, April 10, 1812. 

Villain, the name of a vassal 
under the Normans; Queen Eliza- 
beth struck the first blow at this 
feudal bondage, by ordering that 
her bondsmen of the western coun- 
ties should be made free at easy 
rates, 1574. 

Villieks became a favourite with 
James I., 1615 ; the duke of Buck- 
ingham a favourite with Charles I., 



VIR 



727 



VOL 



1625 ; impeached by the Commons, 
1626 ; stabbed by Felton at Ports- 
mouth, 1628. 

Villeroy, General, taken prison- 
er at Cremona, 1701-2. 

Vimiera, Battle of, between the 
English under Sir Arthur Wellesley, 
and the French forces in Portugal, 
under Marshal Junot, when the 
latter was defeated, Aug. 21, 1808 ; 
the command of the British army, 
owing to bad management at home, 
had three commanders-in-chief in 
three days, two superseding the 
conqueror at Vimiera. 

Vincent, St., taken possession of, 
1763, by the English ; taken by the 
French, 1779 ; restored to England, 
1783 ; in 17%, the French landed 
and stimulated the Caribs to a re- 
volt, which was some time before 
it was subdued ; the volcano called 
the Souffriere threw out an erup- 
tion in 1812, after being calm for a 
century. 

Vine, a tree known from the ear- 
lier times; a colony from Ionia set- 
tled at Marseilles, and instructed 
the inhabitants of the south of 
France in its culture, according to 
some authorities, 600 a.c. ; others 
are of opinion that the vine is ab- 
original in the south of France and 
Italy, as well as on the shores of 
the Mediterranean generally ; vines 
were first planted in Germany and 
the north of France, 276 ; planted 
in Madeira, 1420; the vine was 
taken to America by the Spaniards, 
although there is a wild indigenous 
vine in the northern part of that 
continent, but its fruit is unfit for 
wine. 

Vinegar HilL Battle of, in Ire- 
land, between the English and the 
insurgent Irish, June 21, 1798 ; the 
combat was obstinate and sangui- 
nary, and the king's troops suffered 
severely, as well as the Irish. 

Violin invented about 1200, ac- 
cording to some authorities. 

Virgin, Assumption of the, insti- 
tuted 1372, by pope Gregory XL 

Virginia, North America, taken 
possession of by, and named by 



Raleigh after queen Elizabeth, July 
13, 1584 ; first attempts to settle, 
1585 ; colonies formed in, by Grant, 
1606, 1610 ; in 1626 it reverted to 
the crown, and afterwards becoming 
permanent, was the first British set- 
tlement in North America ; it sub- 
mitted to Cromwell, 1651 : raw 
silk and copper ore imported from, 
Oct. 1630. 

Virgin of Mount CarmeL order 
begun in France, 1607. 

Virgin Mary, order of knight- 
hood, begun 1233 ; at Rome, 1618. 

Virgins first consecrated, 159. 

Viscount, the first in England, 
Feb. 12, 1440. 

Visigoths began the kingdom 
of Thoulouse, 1414 ; conquered sub- 
sequently, 1613. 

Visitation of the abbeys and 
monasteries ordered by Henry VIII., 
1535 ; of the churches, by Edward VI. 

Visier, the Grand, an officer of 
the Ottoman empire, first appoint- 
ed, 1370. 

Vittoria, Battle of, in Spain, 
between Wellington and the French; 
the former obtained a brilliant vic- 
tory, June 21, 1813, over Joseph 
Bonaparte and. Marshal Jourdan ; 
the French lost 151 pieces of can- 
non, 450 waggons of ammunition, 
all their baggage, cattle, treasure, 
and provisions, with Marshal Jour- 
dan's baton as a marshal of France. 

Volcano in the island of Ferro 
broke out, Sept. 13, 1777, and threw 
out a great quantity of red-coloured 
water, discolouring the sea for many 
leagues; the first eruption of Ve- 
suvius, 79 ; the first eruption of 
Hecla noted, 1004; remarkable 
eruption of 1783. 

Volcanic Island formed in the 
Mediterranean, near Sicily, Sept. 
1831 ; in Mexico, a plain raised to 
an elevation of 1000 feet by the lava 
of a volcano ; a new one appeared 
in the sea, near the Azores, May 1, 
1808. 

Volta's Galvanic discoveries 
made known in England, 1793. 

Voluntary Contributions to 
carry on Mr. Pitt's war against 



WAG 



728 



WAG 



France, amounting to £2,500,000 
in 1798; £200,000 transmitted to 
England from India, 1799. 

Volunteers, the species of force 
in England that was armed against 
France, 1794 : the numbers were 
341,600, Jan. 1, 1804: the Irish 
volunteers formed in Dublin, Oct.12, 
1779; they were armed to the ex- 
tent of 20,000, and were thanked by 
the Irish legislature for their pa- 
triotism and spirit. 

Vortigern elected sole monarch 
of the Britons, 447 ; invited Saxon 



assistance, 448 ; married Rowena, 
the daughter of Hengist, 450 ; 
burned in a castle in Wales by the 
Britons, 485. 

Vossem, Peace of, between France 
and Brandenburgh, June 16, 1673. 

Votes of the Commons first or- 
dered to be printed, March, 1681. 

Voyage round the World, the 
first 1525, and subsequently by Sir 
Francis Drake in the same century ; 
the first of the Dutch, 1598. 

Vulgate edition of the Bible dis- 
covered in 218. 



w 



Wadham College, Oxford, found- 
ed 1611 by Nicholas Wadham of 
Merrifield, Somerset ; the Royal So- 
ciety was organized in this college, 
1658. 

Wadrington, Oxfordshire, much 
injured by fire, 1742. 

Wager of Battle, statute of, re- 
pealed, 1819. 

Wager, Commodore, destroyed 
the Spanish galleons at Cartagena, 
May 28, 1708. 

Wages, Agricultural, in France : 
at Calais, 100s. to 160s., with board 
and dwelling ; shepherds, 250s., with 
board ; day-labourers, 7|d., and 
board. Havre, 160s. to 240s., with 
board ; Bordeaux labourers, 12d. to 
15d., without board ; Marseilles, 
200s, to 240s., with board and dwell- 
ing. 1833, in Germany, Dantzic, 
farm servants, 52s. to 64s. yearly, 
with board and dwelling ; labour- 
ers, 4|d. to 7d. per day, without 
board or dwelling; Holstein, 73s. 6d. 
to 100s., with board ; South Hol- 
land, farm servants, 200s. to 250s., 
with board ; labourers, 3d. to 4d. 
per day : Italy, Trieste, labourers 
12d. per pay; Lombardy, 4d. to 8d., 
with board and dwelling : Genoa, 
labourers 5d. to 8d., with board ; 
Tuscany, farm-servants 40s., with 
board and dwelling ; labourers 6d. 
per day, 1833. 



Wages in England. — The wages 
of sundry workmen were first fixed 
by act of parliament, 25 Edw. III., 
1350. Haymakers had but one 
penny a day. Master carpenters, 
masons, tylers, and other coverers 
of houses, had not more than 3d. 
per day (about 9d. of our money) ; 
and their servants, l^d. — Viner's 
Statutes. By the 23rd"Henry VI., 
1444, the wages of a bailiff of hus- 
bandry was 23s. 4d. per annum, 
and clothing of the price of 5s., with 
meat and drink ; chief hind, carter, 
or shepherd, 20s., clothing, 4s. ; 
common servant of husbandry, 15s., 
clothing, 40d. ; woman-servant, 10s., 
clothing, 4s. By the 11th Henry 
VII., 1495, there was a like rate of 
wages, only with a little advance ; 
as, for instance, a free mason, mas- 
ter carpenter, rough mason, brick- 
layer, master tyler, plumber, gla- 
zier, carver, or joiner, was allowed 
from Easter to Michaelmas to take 
6d. a day, without meat and drink ; 
or with meat and drink, 4d. ; from 
Michaelmas to Easter, to abate Id. 
A master having under him six 
men, was allowed one penny per 
day extra. The following were 
the rates of wages of harvest-men 
in England at the different pe- 
riods stated : — 



WAG 



'29 



WAG 



Year. 




s. 


d. 


Tear. 




s. d. 


1350 


per diem, 





1 


1740 


per diem, 


10 


1460 







2 


1760 




1 


1568 







4 


1788 


}J 


1 4 


1632 







6 


1794 




1 6 


1688 







8 


1800 




2 


1716 


u 





9 


1850 




3 



Trades. Year. 

Carpenters, London 1800, 

Bricklayers 1800, 

Masons 1800, 

Plumbers 1800, 

Tailors, Manchester 1810, 

Shoemakers, ditto 1810, 

Hand-loom Weavers 1810, 

Spinners, ditto 1823, 

Woolcombers, Bradford 1823, 

Stocking-makers, Leicester... 1818, 

Seaman, per month, 1817, 

In the American trade 1833, 

Baltic trade 1817, 

Coal trade to London, per 

voyage 1817, 

Compositors, book-work 1809, 

Ditto morning papers 1809, 

Ditto evening papers 1809, 

Labourers, Middlesex, out of 

London 1809, 

In Manchester and Bradford 
Factory hands, Manchester, 

Card-room men 1844, 

Spinners and piecers 1844, 

Mechanics, 1844, 

Staffordshire, the average : 

Colliers 1846, 

Filers, furnacers 1846, 

Bakers 1846, 

Boilers 1846, 



s. d. Year. 

18 1836, 

18 1836, 

17 1836, 

19 6 1836, 

18 6 1832, 

16 1832, 

16 3 1832, 

26 7 1832, 

17 3 1833, 

12 9 1833, 

55 

60 

60 1833, 

65 1833, 

36 1836, 

48 1836, 

43 6 1836, 

11 1831, 

14 to 

13 6.i 1849, 

10 0^ 1849, 

22 4 1849, 

19 10 1849, 

30 1849, 

38 1849, 

62 1849, 



s. d. 
29 3 
26 9 
29 H 
29 11 
18 

15 
9 

29 10 

16 2 
8 3 



60 

70 

36 

48 

43 6 

9 

15 

12 

12 

19 3 

16 3 
25 11 
29 
36 



Waggons and Carts taxed, 1783. 

Waghorn's overland route to In- 
dia ; a lieutenant in the navy, who 
with unflagging zeal devoted him- 
self to shorten the distance of the 
mails between India and England : 
he arrived in England Oct. 31, 1845, 
with the Bombay mail of the 1st of 
that month ; he reached Suez on 
the 19th, Alexandria on the 20th, 
and passing rapidly through Aus- 
tria, Baden, Bavaria, Prussia, and 
Belgium, he reached London at 
half-past four in the morning of the 
31st. The ordinary mail reached 



London, via Marseilles, Nov. 2 ; he 
declared he would yet bring the 
mail from Bombay in twenty-one 
days, but death cut short his honest 
endeavours, Jan. 8, 1850. 

Wagham, Battle of, between Na- 
poleon and the Austrians, when 
the latter were utterly routed ; the 
combat was most sanguinary, and 
the French made 20,000 prisoners, 
the Austrians taking refuge in Mo- 
ravia, July 5, 1809. On Oct. 24, a 
treaty of peace was signed, of the 
most humiliating character to Aus- 
tria, who ceded to France all her 



W AL 



730 



¥AL 



sea-coast territory, and a portion of 
the Austrian robberies from Po- 
land. 

Waithman, Alderman, a column 
erected to his memory at the south 
end of Farringdon-street, 1833. 

Wakefield, Battle of, between 
Queen Margaret, wife of Henry 
II., and the Duke of York, in which 
the latter was killed, and 3000 of 
the Yorkists fell, Dec. 31, 1460. 

Wakefield convicted of carrying 
off Miss Turner, March 28, 1827. 

Walbbook, or St. Stephen's 
Church, London, the masterpiece 
of Sir Christopher Wren, finished 
1679; the walls include an area of 
only 82 feet by 59, and 34 high; 
its area is 5641 superficial feet, yet 
its supports occupy only 819, the 
latter being to the former as 0*145 ; 
the exterior is quite plain ; there 
were churches preceding the present 
upon this spot, the first built in 1135; 
a second 1423, and a third, begun 
1672, constitutes the present edifice. 

Walcheben Expedition, 1809, one 
of those unfortunate military attacks 
upon an active enemy, then too 
frequently displaying ministerial 
incapacity ; being nearly 40,000 
men, with 35 sail of the line, the 
force was fully adequate to the 
object in view, had it been com- 
manded by an officer of the least 
ability or experience. The Earl of 
Chatham, known only for his gam- 
bling propensities, was appointed to 
the command ; the French knew its 
destination was the Scheldt. Instead 
of masking Walcheren, and pushing 
on to the destruction of the naval 
docks and basins at Antwerp, the 
army was set down in the pestilen- 
tial marches of Walcheren, before 
Flushing, in the autumn season, 
when they were most fatal. Though 
the fever of the place was well 
known, and that wine and bark 
were the only remedies, the army 
was unprovided with either ; the 
force came before Flushing in Au- 
gust, and after an able and protracted 
resistance the town was captured, 
and on the 23rd of December, 1809, 



evacuated, with a noble army de- 
cimated and ruined. An inquiry 
was instituted by the House of 
Commons; but as the power of the 
ministry was absolute over the 
House, nothing came of the shame- 
less incapacity displayed, but what 
the country expected from so vicious 
a direction of a very noble force ; 
no remonstrances of the admiral 
could influence the military com- 
mander to common-sense action-, 
more than half that fine army sank 
under the fever, or became invalided 
for life. 

Waldenses, a religious sect that 
early showed a true sense of the 
impositions in doctrines of the papal 
church, and in consequence became 
the objects of its vindictive malig- 
nity; the Holy office, the Inquisition, 
was established to convince, by the 
stake and fagot, those unfortunate 
people of the fidelity of the Roman 
church to the professions it made, 
of being the only teachers of the 
divine principle, " Do as you would 
be done unto ; " Innocent III. first 
ordered the new doctrine to be 
preached against, 1204 ; the Inqui- 
sition was established under Cha- 
teaunoff ; Simon de Montfortled the 
executioners, and the Waldenses 
and Albigenses were pursued with 
fire and sword until their country 
was made a desert ; the first inqui- 
sitor-general was Dominic de 
Guzman, 1208. 

Wales, the country to which the 
remnant of the ancient Britons 
principally retired after the Romans 
left England, for some took refuge 
in Cornwall, from whence a part 
crossed over into Brittany ; in 447, 
the Britons, among the mountains 
of Wales, were able to resist their 
Saxon invaders, nor was the country 
brought under the English crown 
until the reign of Henry II., 1157, 
when that monarch subdued South 
Wales ; in 1282, Edward I. conquer- 
ed the entire country, then ruled by 
its last prince, Llewellyn ; in 1284, 
the queen of Edward I. lay in of a 
prince at Caernarvon castle, who 



WAL 



731 



WAL 



was styled Prince of Wales ; but the 
country was not formally incor- 
porated with England until the 
reign of Henry VIIL, 1535. 
The supreme authority of the 
Romans entrusted to Sue- 
tonius Paulinus a.d. 58 

Conquests by Julius Frontinus 70 
The Silures totally defeated... 70 
The Roman, Julius Agricola, 

commanded in Britain 78 

Bran ab Llyr, surnamed the 

Blessed, died about 80 

Reign of Caswallon 443 

The ancient Britons defended 
themselves against the Sax- 
ons 447 

Defeat of the northern barba- 
rians by the Christian Bri- 
tons 448 

The renowned Arthur elected 

king 517 

Reign of Roderic the Great... 843 
Death of Roderic the Great... 877 

Division of Wales 877 

The Danes landed in Anglesey 900 

Descent of the Irish 913 

Ravages of North Wales by 

the chiefs Javav and Iago. . . 949 
Great battle between the sons 
of Hywel Dda and the sons 
of Edwal Voel; the latter 

victorious 952 

Another descent of Irish ma- 
rauders on Anglesey 966 

Danes again invaded Wales... 969 

They laid Anglesey waste 979 

Invasion of Alfred 982 

New Danish invasion 987 

Devastations committed by 

Edwin, the son of Eineon... 990 
The country reduced by Ae- 

dan, prince of North Wales 1000 
Aedan, the usurper, slain in 

battle by Llewellyn 1015 

Rhun, the Scot, defeated near 

Carmarthen 1020 

The joint Irish and Scots 
forces defeated with great 

slaughter 1021 

Jestin defeated and slain 1031 

Part of Wales laid waste by 

the forces of Harold 1055 

Rhys overthrown and slain ... 1056 
Rhys ab O wain slain 1074 



The invasion of the earl of 
Chester 1079 

Invasion of the Irish and Scots 1080 

Battle of Llechryd 1087 

Rhys ab Tewdwr slain 1087 

The insurrection of Payne 
Tuberville 1094 

Invasion of the English under 
the earls of Chester and 
Shrewsbury 1096 

The settlement in Wales of a 
colony of Flemings 1106 

Violent seizure of Nest, wife 
of Gerald de Windsor, by 
Owain, son of Cadwgan ab 
Bleddyn 1107 

Cadwgan assassinated 1110 

Grufydd ab Rhys laid claim to 
the sovereignty 1113 

Another body of Flemings 
settle in Pembrokeshire .... 1113 

Revolt of the Welsh on the 
death of Henry I 1135 

Part of South Wales laid 
waste by Owain Gwynedcl 
and Cadwaladr 1135 

Strongbow, earl of Pembroke, 
invested with the powers of 
a count-palatine in Pem- 
broke 1138 

Henry II. invaded Wales, 
which he subdued 1157 

Complete defeat of the Eng- 
lish fleet off Anglesey 1157 

Confederacy of the princes of 
Wales for the recovery of 
their rights and indepen- 
dence 1164 

Anglesey devastated 1173 

The crusades preached in 
Wales by Baldwin, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury 1188 

Powys castle besieged 1191 

The earl of Chester made an 
inroad into North Wales ... 1210 

Invasion of North Wales by 

king John of England 121 1 

King John again invaded 
Wales, laying Avaste a great 
part of the principalities ... 1215 

Revolt of the Flemings 1220 

Llewellyn, prince of North 
Wales committed great 
ravages 1220 

Death of Maelgwyn ab Rys... 1230 



WAL 



732 



WAL 



Powys castle taken by Llew- 
ellyn ablorwerth's forces... 1233 

William, earl of Pembroke, 
slain 1234 

Invasion of Henry III 1 245 

Anglesey again devastated ... 1245 

The English army under 
Henry, vanquished by the 
Welsh 1254 

Convention of the Welsh no- 
bility against the English... 1258 

Hay and Brecknock castles 
taken by prince Edward.... 1265 

Invasion of Edward I 1277 

Edward encamps a powerful 
army on Saltney marsh .... 1277 

The sons of Grufydd treacher- 
ously drowned in the river 
Dee, by the earl Warren 
and Roger Mortimer 1281 

Hawarden castle taken by sur- 
prise by Llewellyn 1282 

Great battle between Llew- 
ellyn ab Grufydd, the last 
native prince, and the Eng- 
lish; Llewellyn slain, after 
the battle, by de Erancton 1282 

Wales finally subdued by Ed- 
wardl 1282 

The first English prince of 
Wales, son of Edward, born. 
at Caernarvon castle, 

April 25, 1284 

The insurrection of Macloc ; 
suppressed by Edward I .... 1294 

Formidable rebellion excited 
by Llewellyn Bren 1315 

Great rebellion of Owain Glyn- 
dwr, or Owen Glendower, 
commenced., 1400 

Radnor and other places taken 
by Owain Glendwr 1401 

He besieged Carnarvon 1402 

Seizes Harlech castle 1404 

Retaken by the English 1408 

Owen Glendower died 1416 

Margaret of Anjou took re- 
fuge in Harlech castle 1459 

Denbigh burned 1460 

Earl of Richmond landed at 
Pembroke Aug. 1485 

Palatine jurisdiction in Wales 
abolished 1535 

Monmouth made an English 
county 1535 



The counties of Brecknock, 
Denbigh, and Radnor 
formed. 1535 

Act for " laws and justice to 
be administered in Wales 
in same form as in Eng- 
land," 27 Henry VIII 1535 

Dr. Eerrars, bishop of St. Da- 
vid's, burnt at the stake for 
heresy 1555 

Lewis Owain, a baron of the 
exchequer, attacked and 
murdered while on his as- 
size tour 1555 

First congregation of dissent- 
ers assembled in Wales; 
Vavasour Powel apprehend- 
ed while preaching 1620 

Beaumaris castle garrisoned 
for king Charles 1 1642 

Powys castle taken by Sir 
Thomas Myddelton ....Oct. 1644 

Dr. Laud, former bishop of 
St. David's, beheaded on 
Tower-hill Jan. 10, 1645 

Hawarden castle surrendered 
to the parliament 1645 

Charles I. sought refuge in 
Denbigh 1645 

Rhuddler castle surrendered . 1645 

Harlech surrendered to the 
parliament 1647 

Battle of St. Fagan's ; the 
Welsh defeated by the par- 
liamentary forces ...May 8, 1648 

Beaumaris surrendered to 
Cromwell 1648 

Colonel Poyer shot ; his fate 
decided by casting lots with 
two others 1649 

PRINCES AND LORDS OF POWYS-LAND. 

Merfyn, or Mervyn 877 

Cadeth, or Cadell ; also prince 

of South Wales 900 

Howel Dha, or Hywel Dda, 
the Good, prince of all 

Wales 927 

* * * 

Meredy dd ab Owain 985 

Bleddyn ab Cynvyn 1061 

Meredy dd ab Bleddyn 1073 

C ad wgan ab Bleddyn 1087 

Madoc ab Meredydd 1132 

Griffith, or Gruffydd ab Mere- 
dydd 1160 



WAL 



'33 



WAL 



* * * 

Gwenwinwin, or Gwenwyn- 

wyn 1256 

Owain ab Gruffydd 1256 

PRINCES OF SOUTH WALES. 

Cadeth 877 

Howell Dha, the Good, prince 

of all Wales 907 

Owen ap Howell Dha, his son 948 

Meredith ap Owen 987 

Llewellyn ap Sitsyllt and his 

wife 993 

Kytherch, an usurper 1021 

Hy well and Meredydd 1031 

Rhydderch, Rhys, sons of the 

former 1042 

Meredydd ab Owen ab Edwyn 1061 
Rhys ab Owen and Rhydderch 

ab Caradoc 1073 

Rhys ab Tewdwr Mawr 1077 

Cadwgan ab Bleddyn 1092 

Griffith, or Gruffydd ab Rhys 1115 
Rhys ab Gruffyd, or the Lord 

Rhys 1137 

Gruffyd ab Rhys 1196 

Rhys ab Gruffydd 1202 

Owain ab Gruffydd 1222 

Meredith, or Meredydd ab 

Owain, died 1267 

PRINCES OF NORTH WALES. 

Idwallo 688 

Rhodri, or Roderic 720 

Conan, or Cynan 755 

Mervyn, or Merfyn 818 

Roderic, surnamed the Great 843 

Anarawd 877 

Edwal Voel 913 

Howel Dha, or Hywel Dda, 
surnamed the Good, prince 

of all Wales 939 

Jevaf or Jevav, and Iago 948 

Howel ab Jevaf, or Hywel ab 

Jevav 972 

Cadwallon ab Jevaf. . 984 

Meredith ap Owen ap Howel 
Dha, or Meredydd ab 

Owain ab Hywel Dda 985 

Edwal ab Meyric ab Edwal 

Voel 992 

Aedan, an usurper 998 

Llewellyn ab Sitsyllt, and 

Angharad, his wife 1015 

Iago ab Edwal ab Meyric .... 1021 
Griffith, or Gruffydd ab Lle- 
wellyn ab Sitsyllt 1038 



Bleddyn and Rygwallon 1061 

Trahaern ab Caradoc 1073 

Griffith ap Conan, or Gruffydd 

ab Cynan 1079 

Owain Gwynedd 1137 

David ab Owain Gwynedd.... 1169 

Leolinus Magnus 1194 

David ab Llewellyn 1240 

Llewellyn ap Griffith, or Gruf- 
fyd, last prince of the blood, 

slain in battle 1282 

Wales, Prince of, committed to 
prison for assaulting a judge on the 
bench, 1412. 

Walking : Barclay's match of 
1000 miles m 1000 hours, completed 
July 10, 1809 ; Manks, a native of 
Warwickshire, completed the same 
task, June 17, 1850, his mile being 
performed at the commencement of 
every hour. 

Wallace, Sir William, the Scot- 
tish leader, taken, and beheaded as 
a traitor in London, 1305. 

Wallis, Captain, set sail round 
the world, July 26, 1766 ; returned 
May 20, 1768 ; he discovered Ota- 
heite, or Tahiti. 

Wallingford incorporated by 
James I. ; the collegiate church in 
the castle dissolved, 1549. 

Walpole, Sir Robert, committed 
to the Tower, 1712 ; became first 
lord of the treasury and chancellor 
of the exchequer, 1715 ; resigned 
on a disagreement in the cabinet, 
1717 ; resumed the head of the mi- 
nistry, 1721 ; was minister until 
1742 ; took his seat in the House of 
Peers, Feb. 11, 1741, as Earl of 
Orford; died 1745. 
^Walloons fled to England from 
the persecution of the savage duke 
of Alva, the governor for Philip II. 
of Spain, 1566, of the Low Coun- 
tries, which they inhabited. 

Walmer Castle, Kent, built 1539. 
WALNUT-Tree ; its introduction 
into England, if not native, very 
ancient; the black walnut brought 
from North America, 1628, or be- 
fore ; one felled 1627, which covered 
76 square poles, or 2299 square 
yards of ground, at Welwyn, Herts. 
Walsingham, Lord, his house in 



WAR 



734 



WAR 



Harley Street took fire, April 27, 
1831, when his lordship perished, 
and Lady Walsingham died of the 
injuries she had received. 

Walsingham Priory, Norfolk, 
built 1070. 

Wallenstein, duke of Friedland, 
assassinated 1634. 

Waltham Abbey, built 1062; 
cross built 1292. 

Waltham High Cross Monastery, 
built 1025. 

Walton Bridge, built 1750. 

Walworth, lord mayor of Lon- 
don, killed Wat Tyler, stabbing 
him in the back, 1381. 

Wandsworth, the first dissenting 
place of worship established at, 
Nov. 20, 1572. 

Wapping, a great fire at, Nov. 
22, 1682 ; docks at, completed, 
Jan. 30, 1805. 

Warasdin, 600 houses burned at, 
April 25, 1776. 

Warbeck's insurrection in Ire- 
land, 1492 ; the attempt made by 
him to land in Kent with 600 
men, of whom 150 were taken 
and executed, 1495 ; James IV. 
of Scotland invaded England in 
his behalf, 1496 ; landed in Corn- 
wall, where he was joined by 3000 
men, and he took the title of 
Richard IV. ; taken prisoner by 
Henry VII., 1498 ; he was set in 
the sto'cks in Westminster and 
Cheapside, then sent to the Tower, 
1499; there he plotted with the 
Earl of Warwick to escape out of 
the Tower by murdering the lieu- 
tenant, for which he was hanged at 
Tyburn, 1499. 

Ward, John, of Hackney, ex- 
pelled the House of Commons for 
forgery, 1726. 

Warden Monastery, Bedford- 
shire, built 1136. 

Wardrobe, Great, Scotland Yard, 
established 1485. 

Wareham, Dorset, burnt 1731 ; 
again, 1742; 130 houses at, destroy- 
ed, 1762. 

Warehousing system, originally 
proposed by Sir Robert Walpole, 
1733, but met with so much oppo- 



sition, it was abandoned j the same 
measure proposed by Dean Tucker, 
1750, without effect ; the first ware- 
housing act, 43 George III. ; the 
act permitting the warehousing of 
the most important articles of West 
India produce, passed 1803; the 
privilege extended to Ireland, 1824 ; 
the dates of the concession and 
names of the places, are the follow- 
ing, — London, East India goods, 
1799, tobacco, 1800 ; Liverpool, 
1805, tobacco, 1789; the system 
might be rendered with equal secu- 
rity much more favourable to com- 
merce. Bristol obtlined the grant, 
1805 : Hull, Newcastle, Plymouth, 
Portsmouth, Southampton, Glouce- 
ster, Boston, Dover, Falmouth, 
Grimsby, Newhaven, 1805 ; Roches- 
ter, Lynn, Whitehaven, Ipswich, 
Lancaster, 1806 : Exeter, Sunder- 
land, Chester, 1807; Colchester, 
1808; Weymouth, 1809: Poole, 
1810; Dartmouth, 1811 ; Stockton, 
1815; Shoreham, 1819; Whitby, 
1820 ; Swansea, Milford, and Bidde- 
ford, 1821 ; Chichester, Barnstaple, 
1822 ; Cowes, Rye, Bridgwater, 
1823 : Yarmouth, Wisbeach, 1825 ; 
Goole, 1827 ; Chepstow, 1828 : Car- 
lisle, Maiden, Essex, 1830 ; Lyme, 
1831; Bridport, 1832; Berwick, 
1833; Cardiff, 1834; Ramsgate, 
1835; Penzance, Shields, 1836; 
Truro, 1837; Faversham, Fleet- 
wood, Hartlepool, Woodbridge, 
1839 ; Arundel, Scarborough, 1840; 
Deal, Gainsborough, 1841; Car- 
narvon, Maryport, Preston, 1842 ; 
Workington, 1843 ; Manchester, 
Newport (Monmouth), 1844 ; Fow- 
ey, 1848; Folkestone, 1849. Scot- 
land : — Greenock, Port-Glasgow, 
1805 ; Leith, 1806 ; Dumfries, 1807; 
Aberdeen, 1812 ; Grangemouth, 
1815; Dundee, 1818; Glasgow, 
1822; Montrose, 1823; Borrow- 
stoness, 1824 ; Inverness, 1835 ; Ir- 
vine, ; Arbroath, 1836 ; Alloa, 

Perth, 1837; Peterhead, 1840; 
Banff, 1841 ; Kirkaldy, 1845 ; Ayr, 
1847. Ireland ;— Dublin, Belfast, 
Cork, Wexford, Coleraine, 1824; 
Sligo, Limerick, Newry, Waterford, 



WAR 



735 



WAR 



Drogheda, Galway, Londonderry, 
Dundalk, 1825 ; Ross, 1834 ; West- 
port, 1836 ; Ballina, 1845 : Skibbe- 
reen, 1846 ; Tralee, 1848. 

Warrington, Lancashire, made 
a borough, 1832. 

Warfare of Christ, Order of, 
begun in White Russia, 1325 ; in 
Poland, 1705. 

Wars, often felonies privileged 
to princes by the people. The war 
of 1702 was a war, not for self-de- 
fence, but for the sake of fighting. 
It cost us sixty-two-millions of 
money. In it we won fire battles 
and lost only one, and we gained 
Gibraltar, Minorca, Nova Scotia, 
Newfoundland, and Hudson's Bay. 
The American war, waged to de- 
stroy the liberties of men of our 
own kindred, cost one hundred and 
thirty-six millions sterling ; it was 
one series of disgraces. The great 
war of the French revolution cost 
us the enormous sum of four hun- 
dred and sixty-four millions ; 
spent to maintain a rotten despotism 
against the rights of the people, to 
restore the imbecile Bourbons, and — 
we gained Malta alone. We made 
a peace speedily broken, and we 
took up arms against Napoleon; 
it cost no less than eleven hundred 
and fifty-nine millions sterling ! 
We won. What conquests rewarded 
our extravagance ? Tobago, the 
Honduras, Demerara, and the 
Mauritius. These are irrespective 
of our Eastern conquests, the cost 
of which is beyond calculation. 
From the year 1702 to the year 
1814, we waged four great wars in 
Europe and America, besides a 
host of little wars by way of inter- 
ludes, and a gigantic war during 
almost the whole period in Asia. 
These four wars cost us altogether 
eighteen hundred and twenty-one 
millions of pounds sterling: and 
adding the cost of the ' little wars, 
we are within the mark if we esti- 
mate the whole cost of war during 
a single century, or little more than 
the life of a man, at two thousand 
millions ! 



War with 




Peace 


Scotland 


... 1068 


... 1092 


France 


... 1116 


... 1118 


Scotland 


... 1138 


... 1139 


France 


... 1161 


... 1186 


France 


... 1194 


... 1195 


France 


... 1201 


... 1216 


France 


... 1224 


... 1234 


France 


... 1294 


... 1299 


Scotland- 


... 1296 


... 1323 


Scotland 


... 1327 


... 1328 


France 


... 1339 


... 1360 


France 


... 1368 


... 1420 


France 


... 1422 


... 1471 


France 


... 1492 


... 1492 


France 


... 1512 


... 1514 


France 


... 1522 


... 1527 


Scotland 


... 1522 


... 1542 


Scotland 


... 1542 


... 1546 


Scotland 


... 1547 


... 1550 


France 


... 1549 


... 1550 


France 


... 1557 


... 1559 


Scotland 


... 1557 


... 1560 


France 


... 1562 


... 1564 


Spain 


... 1588 


... 1604 


Spain 


... 1624 


... 1629 


France 


... 1627 


... 1629 


Holland 


... 1651 


... 1654 


Spain 
France 


... 1655 


... 1660 


... 1666 


... 1668 


Denmark 


... 1666 


... 1668 


Holland 


... 1666 


... 1668 


Algiers 


... 1669 


... 1671 


Holland 


... 1672 


... 1674 


France 


... 1689 


... 1697 


THE MORE MODERN WARS OF 


GREAT BRITAIN : 


— . 



War with France, Feb. 6, 1778. 

Peace of Paris, Jan. 20, 1783. 
War with Spain, April 17, 1780. 

Closed same time, Jan. 20, 1783. 
War with Holland, Dec. 21, 1780. 

Peace signed, Sept. 2, 1783. 
War of the Revolution, Feb. 1, 

1793. Peace of Amiens, March 

27, 1802. 
War against Bonaparte, April 29, 

1803. Finally closed, June 18, 

1815. 
War with America. June 18, 1812. 

Peace of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814. 
War of the Succession, commenced 

May 4, 1702. Peace of Utrecht, 

March 13, 1713. 



r 



WAR 



r36 



WAR 



War with Spain, Dec. 16, 1718. 

Peace coucluded, 1721. 
War; the Spanish war, Oct. 23, 

1739. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 

April 30, 1748. 
War with France, March 31, 1744. 

Closed also on April 30, 1748. 
War; the Seven Years' war, 

June 9, 1756. Peace of Paris, 

Feb. 10, 1763. 
War with Spain, Jan. 4, 1762. 

General peace of, Feb. 10, 1763. 
War with America, Julv 14, 1774. 

Peace of Paris, Nov. 30, 1782.— 

See Battles. 

The three wars, viz., that called 
the Seven Years' war, the American, 
and the first French revolutionary 
war, cost in loans alone, as follows, 
with the prices per cent, of interest 
between 1755 and 1801 : — 

Loans of the Seven Years' war. 

Sums borrowed. Interest. 

£ £ s. d. 

1756 ... 2,000,000 ... 3 12 

1757 ... 3,000,000 ... 3 14 3 

1758 ... 5,000,000 ... 3 6 5 

1759 ... 6,600,000 ... 3 10 9 

1760 ... 8,000,000 ... 3 13 7 

1761 ...12,000,000 ... 4 1 11 

1762 ...12,000,000 ... 4 10 9 

1763 ... 3,500,000 ... 4 4 2 

Total 52,100,000 

1776 ... 2,000,000 ... 3 9 8 

1777 ... 5,000,000 ... 4 5 2 

1778 ... 6,000,000 ... 4 18 7 

1779 ... 7,000,000 ... 5 18 10 

1780 ...12,000,000 ... 5 16 8 

1781 ...12,000,000 ... 5 11 1 

1782 ...13,000,000 ... 5 18 1 

1783 ...12,000,000 ... 4 13 9 

1784 ... 6,000,000 ... 5 6 11 



Total 72,500,000 

Loans of the last two wars. 

1793 ... 4,500,000 ... 4 3 4 

1794 ...11,000,000 ... 4 10 9 

1795 ...18,000,000 ... 4 15 8 

1796 ...18,000,000 ... 4 14 9 

1796 ... 7,500,000 ... 4 12 2 

1797 ...18,000,000 ... 5 14 1 
1797 ...14,500,000 ... 6 6 10 



1798 ...17,000,000 ... 6 4 9 

1799 ... 3,000,000 ... 5 12 5 

1799 ...15,500,000 ... 5 5 

1800 ...20,500,000 ... 4 14 2 

1801 ...25,500,000 



Total 173,000,000 

Wars with Spain, between 1589 
and 1593, cost Queen Elizabeth 
£1,300,000, besides the double sub- 
sidy of £280,000 granted by parlia- 
ment. In the Irish rebellion she 
spent £3,400,000 in ten years. No 
less than 316 years of peace are 
now required to cancel the debt of 
24 years of war, at the rate of ex- 
pense incurred daring the last hos- 
tilities. 

Warsaw, the Diet transferred to, 
1566 ; surrendered to Charles XII., 
1703 ; the Russian garrison placed 
there by Catherine driven out by 
the citizens, April 17, 1794, with 
the loss of 36 cannon, 2000 killed, 
and 500 wounded ; besieged by the 
king of Prussia, July, 1794, but he 
was compelled to retire ; taken by 
the Russians, made a duchy, and 
annexed to Saxony, August, 1807 ; 
taken by the Russians, 1813, ruled 
by a Russian viceroy ; the Polish 
revolution commenced at, Nov. 29, 
1830; battles connected with the 
city, Oct. 10 and 12, 1794; the Poles 
defeated by Catherine's butcher of 
Ismael, Suwarrow, and 30,000 of 
all ages murdered by him in cold 
blood, Nov. 8, 1794 ; in the battle 
before this inhuman massacre 
10,000 Poles were killed, and 
the same number made prison- 
ers ; the battle of Grochow, in which 
the Russians were defeated, losing 
7000 men, Feb. 20, 1831 ; battle of 
Warsaw, when the city capitulated 
after two days' combat with the 
Russians, the last battle for Polish 
freedom, Sept. 7 and 8, 1831. 

Warwick, Earl of, the king-mak- 
er, defeated and slain at the battle 
of Barnet, April 14, 1471. 

Warwick Mail robbed of 
£20,000 in bank-notes, while it 
stood before Furnival's inn, Holborn, 
Nov. 21, 1827. 



WAT 



737 



WAT 



Warwick injured extensively by 
a fire, Sept. 8, 1694. 

Warwick Castle, built 912 ; re- 
built 1072. 

Washington, G. General, born 
1732, died Dec. 14, 1799. 

Washington, North America, 
founded 1791, made the seat of 
government, 1800; the congress 
met there for the first time, May 
30, 1808; taken by the English 
under General Ross, and the ar- 
chives and library, as well as the 
public buildings, shamefully de- 
stroyed, Aug. 24, 1814. 

Waste Lands in Great Britain, 
by examination in 1794, were found 
to be 22,351,000 acres; which, if 
cultivated and enclosed, reckoning 
an annual increase of 9s. per acre, 
the annual rent would amount to 
£10,957,950 ; and, on a supposition 
that the yearly produce would be 
£1, 7s. per acre, or three rents, it 
would be worth £30,073,850 per 
annum to the community. 

Watches invented at Nurem- 
burgh, in Germany, 1477 ; first 
used in astronomical observations, 
1500.— The Emperor Charles V. 
was the first who had any thing 
that might be called a watch, 
though some call it a small table 
clock, 1530. — Watches first brought 
to England from Germany, 1597; 
spring pocket ones invented by 
Hooke, 1658. — Repeating watches 
by Barlowe, 1676 ; Harrison's im- 
provement, 1739, 1749, 1753; in 
1759 he made his celebrated time- 
piece which gained him £20,000, the 
reward offered by the Board of longi- 
tude, 1763. 

Watches and Clocks taxed, 
1797 ; repealed, 1798. 

Watch, none by night in London, 
1189. 

Watch by night for the city of 
London first appointed, 1268. 

Water Spout burst on the Cli- 
dagh mountains, county Kerry, 
Ireland, by which a large district 
was torn up, and nine persons lost, 
.Aug. 4, 1831. 

Water sold in the West Indies 



for one shilling a pailful, 1731 ; 
sold in the streets of Exeter, 1785. 

Water mixed with wine in the 
sacrament, first introduced, 122. 

Water first conveyed to London 
by leaden pipes, 21st Henry III., 
1237. Cheapside conduit erected, 
1285 ; New River brought to Lon- 
don by Sir Hugh Middleton, 1613 ; 
New River company incorporated, 
1620 ; there were water-carriers at 
Aldgate Pump in Queen Anne's 
time ; London supplied by eight 
companies, 1840 ; London Bridge 
water- works destroyed by fire, 
Oct. 29, 1779. 

Water-ford, City of, built 879 ; 
destroyed by fire, 980 ; rebuilt and 
enlarged by Strongbow, 1175 ; Ri- 
chard II. crowned at, 1399 ; Wil- 
liam III. resided at, and twice con- 
firmed its privileges ; remarkable 
storm at, April 18, 1792 ; interior 
of the cathedral burned, Oct. 25, 
1815: cathedral of, built 1096; 
united with Lismore, 1363 : both 
Waterford and Lismore united with 
Cashel and Emly, Aug. 14, 1833 ; 
steam packet so named, lost off Pe- 
nicbe, in Portugal, 1833. 

Waterloo, Battle of, between 
Napoleon and Wellington, June 18, 
1815, which put an end to the im- 
perial power, and restored the 
Bourbons : the object of the war 
commenced in 1793, only replacing 
them to be hurled from the throne 
again, thus putting an end to the 
claim of the crown by divine right. 

Waterloo Bridge, begun Oct. 11, 
1811, by Rennie the engineer ; com- 
pleted, 1817 ; its length is 1242 ft., 
breadth 42 ; and the span of the 
nine arches each 120 feet, it being 
a level line of arches and roadway. 

Waterspout upon Mount St. 
John, in Cumberland, Aug. 23, 
1749 : a very destructive one near 
Aix, in the department of Mont 
Blanc, July 8, 1809; one at Han - 
tersbach, on the Glatz mountains 
in Germany, which destroyed many 
houses and lives, July 13, 1827 ; at 
Glenflash, near Killarney, Ireland, 
which destroyed three farm-houses 
3 B 



WE A 



738 



WEI 



and other buildings, with seventeen 
persons, Aug. 4, 1831. 

Waterworks at Chelsea com- 
pleted, and the proprietors incorpo- 
rated, 1722. 

Watford Mills destroyed by fire, 
two lives lost, June 9, 1814. 

Watson, James, tried for assault- 
ing a patrol with a sword, on the 
night after the Spafields riots, and 
acquitted, Jan. 21, 1817 ; tried for 
high treason in connection with the 
riots, and acquitted, June 16, 1817. 

Waverlt Abbey, Surrey, built 
1128. 

Wawz, Battle of, between the 
Poles and Eussians, when all the 
positions of the latter were taken 
by storm, and, besides the loss of 
12,000 men, 2000 were made pri- 
soners, March 31, 1831. 

Wax first used for candles about 
1200. 

WAx-Tree brought from China 
before 1794. 

We, the plural pronoun, adopted 
by monarchs since king John, 1199; 
it was subsequently adopted in 
France and Germany ; it is also 
used by the editors of various pub- 
lications generally, where more than 
one writer is concerned. 

Weaving, an ancient art, per- 
formed until recently by hand ; in 
England two from Brabant settled 
at York, and manufactured wool- 
len goods, 1331 ; Flemings came 
over and introduced the dying and 
draping into Kent, Norfolk, Essex, 
and other counties, in consequence 
of the Duke of Alva's persecutions 
of them, 1567 ; hand-looms in Eng- 
land and Scotland, 1820 and 1830, 
240,000; power-looms in 1820, 
14,000; 1830, 55,000; power-looms 
for weaving, in the united kingdom, 
1835 :— 

ENGLAND. 

Cotton . 90,679 

Woollen 5,105 

Silk 1,714 

Flax 41 

Mixed Goods 25 

Total 97,564 



SCOTLAND. 

Cotton 17,531 

Woollen Goods 22 

Flax 168 

Total 17,721 

IRELAND. 

Cotton 1,416 

Flax 100 

Total 1,516 

Grand total 116,801 

Weaver and Weston, river and 
canal conveyance in 1800, £15,407 
received: 1810, £23,846; 1820, 
£19,062; 1830, £30,221; 1836, 
£27,916. 

Weekly Bills of Mortality began 
in London, 1603. 

Wedgwood Ware, improved by 
Josiah Wedgwood of Staffordshire, 
1762: 10,000 families at present 
employed in that county on this 
ware. 

Weights and Measures invented 
eight centuries before the Christian 
era : in England, fixed 1297 ; 
standards pi-eviously provided for the 
whole country by the sheriffs of 
London, 1167 ; a committee of the 
Commons appointed, 1790, to inves- 
tigate the measure, but nothing was 
done ; in 1814, a second committee 
appointed ; again in 1818 ; a bill 
introduced, 1823, and passed the 
Commons, but not the Lords ; in 
1824, an act regulating the weights 
and measures was passed, June 17; 
in 1826, the equalization took 
place, and new acts relating to, 
were passed in 1835 ; the imperial 
gallon was substituted for the old 
gallon of wine of 231 cubic inches ; 
the ale and beer of 282, the corn 
gallon of 268|, and the Scotch pint 
of 103g cubic inches ; the new gal- 
lon was declared to contain ten 
pounds of distilled water, avoirdu- 
poise, weighed in air, at a tempera- 
ture of 62 degrees Fahrenheit, the 
barometer being at 30 inches ; the 
contents of the new gallon are found, 
therefore, to be 277*274 cubic inches, 
or rather more. 



WEL 



739 



WE S 



Well, the celebrated Artesian, 
was commenced at Grenelle, near 
Paris, Jan. 1, 1834, and completed 
after seven years' labour : the water 
flowed in a great quantity, of a 
temperature of about 25 degrees 
(80 to 86 Pah.) The total depth 
about 1795 feet. The borer fell 
into the cavity when the perfora- 
tion had been made to the depth of 
115 metres — 377 feet. This was 
soon recovered, and was nothing to 
what occurred in 1837. Then the 
length of the bars united together, 
measured 1269 feet. Not only these 
broke, but the enormous metal spoon 
used to bring the materials to the 
surface, also fell to the bottom of 
the cavity, from a height of 262 feet, 
and it required extraordinary exer- 
tions to recover it. This operation, 
which could only be worked with 
horse-power, occupied from May 
1837, to August 1838. The im- 
mensity of this labour, for fifteen 
successive months, may be conceiv- 
ed, as the instrument had to act at 
a depth of 1500 feet. The works 
were continued without any fresh 
misfortune until April 8, 1840, 
when another part of the borer fell 
from a considerable height, with 
such force that it penetrated the 
chalk below to the depth of 85 feet. 
A fourth accident occurred shortly 
before the successful termination, 
when the metal spoon again fell to 
the bottom of the bore, having near- 
ly attained its extreme depth. It 
was put on one side by forcing it 
horizontally into the earth, so as 
not to obstruct the passage. This 
great work cost about 170,000 
francs. 

WELLINGBOROITGH,Northampton- 

shire, burned, Aug. 14, 1831; again, 
July 28, 1738, when 300 houses 
were destroyed. 

Wellington, Duke of, born May 
1, 1769 ; administration of, com- 
menced May 1828, terminated Nov. 
1830; died Sept. 14, 1852; buried 
in St. Paul's, Nov. 18. 

Wellington, the ship, Duchess 
of, took fire in Sauger Roads, when 



the pilot, two officers, two passen- 
gers, and many of the crew perished 
in the flames, Jan. 27, 1816. 

Wells, Cathedral of, built by 
Ina, king of the West Saxons, 704 ; 
bishopric erected, 905 ; archdea- 
conry, 1106; united with Bath, 
1088 ; the first bishop was Adel- 
mour, afterwards archbishop of 
Canterbury ; cathedral, Gothic, 371 
feet long, 67 wide, 160 high. 

Wells Street, Rovalty Theatre in, 
opened, May 20, 1787. 

Welshmen forbidden to purchase 
land in England, 1401. 

Welsh Copper Office incorporat- 
ed, 1694 ; hospital built, Gray's 
Inn Lane, 1772. 

Wemyss, Earl of, packet from 
Leith to London, wrecked, and ten 
passengers lost, off the Brameston 
coast of Norfolk, Sept. 1, 1833. 

Wem, Shropshire, greatly dam- 
aged by fire, 1676. 

Wenlocr Monastery, Salop, 
founded 680 ; abbey built, 1081. 

Wentworth, Thomas, earl of 
Strafford, beheaded 1641. 

Werburgh, St., church of, Dub- 
lin, burned Nov. 7, 1754. 

Wesleyan Methodists, one of the 
two branches of the original union 
of Wesley and Whitfield, who sepa- 
rated on account of differences on 
certain points of doctrine, and each 
party followed its leader ; Wesley, 
in 1730, with a few fellow-students, 
formed themselves into a society 
for the purpose of mutual edifica- 
tion in religious exercises. Among 
other names bestowed upon the 
members, that of Methodists was 
applied to them. Wesley went to 
Georgia in America, in 1735, with 
a view of converting the Indians. 
On his return to England, he com- 
menced itinerant preacher, and ga- 
thered many followers ; but the 
churches being shut against him, he 
built spacious meeting-houses in 
London, Bristol, and other places. 
Wesley was indefatigable in his la- 
bours, and almost continually en- 
gaged in travelling over England, 
Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. His 



WES 



740 



WES 



society was well organized, and he 
preserved his influence over it to 
the last. He died in London in 
1791. At the conference in 1849, 
several Wesleyan ministers were 
expelled, in consequence of their 
advocating reform in the body, and 
the suspected publication of the 
celebrated Fly Leaves. Since that 
time the discontent has become 
greater, and the ministers have agi- 
tated in various parts of the coun- 
try, with considerable success, against 
one or two domineering leaders. 
From the minutes of the last con- 
ference, it appears that the number 
of members in the society was as 
follows : — under the care of the 
British and Irish conferences, 
428,729 : namely, in Great Britain, 
323,178; in Ireland, 27,047 ; in 
foreign stations, 78,504; under the 
care of the Wesleyan Methodist 
church in Upper Canada, in 1840, 
16,354; under the care of the 
American conferences, in 1828, the 
date of the last returns, 692,341 ; 
total number of members, 1,137,424. 
The number of preachers, regular 
and supernumerary, was, in Great 



Britain, 1078; in Ireland (includ- 
ing 23 missionaries), 159; in the 
foreign stations (including assistant 
missionaries), 345 ; in Upper Ca- 
nada, 127 ; in the American con- 
nection, 3322 ; total number of 
ministers, 5031. Grand total of 
members and ministers throughout 
the world, 1,142,455. 

West Indies, the name given to 
the chain of islands in the conca- 
vity between the Floridas on the 
north, and the mouth of the Ori- 
noco, on the southern mainland of 
the American continent ; St. Salva- 
dor, in the Bahamas, being the first 
land made by Columbus, 1492. 
These islands belong to different 
powers ; the Bahamas, Cuba, Ja- 
maica, Hispaniola, Porto Bico, St. 
Kitts, Nevis, Antigua, Guadaloupe, 
Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, 
Barbadoes, Trinidad, Grenada, and 
Tobago, are the principal, but there 
are many small isles and keys, as 
they are locally denominated; the 
following islands are British, and 
returned the exports and imports 
as follows, in 1849 : — 



Islands. 


Sugar. 


Coffee. 


Rum. 


Value of 
Exports. 


Value of 
Imports. 




Cwt. 


lbs. 


Gals. 


£ 


£ 


Antigua 


169,000 




160,000 


270,000 


115,000 


Bahamas 




82,500 




21,000 


59,000 


Barbadoes ... 


322,000 




27,000 


542,000 


360,000 


Bermuda 








4,000 


60,000 


Dominica .... 


56,000 


613,000 


63,000 


150,000 


16,000 


Grenada 


186,000 


6,000 


330,000 


338,000 


79,000 


Jamaica 


1,396,000 


15,460,000 


3,506,000 


3,653,000 


1,800,000 


Montserrat... 


26,000 




41,000 


33,000 


8,000 


Nevis 


50,000 




150,000 


80,000 


14,000 


St. Kitts 


102,000 




257,000 


203,000 


70,000 


St. Lucia 


50,000 


83,000 


12,000 


149,000 


32,000 


St. Vincent's. 


222,000 




160,000 


395,000 


82,000 


Tobago 


121,000 




500,000 


165,000 


41,000 


Tortola 


16,000 






25,000 


3,000 


Trinidad 


241,000 




62,000 


355,000 


200,000 



-Including the three settlements at 
Honduras in the Gulf, and Deme- 
rara and Berbice on the mainland 



the islands was, in 1849, sugar, 
3,816,000 cwt; coffee, 19,769,500 
lbs. ; rum, 7,808,000 gallons : total 



of South America, the total with 1 exports in value, £8,603,000 ; im- 



WES 



741 



WHA 



ports, £4,035,000; export of Bri- 
tish manufactures to these islands 
and dependencies, Jan. 5, 1850, 
£2,025,019. 

West India Docks opened for 
business, July 12, 1806. 

West Saxon kingdom founded 
519 ; ended 800. 

Western Empire and East di- 
vided, 364. 

Westerfield Islands in the Pa- 
cific Ocean discovered by Capt. 
Warden, 1830. The inhabitants 
are peaceable, and enjoy a regular 
domestic government. 

Westham Abbey, Essex, founded 
1154. 

Westminster Abbey built by Eth- 
elbert of Kent on the site of a tem- 
ple of Apollo, 914, on a spot called 
Thorny island, where Canute is said 
to have had a palace burned in 
1263 ; rebuilt 1065, by Edward the 
Confessor; again rebuilt, 1269; 
made collegiate, 1560 ; towers 
built, 1732 ; north porch repaired, 
1750 ; injured by fire, July 17, 1803 ; 
complete restoration commenced 
1810; discovered to be on fire, 
April 27, 1829. 

Westminster Bridge begun, Sept. 
13, 1738 ; first stone laid, Jan. 29, 
1738 — 9 ; centre arch finished, 
March 3, 1741 — 2; last arch, Aug. 
1746 ; pier sunk and repaired, Sept. 
1, 1747; opened for passengers, 
Nov. 17, 1750 ; cost £426,650 ; re- 
paired, 1832-3. 

Westminster Hall built by Wil- 
liam Rufus, 1 098 ; rebuilt, 1399, by 
Richard II. ; roof repaired, 1748 ; 
the scaffolding erected for the trial of 
the rebels sold by the duke of An- 
caster for £400, Sept, 13, 1748; 
slated, 1750 ; beautified and repaired, 
1782 ; went through a general re- 
pair in 1802 at the expense of 
£13,000 ; again repaired as an en- 
trance to the new Houses of Parlia- 
ment, 1849. 

Westminster Infirmary, insti- 
tuted 1720. 

Westminster Lying-in-hospital, 
instituted 1765. 

Westminster Palace, built 1098 ; 



burnt, 1298; again, 1512 ; again, 
1540; the south-east wing burnt, 
1809 ; convent of, destroyed in a riot, 
1221 ; school founded by Queen 
Elizabeth, 1560, for 40 boys to be 
prepared for the university. 

Westminster, Bishopric and 
Deanery of, under Henry VIII., 
1541, it continued only nine years ; 
the dean of, made dean of the order 
of the Bath, 1725. 

Westphalia duchy belonged, in 
former times, to the dukes of Sax- 
ony. On the secularisation of 1802, 
it was made over to Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, and in 1814 was ceded for 
an equivalent to Prussia ; the king- 
dom of Westphalia, one of the tem- 
porary kingdoms of Bonaparte, was 
composed of conquests from Prussia, 
Hesse Cassel, Hanover, and the 
smaller states of the west of the 
Elbe, created Dec. 1, 1807, and 
Jerome appointed king. Hanover 
was annexed, March 1, 1810 ; the 
kingdom was overturned in 1813; 
peace of, signed Oct. 24, 1648. 
West Cowes Castle, built 1539. 
West Loo, Cornwall, incorpo- 
rated 1574. 

West Mailing Abbey, Kent, 
built 1090. 

Westburt, Wilts, chartered by 
Henry IV., about 1400. 

Westerhanger House, Kent, 
built 1246 ; works company char- 
tered by 21 George II. 

Westmarden, Sussex, totally 
burned, March 31, 1777. 

Wet Docks at Wapping, called 
the London docks, first stone of, laid 
June 26, 1802 ; opened Jan. 30, 
1805. 

Wet Docks at Leith, Edinburgh, 
opened 1806. 

Wetherall Priorv, Cumberland, 
built 1086. 

Wethill, nearly destroyed by 
fire, Oct. 15, 1784. 

Weymouth Castle, built 1539; 
visited by the king and royal familv, 
1789. 

Whale Fishery, the first, by the 
Dutch, 1596; by the English at 
Spitzbergen, 1598. 



WHE 



742 



WHE 



Whale Fishery encouraged by 
act of parliament, 1749. 

Whalebone found by the English 
at Cape Breton, 1321 ; first brought 
home with oil, 1617. 

Whales, ninety-eight driven on 
the beach at Lewis, in Scotland, 
April 25, 1832. 

Whales killed at Newfoundland 
and Iceland for their oil only, 1578 ; 
the use of their bones and fins not 
yet known, consequently no stays 
worn by the ladies. 

Whales, one driven ashore in the 
Humber, 1570 ; another on the coast 
of Norfolk, 1751 ; one near Berwick, 
1752 ; 13 driven ashore in a storm on 
the coast of England, Feb. 1762 ; 
one killed above London bridge in 
Sept. 1781 ; another, nineteen feet 
long, was killed at Execution dock, 
Aug. 1796 ; a whale killed at Hull, 
Nov. 1797 ; another in the Thames, 
Sept. 1799 ; and another at Leith 
the same month ; one exhibited to 
the populace near London bridge, 
March 1809. 

The proportionate price of wheat from 1700 to 1825, shewing 
difference of prices per quarter in Dantzic and England, and 
highest rate paid in England for wheat during 125 years : — 

Year England Dantzic Proportional price 

per quarter. per quarter. to each other, 

s. d. s. d. 



Whalley Abbey, Lancashire, 
built 1178. 

Wheat sold for 20s. per quarter, 
equal to £6 now, 1193, 1194, and 
1195 ; beans for 12d. a quarter, and 
oats for 4d., 1216. Wheat sold in 
some places for 12d. a quarter, and 
not many years after for 20s. a 
bushel, as much as £4 now, 1286 ; 
for 40s. a quarter, as much as £8 
now, 1315 ; for £3 a bushel, 1316 ; 
for 40s. a quarter, as much as 20s. a 
bushel now, 1335 ; in London for 4s. 
a quarter, 1493. In the reign of 

£ s. d. 
Philip and Mary, it sold for 6 8 

Elizabeth 9 

James 1 11 

Charles 1 14 

Charles II 1 

James II 1 4 

William and Mary 1 11 

Anne 1 13 

George 1 2 

George II 2 15 

George III. (1810) 5 10 




6 




8 




the 
the 



1701. 
1702. 
1703. 
1704. 
1705. 
1706. 
1707. 
1708. 
1709. 
1710. 
1711. 
1712. 
1713. 
1714. 
1715. 



.31 

.26 
.32 
.41 

.26 
.23 

.25 



.32 10 17 



.62 
.61 
.42 
.36 
.40 
.39 
.34 







6 70 to 36 

4£ 70 to 26 

9 70 to 41 

7| 70 to 44 

70 to 41 

3 70 to 36 

32 9 70 to 37 

28 5| 70 to 32 

21 9 70 to 35 

20 3 70 to 38 

22 101 70 to 39 

29 3 70 to 51 

23 10 70 to 49 



1716 37 11 



1717. 
1718. 
1719. 
1720. 
1721. 
1722. 



.36 
.30 
.27 

.29 
.29 

.28 



.19 
.18 
.20 
.16 
.16 
.13 
,14 



6 70 to 36 

9 70 to 36 



l.§ 70 to 40 

1§ 70 to 39 

6 70 to 31 

3 70 to 35 



WHE 743 WHE 



Y ears England Dantzic Proportional price 

per quarter. per quarter. to each other. 

1723 27 5 13' 9 70 to 40 

1724 29 3 15 70 to 35 

1725 38 4 19 9 70 to 36 

1726 36 4 19 70 to 36 

1727 33 2 19 7i 70 to 41 

1728 43 1 16 6 70 to 26 

1729 37 16 2 70 to 30 

1730 28 10 18 70 to 43 

1731 25 6 15 U 70 to 41 

1732 21 1 14 7} 70 to 48 

1733 22 5 14 7£ 70 to 45 

1734 30 8 17 1 70 to 38 

1735 34 17 3 70 to 35 

1736 31 10 18 70 to 36 

1737 30 19 4 70 to 45 

1738 28 1 17 10 70 to 44 

1739 30 5 16 10| 70 to 38 

1740 40 25 2£ 70 to 44 

1741 36 11 28 11£ 70 to 54 

1742 26 10 19 6 70 to 50 

1743 19 8 15 70 to 53 

1744 19 8 14 7£ 70 to 52 

1745 21 9 18 2£ 70 to 58 

1746 30 10 15 9£ 70 to 36 

1747 27 7 19 8£ 70 to 47 

1748 29 3 16 10£ 70 to 40 

1749 29 3 17 8 70 to 42 

1750 25 8 16 6£ 70 to 45 

1751 30 5 16 6~ 70 to 38 

1752 33 1 18 70 to 38 

1753 35 4 18 1\ 70 to 36 

1754 27 5 16 6£ 70 to 42 

1755 26 9 16 H 70 to 42 

1756 35 9 23 4 70 to 42 

1757 47 5 26 3 70 to 38 

1758 39 6 24 9 70 to 43 

1759 31 6 22 6 70 to 50 

1760 28 10 20 3 70 to 49 

1761 23 11 22 6 70 to 65 

1762 30 10 24 70 to 54 

1763 32 2 22 10| 70 to 49 

1764 36 11 24 70 to 45 

Average 32 5.} 19 1£ 70 to 41 

1765 42 8 28 11^ 70 to 47 

1766 38 4 31 2£ 70 to 57 

1767 51 35 T 70 to 49 

1768 47 10 37 3~ 70 to 54 

1769 36 2 35 9£ 70 to 69 

1770 38 9 27 1 ...70 to 48 

1771 45 1 34 8 70 to 55 

1772 52 2 42 6i 70 to 57 

1773 52 7 42 11 70 to 52 

1774 49 36 5£ 70 to 52 



WHE 



•44 



WHE 



Years. 

1775 

1776 


Engl 

per qu 

s. 

47 

37 


and 

arter 

d. 

5 . 
11 . 

. 

1 . 

2 . 

4 . 
7 . 

7 . 

2 . 
9 . 

8 . 

6 . 
8 . 

10 . 

11 . 
11 . 
10 . 
10 . 

7 . 

5 . 

3 . 

1 . 

8 . 
7 . 

6 . 

2 . 

5 . 

7 . 

10 . 

3 . 

7 . 

8 . 
1 ] 

11 
5 
3 
5 
8 

6 J 

11 . 
11 . 

7 . 

6 . 

7 . 

2*- 

4 . 

7 . 

5 . 
3 . 
1 . 

8 . 

6 . 
3 . 


Dantzic 
per quarter, 
s. d. 

37 8 

32 9h 

27 5} 

28 6 

26 7£ 

25 6 

30 11 


Proportional price 
to each other. 

.... 70 to 55 
.... 70 to 60 


1777 

1778 

1779 

1780 

1781 


43 

39 

32 

38 

46 

47 

48 

47 

42 

37 

40 

43 


.... 70 to 44 
.... 70 to 51 
....70 to 57 
.... 70 to 46 
.... 70 to 46 


1782 

1783......... 

1784 


31 % 

32 5" 

34 8 


.... 70 to 45 
.... 70 to 47 
.... 70 to 50 


1785 

1786 

1787 

1788 


32 9i 

33 2" 

31 7 

31 2| 

45 7 

44 10 


.... 70 to 53 
....70 to 61 
.... 70 to 54 
.... 70 to 50 


1789 

1790 


49 

49 


.... 70 to 63 
.... 70 to 62 


1791 


43 


35 5 

29 9 


.... 70 to 56 


1792 


41 

46 

47 

72 

71 

55 

48 


.... 70 to 50 


1793 

1794 


32 10 

36 8 


.... 70 to 50 
.... 70 to 54 


1795 

1796 


62 7 

56 


.... 70 to 60 
.... 70 to 55 


1797 

1798 


33 

32 1H 


.... 70 to 40 
.... 70 to 49 


1799 

1800 


. 65 

....104 

107 

63 

54 

58 


45 2" 

76 


.... 70 to 48 
.... 70 to 50 


1801 

1802 

1803 

1804 


80 6 

54 2 

46 

52 8 


.... 70 to 32 
.... 70 to 59 
.... 70 to 58 
.... 70 to 63 


1805 


85 


73 2 

58 

■ War : — trade interrupted 

47 

46 4 

51 8 

78 6 


.... 70 to 60 


1806 

1807 

1808 

1809 

1810 

1811 

1812 

1813 

1814 


76 

...:.. 73 

78 

94 

103 

92 

122 

106 

56 


.... 70 to 53 
with Dantzic. 
.... 70 to 58 


1815 

1816 

1817 


53 

73 

92 

80 

54 

71 

65 

54 

43 

52 

61 

66 


.... 70 to 60 
.... 70 to 49 
.... 70 to 59 


1818 


64 11 


.... 70 to 56 


Average. .. 
1819 


42 2 

41 5 


....70 to 54 
.... 70 to 40 


1820 


32 7 


.... 70 to 34 


1821 


25 3 


.... 70 to 32 


1822 

1823 


31 

27 8 


.... 70 to 50 
.... 70 to 37 


1824 

1825 


23 7 

23 6 

29 3J 


.... 70 to 26 
.. 70 to 24 


Average.... 


59 


.... 70 to 34 



W HE 



745 



WHE 



The highest price in 1834, was 49s. 
Id., the lowest 40s. 6d. ; 1835, high- 
est 44s., lowest 36s, ; 1836, highest 
61s. 9d., lowest 36s. ; 1837, highest 
60s. Id., lowest 51s. ; 1838, highest 
78s. 4d., lowest 52s. 4d. ; in 1844, 
60s. and 54s. ; 1845, 74s. and 54s. ; 
the next year the free trade in corn 
bill passed. 

Wheat, and "Wheat flour import- 
ed into England from Ireland : — 

1815... 189, 544 quarters. 

1820... 404, 747 

1825... 396, 018 

1830... 529,717 

1835.. .661,773 „ 

1840.. .174,440 

1845.. .779,113 

1849 ..233,445 
the total of all kinds of grain and 
meal brought into England from 
Ireland in the largest year of its im- 
portation was, in 1845, 3,251,901 
quarters, which number fell in 1847 
to 963,779 quarters, after which year 
it began again to increase. 

Wheat was first imported into 
England, 1347 ; different acts were 



passed in regard to importation and 
exportation, but always passed with 
a view to support rents through the 
influence of the landholders, and 
the people of England were com- 
pelled to pay high prices before im- 
portation was permitted ; in July 
15, 1828, wheat was only allowed to 
be imported whenever the average 
price for all England was under 62s., 
on paying a duty of £1 : 5 : 8 per 
quarter ; from 62s. to 63s., £1:4:8 
per quarter, and this gradually re- 
duced to Is. when the average price 
was 73s., — this was called the sliding 
scale ; a second of the same name 
was enacted, April 29, 1842. At 
length the free trade bill in corn 
passed, June 26, 1846 ; in 1745, no 
less than 300,000 quarters of wheat 
were exported so long as the home 
price did not exceed 48s. per quarter, 
with a bounty of 5s. With a triple 
population, the necessity for enlarged 
importation being greater, the price 
was artificially sustained. Imported 
since the act permitting a free trade 
in corn : — 





1847. 


1848. 


1849. 




Qrs. 

850,587 

8,647 

73,568 

492,928 

154,839 
11,800 
27,469 

179,259 
24,700 
64,850 
46,251 

266,779 

2 

203 

13,690 

398,793 

1,834,142 

16,250 


Qrs. 

523,138 

5,346 

191,787 

528,156 

532,591 

163,978 

178,398 

320,010 

917 

83,170 

8,576 

4,129 

40,340 

2 

2,755 

5,559 

186,254 

296,102 

11,023 


Qrs. 

599,556 

6,494 

243,213 

618,690 

498,984 

308,482 

366,099 

742,023 

498 

281,530 

9,049 

61,136 

295,542 

1 

2,028 

15,699 

142,295 

617,131 

26,830 








Germ any 


Holland ) 








Italy 


Malta 




Turkev, Syria, Egypt 




British East Indies 


British North America 


United States 


All other parts 




Total 


4,464,757 


3,082,231 


4,835,280 





WHE 



746 



WHI 



The wheat for home consumption 
imported 1852, was 3,074,220 quar- 
ters, besides 2,122,859 other grains; 
1,479,891 Indian corn; and 3,891,197 
flour and meal of different kinds. 

Wheat, Price of, per quarter, 
Jan. 1, 1801, 139s. per quarter ; in 
the London markets it reached 
180s. ; number of quarters imported 
in 1831, 2,868,882; the quantity 
produced annually in England and 
Wales, estimated at 32,000,000 
quarters. A single grain of Tarta- 
rian oat was planted at Beverley in 
Yorkshire, in 1795 ; eighteen stalks 
sprung from the root, and 8280 
grains were produced. 

Wheat, Foreign, brought down 
the Vistula to JDantzic from 1828 
to 1850 inclusive, from Galicia, Po- 
land, and the nearer Russian pro- 
vinces. 



Years. 


Scheffels. 


Quarters. 


1828 


431,417 


79,894 


1829 


617,724 


112,313 


1830 


764,694 


139,035 


1831 


2,292 


416 


1832 


289,878 


52,708 


1833 


215,868 


9,248 


1834 


110,077 


20,013 


1835 


20,225 


3,677 


1836 


152,802 


27,789 


1837 


1,478,732 


268,878 


1838 


616,913 


112,712 


1839 


1,644,245 


298,953 


1840 


1,947,711 


354,129 


1841 


1,574,515 


286,275 


1842 


1,866,247 


339,317 


1843 


2,820,393 


512,798 


1844 


2,900,936 


527,443 


1845 


395,033 


71,824 


1846 


303,919 


55,258 


1847 


1,590,639 


289,207 


1848 


930,122 


169,113 


1849 


1,264,621 


229,931 


1850 


1,498,475 


272,450 



The total amounts to 4,241,474 
quarters; deducting an average ex- 
portation of 5000 quarters annually 
for Galicia, would leave 4,126,474 
quarters: which, divided between 
Poland and the Russian provinces, in 



the proportion of 3 to 2, would give 
2,475,884 quarters for Poland, and 
1,650,590 for the Russian provinces. 
The average annual exportation of 
wheat from Poland by the way of 
Dantzic, is therefore about 107,647 
quarters. 

Wheel, an instrument of refined 
torture, used first to protract the 
sufferings of those who were put to 
death by the Romish church. Fran- 
cis I. of France ordered the example 
to be followed upon robbers. The 
wheel was placed horizontally upon 
an upright post which was fixed 
into the nave ; the sufferer was tied 
to the spokes, with his legs and 
arms extended in the way of a St. 
Andrew's cross ; the bones of his 
legs and arms were then broken 
with an iron bar, and he was left 
to expire in agony, 1515. Duty on 
carriage-wheels, 1747, 1776. 

Whig, see also Tory. These 
names, some persons assert, arose 
at the time of the Meal-tub plot, 
given to one of two parties who 
believed, or affected to believe, the 
truth of the plot, the others being 
of an opposite opinion, 1679; still 
the origin seems uncertain. Others 
state that Whig, in 1680, was a 
name of reproach given by the court 
party to their antagonists for re- 
sembling the principles of the 
Whigs, or fanatical conventiclers 
in Scotland ; and the other was 
given by the country party to that 
of the court, comparing them to the 
Tories, or popish robbers in Ire- 
land. They formerly were called 
Whigs from Whiggamors, a name 
given to the Scots in the south- 
west, who for want of corn in that 
quarter used annually to repair to 
Leith, to buy stores that came from 
the north, and all that drove were 
called Whiggamors or Whiggs, from 
the term Whiggam, which they used 
in driving their horses. Now, in 
the year 1638, the Presbyterian 
ministers incited an insurrection, 
against the court, and marched 
with the people to Edinburgh ; this 
was called " the Whiggamor's in_ 



WHI 



747 



WHI 



road," and after this all that op- 
posed administration in Scotland 
were called Whigs, and from hence 
the term was adopted in England. 
Whig and Tory originated in 1 649 ; 
the parties were at their greatest 
height, 1704. 

Whig Club, established by Chas. 
James Fox. The next distinguished 
member was Francis, Duke of Bed- 
ford, who died 1802. 

Whig Club, Ireland, stvled the 
Northern Whig Club, 1794. The 
original members: — Lord Charle- 
mont, Lord de Clifford, Lord Moira, 
Archibald Hamilton Rowan, Hon. 
Robert Stewart (Lord Castlereagh), 
William Todd Jones, Hon. E. Ward, 
Hon. R.Ward, Hon. H. Rowley, Rt. 
Hon. John O'Niell (afterwards Lord 
O'Niell), Right Hon. H. L. Rowley, 
Eldred Pottinger, William Brown- 
low, Savage Hall, William Sharman, 
John Forbes, Richard J. Ker, E. J. 
Agnew. One member of this so- 
ciety was that Lord Castlereagh 
who subsequently carried the Irish 
Union, and betrayed his friends to the 
Tory minister. Lord Castlereagh 
often drunk the following toasts : — 
" President Washington, and the 
United States of America," " A 
happy establishment to the Gallic 
constitution," " Freedom to the 
Brabantes;" and last, though not 
least, " The sovereignty of the peo- 
ple," — that people whose cause he 
spent his subsequent life in conti- 
nually opposing. 

Whig and Tory Peers. From the 
accession of George III. to 1831, 
Tory ministers had been 64 years 
in power, and created 195 peers, en- 
tertaining similar political opinions ; 
during the remaining 13 years the 
government of the country had been 
in the hands of Whig ministers, by 
whom 69 Whig peers were created, 
leaving a balance in favour of the 
Tories of 126. 

Whirlwind, a violent, at Fal- 
mouth, which stripped the roof off 
every house in its way, tore up 
several trees, and threw a vessel 
lying in the harbour on her beam 



ends, so that her keel appeared in 
sight, 1st Jan. 1803. A violent one 
near Cirencester, 6th July, 1809. A 
dreadful one at Fernal Heath, Wor- 
cestershire, its width from half a mile 
to a mile, by which much damage 
was done, and in one farm 200 trees 
torn up by the roots, Sept. 22, 1810. 
At Bonsell, in the Peak of Derby- 
shire, accompanied with a tremen- 
dous hail-storm, 12th May, 1811. 
At Plasyollen, Shropshire, by which 
many trees were torn up and car- 
ried to a great distance, 25th May, 
1811. 

Whitby Monastery, founded 1075. 

White Boys, or Levellers, in Ire- 
land a faction that committed great 
excesses in Ireland, originating 
1761 ; they wore their shirts out- 
side their dresses, whence their 
name. Many of the ringleaders 
were executed, 1762. 

White Friars, an order of the 
Carmelite mendicants, one monas- 
tery of which order was established 
near the Temple, in London, west 
of Blackfriars, and founded there, 
1245. 

Whitehall, London, built by 
Hubert de Burgh about the com- 
mencement of the 13th century. 
It came subsequently into the hands 
of the Archbishop of York, and was 
purchased from Cardinal Wolsey by 
Henry VIII., when it became a resi- 
dence of the sovereigns of England. 
In 1697 the whole, except the ban- 
queting- house, built by Inigo Jones 
in 1619, was consumed. In front of 
this remnant of the palace Charles 
I. lost his head, Jan. 30, 1649. The 
banqueting - house was converted 
into a chapel by George I., 1723 ; 
repaired 1829-30. 

Whitecross Street Prison for 
debtors, begun July 5, 1813. 

Whitehall Preachers first ap- 
pointed by the universities, 1724. 

White Plains, Battle of, between 
the English and the Americans, in 
which the latter were defeated, Nov. 
30, 1796. 

White Rose, the symbol of the 
house of York, in opposition to the 



WIG 



748 



WIL 



Red, adopted by the house of Lan- 
caster between 1455 and 1471. 

White Tower, London. The keep 
of the Tower of London, erected 
1070 by Gundulph, bishop of Ro- 
chester, 116 feet long by 96 wide 
and 92 high ; the walls are 11 feet 
in thickness, and contain winding 
staircases to the summit : the north- 
east turret was once used as an ob- 
servatory. 

Whittington, Sir Richard, who 
served the office of lord mayor three 
times, about 1419. He was a great 
benefactor to the city, but no reli- 
ance can be placed upon the tales 
respecting his history. He founded 
a college, 1424, and almshouses 
near Highgate-hill, 1 429. 

Whitsuntide Festival, instituted 
813. 

Whitty, the Rev. Mr., murdered 
at Golden, Tipperary, Ireland, July 
25, 1832. 

Whorwell Monastery, built 979. 

Wickliffites, the followers of 
Wickliffe, the parent of the English 
Reformation. 1377. He was pro- 
tected by the brother of John of 
Gaunt, when persecuted by the 
church, from whose murderous in- 
tentions he was only preserved by 
an attack of paralysis, in his 60th 
year, Dec. 31, 1384. 

Widowers taxed in England, 
1695 ; a duke, £12, 10s. ; lower 
peerage ranks, less $ commoners, Is. 

Widows, societies for the relief 
of, in England, are numerous. One 
for musicians' widows, begun 1738 ; 
for those of medical men, 1788 ; of 
naval men, 1739; of lawyers, 1817; 
of artists, 1827. 

Wigan, Battle of, between the 
Earl of Derby for the king, and Sir 
John Smeaton. The earl defeated, 
1643; again defeated by Colonel 
Ashton, who razed the fortifica- 
tions; again by Colonel Lilburn, 
when Sir Thomas Tildesley was 
slain, 1651 ; a monument erected 
to his memory, 1679. 

Wight, Isle of, taken by the 
Danes, 787; again, 1001; by the 
French, July 13, 1377; alienated 



by Henry VI. to Henry de Beau- 
champ, 1442. 

Wigmore Castle, Herefordshire, 
built 1074. 

Wigs, full-bottomed, first worn by 
English judges, 1674. 

Wilkes's number of the North 
Briton (the 45th), April 23, 1743, 
for which the Earl of Halifax issued 
a general warrant against him : by 
that illegal act he obtained £100*0 
damages against the government. 
He was outlawed for being the au- 
thor of a libel and of an immoral 
work, being expelled the House of 
Commons ; yet he was again elected 
for Middlesex, 1774, and the same 
year served the office of lord mayor. 
He died 1797. 

William, Prince, eldest son of 
Henry I., with his newly -married 
bride, daughter to the Earl of An- 
jou, Richard and Mary, two other 
of the king's children, and 180 of 
the nobility, shipwrecked and lost, 
in coming from Normandy, in the 
year 1120. 

Williamsburg, South Carolina, 
damaged by a storm, July 17, 1758. 

William III. landed in Torbay, 
Devon, Nov. 4, 1688 ; called to the 
throne by parliament, Feb. 13, 1689; 
crowned with his queen, Mary II., 
April 11, 1689. 

Willtam and Mary packet, be- 
tween Bristol and Waterford, struck 
on the Wolvers, three miles north- 
west from the Holmes lighthouse, 
and went down in fifteen minutes 
afterwards, with 60 persons, 50 of 
whom were passengers; 9 persons 
only were saved, Oct. 24, 1817. 

Wills, the privilege of making, 
granted by Henry I., 1100, but with 
various safeguards, lest the feudal 
system should sustain detriment : 
these were taken away by the sta- 
tute 32 Henry VIII., 1541. The 
will of Edward the Confessor, the 
earliest on record, 1066. As a spe- 
cimen of a will of that most remark- 
able individual, Napoleon I., Empe- 
ror of France, who died May 5, 1821, 
eleven days after making it, the fol- 
lowing extracts are applicable :— . 



WIL 



749 



WIL 



" This day, April 24, 1821, at Long- 
wood, in the Island of St. Helena. 
This is my testament, or act of my 
last will : — I leave to the comte de 
Montholon 2,000,000 francs, as a 
proof of my satisfaction for the at- 
tentions he has paid to me for these 
six years, and to indemnify him for 
the losses which my residence in St. 
Helena have occasioned him. I leave 
to the comte Bertrand 500,000 
francs. I leave to Marchand, my 
first valet-de-chambre, 400,000 
francs: the services he has per- 
formed for me are those of a friend. 
I desire that he may marry a wi- 
dow, sister, or daughter of an officer 
or soldier of my old guard. To 
Saint Denis 100,000 francs. To No- 
varre 100,000 francs. To Pijeron 
100,000 francs. To Archambaud 
50,000 francs. To Cuvier 50,000 
francs. To Chandelle, idem. To 
the abbe Visnale 100,000 francs. 
I desire that he may build his house 
near Ponte Novo de Rossino. To 
the comte Las Cases 100,000 francs. 
To comte Lavalette 100,000 francs. 
To the surgeon in chief, Larrey, 
100,000 ; he is the most virtuous 
man I have known. To general 
LefevreDesnouettes, 100,000 francs. 
To general Drouet, 100,000 francs. 
To general Cambronne, 100,000 
francs. To the children of general 
Muton Duvernais, 100,000 francs. 
To the children of the brave Labe- 
doyere, 100,000 francs. To the 
children of general Girard, killed at 
Ligny, 100,000 francs. To the child- 
ren of general Chartrau, 100,000 
francs. To the children of the 
virtuous general Travost, 100,000 
francs. To general Lallemand, the 
elder, 100,000 francs. To general 
Clause], 100,000 francs. To Costa 
Bastilica, also 100,000 francs. To 
the baron de Meneville, 100,000 
francs. To Arnault, author of 
Marius, 100,000 francs. To colonel 
Marbot, 100,000 francs: I request 
him to continue to write for the 
deience and glory of the French 
armies, and to confound the calum- 
niators and the apostates. To the 



baron Bignon, 100,000 francs ; I 
request him to write the history of 
French Diplomacy from 1792 to 
1815. To Poggi de Talaro, 100,000 
francs. To the surgeon Emmery, 
100,000 francs. These sums shall 
be taken from the six millions which 
I deposited on leaving Paris in 1815, 
and from the interest, at the rate of 
5 per cent, since July 1815; the 
account of which shall be adjusted 
with the bankers by the counts 
Montholon and Bertrand, and by 
Marchand. These legacies, in the 
case of death, shall be paid to the 
widows and children, and in their 
default, shall revert to the capital. 
I institute the counts Montholon, 
Bertrand, and Marchand my testa- 
mentary executors. This present 
testament, written entirely by my 
own hand, is signed and sealed with 
my arms. 

" Napoleon. 
"April 24, 1821, Longwood." 

The following is a codicil to the 
same will, of which the foregoing 
is an extract : — 

" On the liquidation of my civil 
list of Italy — such as money, jewels, 
plate, linen, coffers, caskets, of 
which the viceroy is the depository, 
and which belong to me, I dispose of 
two millions, which I leave to my 
most faithful servants. I hope that, 
without their showing any cause, my 
son Eugene Napoleon will discharge 
them faithfully. He cannot forget 
the forty millions which I have given 
him in Italy, or by the right (parage) 
of his mother's inheritance. From 
the funds remitted in gold to the 
empress Maria Louisa, my very 
dear and well-beloved spouse, at 
Orleans, in 1814, there remain due 
to me two millions, which I dispose 
of by the present codicil, in order 
to recompense my most faithful 
servants, whom I beside recommend 
to the protection of my dear Maria 
Louisa. I leave 200,000 francs to 
count Montholon, 100,000 francs 
of which he shall pay into the chest 
of the treasurer (Las Cases) for the 
same purpose as the above, to be 



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employed according to my disposi- 
tions, in legacies of conscience." 

LETTER TO M. LAFITTE. 

" Monsieur Lafitte — I remitted 
to you in 1815, at the moment of 
my departure from Paris, a sum of 
nearly six millions, for which you 
gave me a double receipt. I have 
cancelled one of these receipts, and 
I have charged comte de Montholon 
to present to you the other receipt, 
in order that you may, after my 
death, deliver to him the said sum, 
with interest at the rate of five per 
cent., from the 1st of July, 1815, 
deducting the payments with which 
you have been charged in virtue of 
my order. I have also remitted to 
you a box containing my medallion. 
I beg you will deliver it to comte 
Montholon. This letter having no 
other object, I pray God, Monsieur 
Laffitte, that he may have you in 
his holy and Avorthy keeping. 

" Napoleon. 

" Longwood, in the island of St. 
Helena, April 25, 1821." 

Wild, Jonathan, hanged, June 
15, 1725. 

Williams, Bishop, fined £10,000 ; 
again, £8,000 for libelling the privy 
council, July, 1637. 

Wilmington, Earl of, his admi- 
nistration as first lord of the treasury, 
Feb., 1742; he was succeeded by 
Mr. Pelham, who in Nov. 3744 
formed the Broad-bottom adminis- 
tration. 

Wilmot, Lord, arrested Aug. 18, 
1644 ; escaped beyond the sea after 
the battle of Worcester, 1651. 

Wilson, Samuel, of London, be- 
queathed £20,000 to be lent out in 
small sums to tradesmen, 1771. 

Wilton, near Great Bedwin, 
greatly damaged by fire, Dec. 5, 
1759. 

Wimbledon, Surrey, the seat of 
Earl Spencer, burned down, March 
21, 1785. 

Winchelsia, Old Town of, swal- 
lowed up by the sea, 1250 ; the pre- 
sent not older than the time of Ed- 
ward I. ; Greyfriars' monastery 
at, built before the reign of Edward 



III. ; the castle of, built by Henry 
VIIL, chartered, 1543. 

Winchcomb, Gloucestershire, 
Monastery of, burnt, 800. 

Winchester, Cathedral of, built 
on the site of one preceding, it be- 
come ruinous between 1079 and 
1366; dedicated in succession to 
three saints ; St. Swithin was once 
a bishop here ; St Birine was bishop, 
636. It has given ten saints and 
two cardinals to Rome ; the style of 
the edifice is part Saxon and part 
Gothic, and was altered and complet- 
ed by William of Wykeham, 1405 ; 
it is 554 feet long, and 78 high ; the 
bishopric is of great antiquity, and 
has never changed the see since the 
first foundation. The bishops are 
chancellors of the see of Canterbury, 
and prelates of the most noble or- 
der of the garter ; which office was 
vested in them by Edward III. at the 
first foundation of that noble order, 
and has continued with them ever 
since. They were reputed anciently 
to be earis of Southampton, and 
are so styled in the statutes of the 
garter made by Henry VIII. 
The bishops since the restoration of 
King Charles II. were :— 1662, 
George Morley, Bishop of Worce- 
ster ; 1684, Peter MeAvs, Bishop of 
Bath and Wells ; 1707, Sir Jonathan 
TrelaAA r ny, bart., Bishop of Exeter ; 
1721, Charles Trimnell, Bishop of 
Norwich; 1723, Richard Willis, 
Bishop of Salisbury; 1734, Benja- 
min Hoadley, Bishop of Salisbury ; 
1761, John Thomas, Bishop of Salis- 
bury ; 1781, Hon. Brownlow North, 
Bishop of Worcester ; 1820, George 
Tomline, Bishop of Lincoln ; 1821, 
the palace sold for £6000. 

Winchester College, founded 
1387. 

Windmills, first known in Spain, 
France, and Germany, 1209 ; wind 
saw-mills invented, 1633. 

Windsor Castle, built by William 
I., enlarged by Henry I. ; EoVard 
III. re-erected nearly the whole 
under the control of William of 
Wykeham, and built St. George's 
Chapel; additions made to it by 



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751 



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Henry VIII. ; Queen Elizabeth 
made the north terrace, and 
Charles II. repaired it, 1680 ; the 
chapel repaired and re-opened, Oct. 
1790 ; the castle repaired and en- 
larged, 1824-8, and George IV. 
took possession of it, Dec. 8, 1848. 

Winds and Months, said to have 
been both named by Charlemagne, 
788. 

Windows found in Pompeii, 
and glass said to have been used in 
the third century ; glass imported 
and used in private houses, 1177; 
window tax enacted, Will. III., 
1695 ; increased 1746, 1778, 1784, 
1797, 1802, 1808, reduced 1823; 
originally established for 33 years 
only; produced in 1849, £1,893,988 ; 
repealed 1851, and a moderate 
house-tax substituted. 

Windham, Sir William, £1000 of- 
fered for his apprehension, Sept. 
26, 1715 ; taken into custody, Oct. 
3, 1715. 

Windham, Francis, presented 
with £1000 for his care of Charles 
II. after the battle of Worcester, 
1660. 

Winefred's Well, Holywell, 
North Wales; mentioned in 660; 
it is a natural well, to which extra- 
ordinary virtues have been ascribed 
by popish superstition ; St. Wine- 
fred was the reputed niece of St. 
Bruno, who lived in the seventh 
century, and her martyrdom is 
commemorated annually, June 
22, and her translation to heaven, 
Nov. 3. St. Bruno, her uncle, is said 
to have joined her head again so 
nicely to her body, that the saintess 
exhibited no marks of her decapita- 
tion. 

Wine, the invention attributed to 
Noah by the Jews ; Bacchus is said to 
have brought it from India to Greece, 
to whom the Hindoos give the 
name of Bala-Rama ; the Armeni- 
ans assert, that Noah before the de- 
luge cultivated the vine outside the 
walls of Erivan ; the Egyptians at- 
tribute the invention to Osiris, or 
the Sun ; the Chinese ascribe the 
making of the first wine in their 



country to their emperor Yu, or 
Ta-you, 2200 years befors the 
Christian era ; the wine of Helbon, 
made at Damascus, is mentioned 
by Ezekiel, 590 a c. ; known in the 
time of Richard III. as wine of 
Tyre, because it was exported by 
that place. Wine was produced in 
France in the time of the Romans ; 
Martial condemned that of Mar- 
sillia (Marseilles) as being smoky, 
but that of Vienne on the Rhone 
(called Vienna) was much valued, 
though not so the Rhone wines in 
general ; the wines of Tarragona, in 
Spain, now Tarracon, were said to 
approach Falernian in excellence ; 
the French School of Medicine dis- 
cussed the merits of the wines of 
Burgundy and Champagne in 1652, 
and settled them in favour of those of 
Champagne, 1778, almost the dura- 
tion of a chancery-suit ; in 1328, 
Rheims wine was cheaper than 
Beaune ; in 1571, they had risen eight 
times beyond their old price ; cham- 
pagne reached its highest excellence 
of culture and estimation in 1610 ; in 
1834, 14,190,000 bottles of cham- 
pagne were made ; the annual con- 
sumption of this wine in France, 
in 1836, was 626,000 bottles ; Eng- 
land and the East Indies, 467,000 ; 
Germany, 479,000; Russia, 280,000 ; 
United States of America, 400,000 ; 
Sweden and Denmark, 30,000. 
Wine was early imported and made 
in England ; the wines drank in 
1469, were malvoisie or malmsey, 
omaney, osey, bastard, or bastardo, 
muscadelles, and other sweet wines ; 
Gascony and Guienne wine in 
1535, was sold at 8d. the gallon ; 
malmsey, sack*' and sweet wines at 
12d., and l^d. the pint, under a pe- 
nalty ; none but those who could 
spend a hundred marks a year, or 
the son of a nobleman, were allow- 
ed to keep more than two gallons 
at a time in their houses, under a 
penalty of £10; no taverns were 
allowed to retail wine to be drunk 
in the houses ; merchants might 
use the wine they imported 
for themselves, but were not 



WIN 



752 



W IN 



•to sell it ; high-sheriffs, magis- 
trates of cities and towns, and the 
inhabitants of fortified towns, were 
alone allowed to keep tuns of wine 
for their own use ; four pipes per 
month were consumed in some of 
the noblemen's houses in the time 
of Edward IV. ; down nearly to 
the revolution of 1688, French wines 
were imported to the extent of 
20,000 tuns per annum, or 436,380 
gallons, while more than double 
the quantity had been imported be- 
fore, the importation of these wines 
was as follows, for the years nam- 



ed, 2078 tons were imported in 
1800; in 1820, 1090 tuns; 1850, 
1629 ; the total wines of all kinds 
imported in 1700, was 23,502 tuns; 
1750, 15,456 ; 1800, 36,804 ; 1820, 
23,904 ; 1840, 31,209 ; 1850, 30,230 
tuns ; the duties on wine were 
2s. the tun in 1272, and the best 
imported came into the monasteries ; 
one duty was called butlerage ; in 
1618, wine was 13d. the quart, a 
pint of muscadelle, 6d. ; the eight- 
gallon rundlets of claret, 16s. ; a 
pottle of canaiy of nine pints, 2s. 
6d. ; three quarts of sherry, 2s. 



1832. 



1840. 



1848. 



Cape 514,262 456,773 267,922 234,672 

French... 228,627 341,841 355,802 447,566 

2,617,405 2,668,534 2,446,813 2,524,775 

159,898 112,555 76,938 71,025 

1167 191 433 131 

2,080,099 2,500,760 2,435,427 2,533,384 

72,803 29,298 20,311 15,928 

38,197 60,056 44,651 58,957 



Portugal 
Madeira.., 
Azores .. 
Spanish .. 
Canary .. 
Rhenish... 
Other I 
sorts ^ 



253,084. 



383,914 488,250 394,225 



In 1840, a duty of 5 per cent addi- 
tional was laid on, making the duty 
5s. 9^d. per gallon, or 676 per cent, 
on the cost price of Lisbon, Bucel- 
las, &c, at £5 ; and 44 per cent, on 
wine of £30 value ; thus, one bottle, 
costing 3d. as imported, pays Is. 
duty, together Is. 3d., exclusive of 
profits in England and dock char- 
ges. Of 31,000 pipes of port wine, 
or rather wine and brandy, nearly 
a fourth being the product of the 
still mixed with that of the grape, 
26,159 came to England direct, 
in a giveu year ; 38 to Guernsey 
and Jersey ; 132 to Newfoundland, 
and 197 to Quebec ; a great many 
pipes find their way to England via 
Hamburg ; foreigners who drink 
the pure juice of the grape have no 
relish for this Oporto wine. Wine 
was first made in England, 1140 ; 
it was never made north of Cam- 
bridge ; doomsday book shows it 
was made in Essex, six acres pro- 
ducing 160 gallons; it was also 
made near Tewkesbury, and in the 



whole vale of Gloucester ; Worce" 
ster, Somerset, and Hereford have 
places yet bearing the name of 
vineyards ; in 1200, William of 
Malmsbury states, that the vale of 
Gloucester made as good wine 
as many of the provinces of France. 
Rabelais, in 1433, alludes to the 
wines of Britain (not Bretagne.) 
Raleigh in Essex was valued at ten 
pounds, propter vinas, in king 
Edward's time ; in 1150, the vines of 
Lincombe, near Bath, were confirm- 
ed to the abbey there ; there has been 
a change of climate since, for M. 
Arago mentions the like alteration 
in parts of the north of France; 
where good wines were once made, 
none are made now, the more south- 
ern limit of the north-east winds 
in the first half of the year, it is 
probable, has wrought out this 
change. 

Wine licences, established 1661. 

Wine, Adulteration of, with ge- 
ropiga, sanctioned bv the Treasury 
in England, 1853. 



WIR 



753 



WIT 



Wine Duties per cent., 1853. 
Spanish Wines. 

Duty per Cent. 

Sherry 312 to 45 

Malaga ) 

Catalonia [■ 606—200 

Benicarlo ) 

French Wines. 

Claret, &c 266 to 22 

Masdeu 332 — 208 

Cette 415 — 332 

Portuguese Wines. 

Port 221 to Q6 

Lisbon, &c 338 — 154 

Madeira 221— 44 

Italian, Hungarian, ) _ fiQ 

and Austrian wines j b6i t0 Zt>y 

Wing of St. Michael, order of 
knighthood, begun in Portugal 
1172. 

Wingfield Castle, Suffolk, built 
before 1066. 

Winster, Derbyshire, sixty people 
met at a puppet-show near, when 
the upper floor of the house was 
blown up with gunpowder, and none 
of the people beneath hurt, Jan. 27, 
1785. 

Wire invented in Nuremberg 
1410, and mills erected for the 
manufacture 1563 ; the first mills 
for the purpose in England erected 
at Mortlake 1663, some say at 
Sheen adjoining, by a Dutchman. 
Gold and silver wire are made of 
great tenuity; 48 ounces of silver 
may be gilt with one of gold, and 
drawn into wire, of which two yards 
only will weigh a grain ; 8 grains 
of gold will cover without a flaw a 
silver wire of 13,000 feet long. 

Wirtemberg made a county of 
itself in 1078, a duchy at the diet 
of Worms 1495, a kingdom 1806 ; in 
1772 the Protestant duke turned 
sides, and became a Catholic ; the 
Duke of Wirtemberg married the 
Princess Royal of England, May 17, 
1797; in 1802 and 1805 he 
was made a king by Bonaparte, 
and proclaimed Jan. 1, 1806; the 
kingdom obtained a free constitu- 
tion, 1819. This state, like most 
other German ones, has been repeat- 
edly oppressed by Austria ; Charles 



V. turned the duke Ulrich out of 
his dominions in 1519, and seized 
upon them himself ; he was restored 
in 1534 by the assistance of France 
and Hesse-cassel. 

Witchcraft, this pretended crime 
the church of Rome vindictively 
punished ; every species of punish- 
ment was applied, first under the 
auspices of this church, and then of 
the reformed churches, to the victims 
of a most abominable persecution. 
It is said that the first statute 
against them was in the reign of 
Henry VIII., the persecution even 
increased with the reformation, 
that should have put it down. The 
33 of Henry 1541, and the 5th of 
Elizabeth 1562, pronounced it felo- 
ny ; and James L, in the catalogue 
of his other vices, added that of 
stimulating such persecutions; his 
book called " Dialogues on Demon- 
ology" is well worthy of such a 
king, the act passed in consequence, 
1601 ; the murders committed under 
this charge in England in 200 years, 
are said to have been 30,000 ; the 
martyrdom of Joan d'Arc was a 
specimen of the ignorant bigotry 
of the English in the year 1431. 
Sir Matthew Hale, a political sneak, 
but a most excellent lawyer if 
crediting witchcraft be proof of it, 
condemned two poor women to the 
stake for witchcraft, who were 
burned, 1664; on the lawyer's argu- 
ment, that there must be witches, 
because there were acts of parlia- 
ment to punish them, Jane Wen- 
ham was found guilty at Hertford 
in 1712, against the charge of the 
judge who tried her, and Avho pro- 
cured her a pardon ; she was com- 
mitted by a stupid justice to Hert- 
ford jail on the charge of conversing 
with the devil in the shape of a 
cat, and making a maid that could 
not walk leap over a five-barred 
gate, &c. ; the parson of the parish, 
the Rev. Mr. Bragge, in his evidence 
" on the faith of a clergyman," 
obedient no doubt to the feelings of 
the squire's justice, declared her to be 
a witch; "the judge told him," on 
3c 



WIT 



754 



WIT 



the faith of a judge, he thought him 
"no conjurer;" hut all the judges 
were not so clear-minded or well 
informed. In 1716, two persons, 
Mrs. Mary Hickes and her daughter, 
the latter only nine years of age, 
were tried at the assizes at Hunt- 
ingdon, and executed there on 
Saturday, July 28, of that year. 
The case is thus characterised by 
Gough : "A substantial farmer ap- 
prehends his wife and favourite 
child ; the latter for some silly illu- 
sions practised on his weakness, the 
former for the antiquated folly of 
killing her neighbours in effigy; 
and Judge Powell suffers them to be 
hanged on their own confession, 
four years after his wiser brother 
had ventured his own life to save 
that of an old woman at Hertford." 
Huntingdon and Northampton were 
the last places that stuck to the text 
of witchcraft. Sir Henry Cromwell, 
as lord of the manor of Warboys, 
after the conviction of sundry witch- 
es at Warboys in 1593, left their 
property, which was forfeited to 
him, to the corporation of Hunting- 
don, on condition thet they should 
give 40s. every year to a doctor or 
bachelor in divinity of queen's col- 
lege, Cambridge, to preach a sermon 
at All Saints' church, in Hunting- 
don, on the annunciation of the 
blessed Virgin, against the sin of 
witchcraft, and to teach the people 
how they should discover and frus- 
trate the machinations of witches 
and dealers with evil spirits. This 
sermon continues to be preached. 
After the fashion was led by James 
I., as might have been expected, 
witchcraft so increased in the course 
of fifty years following the passing 
of this act, that, besides a great 
number of single indictments and 
executions, fifteen were brought to 
trial at Lancaster, in 1612, and 
twelve condemned; in 1622, six 
were tried at York ; 1634, seventeen 
condemned at Lancaster; 1644, six- 
teen were executed at Yarmouth ; 
1645, fifteen were condemned at 
[Chelmsford, and hanged; in the 



same and following year about forty 
at Bury, in Suffolk ; twenty more 
in the country ; and many in 
Huntingdon ; and (according to the 
estimation of Addy) some thousands 
were burnt in Scotland, where the 
last murder of this sort took place in 
1722, though the belief in witchcraft 
is scarcely yet extinct. In England 
it is the same, for in 1834 the mayor 
of Yarmouth received a letter com- 
plaining of a man bewitched by a 
woman living near St. George's 
chapel, Lowestofft ; that he can get 
no rest, night or day, sitting, stand- 
ing, or Avalking, and that even at 
church he can get no comfort. He 
therefore humbly implores the may- 
or to have his tormentor examined. 
The efforts continually made to re- 
vive these infamous persecutions by 
the stolid part of the population, 
caused the repeal of the law against 
witchcraft, 10 George II., March, 
1736 ; in America, the colonists 
inherited the parent feeding for mur- 
dering old women ; in Massa- 
chusetts and Pennsylvania, the vic- 
tims in 1648 and 1683 were fearfully 
numerous ; abroad, the original edict 
of persecution was enforced by the 
successive bulls of the infamous 
Alexander VI., 1494, of Leo X. in 
1521, and of Adrian VI. in 1522. 
The only effect of these commissions 
was to render the evil daily more 
formidable, till historians say Eu- 
rope was little better than a large 
outwork of Pandemonium. One- 
half of the population was either 
bewitching or bewitched. Delrio 
tells that 500 witches were executed 
in Geneva in three months, about 
the year 1515. A thousand, says 
Bartholomseus de Spina, were exe- 
cuted in one year in the diocese of 
Como, and they went on burning at 
the rate of a hundred per aunum 
for some time after. In Lorraine, 
from 1580 to 1595, Remiggius 
boasts of having burnt 900. In 
France, the multitude of executions 
about 1520, was incredible; Danseus, 
in the first part of his dialogue con- 
cerning witches, calls it, " infinitum 



WIT 



755 



WOO 



pene veneficorum numerum " The 
well-known sorcerer, Trois Echelles, 
told Charles IX. while he was at 
Poictou, the names of 1200 of his 
associates. This is according to 
Mezeray's more reasonable version 
of the story ; for the author of the 
Journal du Regne de Henry III. 
makes the number 3000. Grandier 
the parish priest of Loudun was 
burned, on the charge of having 
bewitched a whole convent of nuns, 
1634 ; Maria Renata was burned for 
a witch at Wurtzburgh, 1749; nine 
old women were burned, Jan. 17, 
1775, there, for rendering the land 
unfruitful. 

Witches Meetings, in 1678 seve- 
ral persons were tried for witch- 
craft, who were said to have field 
meetings and dances in the night, 
at which the devil attended, accom- 
panied . by a clergyman called 
Gideon Penman, whom the devil 
called his chaplain, and whose office 
it was to follow the dancers, and 
beat up those that were slow. The 
first thing that the devil required of 
them was, to renounce their bap- 
tism, and by putting one hand on 
the head, and the other on the sole 
of the foot, to deliver up all between 
the two to his service. Some preg- 
nant women, however, exempted the 
children, at which they said the 
devil was very much displeased. 
When they had done any mischief 
which the devil enjoined them, his 
way was to beat them most cruelly 
for their pains. To some of the 
ladies, however, he appeared in the 
shape of a proper gentleman. 

Witepsk, Battle of, between the 
French under Marshal Victor, and 
a Russian armv, Nov. 1812; the 
French lost 3000 men. 

Witham Priory, Essex, built 913. 

Witnesses, two, required to con- 
vict of high treason, 25 Edward III. 
1352 ; no witness is obliged to an- 
swer a queston that may degrade 
himself, Dec. 10, 1802 ; acts relating 
to, passed 13 George III., 1773 ; and 
a most important one, March 30, 
1831, to examine upon interroga- 



tion ; also an act of Victoria, 1850, 
by which plaintiff and defendant 
may be examined in certain causes. 

Witton Castle, Durham, de- 
stroyed by fire, Dec. 22, 1796. 

Woad first cultivated in England, 
1582 ; fixing of its colour, mode of, 
discovered, 1753. 

Wolves, reward for destroying, 
in England, or for paying as a 
tribute on their heads, 961 ; man- 
date for the destruction of, by 
Edward I., 1289 ; found in Ireland 
as late as 1710; still much infest 
France, from 800 to 900 being killed 
there in 1828. 

Woburn, Bedfordshire, burned 
1734 ; Abbey of, founded 1145. 

Wolee, General, killed on the 
taking of Quebec, at the moment of 
victory, Sept. 13, 1759. 

Wolverhampton, new church at, 
burned, Nov. 1, 1758. 

Wolverhampton Cathedral, built 
1529. 

Wolverhampton, England, erect- 
ed into a borough, 1832. 

Wolsey, born 1471 ; minister to 
Henry VIII., 1513 ; archbishop of 
York, 1514 ; cardinal, 1515 ; chan- 
cellor, 24th Dec. following ; legate, 
1516 : resigned the seals, 18th Oct. 
1529 ; stripped of all his possessions, 
and died Nov. 28, 1530, aged 59. 

Wolsey College, Ipswich, found- 
ed 1529. 

Wolsely; Sir William, drowned 
in his coach on the turnpike road 
near Lichfield, by the breaking 
away of a mill-dam at the moment 
he was passing, the torrent from 
which swept away the vehicle, July 
14, 1728. 

WooD-cutting, invented 1460, 
and wood-engraving brought to 
perfection, 1799 to 1840. 

Wood's patent for coining half- 
pence and farthings to be sent to 
Ireland, 1723. 

Woods, and act for the preseiwa- 
tion of, 1544 ; first taxed by parlia- 
ment, 31 Henry VI., 1452. 

Woodstock Park, near Blenheim, 
laid out, the first in England, 1123 
Here stood a royal palace, the fa 



woo 



756 



WOO 



vourite retreat of several kings of 
England, till the reign of Charles 
I., when it was almost wholly in 
ruins. King Ethelred held a parlia- 
ment at Woodstock palace ; and there 
Alfred the Great translated Boetius 
de Consolatione Philosophies. Henry 
I. beautified the palace ; and here 
resided Rosamond, mistress of Hen- 
ry II., 1191. Edmund, second son 
of Edward I., was born at this pa- 
lace ; also Edward, eldest son of 
Edward III., 1331 ; the princess 
Elizabeth was confined by her sister 
Mary here, 1554. A splendid man- 
sion, built at the expense of the 
nation for the duke of Marlborough, 
was erected here to commemorate 
the victory he obtained at Blenheim 
in 1704. At that time the remnants 
of the ancient edifice were removed, 
and two elms were planted on its 
site. 

Wool. One pound of wool has 
been spun to the length that follows : 
a lee of woollen yarn measures in 
length 80 yards; a hank of ditto, 
by the custom of Norwich, consists 
of seven lees ; twenty-four hanks in 
the pound is esteemed good spin- 
ning in the schools, 13,440 yards ; 
seventy hanks in the pound is es- 
teemed superfine spinning at Nor- 
wich, 39,200 yards, or 21 miles ; one 
hundred and fifty hanks in the pound 
was spun in 1754 by Mary Powyle, 
of East Dereton, in Norfolk ; and 
this was thought so extraordinary, 
that an account of it is registered 
at the Eoyal Society, 85,000 yards, 
or 48 miles ; three hundred hanks 
in the pound has already been spun 
by Miss Ives ; and though this 
young lady has carried the art of 
spinning combed wool to so great a 
degree of perfection, she does not 
despair of improving it still farther, 
to 168,000 yards, or 95 miles. 

Wools, Manufacture of ; wool 
was manufactured in England, and 
is mentioned in a.d. 1185, but not 
in any quantity until 1331, when 
the weaving of it was introduced by 
John Kempe and other artisans 
from Flanders. This was the real 



origin of the manufacture, 6 Ed- 
ward III., 1331 ; the exportation 
prohibited, 1337; staples of wool 
established in Ireland, at Dublin, 
Waterford, Cork, and Drogheda, 18 
Edward III., 1343 ; sheep first per- 
mitted to be sent to Spain, 1467 ; 
first legislative prohibition of the 
export of wool from Ireland, 1521 ; 
the exportation of English wool, 
and the importation of Irish wool 
into England, prohibited 1696 ; bill 
to prevent the running of wool from 
Ireland to France, 1738 ; the duty 
on wool imported from Ireland 
taken off, 1739 ; the export forbidden 
by act passed 1718 ; Wool-combers' 
act, 35 George III., 1794 ; the non- 
exportation law repealed, 5 George 
IV., 1824; woollen cloth made in 
England before 1200; greatly in- 
creased, temp. Edward III., 1331 ; 
blankets made in England about 
a.d. 1340 ; no cloth but of Wales or 
Ireland to be imported into Eng- 
land, 1463 ; the art of dyeing 
brought to England, 1608 ; med- 
leys, or mixed broad cloth, first made 
1614; manufacture of fine cloth 
begun at Sedan, in France, under 
the patronage of Cardinal Mazarine, 
1646 : British and Irish woollens 
prohibited in France, 1677 ; all per- 
sons obliged to be buried in wool- 
len, or the persons directing the 
burial otherwise to forfeit £5, 29 
Charles II., 1678 ; the manufacture 
of cloth greatly improved in Eng- 
land by Flemish settlers, 1688 ; in- 
judiciously restrained in Ireland, 
1 1 William III., 1698 ; the exporta- 
tion from Ireland wholly prohibited, 
except to certain ports of England, 
1701 ; English manufacture encour- 
aged by 10 Anne, 1712, and 2 Geo. 
I., 1715;, greater in Yorkshire in 
1785, than in all England at the 
revolution. From 1820 to 1824, the 
prohibition of the export of woollen 
goods prevailed, and the exports 
were 1,064,441 pieces ; the prohibi- 
tion removed, and from 1824 to 1830 
the average was 1,505,993 pieces; 
froml840tol844itreached2,128.212; 
in 1850 it was 3,665,077; value' 



woo 



757 



WOR 



£6,958,122. In 1849 the weight of 
British sheep and lambs' wool ex- 
ported, was 11,200,472 lbs., of which 
France and Belgium took 10,000,000 
lbs. : the woollen yarn exported 
was 11,773,020 lbs., of which nearly 
10,000,000 were taken by Germany, 
Holland, and Belgium. The alpaca 
and llama wool imported in 1849, 
was 1,655,300 lbs., of which 126,082 
were exported; the mohair, or 
goat's hair wool imported in 1849, 
was 2,536,039 lbs., and the quantity 
exported, 130,195 lbs. The quan- 
tity of atooI imported in 1749, was 
76/768,647 lbs. ; the wool of home 
growth, 145,724,880 lbs. ; together, 
222,493,527 lbs— an increase of 115 
per cent, since 1800, when the short- 
woolled sheep were calculated at 
14,854,299, and the long-woolled, 
4,153,308 ; the total number of sheep 
now in England, is estimated at 
25,343,476. 

Woollen Mils at work, 1839 : — 

England 1029 47 idle. 

Wales 150 11 „ 

Scotland 112 5 „ 

Ireland 31 7 „ 

1322 70 

Steam-engines employed in the 
woollen manufacture, 1839 , — 

Engines. Engines. 

Woollen. * "Worsted. 

England 558 284 

Wales 4 

Scotland 37 

Ireland 5 

604 284 
Total horse-power, 32,803 
Water-power, 1839:— 

Woollen. Worsted. 

England 778 115 

Wales 159 

Scotland 116 • 

Ireland 39 

1092 115 

Individuals employed, 1839, wool- 
len and worsted, all ages and sexes, 
manufactures, 86,411. 

Woolcombers' Festival, Feb. 3, 
in memory of Bishop Blaise, who 



landed at St. Blazy, in Cornwall, 
289 ; he was Bishop of Sebastia, in 
Armenia ; decapitated in the above 
year. 

Woollen Goods first allowed to 
be exported from Ireland to a fo- 
reign market, June 15, 1780. 

Woolwich, the oldest royal dock- 
yard, dating June 1512. 

Woolwich Church, rebuilt 1732; 
academy at, founded 1741. 

Woolwich Arsenal formed, 1740 ; 
stores in, to the value of £2,000,000, 
May 20, 1802 ; white hemp store- 
house burned down, July 8, 1813 : 
four men killed by a gunpowder ex- 
plosion at, June 18, 1814; it is 
the principal station of the ord- 
nance, belonging both to the navy 
and army. 

Worcester, City of, built 255 ; 
city and castle burned, 1113 ; a 
stalk of chimneys fell on the court- 
house and killed several persons, 
March 15, 1757 ; greatly injured by 
an explosion of gunpowder, Aug. 
11,1762; damaged by a fire, Nov. 
1791 ; cathedral of, built between 
1084 and 1218 in the Gothic style, 
394 feet long, 74 wide, and 200 high ; 
the see founded by Ethelred, king 
of the Mercians 679, being taken 
out of the see of Lichfield ; monks 
settled there in place of the married 
priests 964 ; cathedral begun to be 
rebuilt 1030, under Wulfston the 
bishop. 

Worcester, Battle of, between 
Charles II. and the army of the 
parliament under Cromwell; the 
larger part of the king's army was 
composed of Scotch. Cromwell 
crossed the bridge at Upton, and 
getting between Wales and the royal 
army, to which he feared they would 
retreat, he signally defeated them ; 
the streets were strewed with their 
dead, Sept. 3, 1651 ; he made 8000 
prisoners, who were sent for labour- 
ers to the American plantations, 
and the country- people falling 
upon the stragglers who escaped, 
there was not one Scotchman of the 
whole army ever again reached his 
own country. 



WOE 



758 



WOE 



Worcester College, Oxford, 
founded 1713 ; incorporated 1744. 

Worde, Wynkin de, the introdu- 
cer of printing into England ; died 
1534. 

Workers in Cloth, 70 families 
from the Netherlands settled in Eng- 
land, on the invitation of Edw. III., 
and improved the woollen manu- 
facture. 

Worms, Diet of, before which 
Luther was summoned, April 4, 
1521, which proscribed him, but he 
entered the city on horseback, ac- 
companied by 2000 persons, and 
appearing before the diet of princes 
and priests of all grades, he acknow- 
ledged boldly his writings and opi- 
nions ; he then left the city in tri- 
umph, but was prevailed upon to 
live in seclusion nearly a year after- 
wards, which consummated his tri- 
umph on his re-appearance. 

Worksop Abbey, Nottingham- 
shire, built 1103. 

Wormseed, the Artemisia san- 
tonica which comes from Barbary, 
the best kind from the Levant ; it 
is used for worms, and has been 
known since 1390. 

Wormwood, or Artemisia ab- 
sinthium, common in England, and 
once used for impregnating beer 
with bitter before the hop-plant 
came into use ; it is known to have 
been used for this purpose in 1402 ; 
the root has been used in epi- 
lepsy. 

Worship, in a religious sense, of 
very early date ; uncertain whether 
that of images was not the abuse of 
a pure theistical worship ; Catholic 
image worship first introduced into 
England 763 ; the Saxon worship 
preceded Christianity in England ; 
image worship forbidden in Hun- 
gary 1785. 

Worship, number of churches 
and chapels of the establishment, 
1841, were stated to be 11,825. There 
are 6308 parishes in England with 
only an average of 120 souls ; thus 
the population of the parishes is 
very unequal, but few would find it 
to the extent which the following 



summary of the parishes and town- 
ships of England demonstrates, 
extracted from the report of the 
commissioners on the poor-laws. 
Parishes with a population of 
From 2 to 10 souls 54 

30 „ 20 „ 145 

20 „ 50 „ 511 

50 „ 100 „ 1117 
100 „ 300 „ 4411 
300 „ 500 „ 2843 
500 „ 800 „ 2042 
800 „ 1000 „ 733 
1000 „ 2000 „ 1409 
2000 „ 3000 „ 402 
3000 „ 4000 „ 199 
4000 „ 5000 „ 122 
5000 „ 10,000 „ 239 
10,000 „ 50,000 „ 116 
„ 50,000 upwards „ 10 
Worship, Places of, in Scotland, 
1830. Scotland is thus supplied 
Avith places of worship, and clergy- 
men of the established Presbyterian 
faith. 
Parish churches for (in Con. Min. 

round numbers) 900 970 

Chapels of ease (ministers 
chosen and paid by 

congregation) 55 55 

Chapels in the Highlands 
depending on the royal 

bounty 38 38 

Chapels depending on the 
society for propagating 
Christian knowledge... 7 7 

1000 1070 
Of the Dissenters. The numbers 
of congregations and ministers, re- 
spectively stand thus : — 

1. United Assoc. Synod Con. Min. 

of the Seces. church.. 328 275 

2. Associate Synod 19 11 

3. Original Burgher As- 

sociate Synod.... 46 32 

4. Constitutional Presby- 

tery 16 10 

5. Synod of Relief. 82 80 

6. Reformed Presbytery.. 27 18 

7. Scottish Episc. Union. 66 70 

8. Other Episcopalians, 

not of the Scottish 
Episcopal Union ... 6 7 

9. Independents, or the 



m 



WOK, 



759 



WOR 



Congregational Un- Con. Min. 

ion of Scotland 72 68 

10. Roman Catholics ... 53 46 

11. Other sects uncertain, 
but not probably ex- 
ceeding 50 40 

770 657 
In this enumeration are included 
35 congregations and clergymen in 
England connected with the United 
Synod, and other five in Ireland 
connected with the third named 
class of Dissenters : about 730 dis- 
senting congregations in Scotland, 



and nearly 620 dissenting clergy- 
men: the difference between the 
congregations and ministers arises 
from one minister supplying two 
places. 

Worship, Places of, in England : 
a return dated May 20, 1812, gives 
the number of places of worship in 
the following dioceses, namely, Ban- 
gor, Bristol, Chester, Lincoln, Ox- 
ford, and Salisbury, as follows : — 
the returns are from parishes con- 
taining 1000 persons and upwards, 
at the above date; this abstract is 
from the diocesan returns — 



Diocese. 


© 00 

•~ 2 


.2 


-a 
3 

» 05 00 

•° 23 

3 s- 3 

£»« 

o 

o 


8 


00 
V 

°u 

^ » o 

00 

ft 


Asaph, St 

Bangor 

Bath and Wells.... 

Bristol 

Canterbury 

Carlisle 

Chester 

Chichester 

David's, St 

Durham 

Ely 

Exeter 

Gloucester 

Hereford 

Llandaff 

Lichfield & Coven. 

Lincoln 

London 

Norwich 


41 
40 
55 
41 
67 
29 
257 
41 

75 

14 

159 

36 

33 

11 

129 

129 

132 

70 

30 

17 

24 

83 

120 

40 

108 


104,708 

52,886 
129,965 

83,766 
175,625 

58,459 
568,826 

73,313 

298,755 

32,425 

362,551 

87,934 

82,567 

28,200 

430,231 

213.033 

661,394 

135,900 

36,251 

34,825 

105,142 

142,609 

371,206 

75,239 

591,972 


49 

7^2 

8 

58 

83 

49 

351 
47 

113 

22 

176 

46 

51 

21 

189 

165 

186 

78 

50 

20 

36 

134 

193 

66 

220 


45,280 
27,141 
57,800 
40,216 
67,705 
25,108 
220,542 
34,690 

63,259 

14,810 

152,019 

46,931 

39,483 

12,350 

122,756 

104,644 

162,962 

64,668 

35,520 

19,450 

25,280 

72,243 

115,711 

36,263 

149,277 


96 
100 
103 

71 
113 

39 
439 

58 

173 

33 

234 

76 

42 

42 

294 

269 

265 

114 

38 

37 

44 

142 

165 

59 

392 


Oxford 

Peterborough 

Rochester 

Salisbury 

Winchester 

Worcester 

York 


Total 


1881 


4,937,782 


2533 


1,856,108 


3438 



wov 



760 



WUE 



Worship, Plaecs of, in the United 
States of America, total 36,011 : — 

Methodists 12,467 

Baptists 8,791 

Presbyterians 4,584 

The Methodists' places of worship 
accommodate... 4,209,333 persons, 

Baptists 3,130,878 „ 

Presbyterians 3,705,211 „ 
The Episcopalians, or Chnrch of 
England members, have 1422 places 
of worship, and the Catholics, 1112 ; 
the first will accommodate 625,213 
hearers; the latter, 620,950 ;— the 
churches of all these different sects 
would accommodate 13,849,896, or 
more than half the population. 

Worsted, see Woollen, first 
manufactured here, 14 Edward III., 
1340. 

Wounding maliciously, adjudged 
to death by all the old statutes ; by 
Lord Ellenborough's act, so called, 
persons cutting, stabbing, maiming, 
or disfiguring another, are declared 
guilty of felony, without benefit of 
clergy. This severe act was softened 
by the qualification, that .such act 
or acts must be done with such an 
intent, that if they had killed the act 
would have been murder; pei-sons 
guilty of maliciously shooting in a 
dwelling, acts relating to, 14 George 
III., 1802; George IV., June, 
1828; extended to Ireland, 1829; 
to Scotland, 1825 ; amended, 1829. 

Wren, Sir Christopher, architect 
of St. Paul's cathedral, and St. 
Stephen's, Wallbrook, died 1723. 

Wrickenton Coal-pit, explosion 
at, forty-seven persons killed, and 
many wounded, May 9, 1833. 

Woven Fabrics, tbe value of the 
cotton manufacture in 1833 was 
£31,338,693, the weight of the ma- 
terial used being 282,000,000 lbs. ; 



of this £18,459,000 was exported, 
and the value of £12,879,693 con- 
sumed at home; in 1849, the 
77,000,000 lbs. of cotton worked up 
at the preceding rate of charges, 
would give £86,125,840; deduct the 
value of goods and yarn exported, 
£26,775,135, there would remain 
for home use, £59,350,705; in 1849, 
1,337,536,116 yards were exported : 
in 1833 and 1849, the thrown and 
raw silk imported, were : — 
1833. , 1849. 

Raw ...3,883,795 lbs., 4,411,263 lbs. 
Waste 654,381 „ 1,375,808 „ 
Thrown 268,367 „ 482,108 „ 



Total... 4,761,543 ......6,269,179 

In 1849, the consumption of silk 
was 4,148,540 lbs. per annum, on 
the average of 16 years ; fabrics of 
silk exported, 1833, £737,404 
value ; exported, 1849, £998,334 ; 
the linen exported from the united 
kingdom, 1833, was : — 

British ..51,393,420 yards. 

Irish 9,561,277 „ 

Sailcloth, both countries, 2,277,812 
yards. Linen in both countries, 
1849, 111,259,183 yards. 

Wvmondham Monastery, founded 
1105. 

Wtjrtsburg, once a bishopric, 
given to the elector of Bavaria, 
1803 ; ceded by the treaty of Pres- 
burgh to the archduke Ferdinand, 
1805 ; in 1814, once more transferred 
to Bavaria ; the city taken by the 
French in 1796 and 1810. 

Wurtzchen, tbe Battle of, be- 
tween Napoleon, emperor of France, 
and the allied Austrians and Prus- 
sians, in which the last were defeated 
with great slaughter, May 20, 1813 ; 
the allied armies afterwards made 
their retreat across the Oder. 



YAC 



761 



YAC 



X 



Xanthoxylum, or toothache- 
tree, brought into England from 
North Carolina before 1736 ; the 
Xanthoriza apiifolia, or yellow-root, 
came into England from America, 
1766 ; and the Xylomelum from 
Australia, 1789. 

Xavier, St. Francis, a native of 
Xavier, at the foot of the Pyrenees ; 
he studied at Beauvais, and was the 
founder of the notorious society of 
the Jesuits, which caused so much 
trouble to the church itself, of 
which he was a learned member ; he 
died in China, 1552, and was bu- 
ried at Goa, and canonized, 1622. 

Xeres, Battle of, and defeat of 
Roderick, king of the Goths, with the 
conquest of Spain by the Moors 
and Arabs, 712. 

Xeres, a city of Spain, the vici- 
nity of which is noted for its excel- 
lent wines, corrupted by the English 
to sherries. There have been export- 
ed from Spain in ten months, 
27,149 butts, 25,063 of which came 
to England, and 314 to English 
possessions and dependencies. 379 
butts were sent to the countries 
formerly constituting old Spanish 
America ; 324 to the United States ; 



28 to France ; and 1038 to all other 
parts. Estimating the average 
value at 100 dollars per butt on 
board, the total value of the wine 
exported during the ten months, is 
54,298,320 reals (£542,983); of 
which 50,127,716 reals (£501,277) 
worth was sent to England, and 
56,666 reals (£566) worth to France. 

Ximenes, a celebrated statesman 
of Spain, of Terrelaguna, Old Cas- 
tile ; in 1437, he entered holy or- 
ders, assumed the habit of St. Fran- 
cis, and persevered at court, where 
he got into all the austerity of his 
order ; in 1495, he was nominated 
to the bishopric of Toledo, but it 
made no change in his conduct ; 
in 1507, he received a cardinal's hat ; 
he died 1517 : he was the greatest 
prime minister and the best man 
that ever governed in the court of 
Spain. 

Ximera, Battle of, between the 
Spaniards under Ballasteros, and 
the French commanded by General 
Regnier ; the Spaniards claimed the 
victory, but the loss on both sides 
was very considerable, Sept. 10, 
1811. 



Yachts, these elegant'vessels, a 
modern improvement upon the 
amusements of the past time, sprang 
up after the peace, and increased 
annually down to 1850. The ex- 
penditure of the Yacht Clubs counts 

No. of 
Yachts. 



by hundreds of thousands of pounds 
in building, fitting, wages, and vic- 
tualling. They employ upwards 
of 4000 of the smartest seamen in 
the world. 



Distinction of Clubs. 



Royal Yacht Squadron 102 

Royal Thames Yacht Club ...146 
Royal Western Yacht Club... 74 
Royal Southern Yacht Club 67 



No. of 


No. of 


No. of 


Principally 


Tons. 


Men. 


Guns. 


Brass Pds. 

from 


9000 


1600 


400 


2 to 9 


4400 


540 


220 


h to 6 


3000 


400 


260 


1 to 6 


2800 


350 


230 


1 to 9 



YAR 



762 



YEA 



Distinction of Clubs. 



No of 
Yachts. 



Royal Victoria Yacht Club... 38 

Royal Harwich Yacht Club... 38 

Royal Cork Yacht Club 42 

Royal Mersey Yacht Club ... 45 

Royal Northern Yacht Club 40 

Royal Eastern Yacht Club ... — 

Royal Kingstown Yacht Club 29 



No. of 
Tons. 

3200 
900 
1650 
1470 
1450 



No. of No. of Principally 
Men. Guns, Brass Pds. 



420 
120 
250 
240 
230 



250 
40 
120 
110 
110 



from 
2 to 9 
4 to 4 
1 to 6 
1 to 6 
1 to 6 



1380 230 70 1 to 6 



621 29,250 4380 1870 



The seamen are exclusive of 
masters, cooks, and stewards, which 
would give at least 800 in addition 
to the foregoing numbers. The 
wages alone for the masters and 
seamen exceed £120,000 per annum ; 
andfthe intrinsic value of the yachts, 
with their armament complete, is 
more than three-quarters of a mil- 
lion of money. All yachts (besides 
their broadside guns) are provided 
with small arms of every description, 
and the crews in most cases in- 
structed in the use of them. The 
amount of outlay with regard to 
provisions, clothing, and other ex- 
penses, can scarcely be guessed ; 
the greatest luxuries are found on 
board, regardless of cost. There 
are upwards of fifty yachts of large 
tonnage in frame : in the spring of 
1846, 600 sail of yachts Avere calcu- 
lated to be in commission. 

Yard, the measure is stated by 
some to have be,en the length of 
the arm of Henty I. ; there has 
been no alteration in this measure 
since the time of Henry III. It was 
ordered by parliament that the old 
standard of 1760, in the custody of 
the clerk of the House of Commons, 
should continue to be the standard 
of extension, of lineal, superficial, 
and solid measures, 5 George 
IV., June 17, 1824. 

Yakm overflowed by the river 
Tees, causing great damage, Oct. 
1761. 

Yarmouth, town of, a royal de- 
mesne in the reign of William I. ; it 
received a charter from John, and 
one from Henry III ; in 1348, the 
plague carried of 7000 persons, 



and it appeared again in 1579, and 
1664; the theatre, built 1778; 
Nelson's pillar, 1817; the suspension- 
bridge over the Bure, costing 
.£4000, gave way under a number 
of persons who had assembled upon 
it, and seventy -nine lives were lost, 
May 2, 1845. 

Yarrow Monastery, Durham , 
built 674. 

Year, a term of time which varied 
with different countries and nations ; 
Julius Csesar corrected the errors 
of the Roman year, established b} r 
Romulus, 788 years before Christ : 
the common solar year is 365 days, 
6 hours, being the time which the 
earth takes to pass from one tropic 
until it returns to the same again. 
The sidereal year is the time the 
earth takes to pass from any fixed 
star until it returns to the same 
again ; 365 days. 6 hours, 9 minutes, 
9*6 seconds, consisting of sidereal 
days, each of which is uniformly 23 
hours, 56 minutes, 4 092 seconds. 
The true length of the solar or 
equinoctial year is 365 days, 5 hours, 
48 minutes, 51*6 seconds, or deci- 
mally, 365-242264 days of mean 
solar time : the length of the sidereal 
year is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 
115 seconds, or 365-256383 days: 
the anomalistic year is 365 days, 6 
hours, 13 minutes, 58-8 seconds, or 
365-259708 days : the above lengths 
of the equinoctial and sidereal years 
are only mean lengths, the anomalis- 
tic is the true one, as it does not 
vary, which the others must do. The 
astronomical consists of 12 synodical 
months, or 354 days 8 hours, 48 
minutes, 38 seconds, being nearly 



YEA 



763 



YOR 



11 days shorter than the lunar year. 
The lunar civil common year is 

12 lunar months, or 354 days. The 
lunar civil intercalary year con- 
tains 13 lunar months, or 384 
days ; the common civil year, 365 
days ; the leap year, 366 days. 

Year, the Jewish. This was in the 
earlier time of the Jewish history of 
very uncertain length, sometimes of 
three months only ; their sacred year 
began in March ; the Athenian in 
June ; the Macedonian on the 24th 
of September; tb^ Christians of 
Egypt on the 30th or 29th of August ; 
the Persians and Armenians on the 
11th of August ; modern nations 
generally on the 1st of January. In 
the time of William I., the English 
began it on the 25th December, 
while the legal year began on the 
25th of March : while the English 
year began on that day, the Scotch 
began on the 1st of January. The 
lunar year was in use among the 
Chaldeans, Persians, and ancient 
Jews ; the latter had a sabbatical 
year, it being the seventh, when the 
people were to suffer the ground to 
lie fallow ; every seventh sabbatical 
year was their year of Jubilee. 

Year, the Platonic year believed 
among the Chaldeans, being the 
time in which all the planets will 
return to the same point from Avhich 
they set out, and have the same 
aspects and configurations ; the du- 
ration according to some would be 
15,000 common years, other thought 
longer ; this alluded to the space of 
time in which the equinoxes will 
perform a complete revolution, or 
the precession of the equinoxes be 
perfected : Tycho Brahe computed 
the time at 25,'816 solar years ; 
Cassini at 24,000 ; this retrocession 
some call 50 seconds of a degree, 
but more accurate observations 
state the secular retrocession to a- 
mount to 1 degree, 23 minutes, 30 
seconds, or 50 seconds 1 degree 
every year. The Egyptians stated 
that the sun had once risen in the 
west, and would do so again in 
20,000 years ! 



Year of the Eeign, first used by 
William I. in all public documents, 
1066; the phrase of "our Lord," 
by Charles III., emperor of Ger- 
many, 879. 

Year, Seasons of in the north of 
Asia, and in Lapland, snow melts, 
June 28 ; gone, July 1 ; the fields 
green, July 9 ; plants full up, July 17 ; 
plants in flower, July 25 ; fruits ripe, 
Aug.2 ; seeds shed, Aug. 10 ; snow, 
Aug. 18 ; where it remains until 
June 23 in the following year, the 
summer being eight or nine weeks 
in all the year, and the seasons sum- 
mer and winter only. 

Yellow dye, for cotton, invented 
by Dr. E. Williams, 1773. 

Yellow Fever raged in the West 
Indies with uncommon mortality, 
1732, 1739, 1745, 1794, 1852; in 
Philadelphia, Oct. 1792, 1793, 1797, 
1798, and in New York ; in Spain, 
1803 ; at Gibraltar, 1804 and 1814 ; 
in the Mauritius, 1815 ; at Cadiz, 
1819 ; at Santa Cruz,Teneriffe, 1200 
died of it, Feb. 1811. 

Yeaveing, Battle of, between the 
Scotch under Sir Robert Umfraville 
and the Earl of Westmoreland, when 
430 English routed 4000 Scotch, and 
took 160 prisoners, 1415. 

Yeoman of the Guards first insti- 
tuted, Oct. 30, 1485 ; the Earl of Ox- 
ford, first captain. 

Yeovil, Somersetshire, fire at, 
which destroyed 17 houses, Sep. 21, 
1815. 

Yezdegird, the Persian era, began 
June 16, 632; reformed in 1075; 
the difference being 112 days apart 
from the truth, as the year consisted 
of 365 days only. 

York-buildings Water -Works 
Company, incorporated 1691. 

York, Indiaman, lost in going 
into Limerick, Ireland, Nov. 14, 
1758. 

York, Duke of, b. 1763, command- 
ed unsuccessfully on the continent, 
1794 and 1799 ; charges preferred 
against him in the House of Com- 
mons by Mr. Wardle, member for 
Oakhampton, Jan. 28, 1809 ; resign- 
ed the commandership-in-chief of 



YOE 



764 



YOU 



the forces, March 18, 1809; had 
£40,000 annuity settled on him, 
1792 ; restored to be commander-in- 
chief by his brother, 1811 ; died 1827. 

York, Admiral Sir Joseph Syd- 
ney, drowned by the upsetting of his 
boat, near Portsmouth, May 5, 1831. 

York, Archbishopric of, Paulinus 
made archbishop of, 622 ; the metro- 
politan see of the Scotch bishops 
until 1464 ; the archbishop allowed to 
style himself the primate of England, 
while the archbishop of Canterbury 
is primate of all England. 

York town, Upper Canada, taken 
by the Americans, April 27, 1813, 
but soou afterwards again occupied 
by the British. 

York, a very ancient northern 
city, said to be the Eboi-acum of the 
Romans ; the Emperor Severus made 
it his headquarters, 207 ; Constan- 
tius also resided here for a time, and 
his son Constantine the Great was 
born to him here ; both the Em- 
perors Severus and Constantius died 
here. City burned by the Danes, 
1069 ; received a charter from Rich- 
ard II. ; Guildhall built, 1466 ; the 
famous petition from, to reduce the 
public expenditure and redress grie- 
vances, Dec. 1779. St. Mary's Abbey, 
now in ruins, built by Rufus, 1088 ; 
rebuilt, 1270; Ouse bridge built, 
1 566 ; castle built by W illiam the 
Conqueror ; rebuilt, 1701 ; mansion- 
house, built 1728 ; cathedral set 
fire to by Martin, a lunatic, Eeb. 2, 
1829 ; re-opened, being re-edified 
after the great injuries it sustained, 
May 6, 1832. This noble cathedral 
was built in the gothic style, 1327, 
it is 524 feet long and 213 broad : 
there was a church on the same site, 
built by Edwin, king of Northum- 
bria, 741 ; damaged and rebuilt, 780 ; 
destroyed by fire and built again, 
1069; rebuilt and again burned, 1137, 



with St. Mary's Abbey and 39 parish 
churches : an accidental fire broke 
out, this reduced the belfry to ruins, 
and destroyed the roof of the nave, 
May 20, 1840. 

York and Lancaster, civil wars of 
the houses of, the first contest taking 
place 1455, and the last 1471 ; the 
White Roses or Yorkists were victo- 
rious over the Red, or house of Lan - 
caster ; 30 sanguinary battles were 
fought in this contest ; the land left 
untilled, produced famines, and near- 
ly all the head nobility of England 
were exterminated. 

York town, surrender of Lord 
Cornwallis at, to the American re- 
volted colonists, of which they took 
possession, Aug. 1781 ; after a siege 
in which his position became no 
longer tenable, he surrendered with 
7000 men to General Washington, 
Oct. 19, 1781. 

Ypres, in Flanders, founded 960 ; 
taken by the Erench, 1678. 

Yvres, battle of, between Henry 
IV. of France and the Catholic 
League, when the latter were com- 
pletely routed ; Henry then advanc- 
ed to Paris, which he reduced to the 
point of surrendering through famine, 
when the Duke of Parma marched 
to the aid of the League, by his 
master's orders, and Henry was ob- 
liged to abandon the siege, March 
14, 1590. 

YouGHAT.L, in Ireland, had its bar- 
racks blown up by accident, in Sept. 
1793, when the face of Mr. Arm- 
strong, the quartermaster, was so 
burnt, that the whole of his skin was 
scorched ; but it was singular that 
he was much marked with the small- 
pox before the accident happened, 
and, on getting a new skin, it be- 
came perfectly smooth, without any 
remains of the smallpox marks. 



ZE A 



765 



ZIN 



Zante, one of the Ionian islands 
which, was once subjected to the 
republic of Venice, before the 
French revolution; ceded to France 
bj the treaty of Campo Formio, 
Oct. 17, 1797 ; taken by a Turco- 
Russian fleet, and made the republic 
of the Seven Islands, 1799 : sur- 
rendered by the French to the 
Russians, with Ragusa, Aug. 14, 
1807 ; submitted to the English, 
Oct. 3, 1809 ; put by the congress 
of Vienna under the protection of 
England, Nov. 5, 1815 ; the consti- 
tution of, ratified by the Prince 
Regent of England, Feb. 22, 1817. 

Zanzaleans, a Syrian sect, that 
arose under one Zanzalea, 535 ; they 
taught that a baptism by water was 
of no effect, that it was necessary to 
be baptised with fire, by the applica- 
tion of a red-hot iron ; the sect 
became very numerous. 

Zealand, New, discovered by Tas- 
man in 1642 ; on the eastern coast, 
he entered a strait where, being 
attacked by the natives, he did not 
go ashore. From the time of Tasman, 
the whole country, except the coast 
seen by him, remained unknown, 
and was supposed to make part of 
a southern continent, till 1770, when 
it was circumnavigated by Captain 
Cook, who found it to consist of two 
large islands, separated by a strait. 
Captain Cook, in 1773, planted 
several spots of ground on this island 
with European garden-seeds ; and 
in 1777 he found fine potatoes, 
greatly improved by change of soil. 
New Zealand has become an 
important colony ; a charter, found- 
ed upon an act passed in 1846, 
created powers municipal, legisla- 
tive, and administrative there, Dec. 
29, 1847 ; and a legislative council 
was opened by the governor, Sir 
George Grey, Dec. 20, 1848. 



Zecca at Venice, built 1570. 

Zedwitz in Germany, the Ca- 
tholic church of, the post-office, and 
4000 private dwellings, destroyed by 
fire at, Dec. 12, 1814. 

Zelichow, Battle of, between the 
Poles and Russians, in the last con- 
test for Polish freedom. The com- 
bat was desperate and sanguinary. 
The Russians, commanded by the 
celebrated Diebitch, were defeated, 
with the loss of 12,000 killed, wound- 
ed, and prisoners — their commander 
narrowly escaping capture, April 6, 
1831. 

Zell, the prison of the unfortu- 
nate and injured Queen Matilda of 
Denmark, who was by a right royal 
marriage given to a poor imbecile 
monarch of Denmark. She was the 
sister of George III. of England, and 
was handed over at the age of seven- 
teen to be the victim of the queen- 
dowager, who found her intrigues 
opposed by Queen Matilda and the 
Counts Brandt and Struensee, whom 
she contrived to sacrifice to her 
objects. The queen embarked May 
10, 1772, for Zell, where she died at 
the early age of twenty-four, being 
removed there at the instance of 
her brother, the king of England. 
Not the slightest taint rests upon 
her character. She was another vic- 
tim to royal marriages. 

Zeuta, Battle of, between Prince 
Eugene against the Turks, fought 
1697 ; it forced on the peace of Car- 
lovitz, Jan. 1699. 

Zincography introduced into Eng- 
land, 1817, very nearly at the same 
time as lithography. 

Zinc, a mine of, discovered near 
Craven, in Yorkshire, 1809. Known 
in China at a very remote period. 

Zindikites, a sect of Mahometans, 
who were a species of heretics from 
that creed. They maintained that 



ZOE 



766 



ZUR 



there was no God, that the four ele- 
ments were eternal, that man is a 
mixture of them, and resolved into 
them at his death, 950. 

Zinzendokf, Count Nicholas 
Lewis, founder of the Moravians 
or Hernhutters, born 1700 He be- 
gan his theological teaching, 1722 ; 
in 1736 he was forbidden to return 
to his native country. He visited 
England, becoming known to Wesley. 
In 1747, he obtained leave to return 
home to Saxony, then came to Eng- 
land and obtained an act of par- 
liament to protect his followers 
throughout the British dominions. 
He died at Hernhutt in 1760. 

Zisca, John, the leader of the 
Bohemians, and avenger of the death 
of John Huss, at the head of 40,000 
men, whom he led to victory against 
his Catholic persecutors. His aim 
was to put down the intolerable pest 
of ecclesiastical tyranny. Going to 
meet the Emperor Sigismund at a 
conference, he was taken off by the 
plague, 1424. 

Zizyphus vulgaris, brought to 
England from the south of Europe, 
before 1640. The Zizyphus palenius 
is commonly called Christ's Thorn, 
and came to England from Africa 
about 1596. 

Zodiac, said to have been invented 
547 a.c, and that Anaximander was 
the inventor. The light called the 
zodiacal light of recent observa- 
tions, sometimes observed, is thought 
to be electrical. 

Zoe, daughter of Constantine IX., 
emperor of the East, who caused 



her husband to be poisoned, and mar- 
ried her gallant, a low-lived money- 
broker, placing him on the throne 
of the East as Michael IV., 1034, at 
sixty years of age. She took for a 
third husband Constantine, who 
succeeded to the imperial crown of 
the East, 1042. 

Zoology, a science of later times, 
much honoured. The Zoological 
Gardens opened in London, March 
27, 1829; the Surrey Zoological 
Gardens, 1832; the Zoological Gar- 
dens of Dublin, 1832. 

Zorndorf, Battle of, between the 
Prussians and Russians; the first 
under the renowned Frederick, who 
obtained a great victory, with the 
loss of 11,000 men onlv, Aug. 25- 
26, 1758; the Russians' lost 21,529. 

Zuinglians, the followers of Zuin- 
glius the reformer, the Luther of 
Switzerland, 1519. He was killed 
in a skirmish against, the popish 
opponents of the reformed doc- 
trines, 1531. 

Zurich admitted into the Swiss 
confederacy, 1351. Utznach seceded 
from Rome, 1436, in consequence of 
the preaching of Zuinglius. 

Zurich, a sexton of, poisoned the 
wine used at the sacrament, by 
which eight persons lost their lives, 
Sept. 4, 1776. 

Zurich, Battles of, June 4, 1799, 
when the French were defeated by 
the Russians : the Russians and 
Austrians defeated here by Mas- 
sena, Sept. 24, 1799, — the former 
lost 20,000 men. 



THE END. 



M'CORQUOfcALE ADD CO., PRINTERS, LONDON— WORfeS, NEWTON. 






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